Immigrants' settlement patterns: a methodological assessment

Immig an s´se lemen pa e ns: a me hodological app oach Emília Malca a Rebelo PhD, Assis an P o esso CITTA - Resea ch Cen e o Te i o y, T anspo s and En i onmen Facul y o Enginee ing o Po o Uni e si y (Po ugal), Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, Te i o ial, U ban and En i onmen Planning Di ision, Rua D . Robe o F ias, s/n, 4200-465, PORTO (PORTUGAL) Tel.: 351225081482/Fax: 351225081486/ e-mail: [email p o ec ed].p ABSTRACT The main objec i e o his a icle consis s in he de elopmen o a me hodology o ca og aphic analysis o suppo municipal decisions conce ning a ac ion, loca ion and dis ibu ion o immig an s in me opoli an a eas, assu ing espec i e in eg a ion. This inno a i e me hodology is aimed a iden i ying se lemen pa e ns, and espec i e in ensi y, adop ed by speci ic g oups o immig an s, acco ding o concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion e i o ial cha ac e is ics and hei own e hnic ea u es, in ela ion o co esponden pa e ns o he whole popula ion. I is applied, as a case s udy, o Po o Me opoli an A ea (Po ugal). A discussion is pu sued on he sociological easons ha explain concen a ed o dispe sed beha io s by di e en e hnic g oups, and how hose beha io s shape he mo phological and ypological cha ac e is ics o concen a ed/sp awled/dispe sed se lemen s o di e en g oups o immig an s. The applica ion o his me hodology o di e en u ban/me opoli an eali ies allows (i) he moni o ing o he e olu ion o indica o s conce ning immig an s and me opoli an e i o ial cha ac e is ics, (ii) he analysis and compa ison o se lemen beha io s exhibi ed by di e en e hnic g oups, in ela ion o na i e co esponden beha io s (iii) he c i ical inspec ion o he e olu ion o he in eg a ion o di e en e hnic g oups, and (i ) he de ini ion and applica ion o u ban policies aimed a a ac ing, dis ibu ing and loca ing immig an s in he me opoli an a eas, simul aneously assu ing socio-economic e i o ial sus ainabili y. INTRODUCTION Conside ing he inc easing impo ance immig an s assume in socio-economic sus ainabili y o de eloped coun ies and egions, he esea ch epo ed in his a icle aims a designing and de eloping a se o decision-suppo ools conce ning a ac ion, loca ion and dis ibu ion o immig an s. These policies should be ha monized wi h he needs o e i o ial socio-economic de elopmen , assu ing good in eg a ion condi ions o immig an s. The in e media e-le el goals o each his pu pose consis in: (i) de eloping a me opoli an managemen in o ma ion sys em on immig an s and on mo phological and ypological cha ac e is ics o land use, wi h moni o ing unc ionali ies, (ii) p oposing a me hodology o analysis and ca og aphic display o he se lemen pa e ns o di e en e hnic g oups (using geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems), (iii) in e p e ing se lemen pa e ns, h ough he iden i ica ion o he unde lying easons, and (i ) d awing conclusions and o mula ing guidelines in u ban/me opoli an policies aimed a plane s and e i o ial decision-make s. This me hodology is based on he compa ison o he beha io s o di e en e hnic g oups wi h he p e ailing land use concen a ion/sp awled/dispe sed s uc u al cha ac e is ics, and poin s ou espec i e pa e ns o esiden ial land use. I allows a clea unde s anding o he in luence some concen a ion dimensions exe upon se lemen s´ choices, wi hin he amewo k (i) o e i o ial planning, and (ii) immig an ’s cha ac e is ics, loca ion p e e ences and assimila ion p ocesses. This a icle p esen s and discusses ele an issues o academics and policy make s. I is hoped he p oposed me hodology assis s municipal decision-make s in he de ini ion and implemen a ion o in eg a ed policies ha mix oge he me opoli an e i o ial de elopmen , and conce ns o immig an s´ in eg a ion. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In he heo e ical analysis o ele an li e a u e will be conside ed ou main poin s ha shape he cu en s a e o he a in issues s ic ly ela ed o he scope o he esea ch he e epo ed: (i) iden i ica ion o he sociological easons ha explain se lemen beha io s o he di e en g oups o immig an s, (ii) how hese sociological easons ansla e in mo phological and ypological spa ial concen a ed o dispe sed se lemen s, (iii) ways o measu e and quan i y hese concen a ion/sp awled/dispe sed se lemen cha ac e is ics, and (i ) impo ance o sociological easons and physical pa e ns in planning decisions and ope a ion o join policies o socio-economic e i o ial de elopmen /consolida ion and immig an s´ in eg a ion. Wi hin his amewo k, he iden i ica ion and cha ac e iza ion o he loca ion pa e ns o di e en immig an g oups allows: (i) he p oac i e de ini ion o policies o a ac ion/loca ion/dis ibu ion o immig an s, and (ii) he imp o emen o housing, employmen , in as uc u es and equipmen p o ision, as well as social and cul u al in ol emen and pa icipa ion o immig an s. Sociological easons unde lying immig an s´ concen a ed o dispe sed beha io s and how hey ansla e in di e en physical se lemen s Acco ding o se e al au ho s (A baci, 2008; Fonseca, 1999, Fonseca e al., 2002; Malhei os, 2002; Massey, 1990; Mus e d and Van Kempen, 2007; Peach, 2002; Teixei a and Mu die, 1997) he main easons ha explain he sociological pa e ns o u ban/me opoli an concen a ion a e: (i) he spa ial di e en ia ion due o he cha ac e is ics o he u ban economies, (ii) he pe o mance o he housing ma ke s, and (iii) he cha ac e is ics o he g oups o immig an s. The sociological easons ha explain u ban/me opoli an dispe sion a e: (i) he socio-economic mobili y and (ii) he accul u a ion/assimila ion p ocesses ha se le on he pe cep ion ha a di e en ia ed u ban/me opoli an economy makes he alloca ion o i s esou ces une enly in space, hus encou aging immig an s o displace in o de o inc ease hei social and p o essional a ainmen le els. The spa ial di e en ia ion due o he cha ac e is ics o he u ban economies is condi ioned, on he one side, by he e i o ial planning no ms, and on he o he , by he succession p ocesses in land use. E hnic mino i ies sea ch o housing loca ions nea hei wo k places, e en i empo a ily. These se lemen succession pa e ns a e, hus, s ongly modeled by he cha ac e is ics o he local economies and depend on he spa ial concen a ion/dispe sion o capi al, and on he exis ence o u ban anspo s. Du ing pe iods o u ban/me opoli an expansion quick changes occu in land esiden ial use: he classes wi h highe social mobili y mo e o mo e a ac i e loca ions, le ing behind ee spaces whe e ecen income s will lodge. On he con a y, du ing pe iods o economic s agna ion o ecession, immig an s pile up in ghe os, because he succession in space uses slows down. The pe o mance o he housing ma ke s mani es h ough: (i) he p e-se led housing s uc u es, public spaces, in as uc u es and equipmen s, (ii) he legal and p ope y housing cha ac e is ics, and (iii) he neighbo hood sociological ea u es. Immig an s´ u ban and me opoli an oppo uni ies and choices a e modeled by socio- spa