SANTOS, Joaquim Rod igues dos. “«Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o
Po uguese Spi i uali y»: The Plan o he Rein eg a ion o Old Goa a he End o he Colonial
Pe iod”. In: A chi ec u al His o ies. Lond es: Ubiqui y P ess, 2016, ol.4, n .1, pp.1-21.
San os, J R 2016 ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese
Spi i uali y’: The Plan o he Rein eg a ion o Old Goa a he End o he Colonial Pe iod.
A chi ec u al His o ies,
4(1): 9, pp. 1–21, DOI: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5334/ah.58
* ARTIS — Ins i u e o His o y o A , PT
† School o A s and Humani ies, Uni e si y o Lisbon, PT
joaquim .san [email protected]
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o
Po uguese Spi i uali y’: The Plan o he Rein eg a ion
o Old Goa a he End o he Colonial Pe iod
Joaquim Rod igues San os*,†
On he e e o he Indian in asion o he Po uguese Es ado da Índia, o Po uguese India, a commission
led by Ismael G acias, c ea ed an idealized plan o he ein eg a ion o Old Goa, he o me capi al o
he Po uguese Eas e n Empi e. Fo he Po uguese dic a o ial egime, he ambien o c isis caused by
h ea s o an imminen Indian in asion gene a ed a need o jus i y he Po uguese pe manence in India.
This would be accomplished by showing he wo ld he secula his o y o he Po uguese p esence in India,
isible symbolically in he g ea a chi ec u al monumen s o Old Goa. The Goan monumen s o Po u-
guese in luence hus became a powe ul and ideological ins umen o p opaganda, alida ing he he i age
ac i i y on hem. This a icle will ocus on he in ended plan o he G acias commission, as well as i s
epe cussions wi hin he echnical s a and he poli ical leade s bo h in Po ugal and in he Es ado da
Índia. Based on esea ch o p ima y Po uguese sou ces, his a icle con ibu es o he li le-s udied and
ela i ely unknown ield o he p ese a ion o he a chi ec u al he i age in he Po uguese Es ado da
Índia, and b ie ly compa es his case wi h simila ones om he colonial pe iod.
Resumo
Nas éspe as da in asão Indiana do Es ado da Índia
po uguesa, ou Índia Po uguesa, oi idealizado um plano
pa a a ein eg ação de Velha Goa, a an iga capi al do
Impé io Po uguês do O ien e, po uma comissão lide ada
po Ismael G acias. Pa a o egime di a o ial po uguês, o
ambien e de c ise, o iginado po ameaças de uma emi-
nen e in asão indiana, ge ou a necessidade de jus i ica
a pe manência po uguesa na Índia. Tal deside a o se ia
alcançado mos ando ao mundo a secula his ó ia da
p esença po uguesa na Índia, simbolicamen e isí el na
g andiosa a qui ec u a dos monumen os de Velha Goa.
Os monumen os goeses com in luência po uguesa o -
na am-se assim pode osos ins umen os ideológicos de
p opaganda, alidando as acções pa imoniais ealizadas
sob e eles. Es e a igo p e ende analisa o plano conce-
bido pela comissão de Ismael G acias, bem como as suas
epe cussões nos co pos écnicos e nas lide anças polí icas
de Po ugal e do Es ado da Índia. Baseando-se numa pes-
quisa em on es p imá ias po uguesas, o a igo con ibui
pa a o conhecimen o num campo ainda pouco es u-
dado e ela i amen e desconhecido, o da p ese ação do
pa imónio a qui ec ónico no Es ado da Índia po uguesa,
compa ando es e caso com ou os simila es do pe íodo
colonial.
Po uguese Poli ics: Monumen s
as P opaganda
The Exposição do Mundo Po uguês (Exhibi ion o he
Po uguese Wo ld) ha ook place be ween July and
Decembe 1940, pa o he celeb a ion con ex on
he Duplo Cen ená io da Fundação e Res au ação da
Independência de Po ugal (Double Cen ena y o he
Founda ion and Res o a ion o he Independence o Po -
ugal), was he p opagandis ic apogee o he Po uguese
dic a o ship’s colonial policy, unde he sign o he Po -
uguese impe ialis mys ique. While he es o he wo ld
was sinking in o he bloodies con lic in his o y, a mag-
ni icen celeb a ion on he g ea ness o he Po uguese
people was aking place in Po ugal, na a ing glo ious
e en s o i s his o y.
A ha ime, Po ugal was go e ned by An ónio de
Oli ei a Salaza (1889–1970), in a dic a o ial egime called
he Es ado No o (New S a e). This egime, ins i u ed by
a new Po uguese Cons i u ion in 1933, de eloped an
ideological p og amme ha cha ac e ized he Po uguese
dic a o ship, un il i s end in 1974, wi h a Ca holic adi ion-
alis , na ionalis and colonialis conse a ism, p esen ing
oman ic eelings o nos algia o he p esumably ‘pe ec
pas ’ when Po ugal had o med i sel and hen c ea ed a
as o e seas empi e, becoming a wo ld-class na ion.1
The impe ialis agenda o he dic a o ial egime was
clea ly assumed wi h he app o al o he Ac o Colonial
(Colonial Ac ) in 1930, included in he Cons i u ion o
1933. By his Ac , he o e seas e i o ies unde Po uguese
ule we e designa ed he Impé io Colonial Po uguês
(Po uguese Colonial Empi e), and he al eady limi ed
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’A . 9, page 2 o 21
au onomy o he colonies was u he es ic ed, e lec ing
he cen alizing impe ialis cha ac e o he Es ado No o.
The igh o conque , explo e, missionize and ci ilize he
colonies was in ac implici in he Ac . The eno mous
impo ance o he colonial empi e o he egime could be
seen h ough he Exposição Colonial (Colonial Exhibi ion)
held in Opo o in 1934, a majes ic e en in ended o ecall
he abulous pe iod o he ‘Po uguese Disco e ies’ and o
legi imize he Po uguese ule in i s colonies.
Unde he sac osanc ini y o ‘Deus, Pá ia e Família’
(God, Na ion and Family), he p opaganda based on he
g ea na ional Pas became a powe ul ideological ins u-
men , my hologizing he Po uguese people and he
Po uguese soul: i s cul u e, adi ions, e hnici y and his-
o y.2 The a chi ec u al monumen s we e pe soni ied as
‘sublime books o s one ull o memo ies’3 abou his o ical
ac s, na ional he oes and ances al alues ha Po uguese
people should be p oud o . These monumen s we e seen
by he egime as p i ileged es imonies o na ional o igins
and na ional expansion, and by linking buildings o ‘glo i-
ous’ Po uguese e en s o ‘ he Pas ’, he egime con eyed
i s ideological messages in a way ha was easy o unde -
s and. Wi h he goal o embodying a messianic au a o a
na ional sa iou ha would ennoble Po ugal once again,
eco e ing he los splendou o he pas , he egime
p omo ed a as campaign o he i age wo k on he mos
symbolic Po uguese monumen s.4 ‘Res au ação ma e ial,
es au ação mo al, es au ação nacional’ (Ma e ial es o-
a ion, mo al es o a ion, na ional es o a ion) became a
s ong mo o, equen ly epea ed by he egime.
