Immig an s´se lemen pa e ns: a me hodological app oach
Emília Malca a Rebelo
PhD, Assis an P o esso
CITTA - Resea ch Cen e o Te i o y, T anspo s and En i onmen
Facul y o Enginee ing o Po o Uni e si y (Po ugal), Depa men o Ci il
Enginee ing, Te i o ial, U ban and En i onmen Planning Di ision,
Rua D . Robe o F ias, s/n, 4200-465, PORTO (PORTUGAL)
Tel.: 351225081482/Fax: 351225081486/
e-mail: [email p o ec ed].p
ABSTRACT
The main objec i e o his a icle consis s in he de elopmen o a me hodology
o ca og aphic analysis o suppo municipal decisions conce ning a ac ion, loca ion
and dis ibu ion o immig an s in me opoli an a eas, assu ing espec i e in eg a ion.
This inno a i e me hodology is aimed a iden i ying se lemen pa e ns, and espec i e
in ensi y, adop ed by speci ic g oups o immig an s, acco ding o
concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion e i o ial cha ac e is ics and hei own e hnic ea u es,
in ela ion o co esponden pa e ns o he whole popula ion. I is applied, as a case
s udy, o Po o Me opoli an A ea (Po ugal).
A discussion is pu sued on he sociological easons ha explain concen a ed o
dispe sed beha io s by di e en e hnic g oups, and how hose beha io s shape he
mo phological and ypological cha ac e is ics o concen a ed/sp awled/dispe sed
se lemen s o di e en g oups o immig an s.
The applica ion o his me hodology o di e en u ban/me opoli an eali ies
allows (i) he moni o ing o he e olu ion o indica o s conce ning immig an s and
me opoli an e i o ial cha ac e is ics, (ii) he analysis and compa ison o se lemen
beha io s exhibi ed by di e en e hnic g oups, in ela ion o na i e co esponden
beha io s (iii) he c i ical inspec ion o he e olu ion o he in eg a ion o di e en
e hnic g oups, and (i ) he de ini ion and applica ion o u ban policies aimed a
a ac ing, dis ibu ing and loca ing immig an s in he me opoli an a eas,
simul aneously assu ing socio-economic e i o ial sus ainabili y.
INTRODUCTION
Conside ing he inc easing impo ance immig an s assume in socio-economic
sus ainabili y o de eloped coun ies and egions, he esea ch epo ed in his a icle
aims a designing and de eloping a se o decision-suppo ools conce ning a ac ion,
loca ion and dis ibu ion o immig an s. These policies should be ha monized wi h he
needs o e i o ial socio-economic de elopmen , assu ing good in eg a ion condi ions
o immig an s. The in e media e-le el goals o each his pu pose consis in: (i)
de eloping a me opoli an managemen in o ma ion sys em on immig an s and on
mo phological and ypological cha ac e is ics o land use, wi h moni o ing
unc ionali ies, (ii) p oposing a me hodology o analysis and ca og aphic display o he
se lemen pa e ns o di e en e hnic g oups (using geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems),
(iii) in e p e ing se lemen pa e ns, h ough he iden i ica ion o he unde lying
easons, and (i ) d awing conclusions and o mula ing guidelines in u ban/me opoli an
policies aimed a plane s and e i o ial decision-make s.
This me hodology is based on he compa ison o he beha io s o di e en e hnic
g oups wi h he p e ailing land use concen a ion/sp awled/dispe sed s uc u al
cha ac e is ics, and poin s ou espec i e pa e ns o esiden ial land use. I allows a
clea unde s anding o he in luence some concen a ion dimensions exe upon
se lemen s´ choices, wi hin he amewo k (i) o e i o ial planning, and (ii)
immig an ’s cha ac e is ics, loca ion p e e ences and assimila ion p ocesses.
This a icle p esen s and discusses ele an issues o academics and policy make s.
I is hoped he p oposed me hodology assis s municipal decision-make s in he
de ini ion and implemen a ion o in eg a ed policies ha mix oge he me opoli an
e i o ial de elopmen , and conce ns o immig an s´ in eg a ion.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In he heo e ical analysis o ele an li e a u e will be conside ed ou main poin s
ha shape he cu en s a e o he a in issues s ic ly ela ed o he scope o he esea ch
he e epo ed: (i) iden i ica ion o he sociological easons ha explain se lemen
beha io s o he di e en g oups o immig an s, (ii) how hese sociological easons
ansla e in mo phological and ypological spa ial concen a ed o dispe sed se lemen s,
(iii) ways o measu e and quan i y hese concen a ion/sp awled/dispe sed se lemen
cha ac e is ics, and (i ) impo ance o sociological easons and physical pa e ns in
planning decisions and ope a ion o join policies o socio-economic e i o ial
de elopmen /consolida ion and immig an s´ in eg a ion. Wi hin his amewo k, he
iden i ica ion and cha ac e iza ion o he loca ion pa e ns o di e en immig an g oups
allows: (i) he p oac i e de ini ion o policies o a ac ion/loca ion/dis ibu ion o
immig an s, and (ii) he imp o emen o housing, employmen , in as uc u es and
equipmen p o ision, as well as social and cul u al in ol emen and pa icipa ion o
immig an s.
Sociological easons unde lying immig an s´ concen a ed o dispe sed beha io s and
how hey ansla e in di e en physical se lemen s
Acco ding o se e al au ho s (A baci, 2008; Fonseca, 1999, Fonseca e al., 2002;
Malhei os, 2002; Massey, 1990; Mus e d and Van Kempen, 2007; Peach, 2002;
Teixei a and Mu die, 1997) he main easons ha explain he sociological pa e ns o
u ban/me opoli an concen a ion a e: (i) he spa ial di e en ia ion due o he
cha ac e is ics o he u ban economies, (ii) he pe o mance o he housing ma ke s, and
(iii) he cha ac e is ics o he g oups o immig an s. The sociological easons ha
explain u ban/me opoli an dispe sion a e: (i) he socio-economic mobili y and (ii) he
accul u a ion/assimila ion p ocesses ha se le on he pe cep ion ha a di e en ia ed
u ban/me opoli an economy makes he alloca ion o i s esou ces une enly in space,
hus encou aging immig an s o displace in o de o inc ease hei social and
p o essional a ainmen le els.
The spa ial di e en ia ion due o he cha ac e is ics o he u ban economies is
condi ioned, on he one side, by he e i o ial planning no ms, and on he o he , by he
succession p ocesses in land use. E hnic mino i ies sea ch o housing loca ions nea
hei wo k places, e en i empo a ily. These se lemen succession pa e ns a e, hus,
s ongly modeled by he cha ac e is ics o he local economies and depend on he spa ial
concen a ion/dispe sion o capi al, and on he exis ence o u ban anspo s. Du ing
pe iods o u ban/me opoli an expansion quick changes occu in land esiden ial use: he
classes wi h highe social mobili y mo e o mo e a ac i e loca ions, le ing behind ee
spaces whe e ecen income s will lodge. On he con a y, du ing pe iods o economic
s agna ion o ecession, immig an s pile up in ghe os, because he succession in space
uses slows down.
The pe o mance o he housing ma ke s mani es h ough: (i) he p e-se led
housing s uc u es, public spaces, in as uc u es and equipmen s, (ii) he legal and
p ope y housing cha ac e is ics, and (iii) he neighbo hood sociological ea u es.