ial p e-se led s uc u es ha p o ide a o dable accommoda ion acili ies (Mado é, 1997, 2005). Eu opean e hno-ci ies ha e, gene ally, low housing condi ions and a a he in o mal access o eal es a e ma ke s (Malhei os, 2002). Howe e , Eu opean sou he n ci ies addi ionally exhibi (Malhei os, 2002) low socio-spa ial seg ega ion le els associa ed o mo e complex pa e ns o housing dis ibu ion, and highe subu baniza ion le els, ansla ed in he pe iphe al dis ibu ion o middle and low-income popula ion, ( ha esul s om he exis ence o a weak en al ma ke in cen al and pe i-cen al a eas, and om he implemen a ion o e-gene a ion p og ammes since he 90 h decade, wi h co esponden induced gen i ica ion p ocesses). O he u ban/me opoli an ac o s ha in luence socio-u ban p ocesses and espec i e spa ial shape a e, namely: a depopula ion in cen al and pe i-cen al a eas; a s ong p esence o amilies wi h high incomes in cen al a eas; p e ailing low le els o housing mobili y, and spa ial e ec s ha esul om housing en con ols (A baci, 2008; Malhei os, 2002). Besides, he e exis s a s ong ela ion be ween he cha ac e is ics o he neighbo hoods (Gals e , 1987), ha shape di e en housing ypologies and di e en mo phological layou s – concen a ed o dispe sed –, and he unc ional e ec i eness o he wo k o ce. Indi iduals embody hei pe cep ion o housing neighbo hoods, and de elop communica ion ne wo ks ha ac as socializa ion co es because hey os e hei social, economic, cul u al and eligious in eg a ion (Goe ing e al., 1995; Klei , 2001; Wellman, 1988); a o social, communica ional and ideological ies among indi iduals ha sha e he same expe iences and he same expec a ions (Goe ing e al., 1995; Gould and Tu ne , 1997; Klei , 2001; Sco , 1980; Wellman, 1988); and e lec a ce ain social, and e en, p o essional, s a us (Sco , 1980). Consequen ly, hese ne wo ks induce indi iduals´ choices, a i udes, beha io s and achie emen s, h ough he in luence hey exe on hei alues and p e e ences (Gals e and Killen, 1995). They addi ionally p o ide ad an ages om eme gen social and economic oppo uni ies (B iggs, 1998; Goe ing e al., 1995; Klei , 2001). These ne wo ks, by hei u n, a e also modeled by hose oppo uni ies (Bu , 1983; Campbel e al., 1986; G ano e e , 1983; Klei , 2001; Ma sden and Campbel, 1984; Wellman and Po e , 1999). The demog aphic/sociological and p o essional cha ac e is ics o he g oups o immig an s (Mye s, 1999) s ongly condi ion hei se lemen pa e ns, be hey cen e ed on age, gende , sec o o economic ac i i y, p o essional g oup, ca ee p og ession along ime, o geog aphic mobili y, as compa ed wi h he homologous alues o he na i e popula ion. As immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language and om B azil ha e a s ong cul u al ie wi h he Po uguese language and his o ical he i age, hei in eg a ion is a he b ie . The same holds ue o immig an s om Wes e n and No he n Eu opean Union coun ies ha sha e ecen poli ical, economic and cul u al challenges and belie es wi h Po uguese na i es. The jobs immig an s ha e o sea ch o , hei academic backg ound and p o essional skills, as well as hei labo -supply elas ici y (Bo jas, 1994; Pecoud, 2002) also condi ion hei se lemen beha io s. Thus, in compa ison wi h na i e popula ion, hey o en i be e ce ain kinds o asks (Al onji and Ca d, 1991; Bean e al., 1988; Bo jas e al., 1996; Ca d, 1990; Fieldhouse, 1999; LaLonde and Topel, 1991; Reime s, 1998; S oll e al., 2002). Immig an s´ socio-economic mobili y is mainly explained by hei sea ch o high social and p o essional le els ha , as al eady e e ed o, a e s ic ly connec ed o neighbo hoods´ physical cha ac e is ics, esou ces, in as uc u es and oppo uni ies (Ellen and Tu ne , 1997; Massey, 1990; Massey and Den on, 1993; Rosebaum, 1991; Rosebaum e al., 1999; Wilson, 1986, 1996). The highe he di e si y in he ela ions ne wo k, he g ea e is access o oppo uni ies (Klei , 2001), and i immig an s inhabi en i onmen s wi h high-quali ied esou ces, in as uc u es and equipmen s, hen hei social/p o essional/economic mobili y will be launched (Massey, 1990; Massey and Den on, 1993; Rosebaum e al., 1999), and balanced wi h all o he ci izens (Klei , 2001; Wilson, 1996, 1986). Bu he social and p o essional s a us is also dependen on immig an s´ academic backg ound, p o essional skills, hei wo king places, and espec i e in e - ela ions (Li, 1998). Socioeconomic local de elopmen , he a ailabili y o sea ched jobs, and he success ul accul u a ion o some g oups o immig an s guide hem o mo e desi able loca ions (Logan e al., 1996), despi e “loca ion-a ainmen ” goals di e be ween di e en popula ion g oups, due o he speci ici y o hei accul u a ion p ocesses (Logan, 2006). The spa ial accul u a ion/assimila ion p ocesses a e explained by: (i) he spa ial assimila ion (Massey, 1990), (ii) he beha io s o na i e people in esiden ial neighbo hoods (Logan, 2006), and (iii) he spa ial s a i ica ion (Logan e al., 1996). The assimila ion p ocesses las he ime equi ed o su moun linguis ic and cul u al di e ences, and o en e ne wo ks o in o ma ion and e hnic suppo (Logan e al., 2003). The close immig an s´ uses, cos umes and eelings a e o he ones o des ina ion communi ies, he quicke and he be e assimila ion occu s (Logan, 2006; Mado é, 2005). In Po ugal (simila ly o wha happens in he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica and in B asil) he in eg a ion/assimila ion o Po uguese-speaking immig an s oo s on a s ong mul icul u alis belie (Ellis, 2001). This esul s om a his o ical sociabili y be ween people wi h di e en e hnic cha ac e is ics, wi hin di e en en i onmen s and cul u al con ex s. Howe e , se lemen and mobili y pa e ns may be bounded by con ingen con ex s (Bol e al., 2008; Fo uijn e al., 1998; Whi e, 1999) ha include s e eo ypes and acial seg ega ion beha io s om au och hon people (A baci, 2008; Bol e al., 2008; Fo uijn e al., 1998; Logan, 2006). These hinde assimila ion p ocesses, and imply isola ion o seg ega ion o some g oups, as a esul o hei social, economic, cul u al o eligious condi ion (Logan, 2006; Malou as, 2004; Ond ich, 2001). The model o spa ial s a i ica ion, as well as many empi ical s udies de eloped in sou he n Eu opean ci ies (Fonseca e al., 2002; Kazepo , 2005; Malhei os, 2002; Malhei os and Mendes, 2007; Mus e d e al., 2006) clea ly d aw a en ion o social exclusion and ghe o o ma ion ha eme ge om nega i e in luences o local neighbo hoods. As a esponse o hese cons ain s, e hnic communi ies na u ally ie oge he and e lec s ong ne wo k connec ions (Logan, 2006); e en i assimila ion p ocesses a e swi (Jus ino, 2007). Measu es o u ban concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion The sociological aspec s o e hnic g oups´ agg ega ion beha io s shape mo phological and ypological pa e ns o spa ial concen a ion, sp awl o dispe sion. U ban sp awl is gene ally aced as a mul idimensional phenomenon wi h many di e en dimensions (Ewing e al., 2002; Gals e e al., 2001; To ens and Albe i, 2000). Gene alized adop ed pe spec i es o