In 1929 he Di ecção-Ge al dos Edi ícios e Monumen os
Nacional (DGEMN; Gene al Bu eau o he Buildings and
Na ional Monumen s) was c ea ed as he Po uguese
s a e en i y esponsible o he public wo ks, including
he in e en ions in a chi ec u al he i age. Despi e he
in luences om some Eu opean coun ies, he ac i i y o
DGEMN on he a chi ec u al he i age in Po ugal had, in
many aspec s, a singula ou e. Bu some s udy missions
o Spain, I aly and F ance by DGEMN’s echnicians o
lea n abou he he i age pano ama ab oad we e indeed
conduc ed du ing he Es ado No o pe iod.5 Al hough
F ance adi ionally had a as cul u al in luence on
Po ugal, I alian ideas abou he i age conse a ion we e
pe haps conside ed he mos ma u e a ha ime, mak-
ing hem gene ally well ecei ed. In addi ion, o a long
ime bo h I aly and neighbou ing Spain had na ionalis
dic a o ships ha s ongly in luenced he Es ado No o
egime, including i s use o a chi ec u al monumen s as
ideological ins umen s o he go e nmen ’s own na ion-
alis p opaganda.
Unde he DGEMN, nume ous in e en ions we e ca -
ied ou on na ional monumen s, especially he medie al
and ea ly-mode n o i ica ions and chu ches associa ed
wi h he o ma ion o Po ugal and i s o e seas expansion.
The egime hough ha he a chi ec u al monumen s, o
be easily pe cei ed and iden i ied wi h his o ical e en s
o pe sons by he Po uguese people, should be e u ned
o hei o iginal pu e shape by eleasing hem om he
‘spu ious addi ions’ a ached in he ollowing ‘decaden ’
pe iods ha obs uc ed o dis o ed hei image.
The pa imonial and public wo ks and he ideological
p opaganda could con e ge pe ec ly in he celeb a ions
o he Double Cen ena y in 1940, which commemo a ed
wo his o ical ac s wi h a emendous symbolism in he
Po uguese memo y. The associa ion wi h e oca i e cel-
eb a ions o iumphal his o ical e en s and he oes was
usually exagge a ed by he egime. Howe e , i e yea s
a e his magni icen celeb a ion o he Po uguese wo ld,
he end o Wo ld Wa II b ough a huge change in global
poli ical poke ela ed wi h colonial policies. Because o
i s colonies in A ica and Asia, he Po uguese egime
immedia ely el h ea ened by hose winds o change
ha we e sweeping h ough he Eu opean colonial e i-
o ies. Conce ning he Po uguese Es ado da Índia (S a e o
India), he imminen independence o India caused g ea
conce n among he Po uguese leade s. Adminis a ed by
Po ugal since he i s hal o he 16 h cen u y, he Es ado
da Índia was a ha ime a se o e i o ies si ua ed in
he Indian subcon inen , comp ising Goa ( he e i o y
o Goa wi h Anjadip Island), Daman ( he e i o y a ound
Daman wi h he encla es o Dad a and Naga Ha eli) and
Diu ( he e i o y encompassing he island o Diu wi h he
peninsula o Gogolá and he excla e o Simbo ).
The Ideological Legi ima ion o he
Po uguese in India
In Augus 1946, on he e e o he Indian independ-
ence, he Cong ess Wo king Commi ee — he poli ical
o ganiza ion ep esen ing he Indian pa du ing he
independence p ocess — decla ed ha Goa was a pa o
India unde o eign ule. Some days la e Jawaha lal Neh u
(1889–1964), he u u e p esiden o India, e ealed a sim-
ila posi ion. A he same ime began he poli ical p o es s
o sa yag aha agains he Po uguese p esence in India,
s a ing wi h peace ul in asions o he Po uguese e i-
o ies o he Es ado da Índia (A ela 2012: 226–227). On
Sep embe 1946 Oli ei a Salaza said i was ‘con enien
o s a hinking abou his p oblem, in o de o p epa e
elemen s o all kinds — his o ical, legal, s a is ical — o
de end ou sel es in any in e na ional o um o e en o he
Wo ld’ (Léona d 1999: 33–34).
Oli ei a Salaza was clea ly op ing o a diploma ic
de ence, ecognizing he mili a y weakness o Po ugal
in he ace o supe io Indian mili a y powe . Fo he
Po uguese egime, losing e en he inies pa cel o i s
o e seas e i o ies was unaccep able; i would jeopa dize
all he colonial empi e and, ul ima ely, he Es ado No o
egime i sel . Fo Oli ei a Salaza , an e en ual wa would
be los by Po ugal, bu he Po uguese na ional honou
would be sa ed. And pe haps he mos impo an ac o :
a policy o ic imiza ion could be used by he Po uguese
egime o gua an ee he suppo o o he na ions in o de
o main ain i s o he e i o ies, especially Angola and
Mozambique, he iches ones. Theo e ically, in any case
he Es ado da Índia could no be los , o i would mean he
beginning o he end o he Po uguese Empi e.
The independence o he Dominion o India om he
B i ish ule was o malized on 17 Augus 1947, being pa
o he successi e independence p ocess o he o me
Eu opean colonies. A icle 2 o he Indian Independence
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’ A . 9, page 3 o 21
Ac p oclaimed ha e i o ies in he Indian subcon inen
which we e no pa o Pakis an would be in eg a ed in o
he Dominion o India — an explici e e ence o Indian
e i o ies emaining unde Po uguese and F ench ule.
By Janua y 1950 he Dominion o India changed i s
na ional cons i u ion and became he Republic o India,
and he so e eign y o e all Hindus ani e i o ies unde
o eign ule was once again eclaimed.
In July 1950 Oli ei a Salaza su e ed his i s majo
se back, being o ced o sign wi h he Holy See an ag ee-
men in which he Po uguese go e nmen enounced i s
p i ilege o Pad oado Po uguês do O ien e (Po uguese
Pa onage o he Eas ).6 This ac was no jus a se e e blow
o he deeply Ca holic leade o he Po uguese egime:
e en hough i had no poli ical o adminis a i e powe
ou side he bo de s o he Es ado da Índia, he Po uguese
Pa onage o he Eas had been a majo symbol, albei a
emnan , o he o me powe he Po uguese Eas e n
Empi e once had.