Immig an s´ u ban and me opoli an oppo uni ies and choices a e modeled by socio-
spa ial p e-se led s uc u es ha p o ide a o dable accommoda ion acili ies (Mado é,
1997, 2005). Eu opean e hno-ci ies ha e, gene ally, low housing condi ions and a a he
in o mal access o eal es a e ma ke s (Malhei os, 2002). Howe e , Eu opean sou he n
ci ies addi ionally exhibi (Malhei os, 2002) low socio-spa ial seg ega ion le els
associa ed o mo e complex pa e ns o housing dis ibu ion, and highe subu baniza ion
le els, ansla ed in he pe iphe al dis ibu ion o middle and low-income popula ion,
( ha esul s om he exis ence o a weak en al ma ke in cen al and pe i-cen al a eas,
and om he implemen a ion o e-gene a ion p og ammes since he 90
h
decade, wi h
co esponden induced gen i ica ion p ocesses). O he u ban/me opoli an ac o s ha
in luence socio-u ban p ocesses and espec i e spa ial shape a e, namely: a
depopula ion in cen al and pe i-cen al a eas; a s ong p esence o amilies wi h high
incomes in cen al a eas; p e ailing low le els o housing mobili y, and spa ial e ec s
ha esul om housing en con ols (A baci, 2008; Malhei os, 2002). Besides, he e
exis s a s ong ela ion be ween he cha ac e is ics o he neighbo hoods (Gals e , 1987),
ha shape di e en housing ypologies and di e en mo phological layou s –
concen a ed o dispe sed –, and he unc ional e ec i eness o he wo k o ce.
Indi iduals embody hei pe cep ion o housing neighbo hoods, and de elop
communica ion ne wo ks ha ac as socializa ion co es because hey os e hei social,
economic, cul u al and eligious in eg a ion (Goe ing e al., 1995; Klei , 2001;
Wellman, 1988); a o social, communica ional and ideological ies among indi iduals
ha sha e he same expe iences and he same expec a ions (Goe ing e al., 1995; Gould
and Tu ne , 1997; Klei , 2001; Sco , 1980; Wellman, 1988); and e lec a ce ain social,
and e en, p o essional, s a us (Sco , 1980). Consequen ly, hese ne wo ks induce
indi iduals´ choices, a i udes, beha io s and achie emen s, h ough he in luence hey
exe on hei alues and p e e ences (Gals e and Killen, 1995). They addi ionally
p o ide ad an ages om eme gen social and economic oppo uni ies (B iggs, 1998;
Goe ing e al., 1995; Klei , 2001). These ne wo ks, by hei u n, a e also modeled by
hose oppo uni ies (Bu , 1983; Campbel e al., 1986; G ano e e , 1983; Klei , 2001;
Ma sden and Campbel, 1984; Wellman and Po e , 1999).
The demog aphic/sociological and p o essional cha ac e is ics o he g oups o
immig an s (Mye s, 1999) s ongly condi ion hei se lemen pa e ns, be hey cen e ed
on age, gende , sec o o economic ac i i y, p o essional g oup, ca ee p og ession
along ime, o geog aphic mobili y, as compa ed wi h he homologous alues o he
na i e popula ion. As immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial
language and om B azil ha e a s ong cul u al ie wi h he Po uguese language and
his o ical he i age, hei in eg a ion is a he b ie . The same holds ue o immig an s
om Wes e n and No he n Eu opean Union coun ies ha sha e ecen poli ical,
economic and cul u al challenges and belie es wi h Po uguese na i es. The jobs
immig an s ha e o sea ch o , hei academic backg ound and p o essional skills, as
well as hei labo -supply elas ici y (Bo jas, 1994; Pecoud, 2002) also condi ion hei
se lemen beha io s. Thus, in compa ison wi h na i e popula ion, hey o en i be e
ce ain kinds o asks (Al onji and Ca d, 1991; Bean e al., 1988; Bo jas e al., 1996;
Ca d, 1990; Fieldhouse, 1999; LaLonde and Topel, 1991; Reime s, 1998; S oll e al.,
2002).
Immig an s´ socio-economic mobili y is mainly explained by hei sea ch o high
social and p o essional le els ha , as al eady e e ed o, a e s ic ly connec ed o
neighbo hoods´ physical cha ac e is ics, esou ces, in as uc u es and oppo uni ies
(Ellen and Tu ne , 1997; Massey, 1990; Massey and Den on, 1993; Rosebaum, 1991;
Rosebaum e al., 1999; Wilson, 1986, 1996). The highe he di e si y in he ela ions
ne wo k, he g ea e is access o oppo uni ies (Klei , 2001), and i immig an s inhabi
en i onmen s wi h high-quali ied esou ces, in as uc u es and equipmen s, hen hei
social/p o essional/economic mobili y will be launched (Massey, 1990; Massey and

Den on, 1993; Rosebaum e al., 1999), and balanced wi h all o he ci izens (Klei , 2001;
Wilson, 1996, 1986). Bu he social and p o essional s a us is also dependen on
immig an s´ academic backg ound, p o essional skills, hei wo king places, and
espec i e in e - ela ions (Li, 1998). Socioeconomic local de elopmen , he a ailabili y
o sea ched jobs, and he success ul accul u a ion o some g oups o immig an s guide
hem o mo e desi able loca ions (Logan e al., 1996), despi e “loca ion-a ainmen ”
goals di e be ween di e en popula ion g oups, due o he speci ici y o hei
accul u a ion p ocesses (Logan, 2006).
The spa ial accul u a ion/assimila ion p ocesses a e explained by: (i) he spa ial
assimila ion (Massey, 1990), (ii) he beha io s o na i e people in esiden ial
neighbo hoods (Logan, 2006), and (iii) he spa ial s a i ica ion (Logan e al., 1996).
The assimila ion p ocesses las he ime equi ed o su moun linguis ic and cul u al
di e ences, and o en e ne wo ks o in o ma ion and e hnic suppo (Logan e al.,
2003). The close immig an s´ uses, cos umes and eelings a e o he ones o des ina ion
communi ies, he quicke and he be e assimila ion occu s (Logan, 2006; Mado é,
2005). In Po ugal (simila ly o wha happens in he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica and in
B asil) he in eg a ion/assimila ion o Po uguese-speaking immig an s oo s on a s ong
mul icul u alis belie (Ellis, 2001). This esul s om a his o ical sociabili y be ween
people wi h di e en e hnic cha ac e is ics, wi hin di e en en i onmen s and cul u al
con ex s. Howe e , se lemen and mobili y pa e ns may be bounded by con ingen
con ex s (Bol e al., 2008; Fo uijn e al., 1998; Whi e, 1999) ha include s e eo ypes
and acial seg ega ion beha io s om au och hon people (A baci, 2008; Bol e al.,
2008; Fo uijn e al., 1998; Logan, 2006). These hinde assimila ion p ocesses, and
imply isola ion o seg ega ion o some g oups, as a esul o hei social, economic,
cul u al o eligious condi ion (Logan, 2006; Malou as, 2004; Ond ich, 2001). The
model o spa ial s a i ica ion, as well as many empi ical s udies de eloped in sou he n
Eu opean ci ies (Fonseca e al., 2002; Kazepo , 2005; Malhei os, 2002; Malhei os and
Mendes, 2007; Mus e d e al., 2006) clea ly d aw a en ion o social exclusion and
ghe o o ma ion ha eme ge om nega i e in luences o local neighbo hoods. As a
esponse o hese cons ain s, e hnic communi ies na u ally ie oge he and e lec
s ong ne wo k connec ions (Logan, 2006); e en i assimila ion p ocesses a e swi
(Jus ino, 2007).