u ban/me opoli an sp awl (F enkel and Ashkenazi, 2008) include measu es o g ow h a es (Hadly, 2000; Jackson, 1985; Wei z, 2000); densi y (Bu on, 2000; Chin, 2002; Chu chman, 1999; Gals e e al., 2001; Razin and Rosen aub, 2000); spa ial geome y (Ba y and Kim, 1992; Ba y and Longley, 1994; He old and Menz, 2001; McGa igal and Ma ks, 1995; To ens and Albe i, 2000; Tu ne , 1989); accessibili y (Ewing e al, 2002;To ens and Albe i, 2000); and aes he ic issues (Go don and Richa dson, 1997). In o de o ende hese concep s ope a ional, o in eg a e hem in he analysis, and o de elop decision ools, many heo e ical and empi ical assessmen s ha e been pu sued in he scope o u ban managemen s a egies, policies and ac ions. A g ea numbe o app oaches epo ed in li e a u e seek o measu e hese concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion dimensions in land use ha exe s aigh impac s on esiden ial inclusion/seg ega ion. I he chosen indices a e easily compa able and widesp eadly adop ed, hen compa ison o espec i e alues among di e en u ban a eas and along ime becomes a he impo an o policy decisions and espec i e implemen a ion. A g ea numbe o such indices was p oposed in he li e a u e in o de o measu e sepa a ely o join ly he ollowing dimensions o land use pa e ns (Massey and Den on, 1988): (i) une enness ( ha e e s o he di e en ial dis ibu ion o wo o mo e social/e hnic g oups among di e en ci y a eas), (ii) exposu e ( ha e e s o he po en ial deg ee o con ac , o possibili y o in e ac ion, be ween membe s o he mino i y and majo i y g oups wi hin a geog aphical a ea), (iii) concen a ion ( ha e e s o he ela i e amoun o physical space occupied by a mino i y g oup in he u ban en i onmen ), (i ) cen aliza ion ( ha ansla es he spa ial p oximi y o he cen e o an u ban a ea) and ( ) clus e ing ( ha shows whe he a uni o a ea inhabi ed by mino i y membe s is con iguous o spa ially g ouped in ela ion o o he a eas). These dimensions can be conside ed in absolu e e ms (in which case hey ela e o e i o ial a eas); and in ela i e e ms (when alues a e compa ed wi h o he popula ion se lemen pa e ns) (Massey and Den on, 1988). Mo e ecen ly, he ypology o analysis sugges ed and empi ically applied by Gals e e al. (2001) conside e s eigh dimensions o analysis: (i) densi y (a e age numbe o esiden ial uni s by squa e mile o de eloped and de elopable land in a ce ain e i o ial uni ), (ii) con inui y o he u ban layou ( ha measu es how de elopable land has been buil up in a con inuous o m), (iii) concen a ion ( ha shows how de elopmen loca es p opo iona ely o disp opo iona ely in a educed a ea o u ban space, ins ead o a anging uni o mly), (i ) g ouping ( ha ep esen s how buildings g oup in o de o minimize he amoun o land pe squa e mile o de elopable land occupied wi h esiden ial and non- esiden ial uses), ( ) cen ali y ( ha poin s ou he deg ee in which esiden ial o non- esiden ial de elopmen loca es nea he CBD o a gi en u ban a ea), ( i) nuclea i y ( ha shows how he ex ension o an u ban a ea is cha ac e ized by mononuclea , as opposed o polinuclea , de elopmen ), ( ii) p oximi y (deg ee in which di e en land uses a e nea one ano he in a gi en uni o a ea), and ( iii) mixed uses (ex en in which wo dis inc land uses coexis wi hin he same uni o a ea). Impo ance o sociological and physical easons o u ban concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion o planning policies As ela ions be ween esiden ial land use pa e ns (and hei unde lying sociological/economic easons) and measu es o u ban and me opoli an concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion enligh en how popula ions´ ea u es and e i o ial cha ac e is ics in e ac in se lemen decisions, hey a e ho oughly impo an o u ban planning and managemen . Immig an s a e inc easingly impo an in he social and economic sus ainabili y o de eloped coun ies, so di e en planning sys ems ha e been conce ned wi h hei a ac ion, loca ion, dis ibu ion and in eg a ion, wi hin a ious ins i u ional and poli ical amewo ks (Ande sen and Van Kempen, 2003; Ellis, 2001; Ga baye, 2002; Van Ma issing e al., 2006). The ac ions and ini ia i es o Municipali ies a e basic o ein o ce he iden i ica ion/concilia ion ies be ween he cul u al backg ound o immig an s and he poli ical ules, p ocedu es and alues o hei des ina ion owns and coun ies (Ga baye, 2002). Simila ly, he economic issues a e especially impo an because globaliza ion ends ha e p o oked deep changes in economic p oduc ion sys ems and goals; in mobili y pa e ns; in he spa ial imagina y (La ne , 1998); and in in e -communi y sociabili y (Gans, 1961; Qadee , 1997; Rebelo and Pai a, 2006). To espond o immig an s´ needs planning should: (i) build dwellings and app op ia e neighbo hoods, as well as co esponden in as uc u es and equipmen s, (ii) c ea e jobs o assu e a balanced social, economic and e i o ial de elopmen , and (iii) s imula e immig an s´ in ol emen and pa icipa ion in he de ini ion and implemen a ion o u ban/me opoli an policies (Dekke and Van Kempen, 2004; Mus e d and Van Kempen, 2007; Van Ma issing e al., 2006). Wi hin his scope, u ban planning policies and in e en ions mus be suppo ed by analysis ools ha allow: (i) he iden i ica ion, cha ac e iza ion and moni o ing o he loca ion pa e ns o di e en g oups o immig an s, and espec i e compa ison wi h na i e homologous alues, (ii) he an icipa ion o he esul s o a p oac i e policy de ini ion o a ac ion/dis ibu ion/se lemen o immig an s in o de o ha monize socio-economic me opoli an de elopmen wi h he in eg a ion o immig an s, and (iii) a be e p o ision o housing, employmen , in as uc u es and equipmen s, and he enhancemen o immig an s´ pa icipa ion and ci izenship. DISCUSSION OF THE PROCEDURE Me hodological ou line In o de o suppo public decisions, and o assess and ca og aphically isualize he speci ic se lemen pa e ns o each g oup o immig an s in Po o Me opoli an A ea, his a icle p oposes a me hodology o con on he di e se o ms o land use by di e en g oups o immig an s wi h he p e ailing mo phologies and ypologies o concen a ed/dispe sed edi ica ion pa e ns in Po o Me opoli an A ea. This me hodology de elops acco ding o he ollowing s eps: 1. B ie desc ip ion and cha ac e iza ion o Po o Me opoli an A ea. 2. Cons uc ion o a me opoli an u ban managemen in o ma ion sys em (wi h moni o ing unc ionali ies) on: (i) he esiden ial loca ion o he di e en g oups o immig an s, (ii) he esiden ial loca ion o he o al popula ion, and (iii) he The compu a ion o he indica o s o u ban/me opoli an concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion, o each pa ish, is as ollows: (i) he popula ion densi y is gi en by he quo ien be ween esiden popula ion and espec i e pa ish´ su ace (exp essed in Km 2 ), (ii) he esiden ial densi y is gi en by he quo ien be ween he numbe o classical amilia accommoda ion and he a ea o espec i e pa ish (exp essed in Km 2 ), (iii) he con inui y o he u ban layou is eckoned h ough he quo ien be ween non-isola ed buildings and he o al numbe o