Ne e heless, Oli ei a Salaza con inued o be in ansi-
gen , and in Decembe 1950 he p esen ed a p ojec o
he e ision o he Po uguese Cons i u ion, ocusing also
on he Po uguese Colonial Ac . As a esul , he o e seas
e i o ies unde Po uguese adminis a ion began o be
ega ded as o e seas p o inces a he han colonies and
he Po uguese Colonial Empi e changed i s name o
Po uguese O e seas P o inces. This subs an ial in e sion
in he Po uguese colonial policy, in which Po ugal and
i s colonies (supposedly) became a single plu icon inen-
al na ion, eme ged o jus i y poli ically, his o ically, cul-
u ally and sociologically he con inua ion o he union
be ween Po ugal and i s o e seas e i o ies.
Va ious ac i i ies o s eng hen he ideological p e en-
ions o he Po uguese o main aining he Es ado da
Índia included p omo ing socio-cul u al and his o ical
s udies abou he e i o y, inc easing a policy o public
wo ks, de eloping an e ec i e ideological p opaganda,
and changing some o he colonial policies. The o me
p opagandis ic ideals o impe ialism and acial supe io i y
we e abandoned in a ou o de eloping ano he ideology
subs an ia ed on a p esumable uni y o he Po uguese
wo ld wi h egional di e si ies. Fo he Po uguese egime,
his was possible mainly because o he p esupposed ease
owa d miscegena ion ha Po uguese people ha e wi h
o he people (a beha iou based on he supposed non-
exis ence o acism in Po uguese o e seas p o inces), he
luid adap a ion o Po uguese people o local cus oms
and condi ions, and he c ea ion o mul icul u al expe i-
ences. Acco ding o he new p opagandis ic p ecep s o
he Es ado No o, hese speci ici ies, esul ing om he
so-called ‘Lusi anian colonial o iginali y’, allowed he
Po uguese o e seas e i o ies o be dis inc om o he
Eu opean colonies.
The S udy Missions and he Subs an ia ion
o Po uguese Claims
The u gency o jus i y his o ically and cul u ally he a ini-
ies be ween Po ugal and i s Indian e i o ies induced
Manuel Sa men o Rod igues (1899–1979), he Po uguese
Minis o do Ul ama (Minis e o Po ugal O e seas), o
in i e he amous B azilian sociologis Gilbe o F ey e
(1900–87), o unde ake an o icial s udy oyage o Po -
ugal and o i s o e seas e i o ies. Du ing his s ay in
he Es ado da Índia, Gilbe o F ey e held a con e ence
in No embe 1951 in he Vasco da Gama Ins i u e, en i-
led ‘Uma cul u al mode na: A luso- opical’ (One mod-
e n cul u e: The luso- opical), whe e o he i s ime
he concep o ‘luso opicalism’ was a icula ed and
de eloped.7 This concep , acco ding o Gilbe o F ey e,
is cha ac e ized by an easy miscegena ion, adap a ion o
opical cus oms and clima e, cul u al usion and absence
o acial disc imina ion in he Po uguese colonial model,
allied wi h a s ong Ca holic componen esul ing om
an assumed e angelizing mission. This ision idealized by
Gilbe o F ey e was pe cei ed as use ul o he ideologi-
cal p e ensions o he Po uguese egime, conceding an
academic subs an ia ion de eloped by a epu able non-
Po uguese esea che .
The pu sui o academic subs an ia ion o he
main enance o he Es ado da Índia unde Po uguese
adminis a ion p oceeded in he same yea wi h he
expedi ion o he Missão de Es udo aos Monumen os
de Goa, Damão e Diu (S udy Mission on Monumen s o
Goa, Daman and Diu). This mission comp ised he a
his o ians Má io Ta a es Chicó (1905–66) and Ca los de
Aze edo (1918–74), along wi h Ma inho Humbe o dos
Reis (b. 1904), an a chi ec om he DGEMN wi h a as
expe ience o he Po uguese a chi ec u al he i age, and
he pho og aphe José Ca alho Hen iques.
Suppo ed by he Jun a das Missões Geog á icas e de
In es igações Coloniais (Commi ee o Geog aphical
Missions and Colonial In es iga ions), he s udy mission’s
main objec i e was o su ey wi h pho og aphs and igo -
ous d awings he majo Po uguese a chi ec u al monu-
men s in he Es ado da Índia — whe he hey we e in good
condi ion o in uins — and he u ban ea u es o he main
ci ies. This mission was no innocen : mo e han a me e
his o ical and a is ic signi icance, i also had a poli ical
agenda. By showing he wo ld he exis ence o a as se
o Po uguese and Indo-Po uguese buildings and u ban
s uc u es, he Es ado No o was assuming ha i s posses-
sions in India we e indeed di e en om he B i ish and
F ench ones.
This dis inc ion was no based on he pe cep ion
o a highe concen a ion o Po uguese edi ica ions,
compa ed wi h B i ish and F ench e i o ies in India
(whose s uc u es we e also plen i ul); a he , o he
Po uguese egime, he main di e ence in he a chi-
ec u al he i age was he age o he buildings — he
Po uguese ones we e mos ly olde .8 The e o e, as hap-
pened wi h he a chi ec u al he i age in Po ugal, his
he i age o Po uguese in luence in India became a p i -
ileged ins umen o ideological p opaganda, used by
he dic a o ial egime as a physical and isual ema k-
able e idence o he ances al Po uguese p esence in
India. A chi ec u e was pe haps he mos imp essi e
symbol o he Po uguese ule in he Es ado da Índia
no only because o i s isual impac , as a eminde o
who buil i , bu also because i s ill could be used, el ,
admi ed and ouched.