Measu es o u ban concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion
The sociological aspec s o e hnic g oups´ agg ega ion beha io s shape
mo phological and ypological pa e ns o spa ial concen a ion, sp awl o dispe sion.
U ban sp awl is gene ally aced as a mul idimensional phenomenon wi h many
di e en dimensions (Ewing e al., 2002; Gals e e al., 2001; To ens and Albe i,
2000). Gene alized adop ed pe spec i es o u ban/me opoli an sp awl (F enkel and
Ashkenazi, 2008) include measu es o g ow h a es (Hadly, 2000; Jackson, 1985; Wei z,
2000); densi y (Bu on, 2000; Chin, 2002; Chu chman, 1999; Gals e e al., 2001; Razin
and Rosen aub, 2000); spa ial geome y (Ba y and Kim, 1992; Ba y and Longley,
1994; He old and Menz, 2001; McGa igal and Ma ks, 1995; To ens and Albe i, 2000;
Tu ne , 1989); accessibili y (Ewing e al, 2002;To ens and Albe i, 2000); and aes he ic
issues (Go don and Richa dson, 1997). In o de o ende hese concep s ope a ional, o
in eg a e hem in he analysis, and o de elop decision ools, many heo e ical and
empi ical assessmen s ha e been pu sued in he scope o u ban managemen s a egies,
policies and ac ions. A g ea numbe o app oaches epo ed in li e a u e seek o
measu e hese concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion dimensions in land use ha exe s aigh
impac s on esiden ial inclusion/seg ega ion. I he chosen indices a e easily compa able
and widesp eadly adop ed, hen compa ison o espec i e alues among di e en u ban
a eas and along ime becomes a he impo an o policy decisions and espec i e
implemen a ion. A g ea numbe o such indices was p oposed in he li e a u e in o de
o measu e sepa a ely o join ly he ollowing dimensions o land use pa e ns (Massey
and Den on, 1988): (i) une enness ( ha e e s o he di e en ial dis ibu ion o wo o
mo e social/e hnic g oups among di e en ci y a eas), (ii) exposu e ( ha e e s o he
po en ial deg ee o con ac , o possibili y o in e ac ion, be ween membe s o he
mino i y and majo i y g oups wi hin a geog aphical a ea), (iii) concen a ion ( ha e e s
o he ela i e amoun o physical space occupied by a mino i y g oup in he u ban
en i onmen ), (i ) cen aliza ion ( ha ansla es he spa ial p oximi y o he cen e o an
u ban a ea) and ( ) clus e ing ( ha shows whe he a uni o a ea inhabi ed by mino i y
membe s is con iguous o spa ially g ouped in ela ion o o he a eas). These
dimensions can be conside ed in absolu e e ms (in which case hey ela e o e i o ial
a eas); and in ela i e e ms (when alues a e compa ed wi h o he popula ion
se lemen pa e ns) (Massey and Den on, 1988). Mo e ecen ly, he ypology o analysis
sugges ed and empi ically applied by Gals e e al. (2001) conside e s eigh dimensions
o analysis: (i) densi y (a e age numbe o esiden ial uni s by squa e mile o de eloped
and de elopable land in a ce ain e i o ial uni ), (ii) con inui y o he u ban layou ( ha
measu es how de elopable land has been buil up in a con inuous o m), (iii)
concen a ion ( ha shows how de elopmen loca es p opo iona ely o
disp opo iona ely in a educed a ea o u ban space, ins ead o a anging uni o mly),
(i ) g ouping ( ha ep esen s how buildings g oup in o de o minimize he amoun o
land pe squa e mile o de elopable land occupied wi h esiden ial and non- esiden ial
uses), ( ) cen ali y ( ha poin s ou he deg ee in which esiden ial o non- esiden ial
de elopmen loca es nea he CBD o a gi en u ban a ea), ( i) nuclea i y ( ha shows
how he ex ension o an u ban a ea is cha ac e ized by mononuclea , as opposed o
polinuclea , de elopmen ), ( ii) p oximi y (deg ee in which di e en land uses a e nea
one ano he in a gi en uni o a ea), and ( iii) mixed uses (ex en in which wo dis inc
land uses coexis wi hin he same uni o a ea).
Impo ance o sociological and physical easons o u ban
concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion o planning policies
As ela ions be ween esiden ial land use pa e ns (and hei unde lying
sociological/economic easons) and measu es o u ban and me opoli an
concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion enligh en how popula ions´ ea u es and e i o ial
cha ac e is ics in e ac in se lemen decisions, hey a e ho oughly impo an o u ban
planning and managemen .
Immig an s a e inc easingly impo an in he social and economic sus ainabili y o
de eloped coun ies, so di e en planning sys ems ha e been conce ned wi h hei
a ac ion, loca ion, dis ibu ion and in eg a ion, wi hin a ious ins i u ional and poli ical
amewo ks (Ande sen and Van Kempen, 2003; Ellis, 2001; Ga baye, 2002; Van
Ma issing e al., 2006). The ac ions and ini ia i es o Municipali ies a e basic o
ein o ce he iden i ica ion/concilia ion ies be ween he cul u al backg ound o
immig an s and he poli ical ules, p ocedu es and alues o hei des ina ion owns and
coun ies (Ga baye, 2002). Simila ly, he economic issues a e especially impo an
because globaliza ion ends ha e p o oked deep changes in economic p oduc ion
sys ems and goals; in mobili y pa e ns; in he spa ial imagina y (La ne , 1998); and in
in e -communi y sociabili y (Gans, 1961; Qadee , 1997; Rebelo and Pai a, 2006). To
espond o immig an s´ needs planning should: (i) build dwellings and app op ia e
neighbo hoods, as well as co esponden in as uc u es and equipmen s, (ii) c ea e jobs
o assu e a balanced social, economic and e i o ial de elopmen , and (iii) s imula e
immig an s´ in ol emen and pa icipa ion in he de ini ion and implemen a ion o
u ban/me opoli an policies (Dekke and Van Kempen, 2004; Mus e d and Van
Kempen, 2007; Van Ma issing e al., 2006).
Wi hin his scope, u ban planning policies and in e en ions mus be suppo ed by
analysis ools ha allow: (i) he iden i ica ion, cha ac e iza ion and moni o ing o he
loca ion pa e ns o di e en g oups o immig an s, and espec i e compa ison wi h
na i e homologous alues, (ii) he an icipa ion o he esul s o a p oac i e policy
de ini ion o a ac ion/dis ibu ion/se lemen o immig an s in o de o ha monize
socio-economic me opoli an de elopmen wi h he in eg a ion o immig an s, and (iii)
a be e p o ision o housing, employmen , in as uc u es and equipmen s, and he
enhancemen o immig an s´ pa icipa ion and ci izenship.