buildings, (i ) he concen a ion is compu ed by he quo ien be ween he o al numbe o buildings and he de eloped and de elopable a ea, and ( ) he g ouping is gi en by he quo ien be ween he o al numbe o loo s and he de eloped and de elopable a ea (Figu e 4). Popula ion Densi y Habi a ion Densi y Concen a ion Popula ion densi y 79.3 - 1442.9 1442.9 - 3460.3 3460.3 - 6415.3 6415.3 - 11169.5 11169.5 - 17725.7 Pa ishes Residen ial densi y 0.3 - 299.2 299.2 - 813.8 813.8 - 1751.8 1751.8 - 4065.1 4065.1 - 8111.8 Pa ishes Concen a ion 0.2 - 234.3 234.3 - 482.7 482.7 - 839.7 839.7 - 1479.1 1479.1 - 3253.5 Pa ishes Con inui y G ouping Con inui y 3.1 - 26.7 26.7 - 52.6 52.6 - 68.9 68.9 - 83.7 83.7 - 99.7 Pa ishes G ouping 0.4 - 428.7 428.7 - 899.8 899.8 - 1646.3 1646.3 - 4197.7 4197.7 - 10211.8 Pa ishes FIGURE 4: Te i o ial dis ibu ion in Po o Me opoli an A ea o he di e en indica o s o u ban concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion. De elopmen o a se o ools o he analysis, isualiza ion and simula ion o se lemen pa e ns The analysis and ca og aphic ool de eloped, ha p oposes he cha ac e iza ion o land use beha io s o he di e en e hnic g oups, consis s in c ossing he pa e ns o each immig an g oup’s esiden ial dis ibu ion and he pa e ns o cu en e i o ial concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion in Po o Me opoli an A ea. The adop ed p ocedu e ackles sepa a ely he zones whe e he pe cen age o immig an s is highe han co esponden indica o ’s a e age alue (concen a ed), and he ones whe e i is lowe (dispe sed). The pa ishes whe e he ollowing inequali y holds ue app oxima ely cons i u e he concen a ed me opoli an zone: A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein heindica o hiso aluea e age ionconcen a u ban o indica o heo alue A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein he g oup his obelong ha immig an s o numbe To al g oupce ain a obelong ha immig an s o Numbe ≥ Fo each g oup o immig an s and o each pa ish, each indica o was hen s anda dized, aking as e e ence he pe cen age o co esponden popula ion in o al popula ion, gi en ma hema ically by: A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein heindica o hiso alueA e age pa ishin ha indica o heo Value A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein he popula ion To al pa ishin ha popula ion To al A eaan Me opoli Po o wholein he g oup his obelong ha immig an s o numbe To al pa ishin ha g oupce ain a obelong ha immig an s o Numbe Simila ly, i can be said each indica o ep esen s, o each pa ish, he quo ien be ween he pe cen ages o immig an s ha belong o a ce ain g oup as compa ed wi h he alue o he indica o , wi h he pe cen age o all popula ion as compa ed wi h he a e age alue o his indica o in he whole Po o Me opoli an A ea. The in luence o concen a ion o dispe sion indica o s is s essed when hei alue conce ning a ce ain g oup o immig an s as compa ed o co esponden alue in o al popula ion is highe han one, and he highe he ob ained a io he highe is he in luence his indica o exe s on ha g oup o immig an s, in ha pa ish. In o de o iden i y, o each g oup o immig an s, a pa e n o land use beha io , conside ing cu en o p edic ed e i o ial concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion indica o s, he ollowing i e-s ep me hodology o analysis was adop ed: (i) elabo a ion o ma ices co esponden o he ca og aphic ea men ha esul s om in e -c ossing he se lemen pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s and he mo phological and ypological cha ac e is ics o he me opoli an e i o y; (ii) iden i ica ion o he ele an a eas o analysis in he mos concen a ed and in he mos dispe sed zones o Po o Me opoli an A ea; hese a eas exhibi speci ic cha ac e is ics so hei land use will be s udied wi h mo e de ail; (iii) elabo a ion o ables o iden i y he ype o p esence (high, medium, educed) and he in ensi y o esiden ial use (s ong, medium, low) in hese speci ic a eas; (i ) desc ip ion o he beha io o each popula ion g oup in ace o he a ac ion powe o each indica o o concen a ion/dispe sion; and ( ) p oposal o a classi ica ion o he se lemen pa e ns by he di e en popula ion g oups in Po o Me opoli an A ea, acco ding o he selec ed ec o s o analysis o spa ial mo phologies and ypologies. This succession o me hodological s eps is he basis o he eplica ion o his kind o analysis in di e en e i o ial spaces and o i s compa ison among spaces and along ime. I was addi ionally de eloped a isualiza ion and simula ion in e ace ha es s he e ec s ha esul om a s a egically-guided ac ua ion o e he alues o he chosen indica o s on he p esence, dis ibu ion and in ensi y o p esence o he di e en immig an g oups. P oposal o u ban policies aimed a immig an s´ a ac ion, loca ion and dis ibu ion The de eloped ools a e e y use ul o planning pu poses because hey enligh en a be e comp ehension o se lemen beha io s o he di e en g oups o immig an s. They assis in he ou line o u ban policies and managemen measu es in o de o p oac i ely a ac immig an s o ce ain me opoli an zones, whe e bo h hei academic backg ound and p o essional skills can be applied in local economic de elopmen , assu ing, a he same ime, hei success ul in eg a ion (namely h ough p o ision o good esiden ial and wo k condi ions). RESULTS Two ma ixes a e i s p oposed: hey esul om he in e -c ossing o he se lemen pa e ns by di e en g oups o immig an s and he physical mo phological and ypological me opoli an cha ac e is ics, one conce ning he zone whe e he concen a ion cha ac e is ics a e ele an (Table 1), and he o he conce ning he zone whe e he dispe sion cha ac e is ics p e ail (Table 2). This in e -c ossed analysis o esiden ial se lemen s, h ough eco d and compa ison o da a, has many ad an ages a di e en le els, because i allows: (i) he isualiza ion o da a conce ning he ela i e dis ibu ion o each popula ion g oup (in he i s ow o each ma ix), and o da a conce ning he dis ibu ion o each indica o (in he i s column o each ma ix), (ii) he isualiza ion, o each map, o he pa ishes whe e he a ac ion e ec o each indica o is e ec i e, (iii) he compa a i e analysis, wi hin each map, o he ela i e a ac ion powe o each indica o : ligh e pa ishes show ha he a ac ion powe o ha indica o o e a ce ain g oup o immig an s is weake han i s a ac ion o e he o al popula ion; whe eas medium-colo and da k pa ishes show ha he a ac ion powe o e ha g oup o immig an s is highe han o e o al popula ion, (i ) he analysis o di e ences among he beha io s o di e en popula ion g oups in ace o he same indica o (compa a i e analysis pe o med in each line), ( ) he analysis o di e ences among he beha io s o he same popula ion g oup conce ning di e en indica o s (compa a i e analysis pe o med in each column), ( i) he compa ison among popula ion g oups and among concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion indica o s because scales a e no malized, ( ii) he app aisal o densi ies o land occupa ion by each immig an g oup, h ough he analysis o uppe and lowe scale’s limi s and, inally, ( iii) he