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’A . 9, page 4 o 21
Mos o he a chi ec u al monumen s s udied du ing
he su ey we e old Ca holic chu ches and chapels, along
wi h some Po uguese o i ica ions (only a ew examples
o ci il buildings we e men ioned). The isi ed ci ies o he
Es ado da Índia we e he ones wi h a s ong Po uguese
in luence. As o he non-Ca holic emples (Hindu
mandi s and Muslim mosques), he mission epo con-
enien ly e e ed o only a small numbe , ha ing a pa ic-
ula agenda: a glimpse o in luences om he Po uguese/
Eu opean a chi ec u e. Based on his, he Es ado No o
could a gue ha jus by obse ing he landscape o he
Es ado da Índia, cons i u ed by ci ies and ields punc u-
a ed by Ca holic chu ches and Po uguese o esses, i
can be e i ied ha his ‘lusi anized’ e i o y was indeed
close o Po ugal and o i s o e seas p o inces, and di e -
en om he o he Hindus ani e i o ies.9
These s udy missions in luenced decisi ely he p opa-
gandis ic o ien a ion o he Po uguese egime conce n-
ing he o e seas e i o ies. I showed he exis ence o
an ‘Indo-Po uguese’ cul u e as pa adigm o luso opical-
ism, by displaying a cohe en usion be ween Po uguese
and Indian cul u es. Simila o wha was happening in
Po ugal, he commemo a i e celeb a ions also p o ided
p e ex s o exal ing na ional i ues and o he na ional
ideological p opaganda on ‘lusi anism’.
Beginning o he End: The In asion o Dad a
and Naga Ha eli
The a gumen s wielded by he Po uguese egime wen
agains he Indian agenda. In he ace o Po ugal’s
in lexibili y, India b oke o diploma ic ela ions wi h
Po ugal in July 1953, and by he end o he yea dec eed
a land blockade o he Es ado da Índia, esul ing in he
isola ion o he encla es o Dad a and Naga Ha eli, nea
Daman. A he same ime, India inc eased he sa yag aha
wi h peace ul in asions o he Es ado da Índia by Indian
ci izens, along wi h iolen gue illa a med ac ions by
Indian igh e s. The consequence was he de ini i e occu-
pa ion o he encla es o Dad a and Naga Ha eli in July
1954 by Indian ci izens a med and suppo ed by mili a y
o ces.10
Wi h he loss o hose encla es o India, and inc eas-
ingly in e na ionally ha assed by he g owing numbe o
A ican and Asian coun ies ecen ly independen ha
we e accep ed in he Uni ed Na ions, Oli ei a Salaza con-
inued o de end he Po uguese legi imacy o i s o e seas
e i o ies: Po ugal appealed o he In e na ional Cou
o Jus ice in The Hague, demanding he immedia e es-
i u ion o he encla es o Dad a and Naga Ha eli. The
in lexible Po uguese ac ions gene a ed a adicaliza-
ion in India, and in Sep embe 1956 a much p essu ed
Jawaha lal Neh u decla ed ha ‘ he Po uguese will ha e
o lea e om Goa, e en i Goans wan hem he e’ (A ela
2012: 265).
Bo h sides became mo e and mo e adicalized, and
in he mids o his ba le o he o ic, people om he
Es ado da Índia we e no asked abou wha hey wan ed
o hei u u e: hei own na ion, con inuing inside he
Po uguese wo ld wi h some kind o au onomy, o in e-
g a ion wi h he ‘g ea mo he India’. The in asion o he
Po uguese encla es o Dad a and Naga Ha eli ein o ced
he sense o p eca iousness and mili a y weakness o
he Es ado da Índia. I made clea ha he only easible
way he Po uguese egime could hope o main ain he
Po uguese p esence in India was by explo ing he his-
o ical, cul u al, eligious and o he di e ences be ween
India and he Es ado da Índia, a he same ime p o id-
ing e idence o he a ini ies be ween he la e and he
Po uguese wo ld.
Ideological P ese a ion o A chi ec u al
He i age in Eu opean Colonies
The in ended e e ence o he Po uguese ances al mem-
o y in i s Indian e i o ies — o which he mode n Es ado
da Índia was conside ed a legi ima e successo — was
supposed o ollow a se o he i age p ac ices, e lec ing
he egime’s p ocedu es in Po ugal: he a chi ec u al
he i age was used as a powe ul ideological ins umen
o p opaganda. Among he elemen s wi h he po en ial
o symbolize a pas ma ked by ‘po ugali y/lusi ani y’,
a chi ec u al he i age was one o he mos palpable and
undoub edly he one wi h bigge isual impac . Such
monumen s began being conside ed p io i y objec s o
be alo ised, especially hose in Old Goa, he o me mag-
ni icen Po uguese capi al once called ‘Golden Goa’ and
‘Rome o he Eas ’.
Howe e , he use o a chi ec u al he i age as an ideo-
logical and poli ical ins umen in Hindus ani e i o ies
was no a p ac ise used exclusi ely by Po ugal; he same
was alid o o he colonial ules, including he B i ish and
F ench ones. The B i ish ule a ibu ed majo impo ance
o he a chi ec u al he i age in hei Indian dominions,
using i as a symbolical means o consolida e hei powe .11
Since he ime o he Eas India Company some a emp s
a p ese a ion o a ew Mughal a chi ec u al s uc u es
we e made, especially in Ag a and Delhi. These e o s had
a symbolic and poli ical pu pose. The B i ish conside ed
he Mughal dynas y as he las g ea Hindus an poli ical
powe be o e he es ablishmen o hei own dominance,
and he wo k on Mughal a chi ec u al he i age was seen
as one way o legi imize B i ish ule as a na u al successo
o he Mughal empi e. The new B i ish ule s had assumed
ha Hindus an people had los hei capaci y o ule
hemsel es, due o hei p og essi e decay. The e o e, he
B i ish conside ed hemsel es as na u al successo s o he
p e ious Hindus ani poli ical powe s (Cohn 1983: 166).
The B i ish in e es in Hindus ani a chi ec u al he i -
age coincided wi h bo h he Roman ic mo emen and
he deba e abou cul u al pa imony in Eu ope, which
soon ex ended o India. In 1784 William Jones (1746–94)
ounded he Asia ic Socie y o Bengal in Kolka a, capi al o
he B i ish Raj, which in luenced he beginning o a con-
se a ion mo emen in India and mos p obably he i s
egula ion o he p o ec ion o monumen s in India, in
1810. As he new ule , he B i ish adminis a ion assumed
he cus odianship o he Indian a chi ec u al he i age as a
esponsible obliga ion, hus p o ec ing he memo y o he
Indian pas ha was h ea ened by decadence. The c ea-
ion o he A chaeological Su ey o India (ASI) in 1861 by
Alexande Cunningham (1814–93) a emp ed o p e en

San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’ A . 9, page 5 o 21
he des uc ion o Indian a chi ec u al he i age, especially
du ing and a e he go e nmen o Geo ge Na haniel
Cu zon (1859–1925), Vice oy o India om 1899 o 1905.