DISCUSSION OF THE PROCEDURE
Me hodological ou line
In o de o suppo public decisions, and o assess and ca og aphically isualize
he speci ic se lemen pa e ns o each g oup o immig an s in Po o Me opoli an A ea,
his a icle p oposes a me hodology o con on he di e se o ms o land use by
di e en g oups o immig an s wi h he p e ailing mo phologies and ypologies o
concen a ed/dispe sed edi ica ion pa e ns in Po o Me opoli an A ea. This
me hodology de elops acco ding o he ollowing s eps:
1. B ie desc ip ion and cha ac e iza ion o Po o Me opoli an A ea.
2. Cons uc ion o a me opoli an u ban managemen in o ma ion sys em (wi h
moni o ing unc ionali ies) on: (i) he esiden ial loca ion o he di e en g oups
o immig an s, (ii) he esiden ial loca ion o he o al popula ion, and (iii) he
The compu a ion o he indica o s o u ban/me opoli an
concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion, o each pa ish, is as ollows: (i) he popula ion densi y
is gi en by he quo ien be ween esiden popula ion and espec i e pa ish´ su ace
(exp essed in Km
2
), (ii) he esiden ial densi y is gi en by he quo ien be ween he
numbe o classical amilia accommoda ion and he a ea o espec i e pa ish
(exp essed in Km
2
), (iii) he con inui y o he u ban layou is eckoned h ough he
quo ien be ween non-isola ed buildings and he o al numbe o buildings, (i ) he
concen a ion is compu ed by he quo ien be ween he o al numbe o buildings and he
de eloped and de elopable a ea, and ( ) he g ouping is gi en by he quo ien be ween
he o al numbe o loo s and he de eloped and de elopable a ea (Figu e 4).
Popula ion Densi y Habi a ion Densi y Concen a ion
Popula ion densi y
79.3 - 1442.9
1442.9 - 3460.3
3460.3 - 6415.3
6415.3 - 11169.5
11169.5 - 17725.7
Pa ishes
Residen ial densi y
0.3 - 299.2
299.2 - 813.8
813.8 - 1751.8
1751.8 - 4065.1
4065.1 - 8111.8
Pa ishes
Concen a ion
0.2 - 234.3
234.3 - 482.7
482.7 - 839.7
839.7 - 1479.1
1479.1 - 3253.5
Pa ishes
Con inui y G ouping
Con inui y
3.1 - 26.7
26.7 - 52.6
52.6 - 68.9
68.9 - 83.7
83.7 - 99.7
Pa ishes
G ouping
0.4 - 428.7
428.7 - 899.8
899.8 - 1646.3
1646.3 - 4197.7
4197.7 - 10211.8
Pa ishes

FIGURE 4: Te i o ial dis ibu ion in Po o Me opoli an A ea o he di e en indica o s
o u ban concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion.
De elopmen o a se o ools o he analysis, isualiza ion and simula ion o
se lemen pa e ns
The analysis and ca og aphic ool de eloped, ha p oposes he cha ac e iza ion
o land use beha io s o he di e en e hnic g oups, consis s in c ossing he pa e ns o
each immig an g oup’s esiden ial dis ibu ion and he pa e ns o cu en e i o ial
concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion in Po o Me opoli an A ea.
The adop ed p ocedu e ackles sepa a ely he zones whe e he pe cen age o
immig an s is highe han co esponden indica o ’s a e age alue (concen a ed), and
he ones whe e i is lowe (dispe sed). The pa ishes whe e he ollowing inequali y
holds ue app oxima ely cons i u e he concen a ed me opoli an zone:
A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein heindica o hiso aluea e age
ionconcen a u ban o indica o heo alue
A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein he g oup his obelong ha immig an s o numbe To al
g oupce ain a obelong ha immig an s o Numbe
≥
Fo each g oup o immig an s and o each pa ish, each indica o was hen
s anda dized, aking as e e ence he pe cen age o co esponden popula ion in o al
popula ion, gi en ma hema ically by:
A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein heindica o hiso alueA e age
pa ishin ha indica o heo Value
A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein he popula ion To al
pa ishin ha popula ion To al
A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein he g oup his obelong ha immig an s o numbe To al
pa ishin ha g oupce ain a obelong ha immig an s o Numbe
Simila ly, i can be said each indica o ep esen s, o each pa ish, he quo ien
be ween he pe cen ages o immig an s ha belong o a ce ain g oup as compa ed wi h
he alue o he indica o , wi h he pe cen age o all popula ion as compa ed wi h he
a e age alue o his indica o in he whole Po o Me opoli an A ea.
The in luence o concen a ion o dispe sion indica o s is s essed when hei
alue conce ning a ce ain g oup o immig an s as compa ed o co esponden alue in
o al popula ion is highe han one, and he highe he ob ained a io he highe is he
in luence his indica o exe s on ha g oup o immig an s, in ha pa ish.
In o de o iden i y, o each g oup o immig an s, a pa e n o land use beha io ,
conside ing cu en o p edic ed e i o ial concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion indica o s,
he ollowing i e-s ep me hodology o analysis was adop ed: (i) elabo a ion o ma ices
co esponden o he ca og aphic ea men ha esul s om in e -c ossing he
se lemen pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s and he mo phological and
ypological cha ac e is ics o he me opoli an e i o y; (ii) iden i ica ion o he ele an
a eas o analysis in he mos concen a ed and in he mos dispe sed zones o Po o
Me opoli an A ea; hese a eas exhibi speci ic cha ac e is ics so hei land use will be
s udied wi h mo e de ail; (iii) elabo a ion o ables o iden i y he ype o p esence (high,
medium, educed) and he in ensi y o esiden ial use (s ong, medium, low) in hese
speci ic a eas; (i ) desc ip ion o he beha io o each popula ion g oup in ace o he
a ac ion powe o each indica o o concen a ion/dispe sion; and ( ) p oposal o a
classi ica ion o he se lemen pa e ns by he di e en popula ion g oups in Po o
Me opoli an A ea, acco ding o he selec ed ec o s o analysis o spa ial mo phologies
and ypologies. This succession o me hodological s eps is he basis o he eplica ion
o his kind o analysis in di e en e i o ial spaces and o i s compa ison among
spaces and along ime.
I was addi ionally de eloped a isualiza ion and simula ion in e ace ha es s he
e ec s ha esul om a s a egically-guided ac ua ion o e he alues o he chosen
indica o s on he p esence, dis ibu ion and in ensi y o p esence o he di e en
immig an g oups.
P oposal o u ban policies aimed a immig an s´ a ac ion, loca ion and dis ibu ion
The de eloped ools a e e y use ul o planning pu poses because hey enligh en a
be e comp ehension o se lemen beha io s o he di e en g oups o immig an s.
They assis in he ou line o u ban policies and managemen measu es in o de o
p oac i ely a ac immig an s o ce ain me opoli an zones, whe e bo h hei academic
backg ound and p o essional skills can be applied in local economic de elopmen ,
assu ing, a he same ime, hei success ul in eg a ion (namely h ough p o ision o
good esiden ial and wo k condi ions).