analysis o he sp eading pa e ns o land use: whe he land use has an epicen e and adjacen land is occupied as an oil spo o i land occupa ion densi ies a e punc ual bu agmen ed. TABLE 1: Ma ix o u ban concen a ion W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0.5 - 1 1.1 - 1.6 Pa ishes B azil 0.3 - 1 1.1 - 1.4 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0.3 - 0.8 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0.4 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 2.3 Pa ishes Venezuela 0.5 - 1 1 - 2 2.1 - 6.4 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0.6 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 2.2 Pa ishes N.and W. E. U. coun ies 0.3 - 1 1.1 Pa ishes B azil 0.3 - 1 1.1 - 1.4 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0.3 - 1 1.1 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0.4 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 2.6 Pa ishes Venezuela 0.5 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 7.9 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0.3 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 3.8 Pa ishes B azil 0 - 1 1.1 - 2.4 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 1.6 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0.3 - 1 1.1 - 2.9 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 7.2 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0.4 - 1 1.1 - 3.4 Pa ishes W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 1.5 Pa ishes Popula ion densi y 79.3 - 1442.9 1442.9 - 3460.3 3460.3 - 6415.3 6415.3 - 11169.5 11169.5 - 17725.7 Pa ishes Residen ial densi y 0.3 - 299.2 299.2 - 813.8 813.8 - 1751.8 1751.8 - 4065.1 4065.1 - 8111.8 Pa ishes Concen a ion 0.2 - 234.3 234.3 - 482.7 482.7 - 839.7 839.7 - 1479.1 1479.1 - 3253.5 Pa ishes W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 3.3 Pa ishes B azil 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 9.3 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.1 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 7.8 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 6.8 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.8 Pa ishes G ouping Indica o 0.4 - 428.7 428.7 - 899.8 899.8 - 1646.3 1646.3 - 4197.7 4197.7 - 10211.8 W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0.6 - 1 1.1 - 1.9 Pa ishes B azil 0.6 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 2.5 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0.7 - 1 1.1 - 1.9 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0.4 - 1 1 - 1.6 1.6 - 2.7 Pa ishes Venezuela 0.6 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 4.9 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0.5 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 4.7 Pa ishes N. and W. E. U. coun ies 0.3 - 0.7 Pa ishes B azil 0.3 - 1 1.1 - 2 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0.3 - 1 1.1 - 1.3 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0.3 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 2.6 Pa ishes Venezuela 0.6 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 7.2 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0.4 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 2.8 Pa ishes Con inui y 3.1 - 26.7 26.7 - 52.6 52.6 - 68.9 68.9 - 83.7 83.7 - 99.7 Pa ishes G ouping 0.4 - 428.7 428.7 - 899.8 899.8 - 1646.3 1646.3 - 4197.7 4197.7 - 10211.8 Pa ishes W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 3.3 Pa ishes B azil 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 9.3 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.1 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 7.8 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 6.8 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.8 Pa ishes The same analysis was pe o med o he mo e dispe sed zone in he me opoli an a ea (Table 2): TABLE 2: Ma ix o u ban dispe sion W. and N. E. U. coun ies 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 34.1 Pa ishes B azil 1.3 - 2 2.1 - 4.5 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 1.9 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 1.5 - 2 2.1 - 61.4 Pa ishes Venezuela dens pop - 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 26.8 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 1.3 - 2 2.1 - 16.6 Pa ishes N. and W. E. U. coun ies 1.3 - 2 2.1 - 34.3 Pa ishes B azil 0.8 - 1 1.1 - 1.3 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 1.1 - 1.9 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 1.5 - 2 2.1 - 75.3 Pa ishes Venezuela 1.2 - 2 2.1 - 33.3 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 1.3 - 2 2.1 - 18.6 Pa ishes W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 22.9 Pa ishes B azil 1.2 - 2 2.1 - 3.2 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0 - 1.1 1.3 - 5 5.1 - 12.5 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 44 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 5 5.1 - 24.1 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0 - 1.1 1.3 - 5 5.1 - 12.5 Pa ishes Popula ion densi y 79.3 - 1442.9 1442.9 - 3460.3 3460.3 - 6415.3 6415.3 - 11169.5 11169.5 - 17725.7 Pa ishes Residen ial densi y 0.3 - 299.2 299.2 - 813.8 813.8 - 1751.8 1751.8 - 4065.1 4065.1 - 8111.8 Pa ishes Concen a ion 0.2 - 234.3 234.3 - 482.7 482.7 - 839.7 839.7 - 1479.1 1479.1 - 3253.5 Pa ishes W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 3.3 Pa ishes B azil 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 9.3 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.1 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 7.8 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 6.8 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.8 Pa ishes W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0.8 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 65.6 Pa ishes B azil 0 - 1 1.1 - 1.4 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0.8 - 1 1.1 - 1.6 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0.6 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 37.1 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 42.4 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0.5 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 22.1 Pa ishes B azil 0 - 1 1.1 - 1.6 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 2.3 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 1.5 - 2 2.1 - 49.4 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 34.8 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 15.9 Pa ishes Con inui y 3.1 - 26.7 26.7 - 52.6 52.6 - 68.9 68.9 - 83.7 83.7 - 99.7 Pa ishes G ouping 0.4 - 428.7 428.7 - 899.8 899.8 - 1646.3 1646.3 - 4197.7 4197.7 - 10211.8 Pa ishes W. and N. E. U. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 3.3 Pa ishes B azil 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 9.3 Pa ishes A ican coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.1 Pa ishes Eas e n E. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 7.8 Pa ishes Venezuela 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 6.8 Pa ishes Sou h A ica 0 - 1 1.1 - 3 3.1 - 5.8 Pa ishes N. and W. E. U. coun ies 0 - 1 1.1 - 2 2.1 - 24.1 Pa ishes Pó oa´s ou side ing Medium p esence Ve y s ong in ensi y No p esen No p esen Medium agmen ed Ve y s ong in ensi y No p esen Low p esence Ve y s ong in ensi y G ouping Main ou side ing Ring High p esence Ve y s ong and medium in ensi y Reduced p esence Medium in ensi y Medium p esence Low medium and s ong in ensi y Medium agmen ed p esence Ve y s ong in ensi y No p esen No p esen Maia/Valo ngo pole No p esen No p esen No p esen No p esen High p esence Ve y s ong and medium in ensi y High p esence Ve y s ong in ensi y Gaia/Espinho pole No p esen No p esen No p esen No p esen High p esence Ve y s ong and medium in ensi y High p esence Ve y s ong and medium in ensi y Pó oa´s ou side ing Medium p esence Ve y s ong in ensi y No p esen No p esen Medium agmen ed p esence Ve y s ong in ensi y No p esen Low p esence Ve y s ong in ensi y Once iden i ied hese pa e ns o land use, he beha io o each popula ion g oup is desc ibed in ace o hei p e e ed loca ion and o he a ac ion powe ha u ban concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion ac o s exe on i . The ype o p esence and espec i e in ensi y (displayed in ables 3 and 4) a e condensed and sys ema ized in able 5 using a simpli ied no a ion. This able assembles all he speci ic a eas unde analysis, ei he wi hin he mos concen a ed o wi hin he mos dispe sed me opoli an zones. Acco ding o his no a ion he ype o p esence is i s is pinpoin ed, and hen, espec i e in ensi y o p esence is p esen ed in b acke s. The p esence o a ce ain indica o in a de e mina e g oup o immig an s may be: (i) high (+), (ii) medium (+/-), (iii) educed (- ), o (i ) i may no be p esen (0). As a as in ensi y o p esence is conce ned, he ollowing si ua ions may occu : (i) e y s ong in ensi y (++), (ii) s ong in ensi y (+), (iii) medium in ensi y (+/-) o (i ) low in ensi y (-). Taking he p e ious example once again, he high p esence o he indica o o concen a ion is igu ed by he sign +, whe eas he low/medium in ensi y is ep esen ed by (- +/-) no a ion. A e he cha ac e iza ion o each indica o o concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion in each ele an a ea o analysis and o each immig an g oup is pe o med, nex a b ie desc ip ion o co esponden se lemen pa e ns is ou lined. In he i s line is poin ed ou he zone (concen a ed o dispe sed) whe e he p esence o his indica o is p e ailing, and hen a e highligh ed he speci ic a eas whe e in ensi y o p esence is ema kable o no much impo an . TABLE 5: No a ion and desc ip ion o each popula ion g oup’s beha io in ace o he u ban concen a ion/dispe sion indica o s Immig an s om Wes e n and No he n Eu opean Union coun ies Immig an s om B azil Immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language Immig an s om Eas e n Eu opean coun ies Immig an s om Venezuela Immig an s om Sou h A ica Populacion Densi y Me opoli an co e - (-) + (-) + (-) - (-) 0 0 Subu ban ing - (-) + (-) + (-) +/- (- +/- +) - (- +/-) - (- +/- +) Pó oa´s co e +/- (+/- -) - (-) - (-) 0 0 - (- +/-) Ou side ing + (+/- +) - (+/- +) +/- (- +/-) +/- (++) + (+/- ++) Maia/Valongo pole + (+/- ++) Gaia/Espinho pole + (+/- ++) Pó oa´s ou side ing + (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 +/- (++) Immig an s´ pa e ns o e i o ial popula ion densi y Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing -Medium/ high in ensi y in ou side me opoli an ing Concen a ed a ea -Low in ensi y in he me opoli an co e -Low in ensi y in subu ban ing Concen a ed a ea -Low in ensi y in he me opoli an co e -Low in ensi y in subu ban ing Ex ends in o me opoli an ou side ing F agmen ed -Va iable in ensi y in subu ban ing -Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole -Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing Residen ial Densi y Me opoli an co e - (-) + (-) + (-) - (-) 0 0 Subu ban ing - (- +/-) + (- +/-) + (- +/-) +/- (+/- +) +/- (- +/- +) + (- +/- +) Pó oa´s co e - ( -) 0 0 0 0 0 Ou side ing + (+/- +) - (- +) +/- (+/-) +/- (++) + (+/- ++) Maia/Valongo pole + (+/- ++) Gaia/Espinho pole + (+/- ++) Pó oa´s ou side ing + (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 +/- (++) Immig an s´ pa e ns o e i o ial esiden ial Densi y Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing -Medium/ High in ensi y in ou side me opoli an ing Concen a ed a ea -Low in ensi y in he me opoli an co e -Low/medium in ensi y in subu ban ing Concen a ed a ea -Low in ensi y in he me opoli an co e -Low/medium in ensi y in subu ban ing Ex ends in o me opoli an ou side ing F agmen ed -Va iable in ensi y in subu ban ing - Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole -Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing Concen a ion Me opoli an co e +/- (-) + (- +/-) + (-) +/- (-) 0 0 Subu ban ing - (-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (+/- ) - (- +/- +) - (- +/-) Pó oa´s co e +/- (- +/-) - (- ) +/- (- ) 0 0 +/- (- +/-) Ou side ing + (+/- +) - (-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/- ++) Maia/Valongo pole 0 0 0 0 + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++) Gaia/Espinho pole 0 0 0 0 + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++) Pó oa´s ou side ing + (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 - (+/- ++) Immig an s´ pa e ns o e i o ial concen a ion Dispe sed a ea - Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing –- Va iable in ensi y in Pó oa´s co e – Va iable in ensi y in Concen a ed a ea -Low and medium in ensi y in he me opoli an co e - Low and medium in ensi y in subu ban ing Concen a ed/ Dispe sed a ea -Va iable in ensi y in subu ban ing -Va iable in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing F agmen ed - Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing Dispe sed a ea - Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole - Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole -Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole -Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing Pó oa´s ou side ing Con inui y o he u ban layou Me opoli an co e ++ (- +/-) ++ (- +/- +) ++ (- +/-) + (- +/- +) - (-) +/- (+/-) Subu ban ing +/- (-) - (-) - (- +/-) - (+/- +) - (+/- +) - (- +/- +) Pó oa´s co e + (+/-) + (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) 0 - (-) + (- +/-) Ou side ing +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (- +/-) +/- (+/- ++) Maia/Valongo pole +/- (+/- ++) +/- (+/- ++) Gaia/Espinho pole + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++) Pó oa´s ou side ing +/- (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 - (++) Immig an s´ pa e ns o e i o ial con inui y o he u ban layou Concen a ed a ea - Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing - Medium/ S ong in ensi y in me opoli an co e - Medium/ High in ensi y in Pó oa´s co e Concen a ed a ea - Low/medium in ensi y in me opoli an co e - Low/medium in ensi y in Pó oa´s co e Ex ends