Alexande Cu zon had a genuine in e es in p ese ing
he Indian a chi ec u al he i age, seeing i as a du y o he
B i ish colonial adminis a ion. In 1902 he eo ganized
he ASI, nomina ing John Hube Ma shall (1876–1958)
as Di ec o Gene al, and in 1904 he Ancien Monumen
P ese a ion Ac was p oclaimed. In 1923 he Conse a ion
Manual was published by John Ma shall, a code wi h ig-
o ous ules o he p ac ice o in e en ions in he Indian
a chi ec u al he i age ha allowed he de elopmen o
a uni o m basis o he he i age pano ama. Du ing his
ime, nume ous a chaeological exca a ions and he i age
wo k was conduc ed a Indian si es, among hem such
Mughal monumen s as he Taj Mahal, he Red Fo com-
plex in Delhi, Sikand a and Fa ehpu Sik i.
I B i ish Raj was he ‘jewel in he c own’ o he B i ish
empi e, o he F ench he mos impo an colonial e i-
o ies we e Magh eb (especially Alge ia) and Indochina.12
The É ablissemen s F ançais dans l’Inde (F ench
Es ablishmen s in India, commonly known as Comp oi s
de l’Inde) we e seen as a esidual pa o he F ench
colonial empi e, om when F ance was he mos in lu-
en Eu opean na ion in he Hindus an (be o e he B i ish
de ea ed hem). In addi ion, he Comp oi s de l’Inde we e
a e ed e i o ies, and his discon inui y was p opi ious
o nei he he de elopmen o as plans asse ing he
F ench ule no he inc ease o a s ong Indo-F ench
cul u e. The e o e, he p e e en ial a eas o majo he -
i age p ojec s we e Magh eb and Indochina (wi h some
epe cussions in Sy ia and Mali).13
He i age Ac i i y in Po uguese Colonial
Te i o ies in A ica
Fo he Po uguese egime, he Es ado da Índia p esen ed
subs an ial di e ences om he B i ish Raj and he
Comp oi s de l’Inde, di e ences ha we e isible in he
Indo-Po uguese socie y exis ing he e. The a chi ec u al
monumen s o Old Goa o Po uguese in luence g adually
became conside ed undamen al elemen s in he con-
s uc ion o Indo-Po uguese iden i y, and he e o e we e
p og essi ely con e ed in o ene able pa io ic symbols
in hose dis an Lusi anian eas e n lands. The escue o
hese e e ed symbols ep esen ed an ideological way o
legi imize he Po uguese egime and i s adminis a ion
in India, no only o he Indo-Po uguese socie y bu also
he wo ld, aising he memo y o he p esen o he same
le el as he p es igious pas .
Besides being undamen al symbolic elemen s o he
cons uc ion o he Indo-Po uguese iden i y, he a chi-
ec u al monumen s o Old Goa ma ked e i o ial con-
ol because o hei isibili y, ac ing as iden i ica ion
landma ks. They hus became objec s o in e es o he
Po uguese egime, no only because o hei a is ic and
his o ical alue, bu also because hey could ac as bea -
e s o he ideological messages gene a ed by he egime
conce ning he Po uguese claims on he Es ado da Índia.
The same ole o a chi ec u al monumen s as ideologi-
cal ins umen used by he egime in Po ugal began o
be used in he Es ado da Índia and in he o he o e seas
e i o ies, es ablishing he alue o he Po uguese legacy
and legi imizing Po uguese ule.14
The conce ns wi h colonial a chi ec u e and u ban-
ism in he Po uguese o e seas e i o ies mo i a ed he
c ea ion in 1944 o he Gabine e de U banização Colonial
(O ice o Colonial U baniza ion), unc ioning inside he
Minis é io do Ul ama . This en i y in ended o cen al-
ize in Lisbon all he a chi ec u al and u ban plans o he
Po uguese colonies. The pu pose o p ese ing he a chi-
ec u al he i age o Po uguese in luence in he colonies
inally gained consis ency wi h he p omulga ion in 1958
o a dec ee ha ins uc ed he Di ecção-Ge al de Ob as
Públicas e Comunicações (Gene al Bu eau o Public Wo ks
and Communica ions) o he Minis é io do Ul ama o
su ey and classi y na ional monumen s in he Po uguese
colonies and o p ese e hem, guiding es o a ion and
conse a ion ac i i y. This en i y also supe ised he he i -
age commissions in he colonies, as well as he ac i i ies
in he colonies wi hou commissions, s anda dizing p o-
cedu es be ween hem.
Since 1922 he Comissão P o incial dos Monumen os
Nacionais de Angola (P o incial Commission o he
Na ional Monumen s o Angola) had exis ed o su ey,
classi y, conse e and es o e he monumen s in Angola.
Bu i was he a chi ec Fe nando Ba alha (1908–2012)
who ini ia ed a mo e sys ema ic p ese a ion o he
a chi ec u al he i age o Po uguese in luence, h ough
in en o ies, classi ica ion and p omo ion o ha he i -
age; in addi ion, he did some es o a ion ha ollowed
he idea o ‘c ea i e ecomposi ion’. Mozambique was he
o he Po uguese colony in A ica wi h a he i age en i y:
he Comissão dos Monumen os e Relíquias His ó icas
de Moçambique (Commission o he Monumen s and
His o ic Relics o Mozambique) was c ea ed in 1943, ha -
ing as objec i es he inc ease o he in es iga ion on he
Mozambican he i age, he su ey and classi ica ion o
monumen s and elics, he ac ions o conse a ion and
es o a ion o his he i age, and he p omo ion o i s dis-
closu e and ou is ic exploi a ion. The main ac o wi hin
he a chi ec u al he i age scene in Mozambique was he
a chi ec Ped o Qui ino da Fonseca (1922–2001), who
eac i a ed he p e-exis ing he i age commission, su -
eyed and classi ied nume ous monumen s and elics and
conduc ed in e en ions on a chi ec u al monumen s.
Elsewhe e in A ica, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Ve de, and
São Tomé and P íncipe did no ha e any he i age en i y;
howe e , he a chi ec Luís Bena en e (1902–93) de o ed
himsel o he p ese a ion o he a chi ec u al he i age o
Po uguese in luence in hese e i o ies. Luís Bena en e
indeed possessed a as knowledge abou in e en ions in
a chi ec u al he i age, i s ly se ing in he DGEMN and
hen in he Minis é io do Ul ama . He used his acqui ed
know-how o p opose he classi ica ion o he Po uguese
monumen s o e seas, p esen ed in 1960; in his p oposal
he de ined egula ions and a way o su ey and classi y
monumen s. His ac i i y in he Po uguese colonial e -
i o ies began in 1958, when he wen o São Tomé and
P íncipe o su ey and es o e monumen s, mo ing on o
Guinea-Bissau and Cape Ve de. Luís Bena en e was also
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’A . 9, page 6 o 21
in ol ed in ac i i ies ela ed o he he i age o Po uguese
in luence in o he coun ies.