RESULTS
Two ma ixes a e i s p oposed: hey esul om he in e -c ossing o he
se lemen pa e ns by di e en g oups o immig an s and he physical mo phological
and ypological me opoli an cha ac e is ics, one conce ning he zone whe e he
concen a ion cha ac e is ics a e ele an (Table 1), and he o he conce ning he zone
whe e he dispe sion cha ac e is ics p e ail (Table 2). This in e -c ossed analysis o
esiden ial se lemen s, h ough eco d and compa ison o da a, has many ad an ages a
di e en le els, because i allows: (i) he isualiza ion o da a conce ning he ela i e
dis ibu ion o each popula ion g oup (in he i s ow o each ma ix), and o da a
conce ning he dis ibu ion o each indica o (in he i s column o each ma ix), (ii) he
isualiza ion, o each map, o he pa ishes whe e he a ac ion e ec o each indica o
is e ec i e, (iii) he compa a i e analysis, wi hin each map, o he ela i e a ac ion
powe o each indica o : ligh e pa ishes show ha he a ac ion powe o ha indica o
o e a ce ain g oup o immig an s is weake han i s a ac ion o e he o al
popula ion; whe eas medium-colo and da k pa ishes show ha he a ac ion powe
o e ha g oup o immig an s is highe han o e o al popula ion, (i ) he analysis o
di e ences among he beha io s o di e en popula ion g oups in ace o he same
indica o (compa a i e analysis pe o med in each line), ( ) he analysis o di e ences
among he beha io s o he same popula ion g oup conce ning di e en indica o s
(compa a i e analysis pe o med in each column), ( i) he compa ison among
popula ion g oups and among concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion indica o s because scales
a e no malized, ( ii) he app aisal o densi ies o land occupa ion by each immig an
g oup, h ough he analysis o uppe and lowe scale’s limi s and, inally, ( iii) he
analysis o he sp eading pa e ns o land use: whe he land use has an epicen e and
adjacen land is occupied as an oil spo o i land occupa ion densi ies a e punc ual bu
agmen ed.
TABLE 1: Ma ix o u ban concen a ion
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0.5 - 1
1.1 - 1.6
Pa ishes
B azil
0.3 - 1
1.1 - 1.4
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0.3 - 0.8
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0.4 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 2.3
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0.5 - 1
1 - 2
2.1 - 6.4
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0.6 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 2.2
Pa ishes
N.and W. E. U. coun ies
0.3 - 1
1.1
Pa ishes
B azil
0.3 - 1
1.1 - 1.4
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0.3 - 1
1.1
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0.4 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 2.6
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0.5 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 7.9
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0.3 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 3.8
Pa ishes
B azil
0 - 1
1.1 - 2.4
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 1.6
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0.3 - 1
1.1 - 2.9
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 5
5.1 - 7.2
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0.4 - 1
1.1 - 3.4
Pa ishes
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 1.5
Pa ishes
Popula ion densi y
79.3 - 1442.9
1442.9 - 3460.3
3460.3 - 6415.3
6415.3 - 11169.5
11169.5 - 17725.7
Pa ishes
Residen ial densi y
0.3 - 299.2
299.2 - 813.8
813.8 - 1751.8
1751.8 - 4065.1
4065.1 - 8111.8
Pa ishes
Concen a ion
0.2 - 234.3
234.3 - 482.7
482.7 - 839.7
839.7 - 1479.1
1479.1 - 3253.5
Pa ishes
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 3.3
Pa ishes
B azil
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 9.3
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.1
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 7.8
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 6.8
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.8
Pa ishes

G ouping Indica o
0.4 - 428.7
428.7 - 899.8
899.8 - 1646.3
1646.3 - 4197.7
4197.7 - 10211.8
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0.6 - 1
1.1 - 1.9
Pa ishes
B azil
0.6 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 2.5
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0.7 - 1
1.1 - 1.9
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0.4 - 1
1 - 1.6
1.6 - 2.7
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0.6 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 4.9
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0.5 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 4.7
Pa ishes
N. and W. E. U. coun ies
0.3 - 0.7
Pa ishes B azil
0.3 - 1
1.1 - 2
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0.3 - 1
1.1 - 1.3
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0.3 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 2.6
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0.6 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 7.2
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0.4 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 2.8
Pa ishes
Con inui y
3.1 - 26.7
26.7 - 52.6
52.6 - 68.9
68.9 - 83.7
83.7 - 99.7
Pa ishes
G ouping
0.4 - 428.7
428.7 - 899.8
899.8 - 1646.3
1646.3 - 4197.7
4197.7 - 10211.8
Pa ishes
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 3.3
Pa ishes
B azil
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 9.3
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.1
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 7.8
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 6.8
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.8
Pa ishes
The same analysis was pe o med o he mo e dispe sed zone in he me opoli an
a ea (Table 2):
TABLE 2: Ma ix o u ban dispe sion
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 34.1
Pa ishes
B azil
1.3 - 2
2.1 - 4.5
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 1.9
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
1.5 - 2
2.1 - 61.4
Pa ishes
Venezuela dens pop -
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 26.8
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
1.3 - 2
2.1 - 16.6
Pa ishes
N. and W. E. U. coun ies
1.3 - 2
2.1 - 34.3
Pa ishes
B azil
0.8 - 1
1.1 - 1.3
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
1.1 - 1.9
Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies
1.5 - 2
2.1 - 75.3
Pa ishes
Venezuela
1.2 - 2
2.1 - 33.3
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
1.3 - 2
2.1 - 18.6
Pa ishes
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 5
5.1 - 22.9
Pa ishes
B azil
1.2 - 2
2.1 - 3.2
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0 - 1.1
1.3 - 5
5.1 - 12.5
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 5
5.1 - 44
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 5
5.1 - 24.1
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0 - 1.1
1.3 - 5
5.1 - 12.5
Pa ishes
Popula ion densi y
79.3 - 1442.9
1442.9 - 3460.3
3460.3 - 6415.3
6415.3 - 11169.5
11169.5 - 17725.7
Pa ishes
Residen ial densi y
0.3 - 299.2
299.2 - 813.8
813.8 - 1751.8
1751.8 - 4065.1
4065.1 - 8111.8
Pa ishes
Concen a ion
0.2 - 234.3
234.3 - 482.7
482.7 - 839.7
839.7 - 1479.1
1479.1 - 3253.5
Pa ishes
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 3.3
Pa ishes
B azil
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 9.3
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.1
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 7.8
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 6.8
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.8
Pa ishes
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0.8 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 65.6
Pa ishes
B azil
0 - 1
1.1 - 1.4
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0.8 - 1
1.1 - 1.6
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0.6 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 37.1
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 42.4
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0.5 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 22.1
Pa ishes
B azil
0 - 1
1.1 - 1.6
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 2.3
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
1.5 - 2
2.1 - 49.4
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 34.8
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 15.9
Pa ishes
Con inui y
3.1 - 26.7
26.7 - 52.6
52.6 - 68.9
68.9 - 83.7
83.7 - 99.7
Pa ishes
G ouping
0.4 - 428.7
428.7 - 899.8
899.8 - 1646.3
1646.3 - 4197.7
4197.7 - 10211.8
Pa ishes
W. and N. E. U. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 3.3
Pa ishes
B azil
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 9.3
Pa ishes
A ican coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.1
Pa ishes
Eas e n E. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 7.8
Pa ishes
Venezuela
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 6.8
Pa ishes
Sou h A ica
0 - 1
1.1 - 3
3.1 - 5.8
Pa ishes
N. and W. E. U. coun ies
0 - 1
1.1 - 2
2.1 - 24.1
Pa ishes
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
Medium
p esence
Ve y s ong
in ensi y
No p esen No p esen
Medium agmen ed
Ve y s ong
in ensi y
No p esen Low p esence
Ve y s ong in ensi y
G ouping
Main ou side ing
Ring
High p esence
Ve y s ong and
medium in ensi y
Reduced
p esence
Medium
in ensi y
Medium p esence
Low medium and
s ong in ensi y
Medium agmen ed
p esence
Ve y s ong
in ensi y
No p esen No p esen
Maia/Valo
ngo pole
No p esen No p esen No p esen No p esen
High p esence
Ve y s ong and
medium in ensi y
High p esence
Ve y s ong in ensi y
Gaia/Espinho
pole
No p esen No p esen No p esen No p esen
High p esence
Ve y s ong and
medium in ensi y
High p esence
Ve y s ong and
medium in ensi y
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
Medium
p esence
Ve y s ong
in ensi y
No p esen No p esen
Medium agmen ed
p esence
Ve y s ong
in ensi y
No p esen Low p esence
Ve y s ong in ensi y
Once iden i ied hese pa e ns o land use, he beha io o each popula ion g oup
is desc ibed in ace o hei p e e ed loca ion and o he a ac ion powe ha u ban
concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion ac o s exe on i . The ype o p esence and espec i e
in ensi y (displayed in ables 3 and 4) a e condensed and sys ema ized in able 5 using a
simpli ied no a ion. This able assembles all he speci ic a eas unde analysis, ei he
wi hin he mos concen a ed o wi hin he mos dispe sed me opoli an zones.