in o me opoli an ou side ing Concen a ed a ea -Va iable in ensi y in me opoli an co e -Low/medium in ensi y in Pó oa´s co e - Low/medium in ensi y in main me opoli an ou side ing Ex ends in o me opoli an ou side ing F agmen ed -Va iable in ensi y in me opoli an co e -Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole -Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole -Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole G ouping Me opoli an co e +/- (-) + (-) + (-) +/- (-) 0 0 Subu ban ing - (-) - (- +/-) - (- +/-) - (- +/- +) - (- +/- +) - (- +/- +) Pó oa´s co e - ( -) 0 0 0 0 - (-) Ou side ing + (+/- ++) - (+/-) +/- (- +/- +) +/- (++) Maia/Valongo pole + (+/- ++) + (++) Gaia/Espinho pole + (+/- ++) + (+/- ++) Pó oa´s ou side ing +/- (++) 0 0 +/- (++) 0 - (++) Immig an s´ pa e ns o e i o ial g ouping Dispe sed a ea - Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing -Medium/ high in ensi y in ou side me opoli an ing Concen a ed a ea -Low in ensi y in he me opoli an co e Concen a ed a ea -Low in ensi y in he me opoli an co e -Va iable in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing F agmen ed -Low in ensi y in he me opoli an co e - Ve y high in ensi y in main ou side me opoli an ing -Ve y high in ensi y in Pó oa´s ou side ing Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole -Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole Dispe sed a ea -Ve y high in ensi y in Maia/Valongo pole -Ve y high in ensi y in Gaia/Espinho pole Finally a classi ica ion is p oposed o land occupa ion pa e ns by he di e en popula ion g oups in Po o Me opoli an A ea. I is summed up in Table 6: TABLE 6: P oposed classi ica ion o land occupa ion pa e ns by he di e en popula ion g oups in Po o Me opoli an A ea Immig an s om Wes e n and No he n Eu opean Union coun ies Immig an s om B azil Immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language Immig an s om Eas e n Eu opean coun ies Immig an s om Venezuela Immig an s om Sou h A ica Popula ion Densi y Concen a ed in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in he co e and subu ban me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in he co e, subu ban and adjacen zones o he me opoli an a ea F agmen ed in subu ban and ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed bi- pola ized in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Residen ial Densi y Concen a ed in dispe sed ou side o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in he co e and subu ban zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in he co e, subu ban and adjacen zones o he me opoli an a ea F agmen ed in subu ban and ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed bi- pola ized in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ion Concen a ed in dispe sed Pó oa´s ou side ing, Pó oa´s co e and me opoli an ou side ing Concen a ed in he co e and subu ban ing o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed/ dispe sed in subu ban and me opoli an ing’s a eas F agmen ed in me opoli an’s ou side ing and Pó oa´s ou side ing Concen a ed bi- pola ized in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed bi- pola ized in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Con inui y o he u ban layou Concen a ed in ou side Pó oa and me opoli an a ea’s co es Concen a ed in me opoli an’s and Pó oa´s co e Concen a ed in he co e, subu ban and adjacen zones o he me opoli an a ea F agmen ed in he co e, subu ban and ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea and ou side zones o Pó oa Concen a ed in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea G ouping Concen a ed in dispe sed ou side me opoli an ing and Pó oa´s ou side ing Concen a ed in he co e o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed in he co e and expanding owa ds he ou side ing o he me opoli an a ea F agmen ed in ou side me opoli an ing and Pó oa´s ou side ing Concen a ed bi- pola ized in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea Concen a ed bi- pola ized in dispe sed ou side zones o he me opoli an a ea The applica ion o he p oposed me hodological app oach o he case s udy in Po o Me opoli an A ea poin ou ha : (i) All he popula ion g oups exhibi concen a ion beha io s in land use, bu hey do no necessa ily occupy he mos concen a ed a eas de ined by he u ban and me opoli an mo phological and ypological cha ac e is ics. (ii) The popula ion g oups whose u ban beha io be e adjus s o cu en concen a ion land use pa e ns in Po o Me opoli an A ea a e B azilians and immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language. (iii) B azilians mainly concen a e in he me opoli an co e and in he subu ban ing in wha conce ns popula ion densi y, esiden ial densi y and concen a ion. As a as con inui y o he buil layou is conce ned, hey also unde go i s in luence beyond he me opoli an nucleus and Pó oa´s nucleus. The g ea e in luence o he o al numbe o loo s (g ouping measu e) is el wi hin he me opoli an nucleus. (i ) Immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language also unde go he in luence o all concen a ion indica o s in he me opoli an nucleus and subu ban ing, and his e ec also ex ends in o pa ishes ha belong o he main ou side me opoli an ing ha a e adjacen o he subu ban a ea. The in luence o he o al numbe o buildings (concen a ion measu e) is mo e no o ious in he subu ban and me opoli an ing. ( ) Immig an s om Eas e n Eu opean coun ies exhibi a agmen ed beha io in e ms o loca ion h oughou he whole me opoli an e i o y, eaching e y high land occupa ion in ensi ies in de ached and dispe sed pa ishes. Thus he in luence o popula ion and esiden ial densi ies is pa icula ly e ec i e in subu ban and p incipal ou side me opoli an ings, whe eas he o al numbe o buildings (concen a ion measu e) and o al numbe o loo s (g ouping measu e) especially mani es in he main me opoli an ou side ing and Pó oa´s ing, and he numbe o non-isola ed buildings in ela ion o o al buildings (measu e o con inui y o he u ban layou ) u ns up in he whole me opoli an zone and espec i e en i onmen , as well as in Pó oa´s ex e nal ing. ( i) Immig an s om Venezuela and Sou h A ica assume a s ongly u ban concen a ion and bipola ized beha io , clea ly dis inc om dominan ends o concen a ed land use in me opoli an and Pó oa´s cen e . They ep oduce highly concen a ed beha io s in mo e dispe sed zones o Po o Me opoli an A ea. ( ii) Immig an s om Venezuela expe ience he s ongly pola ized in luence o all u ban concen a ion indica o s in he poles o Maia/Valongo and Vila No a de Gaia/Espinho Municipali ies. They se le in a highly dense way in hese poles and adjacen a eas and in he main ou side me opoli an ing, and e en ually each some pa ishes o he subu ban ing. ( iii) In wha conce ns immig an s om Sou h A ica, hey mani es he same kind o bipola ized beha io in he poles o Valongo/Maia ( ha ex ends o Ma osinhos and Vila do Conde Municipali ies), and Vila No a de Gaia/Espinho Municipali ies, densely holding he main ou side ing o he me opoli an a ea. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In his inal sec ion o he a icle will be p esen ed some e lec ions on: (i) how se lemen pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s a e assessed by he p oposed me hodology, (ii) he sociological easons ha explain he concen a ion/dispe sion pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s, and how hey a e spa ially shaped in Po o Me opoli an A ea, and (iii) he impo ance o he analyzed issues o e i o ial planne s and decision-make s, in o de o delinea e and ende u ban policies ope a ional, namely in wha e e s o: (a) he iden i ica ion o he loca ion ends and pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s and (b) he imp o emen in housing and employmen p o ision condi ions, hus os e ing social, economic and cul u al in ol emen and pa icipa ion o immig an s o be e in eg a e hem. In he esea ch epo ed in his a icle was se led a spa ial analysis, display and simula ion me hodology in o de o iden i y and ypi y immig an s´ pa e ns o land esiden ial use p e ailing in a me opoli an a ea acco ding o i s mo phological and ypological e i o ial concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion cha ac e is ics. This me hodology allows he iden i ica ion o he ex en o he a ac ion powe exe ed by each indica o on each e hnic g oup, in ela ion o o al popula ion. Addi ionally, i allows he inspec ion o land use densi ies (Gals e e al., 2001), cen ali y (Gals e e al, 2001) and spa ial con igui y (une enness acco ding o Massey and Den on, 1988, and p oximi y acco ding o Gals e e al., 2001) in he me opoli an se lemen s o each g oup. Thus, he me hodology p o ides measu es o moni o immig an s´ e ec i e in eg a ion, and can be eplica ed and ex ended in o de o analyze and ypi y immig an s´ se lemen beha io s in o he u ban/me opoli an con ex s. This esea ch launches heo e ical and empi ical e lec ions abou he in e - ela ion be ween he spa ial di e en ia ion due o he cha ac e is ics o he u ban economies, he pe o mance o he housing ma ke s, he socio-economic mobili y, he accul u a ion/in eg a ion p ocesses and he cul u al/e hnic cha ac e is ics o popula ion g oups. They join ly c ea e a ne wo k o esiden ial, social, economic and p o essional in e - ela ions ha s ongly condi ion loca ion se lemen ’s choices. These loca ion choices, by hei u n, in e ac and also exe impo an in luence on people’s social- economic-p o essional ne wo ks. In No he n Ame ican me opoli an egions subs an ial seg ega ion exis s among di e en g oups o immig an s, especially in wha conce ns black, Asian and Hispanic in compa ison wi h whi e ones (Logan e al., 1996), hus hey wi hd aw om me opoli an cen e s, and se le ied up communi ies in mo e sp awled and dispe sed a eas, whe e hey li e close oge he . This e hnic beha io may exe di e en impac s on assimila ion p ocesses. Bu he sou h Eu opean ci ies exhibi , in gene al, low le els o socio-spa ial seg ega ion, associa ed wi h mo e complex pa e ns o housing dis ibu ion, and highe le els o pe iphe iza ion and subu baniza ion (A baci, 2008). The cu en esea ch con i ms hese se lemen cha ac e is ics in Po o me opoli an a ea. Howe e , he in eg a ion o Po uguese-speaking immig an communi ies ha e been much easie han co esponden assimila ion by o he immig an communi ies, simila ly o wha happened in many Eu opean coun ies (Logan, 2006; Mado é, 2005), wha is ein o ced by he ob ained ca og aphic esul s. Acco ding o hem, i can be concluded ha immig an s om A ican coun ies wi h Po uguese o icial language and om B azil ake ad an age om hei g ea e p oximi y o Po uguese cul u e, habi s and cus oms. Thei se lemen s almos eplica e na i e-homologous ones – concen a ed in he me opoli an cen e and u ban cen e s, and expanded h oughou he whole subu ban a ea. This way hey a e mo e exposed o na i es´ in luence, hus o be e oppo uni ies, jobs, and highe social and p o essional a ainmen le els. Immig an s om Wes e n and No he n Eu opean Union coun ies ha e also unde gone success ul in eg a ion p ocesses, because hey also sha e a la ge amoun o Eu opean cul u e, his o ic he i age and li ing condi ions wi h Po uguese people, despi e hei p e e ences o inge a eas wi h be e en i onmen al quali y. As a as immig an s om La ino-Ame ican coun ies and Sou h A ica a e conce ned, hey a he choose li ing in concen a ed se lemen s in he ou side subu ban a ea, whe e hey ie oge he and exhibi lesse exposu e o na i e people. They indeed exp ess lowe le els o socio- economic mobili y, and ace highe hind ances o hei assimila ion p ocesses. In wha espec s immig an s om Eas e n Eu opean coun ies, hey ini ially ace g ea e di icul ies due o a a he di e en language and cus oms, wha is ein o ced by a s ong isola ion endency, ansla ed h ough e i o ial sca e ing and dispe sion. Despi e hey de ain he same le els o academic backg ounds and p o essional skills as o he immig an g oups, hei beha io es ic hei own access o in as uc u es, equipmen s and social/p o essional u ban ne wo ks, hus hei assimila ion p ocesses a e much longe and complex. The easons unde lying he se lemen pa e ns o he di e en g oups o immig an s, as well as how hey a e spa ially shaped, a e pa icula ly impo an o planne s and poli icians. Tha is why he me hodology exposed in his a icle allows he ca og aphic p omp iden i ica ion o hei loca ion ends and espec i e cha ac e is ics, and se les as an in eg a ed se o decision-suppo ools. The in e en ions on concen a ion/dispe sion indica o s – made in he simula ion in e ace - may be induced by e i o ial plans and o he planning o dinances o by managemen measu es, and ansla e, namely, h ough changes in he numbe o buildings, in he numbe o loo s, and/o in he pe cen age o non-isola ed buildings as compa ed o i s o al numbe . This me hodology, hus, allows (i) he de ini ion o p oac i e planning s a egies o a ac ion, loca ion and dis ibu ion o mig a o y lows and (ii) he implemen a ion o measu es ha may change he cu en pa e ns o concen a ed/dispe sed mo phological and ypological land uses in ce ain a eas, and (iii) he iden i ica ion o espec i e e ec s on immig an s´ se lemen s. Consequen ly, municipal powe s will be guided o ake he app op ia e decisions in o de o (i) p o ide he bes a o dable esiden ial and employmen condi ions o hose immig an s, and (ii) s imula e hei socio, economic and cul u al in ol emen , acco ding o hei cha ac e is ics and p e e ed neighbo hoods. Besides, new ends in each popula ion e i o ial dis ibu ion and/o in concen a ion/sp awl/dispe sion e i o ial cha ac e is ics may con inuously be displayed using he exposed me hodology, and planning adjus ed o i upda ed e i o ial and e hnic ea u es whene e hey u n up. The p ac ical implica ions o his a icle in he p og ession o esea ch mani es , mainly, (i) in he conc e e ways o ende ing ope a ional join policies o e i o ial socio-economic de elopmen and immig an s´ in eg a ion, and (ii) in he de elopmen Wilson WJ (1996) When Wo k Disappea s: The Wo ld o he New U ban Poo . New Yo k: Knop .