Ea ly He i age Conce ns in he Es ado da Índia
In he Es ado da Índia, he i age conce ns a ose much ea -
lie han in he o he Po uguese colonies, especially gi en
wha was happening in he B i ish Raj. The decline o Goa
began in he 17 h cen u y, despi e a emp s o egene a e
he ci y. The ex inc ion o he eligious o de s in Po ugal
and in i s colonies (1835) and he ise o Panjim15 as a ci y
and as capi al o he Es ado da Índia (in 1848) seemed o
seal Goa’s a e. In 1859, as pa o he celeb a ions o he
i s 19 h-cen u y public exhibi ion o he elics and body
o Sain F ancis Xa ie , he local ci y council implemen ed
ac ions o amelio a e he image o Old Goa: imp o emen
and epa a ion wo ks in eligious buildings, and demoli-
ion o uined s uc u es. These p ac ices con inued un il
he end o he cen u y.16
The scale o des uc ion gene a ed mo e and mo e p o-
es s agains he des uc ion o his o ic he i age, and in
1895, he go e no -gene al o Es ado da Índia, Elesbão
José de Be encou Lapa (1831–99), c ea ed he Comissão
Pe manen e de A queologia (Pe manen Commission o
A chaeology), whose objec i e was he su ey, esea ch
and classi ica ion o monumen s o Po uguese in luence
in India, as well as o p opose measu es o conse e, epai
and es o e hem. In he ollowing yea he Real Museu da
Índia Po uguesa (Royal Museum o he Po uguese India),
was c ea ed and ins alled in he building a ached o he
Chu ch o Ou Lady o Di ine P o idence in he Con en
o Sain Caje an in Old Goa — la e expanded in o he
Con en o Sain F ancis o Assisi). In 1902 he Comissão
dos Monumen os do Dis i o de Diu (Commission
o Monumen s o he Diu Dis ic ) and he Museu
A queológico de Diu (A chaeological Museum o Diu) was
c ea ed and ins alled in he Chu ch o Sain Thomas. Bu
only in 1932 we e se e al buildings o Old Goa and i s su -
oundings classi ied as na ional monumen s.
Despi e i s as con ibu ion o he p ese a ion o he
Goan he i age, he Comissão Pe manen e de A queologia
was dissol ed in 1950. In ha same yea Bal aza da Sil a
Cas o (1891–1967), an a chi ec wi h a as expe ience in
he i age ac i i y in Po ugal — he was a o me di ec o o
he Se iço dos Monumen os Nacionais (Se ice o Na ional
Monumen s) o DGEMN — a i ed in Es ado da Índia. In addi-
ion o esuming he i age ac i i ies in he Es ado da Índia
ollowing he elimina ion o he Comissão Pe manen e de
A queologia, he was commissioned o coo dina e he es-
o a ion o monumen s in Old Goa, p epa ing hem o he
celeb a ion o he IV Cen ená io da Mo e de São F ancisco
Xa ie (4 h Cen ena y o he Dea h o Sain F ancis Xa ie ).
This celeb a ion showed he impo ance ha his kind
o c owd es i i ies had o he Po uguese dic a o ial
egime, which usually used hem in i s p opaganda. This
celeb a ion had a special symbolism, hough, associa ed
as i was wi h a his o ic he o along wi h a eligious com-
ponen : Sain F ancis Xa ie was he ‘Apos le o he Eas ’,
o whom millions o Ca holics in he Eas we e de o ed,
and his omb in Old Goa was he objec o nume ous pil-
g images. No only was a he o connec ed wi h Po ugal
celeb a ed in his e en , bu also Ca holicism i sel was
solemnized, con ibu ing eno mously o he p opagandis-
ic agenda o he Po uguese egime by showing a Ca holic
Es ado da Índia, di e en om India. In he celeb a ion
o 1952, he p og amme included he ealiza ion o se -
e al u ban imp o emen p ojec s in Old Goa, along wi h
in e en ions on Goan monumen s unde he supe i-
sion o Bal aza Cas o (Figs. 1 and 2).17 His ac i i ies had
a huge impac on he a chi ec u al he i age o Old Goa.
Figu e 1: A ch o he Vice oys in 1951, be o e he in e -
en ion o Bal aza de Cas o, pho og aphed du ing he
s udy mission led by Má io Chicó. Image cou esy o he
Fundação Má io Soa es, ‘Má io e Alice Chicó’ onds, e .
n . 07127.000.240 ‘A co dos Vice-Reis’.
Figu e 2: A ch o he Vice oys in 1959, a e he es o a ion
by Bal aza Cas o, pho og aphed by he a chi ec
Naguesha Pissu lenca . Image cou esy o he A qui o
Nacional da To e do Tombo, onds ‘Luís Bena en e’,
box 4 ‘Índia’, ile 1, doc. n . 14.
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’ A . 9, page 7 o 21
His in e en ions he e e lec ed his p e ious p ac ice in
he DGEMN: in some wo ks, he in ended he ec ea ion
o idealized images o he monumen s, esul ing in hei
adul e a ion, since hey acqui ed an image ha hey ne e
had be o e.
Vassalo e Sil a’s Plan o Rein eg a e Old Goa
In 1960 he Po uguese egime p omo ed wha would
be i s las g ea p opagandis ic celeb a ion, he V Cen-
ená io da Mo e do In an e Dom Hen ique o Na egado
(5 h Cen ena y o he Dea h o P ince Hen y he Na iga-
o ), which di ec ly connec ed Po ugal wi h i s o e seas
p o inces. These commemo a ions acqui ed a huge
impo ance in he Po uguese ideological con ex : o
he Po uguese egime, hey would be he culmina ion o
he p ocess o ‘Luso-Ch is ian in eg a ion’ in o he ‘Po -
uguese wo ld’, ein o cing he s a emen ha Po ugal
was a single coun y o med by se e al equali a ian o e -
seas p o inces, opposing in ha way he in e na ional
an i-colonial c i icism.
Gilbe F ey e had my hologized P ince Hen y he
Na iga o (1394–1460) as he majo suppo e o
Po uguese o e seas expansion who had p omo ed wo ld
e angeliza ion, o e ing ci iliza ion o less de eloped peo-
ple and ins iga ing in e ela ions be ween se e al peoples
and cul u es, hus laying he g oundwo k o he way a
luso opicalis cul u e would sp ead all o e he wo ld. In
Po ugal, he DGEMN selec ed se e al monumen s ela ed
o P ince Hen y and he Po uguese Disco e ies o ecei e
in e en ions. These he i age ac i i ies we e ex ended o
he Po uguese o e seas e i o ies, inc easing he p op-
agandis ic impac emphasizing he his o ic igh s o e
hese colonies, ad oca ed by he dic a o ial egime. A he
same ime, he Es ado da Índia was p epa ing he com-
memo a ion o he Po uguese conques o i s capi al Goa,
which was aken by Al onso de Albuque que (1453–1515)
in 1510, 450 yea s ea lie .