Acco ding o his no a ion he ype o p esence is i s is pinpoin ed, and hen, espec i e
in ensi y o p esence is p esen ed in b acke s. The p esence o a ce ain indica o in a
de e mina e g oup o immig an s may be: (i) high (+), (ii) medium (+/-), (iii) educed (-
), o (i ) i may no be p esen (0). As a as in ensi y o p esence is conce ned, he
ollowing si ua ions may occu : (i) e y s ong in ensi y (++), (ii) s ong in ensi y (+),
(iii) medium in ensi y (+/-) o (i ) low in ensi y (-). Taking he p e ious example once
again, he high p esence o he indica o o concen a ion is igu ed by he sign +,
whe eas he low/medium in ensi y is ep esen ed by (- +/-) no a ion.
A e he cha ac e iza ion o each indica o o concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion in
each ele an a ea o analysis and o each immig an g oup is pe o med, nex a b ie
desc ip ion o co esponden se lemen pa e ns is ou lined. In he i s line is poin ed

ou he zone (concen a ed o dispe sed) whe e he p esence o his indica o is
p e ailing, and hen a e highligh ed he speci ic a eas whe e in ensi y o p esence is
ema kable o no much impo an .
TABLE 5: No a ion and desc ip ion o each popula ion g oup’s beha io in ace o he
u ban concen a ion/dispe sion indica o s
Immig an s
om Wes e n
and No he n
Eu opean
Union
coun ies
Immig an s
om B azil
Immig an s
om A ican
coun ies wi h
Po uguese
o icial language
Immig an s
om Eas e n
Eu opean
coun ies
Immig an s
om
Venezuela
Immig an s
om Sou h
A ica
Populacion Densi y
Me opoli an
co e - (-) + (-) + (-) - (-) 0 0
Subu ban ing - (-) + (-) + (-) +/- (- +/- +) - (- +/-) - (- +/- +)
Pó oa´s co e +/- (+/- -) - (-) - (-) 0 0 - (- +/-)
Ou side ing + (+/- +) - (+/- +) +/- (- +/-) +/- (++) + (+/- ++)
Maia/Valongo
pole + (+/- ++)
Gaia/Espinho
pole + (+/- ++)
Pó oa´s ou side
ing + (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 +/- (++)
Immig an s´ pa e ns o
e i o ial popula ion
densi y
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
-Medium/
high in ensi y
in ou side
me opoli an
ing
Concen a ed
a ea
-Low in ensi y in
he me opoli an
co e
-Low in ensi y in
subu ban ing
Concen a ed
a ea
-Low in ensi y in
he me opoli an
co e
-Low in ensi y in
subu ban ing
Ex ends in o
me opoli an
ou side ing
F agmen ed
-Va iable
in ensi y in
subu ban ing
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
main ou side
me opoli an
ing
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho
pole
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in main
ou side
me opoli an ing
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s ou side
ing
Residen ial
Densi y
Me opoli an
co e - (-) + (-) + (-) - (-) 0 0
Subu ban ing - (- +/-) + (- +/-) + (- +/-) +/- (+/- +) +/- (- +/- +) + (- +/- +)
Pó oa´s co e - ( -) 0 0 0 0 0
Ou side ing + (+/- +) - (- +) +/- (+/-) +/- (++) + (+/- ++)
Maia/Valongo
pole + (+/- ++)
Gaia/Espinho
pole + (+/- ++)
Pó oa´s ou side
ing + (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 +/- (++)
Immig an s´ pa e ns o
e i o ial esiden ial
Densi y
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
-Medium/
High in ensi y
in ou side
me opoli an
ing
Concen a ed
a ea
-Low in ensi y in
he me opoli an
co e
-Low/medium
in ensi y in
subu ban ing
Concen a ed
a ea
-Low in ensi y in
he me opoli an
co e
-Low/medium
in ensi y in
subu ban ing
Ex ends in o
me opoli an
ou side ing
F agmen ed
-Va iable
in ensi y in
subu ban ing
- Ve y high
in ensi y in
main ou side
me opoli an
ing
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho
pole
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in main
ou side
me opoli an ing
Concen a ion
Me opoli an
co e +/- (-) + (- +/-) + (-) +/- (-) 0 0
Subu ban ing - (-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (+/- ) - (- +/- +) - (- +/-)
Pó oa´s co e +/- (- +/-) - (- ) +/- (- ) 0 0 +/- (- +/-)
Ou side ing + (+/- +) - (-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/- ++)
Maia/Valongo
pole 0 0 0 0 + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++)
Gaia/Espinho
pole 0 0 0 0 + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++)
Pó oa´s ou side
ing + (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 - (+/- ++)
Immig an s´ pa e ns o
e i o ial concen a ion
Dispe sed a ea
- Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing –-
Va iable
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s co e –
Va iable
in ensi y in
Concen a ed
a ea
-Low and
medium in ensi y
in he
me opoli an
co e
- Low and
medium in ensi y
in subu ban ing
Concen a ed/
Dispe sed a ea
-Va iable
in ensi y in
subu ban ing
-Va iable
in ensi y in main
ou side
me opoli an ing
F agmen ed
- Ve y high
in ensi y in main
ou side
me opoli an
ing
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s ou side
ing
Dispe sed a ea
- Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
- Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho
pole
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
main ou side
me opoli an
ing
Pó oa´s ou side
ing
Con inui y o he u ban layou
Me opoli an
co e ++ (- +/-) ++ (- +/- +) ++ (- +/-) + (- +/- +) - (-) +/- (+/-)
Subu ban ing +/- (-) - (-) - (- +/-) - (+/- +) - (+/- +) - (- +/- +)
Pó oa´s co e + (+/-) + (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) 0 - (-) + (- +/-)
Ou side ing +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (+/- ++)
Maia/Valongo
pole +/- (+/- ++) +/- (+/- ++)
Gaia/Espinho
pole + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++)
Pó oa´s ou side
ing +/- (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 - (++)
Immig an s´ pa e ns o
e i o ial con inui y o
he u ban layou
Concen a ed
a ea
- Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
- Medium/
S ong
in ensi y in
me opoli an
co e
- Medium/
High in ensi y
in Pó oa´s
co e
Concen a ed
a ea
- Low/medium
in ensi y in
me opoli an
co e
- Low/medium
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s co e
Ex ends in o
me opoli an
ou side ing
Concen a ed
a ea
-Va iable
in ensi y in
me opoli an co e
-Low/medium
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s co e
- Low/medium
in ensi y in main
me opoli an
ou side ing
Ex ends in o
me opoli an
ou side ing
F agmen ed
-Va iable
in ensi y in
me opoli an
co e
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
main ou side
me opoli an
ing
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho
pole
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho
pole
G ouping
Me opoli an
co e +/- (-) + (-) + (-) +/- (-) 0 0
Subu ban ing - (-) - (- +/-) - (- +/-) - (- +/- +) - (- +/- +) - (- +/- +)
Pó oa´s co e - ( -) 0 0 0 0 - (-)