In Decembe 1958, in his con ex o inc easing in es -
men in in as uc u e, cul u e, sani a ion and he i age
p ese a ion in he Es ado da Índia, he go e no -gene al
Manuel An ónio Vassalo e Sil a (1899–1985) a i ed in
Goa. The a i al o Vassalo e Sil a p omp ed an inc ease
in he de elopmen o he Es ado da Índia, pa icula ly
in he e i o y o Goa. The p ese a ion o he he i age
o Po uguese in luence in he e i o y was in ended
no only because o he di ec i es om he Po uguese
egime, bu also because o Vassalo e Sil a’s own con-
ic ions abou he alue o he i age monumen s. Th ee
mon hs a e his a i al, Vassalo e Sil a ecei ed a epo
om he Goan a chi ec Naguesha Pissu lenca abou he
classi ied monumen s o Old Goa, which included a small
desc ip ion o each monumen oge he wi h some pho-
os. Six mon hs la e , Vassalo e Sil a c ea ed a commis-
sion wi h he objec i e o p oposing an ambi ious plan
called he ‘Rein eg ação da Cidade de Velha Goa no seu
Ambien e His ó ico, A queológico, Monás ico e Religioso’
(Rein eg a ion o he Ci y o Old Goa in i s His o ic,
A chaeological, Monas ic and Religious Ambien ), he eby
combining he (supposed) wishes o he Goan people wi h
he p opagandis ic in en ions o he Po uguese egime.
Because o Old Goa’s eno mous symbolism as he ‘ o -
me b igh capi al’ o he ‘once magni icen Po uguese
Eas e n Empi e’, he go e no -gene al belie ed he ci y
should be allowed o decay o he poin whe e i anished
comple ely. I was no jus he memo y o his ‘ esplenden
pe iod’ ha was disappea ing; i was also he Po uguese
hegemony in he Es ado da Índia ha was in jeopa dy.
The e o e, i was impe a i e o e e se he decay o Old
Goa; a he same ime he Po uguese ule in he Es ado da
Índia would also be me apho ically aised up. This would
be ano he s ong symbolic wa ning agains India’s p e-
en ions on he Po uguese e i o ies.
Vassalo e Sil a nomina ed a se o eminen pe sonali-
ies om he colonial adminis a ion and om he Goan
a chdiocese o be pa o he execu i e commission, in
which he p opo ion be ween Goan and Po uguese was
equal. The commission was led by Goan José An ónio
Ismael G acias J . (1903–93), he p ominen p esiden o
he T ibunal da Relação (Cou o Appeal) o he Es ado da
Índia and son o he illus ious Goan his o ian and w i e ,
José An ónio Ismael G acias S . (1857–1919).
By Augus 1959 he wo k o he commission was con-
cluded, and a epo con ained conclusions and p opos-
als.18 In Janua y 1960, in a con e ence held in he Vasco da
Gama Ins i u e in Panjim and a ended by Ped o Teo ónio
Pe ei a (1902–72), Po uguese Minis o da P esidência
(Minis e o P esidency), Ismael G acias J . a i med he
commission’s in en : ‘I am su e ha , wi h he e o s o
all, wi h ou passiona e will, wi h ou en husiasm, we
will achie e ou ideal: eins alling he old ci y o Goa as
an e e nal ligh o Po uguese spi i uali y’ (G acias 1960,
34–36). The idea o Po ugal’s unique con ibu ion o he
colonial p ocess — as men ioned ea lie , he Po uguese
(supposedly) mixed wi h na i e people, ‘ci ilized’ and
con e ed hem o Ca holicism, did no ha m hem (com-
pa ed o how o he colonialis coun ies ea ed he na i e
people), accep ed hem as Po uguese ci izens, e c. — ha
legi imized he Po uguese adminis a ion in i s o e -
seas e i o ies, was s ill p esen among Po uguese go -
e no s and some Goan eli e in ima ely connec ed wi h
he Po uguese adminis a ion. The p esence o he
Po uguese Minis o da P esidência himsel , a i ed om
Po ugal, a he o icial inaugu a ion o he wo ks in Old
Goa, demons a es ha .
The Ini ial Plan o Ismael G acias’ Commission
By Sep embe 1960 he commission’s epo had been
sen o Lisbon, along wi h a plan called ‘d awing H93’
(Fig. 3). Supe imposed on a su ey plan o Old Goa made
in 1910 by he Depa amen o de Ob as Públicas (Depa -
men o Public Wo ks) o he Es ado da Índia, he com-
mission echnicians and ad ise s ske ched a p oposal o
a s ee layou wi h new a enues, squa es and ga dens,
an icipa ing he execu i e p og amme o he u baniza-
ion and ees ablishmen o he his o ic and ou is ic ‘Old
Ci y o Goa’.19 Bo h he epo and plan p o ide an insigh
in o he commission’s p oposal o Old Goa.
The commission was subdi ided in o h ee g oups: one
esponsible o p oposing u ban imp o emen s in Old Goa,
one o assign adap i e unc ions o he exis ing buildings,
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’A . 9, page 8 o 21
and one o p epa e he inal epo o he commission,
based on he collec ed ma e ial. A se o esolu ions
app o ed by he commission was also p epa ed, based on
he epo s o he sub-commissions. As well as p oposing
solu ions o se e al aspec s conce ning he ehabili a-
ion o Old Goa, nume ous hypo heses we e sugges ed
along di e en hemes, which could be chosen as u u e
solu ions. Rega ding he u ban imp o emen s, he com-
mission p oposed o de elop he wo k in s ages, he i s
one being he es o a ion o monumen s and uins and
he placemen o a s a ue (made by Ma ins Co eia) o
he Po uguese poe Luís Vaz de Camões (1524–80) in Old
Goa, as pa o he celeb a ions o he V Cen ená io da
Mo e do In an e Dom Hen ique o Na egado .
Immedia ely a e (and pa ially o e lapping) he i s
s age, oads and squa es and sani a ion in as uc u e
would be cons uc ed and public spaces plan ed. In
D awing H93 ha accompanied he desc ip ion o he
p oposal o he s ee layou (Fig. 3), in which he oads
and ga dened spaces we e de ined wi h a g een colou ,
new denomina ions o public spaces we e also p oposed,
as well as wo op ions o he s a ue o Luís Vaz de Camões.