Ou side ing + (+/- ++) - (+/-) +/- (- +/- +) +/- (++)
Maia/Valongo
pole + (+/- ++) + (++)
Gaia/Espinho
pole + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++)
Pó oa´s ou side
ing +/- (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 - (++)
Immig an s´ pa e ns o
e i o ial g ouping
Dispe sed a ea
- Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
-Medium/
high in ensi y
in ou side
me opoli an
ing
Concen a ed
a ea
-Low in ensi y in
he me opoli an
co e
Concen a ed
a ea
-Low in ensi y in
he me opoli an
co e
-Va iable
in ensi y in main
ou side
me opoli an ing
F agmen ed
-Low in ensi y
in he
me opoli an
co e
- Ve y high
in ensi y in
main ou side
me opoli an
ing
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Pó oa´s
ou side ing
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho
pole
Dispe sed a ea
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Maia/Valongo
pole
-Ve y high
in ensi y in
Gaia/Espinho
pole
Finally a classi ica ion is p oposed o land occupa ion pa e ns by he di e en
popula ion g oups in Po o Me opoli an A ea. I is summed up in Table 6:
TABLE 6: P oposed classi ica ion o land occupa ion pa e ns by he di e en
popula ion g oups in Po o Me opoli an A ea
Immig an s om
Wes e n and
No he n
Eu opean Union
coun ies
Immig an s om
B azil
Immig an s om
A ican coun ies
wi h Po uguese
o icial language
Immig an s om
Eas e n Eu opean
coun ies
Immig an s om
Venezuela
Immig an s om
Sou h A ica
Popula ion
Densi y
Concen a ed in
dispe sed ou side
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed in he
co e and subu ban
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed in he
co e, subu ban and
adjacen zones o
he me opoli an
a ea
F agmen ed in
subu ban and
ou side zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed bi-
pola ized in dispe sed
ou side zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed in
dispe sed ou side
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Residen ial
Densi y
Concen a ed in
dispe sed ou side o
he me opoli an
a ea
Concen a ed in he
co e and subu ban
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed in he
co e, subu ban and
adjacen zones o
he me opoli an
a ea
F agmen ed in
subu ban and
ou side zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed bi-
pola ized in dispe sed
ou side zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed in
dispe sed ou side
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ion
Concen a ed in
dispe sed Pó oa´s
ou side ing,
Pó oa´s co e and
me opoli an ou side
ing
Concen a ed in he
co e and subu ban
ing o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed/
dispe sed in
subu ban and
me opoli an ing’s
a eas
F agmen ed in
me opoli an’s
ou side ing and
Pó oa´s ou side ing
Concen a ed bi-
pola ized in dispe sed
ou side zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed bi-
pola ized in
dispe sed ou side
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Con inui y o he u ban
layou
Concen a ed in
ou side Pó oa
and me opoli an
a ea’s co es
Concen a ed in
me opoli an’s and
Pó oa´s co e
Concen a ed in he
co e, subu ban and
adjacen zones o
he me opoli an
a ea
F agmen ed in he
co e, subu ban and
ou side zones o he
me opoli an a ea
and ou side zones o
Pó oa
Concen a ed in
dispe sed ou side
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed in
dispe sed ou side
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
G ouping
Concen a ed in
dispe sed ou side
me opoli an ing
and Pó oa´s ou side
ing
Concen a ed in he
co e o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed in he
co e and expanding
owa ds he ou side
ing o he
me opoli an a ea
F agmen ed in
ou side me opoli an
ing and Pó oa´s
ou side ing
Concen a ed bi-
pola ized in dispe sed
ou side zones o he
me opoli an a ea
Concen a ed bi-
pola ized in
dispe sed ou side
zones o he
me opoli an a ea
The applica ion o he p oposed me hodological app oach o he case s udy in
Po o Me opoli an A ea poin ou ha :
(i)
All he popula ion g oups exhibi concen a ion beha io s in land use,
bu hey do no necessa ily occupy he mos concen a ed a eas de ined
by he u ban and me opoli an mo phological and ypological
cha ac e is ics.
(ii)
The popula ion g oups whose u ban beha io be e adjus s o cu en
concen a ion land use pa e ns in Po o Me opoli an A ea a e
B azilians and immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese
o icial language.
(iii)
B azilians mainly concen a e in he me opoli an co e and in he
subu ban ing in wha conce ns popula ion densi y, esiden ial densi y
and concen a ion. As a as con inui y o he buil layou is conce ned,
hey also unde go i s in luence beyond he me opoli an nucleus and
Pó oa´s nucleus. The g ea e in luence o he o al numbe o loo s
(g ouping measu e) is el wi hin he me opoli an nucleus.

(i )
Immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language
also unde go he in luence o all concen a ion indica o s in he
me opoli an nucleus and subu ban ing, and his e ec also ex ends in o
pa ishes ha belong o he main ou side me opoli an ing ha a e
adjacen o he subu ban a ea. The in luence o he o al numbe o
buildings (concen a ion measu e) is mo e no o ious in he subu ban and
me opoli an ing.
( )
Immig an s om Eas e n Eu opean coun ies exhibi a agmen ed
beha io in e ms o loca ion h oughou he whole me opoli an
e i o y, eaching e y high land occupa ion in ensi ies in de ached and
dispe sed pa ishes. Thus he in luence o popula ion and esiden ial
densi ies is pa icula ly e ec i e in subu ban and p incipal ou side
me opoli an ings, whe eas he o al numbe o buildings (concen a ion
measu e) and o al numbe o loo s (g ouping measu e) especially
mani es in he main me opoli an ou side ing and Pó oa´s ing, and he
numbe o non-isola ed buildings in ela ion o o al buildings (measu e
o con inui y o he u ban layou ) u ns up in he whole me opoli an
zone and espec i e en i onmen , as well as in Pó oa´s ex e nal ing.
( i)
Immig an s om Venezuela and Sou h A ica assume a s ongly u ban
concen a ion and bipola ized beha io , clea ly dis inc om dominan
ends o concen a ed land use in me opoli an and Pó oa´s cen e .
They ep oduce highly concen a ed beha io s in mo e dispe sed zones
o Po o Me opoli an A ea.
( ii)
Immig an s om Venezuela expe ience he s ongly pola ized in luence
o all u ban concen a ion indica o s in he poles o Maia/Valongo and
Vila No a de Gaia/Espinho Municipali ies. They se le in a highly dense
way in hese poles and adjacen a eas and in he main ou side
me opoli an ing, and e en ually each some pa ishes o he subu ban
ing.
( iii)
In wha conce ns immig an s om Sou h A ica, hey mani es he same
kind o bipola ized beha io in he poles o Valongo/Maia ( ha ex ends
o Ma osinhos and Vila do Conde Municipali ies), and Vila No a de
Gaia/Espinho Municipali ies, densely holding he main ou side ing o
he me opoli an a ea.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In his inal sec ion o he a icle will be p esen ed some e lec ions on: (i) how
se lemen pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s a e assessed by he p oposed
me hodology, (ii) he sociological easons ha explain he concen a ion/dispe sion
pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s, and how hey a e spa ially shaped in
Po o Me opoli an A ea, and (iii) he impo ance o he analyzed issues o e i o ial
planne s and decision-make s, in o de o delinea e and ende u ban policies
ope a ional, namely in wha e e s o: (a) he iden i ica ion o he loca ion ends and
pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s and (b) he imp o emen in housing and
employmen p o ision condi ions, hus os e ing social, economic and cul u al
in ol emen and pa icipa ion o immig an s o be e in eg a e hem.
In he esea ch epo ed in his a icle was se led a spa ial analysis, display and
simula ion me hodology in o de o iden i y and ypi y immig an s´ pa e ns o land
esiden ial use p e ailing in a me opoli an a ea acco ding o i s mo phological and
ypological e i o ial concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion cha ac e is ics. This me hodology
allows he iden i ica ion o he ex en o he a ac ion powe exe ed by each indica o
on each e hnic g oup, in ela ion o o al popula ion. Addi ionally, i allows he
inspec ion o land use densi ies (Gals e e al., 2001), cen ali y (Gals e e al, 2001) and
spa ial con igui y (une enness acco ding o Massey and Den on, 1988, and p oximi y
acco ding o Gals e e al., 2001) in he me opoli an se lemen s o each g oup. Thus,
he me hodology p o ides measu es o moni o immig an s´ e ec i e in eg a ion, and
can be eplica ed and ex ended in o de o analyze and ypi y immig an s´ se lemen
beha io s in o he u ban/me opoli an con ex s.
This esea ch launches heo e ical and empi ical e lec ions abou he in e -
ela ion be ween he spa ial di e en ia ion due o he cha ac e is ics o he u ban
economies, he pe o mance o he housing ma ke s, he socio-economic mobili y, he
accul u a ion/in eg a ion p ocesses and he cul u al/e hnic cha ac e is ics o popula ion
g oups. They join ly c ea e a ne wo k o esiden ial, social, economic and p o essional
in e - ela ions ha s ongly condi ion loca ion se lemen ’s choices. These loca ion
choices, by hei u n, in e ac and also exe impo an in luence on people’s social-
economic-p o essional ne wo ks.
In No he n Ame ican me opoli an egions subs an ial seg ega ion exis s among
di e en g oups o immig an s, especially in wha conce ns black, Asian and Hispanic
in compa ison wi h whi e ones (Logan e al., 1996), hus hey wi hd aw om
me opoli an cen e s, and se le ied up communi ies in mo e sp awled and dispe sed
a eas, whe e hey li e close oge he . This e hnic beha io may exe di e en impac s
on assimila ion p ocesses. Bu he sou h Eu opean ci ies exhibi , in gene al, low le els
o socio-spa ial seg ega ion, associa ed wi h mo e complex pa e ns o housing
dis ibu ion, and highe le els o pe iphe iza ion and subu baniza ion (A baci, 2008).
The cu en esea ch con i ms hese se lemen cha ac e is ics in Po o me opoli an
a ea. Howe e , he in eg a ion o Po uguese-speaking immig an communi ies ha e
been much easie han co esponden assimila ion by o he immig an communi ies,
simila ly o wha happened in many Eu opean coun ies (Logan, 2006; Mado é, 2005),
wha is ein o ced by he ob ained ca og aphic esul s. Acco ding o hem, i can be
concluded ha immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language
and om B azil ake ad an age om hei g ea e p oximi y o Po uguese cul u e,
habi s and cus oms. Thei se lemen s almos eplica e na i e-homologous ones –
concen a ed in he me opoli an cen e and u ban cen e s, and expanded h oughou he
whole subu ban a ea. This way hey a e mo e exposed o na i es´ in luence, hus o
be e oppo uni ies, jobs, and highe social and p o essional a ainmen le els.
Immig an s om Wes e n and No he n Eu opean Union coun ies ha e also unde gone
success ul in eg a ion p ocesses, because hey also sha e a la ge amoun o Eu opean
cul u e, his o ic he i age and li ing condi ions wi h Po uguese people, despi e hei
p e e ences o inge a eas wi h be e en i onmen al quali y. As a as immig an s
om La ino-Ame ican coun ies and Sou h A ica a e conce ned, hey a he choose
li ing in concen a ed se lemen s in he ou side subu ban a ea, whe e hey ie oge he
and exhibi lesse exposu e o na i e people. They indeed exp ess lowe le els o socio-
economic mobili y, and ace highe hind ances o hei assimila ion p ocesses. In wha
espec s immig an s om Eas e n Eu opean coun ies, hey ini ially ace g ea e
di icul ies due o a a he di e en language and cus oms, wha is ein o ced by a
s ong isola ion endency, ansla ed h ough e i o ial sca e ing and dispe sion.
Despi e hey de ain he same le els o academic backg ounds and p o essional skills as
o he immig an g oups, hei beha io es ic hei own access o in as uc u es,
equipmen s and social/p o essional u ban ne wo ks, hus hei assimila ion p ocesses a e
much longe and complex.
The easons unde lying he se lemen pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s, as
well as how hey a e spa ially shaped, a e pa icula ly impo an o planne s and
poli icians. Tha is why he me hodology exposed in his a icle allows he ca og aphic
p omp iden i ica ion o hei loca ion ends and espec i e cha ac e is ics, and se les
as an in eg a ed se o decision-suppo ools. The in e en ions on
concen a ion/dispe sion indica o s – made in he simula ion in e ace - may be induced
by e i o ial plans and o he planning o dinances o by managemen measu es, and
ansla e, namely, h ough changes in he numbe o buildings, in he numbe o loo s,
and/o in he pe cen age o non-isola ed buildings as compa ed o i s o al numbe . This
me hodology, hus, allows (i) he de ini ion o p oac i e planning s a egies o
a ac ion, loca ion and dis ibu ion o mig a o y lows and (ii) he implemen a ion o
measu es ha may change he cu en pa e ns o concen a ed/dispe sed mo phological
and ypological land uses in ce ain a eas, and (iii) he iden i ica ion o espec i e
e ec s on immig an s´ se lemen s. Consequen ly, municipal powe s will be guided o
ake he app op ia e decisions in o de o (i) p o ide he bes a o dable esiden ial and
employmen condi ions o hose immig an s, and (ii) s imula e hei socio, economic
and cul u al in ol emen , acco ding o hei cha ac e is ics and p e e ed
neighbo hoods.
Besides, new ends in each popula ion e i o ial dis ibu ion and/o in
concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion e i o ial cha ac e is ics may con inuously be displayed
using he exposed me hodology, and planning adjus ed o i upda ed e i o ial and
e hnic ea u es whene e hey u n up.
The p ac ical implica ions o his a icle in he p og ession o esea ch mani es ,
mainly, (i) in he conc e e ways o ende ing ope a ional join policies o e i o ial
socio-economic de elopmen and immig an s´ in eg a ion, and (ii) in he de elopmen
Wilson WJ (1996)
When Wo k Disappea s: The Wo ld o he New U ban Poo
. New
Yo k: Knop .