Despi e p esen ing new a eas and public spaces,20 he p o-
posed oads would ollow subs an ially he p e-exis ing
s ee s, wi h some ec i ica ions and enla gemen s;21 se -
e al p e-exis ing oads would be conse ed and epai ed
acco ding o hei his o ical alue.
As o he new unc ions p oposed o he monumen s
o Old Goa, he commission dec eed ha i chu ches and
chapels we e s ill used o hei o iginal pu pose, hey
should con inue o be used as such. The Con en o Sain
John o God should be ese ed o se ing up he A qui o
His ó ico do Es ado da Índia (His o ical A chi e o he
Es ado da Índia); i s chu ch should empo a ily house he
u u e Museu de A e Sac a (Museum o Sac ed A ) un il
i s de ini i e ans e o he Con en o Sain Monica. All
monumen s should ha e a p o ec ion zone delimi ed
by compe en echnicians. The main goal o he p ojec
would be he eanima ion o Old Goa. The commission
isualized ‘ he ci y o Old Goa ebo n in a u u e mo e o
less emo e as an u ban conglome a e, as an ex ension o
he capi al o he Es ado da Índia [Panjim]’,22 an icipa ing
he c ea ion o a eas o u u e cons uc ion, sugges ing
he e o e he cons uc ion o some new speci ic buildings.
Po ugal had as expe ience in u ban planning in i s
colonial e i o ies. In ac , du ing he Es ado No o egime,
in addi ion o u ban plans de eloped in Po ugal, u bani-
za ion plans in he colonies inc eased subs an ially, espe-
cially in Angola, Guinea Bissau and Mozambique a e he
Wo ld Wa II. The u ban plans de eloped by echnicians
unde he Es ado No o egime usually adop ed a ional-
is p inciples a ou ing adial and axial u ban s uc u es,
di iding he u ban space in di e en sec o s. In he colo-
nial ci ies, hese new u ban spaces gene ally had low den-
si ies allowing he in e pene a ion o g een spaces — a
so o ga den ci y. The ep esen a ion o he Po uguese
s a e was hen ein o ced h ough ema kable public and
eligious buildings placed in s a egic spo s, he c ea ion
o emblema ic plazas and main a enues, he ehabili a-
ion and monumen aliza ion o his o ical monumen s,
and he de elopmen o an ideological p og amme con-
sis ing o s a ua y and public a a key u ban loca ions.23
Despi e hei modes size, in he Es ado da Índia u ban
plans we e de eloped o Panjim, Vasco da Gama, Ma gao
and Mapusa.
Ano he impo an ac was ha he B i ish planned
New Delhi o be hei new colonial capi al side by side
wi h he ancien Delhi — now he capi al o independ-
en India. The Po uguese, howe e , in ended o e i e
he o me Po uguese capi al side by side wi h he mod-
e n capi al o Panjim. The Po uguese cha ac e o Old
Goa in ol ed a egula isa ion o he s ee layou , he
Figu e 3: ‘D awing H93’, showing he ini ial p oposal made by he Goan commission o a new s ee layou o Old
Goa, con aining a enues, squa es and ga dens. Image cou esy o he A qui o His ó ico do Camões — Ins i u o da
Coope ação e da Língua, onds o he o me Minis é io do Ul ama , collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n . 14672.
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’ A . 9, page 15 o 21
ha e a use ul unc ion ha allowed i s p ese a ion wi hin
socie y. These we e p inciples he de ended h ee yea s
la e in 1964, du ing he he i age deba e ha p oduced
he Venice Cha e o he Conse a ion and Res o a ion
o Monumen s and Si es, o which he was one o he
signa o ies.
Ne e heless, Luís Bena en e con inued o de end he
ep is ina ion o some a chi ec u al monumen s, in o de
o eco e hei p imi i e image. Bu his de ense o he p is-
ine o iginal was qui e mode a e compa ed o he ac ions
o Bal aza Cas o in Old Goa and in Po ugal. This was
jus one o he isible con adic ions be ween he o icial
speech o he poli ical leade s and he ac ions de ended by
he echnicians: wi hou en i ely adop ing his no ion, he
na ionalis and impe ialis discou se o he Es ado No o,
e en i disguised as a mul icul u al and open egime,
became uc onic and s opped in ime. On he o he hand,
he echnical s a was mo e open o in luences om ou -
side Po ugal, and so hey we e awa e ha he Goan plan,
as i was p esen ed, could no be accomplished, whe he
i was because he inancial esou ces we e ex emely
high and p ohibi i e, o because i was no echnically
achie able, o — mos likely — because he he i age con-
ce ns e ol ed wi h ime (a oiding he ein eg a ion in
s yle, demanding he p ominence o au hen ici y, e c.).
In ac , his con lic o he i age policy be ween leade s,
who de ended he ein eg a ion in s yle, and echnicians,
who de ended mode a e in e en ions, e lec ed wha had
been happening in Po ugal since he ea ly 1950s.
A Pe manen Indo-Po uguese he i age
On 18 Decembe 1961, an e en occu ed ha b ough o
an end no jus he p ojec o he ein eg a ion o Old Goa,
as delinea ed by he Goan commission unde he auspices
o Vassalo e Sil a, bu he hopes o he Po uguese egime
in main aining a Po uguese p esence on he Indian sub-
con inen . A dawn ha day, Ope a ion Vijay began — he
in asion o he Es ado da Índia by Indian oops.43 Despi e
he o de o Oli ei a Salaza o esis un il he las man
was s anding, go e no -gene al Vassalo e Sil a decided o
su ende o he Indian oops he nex day, hus ending
450 yea s o Po uguese so e eign y o e his e i o y.44
Howe e , he Po uguese egime in Lisbon would no
ecognize his annexa ion un il he Es ado No o ell on 25
Ap il 1974; Indian so e eign y o e i s o me e i o ies
was o malized on 31 Decembe 1974. Because Vassalo
e Sil a su ende ed, he was denounced by he egime in
Po ugal. No only we e nume ous li es spa ed because
o his decision o e use o accep he o de s o Oli ei a
Salaza , hus a oiding a wo hless bloodba h, bu he cul-
u al pa imony o Po uguese in luence in he o me
Es ado da Índia also bene i ed. In he ace o he imminen
Indian in asion, Oli ei a Salaza had o de ed ha he el-
ics o Sain F ancis Xa ie be immedia ely sen o Lisbon,
and ha he Adilshahi Palace in Panjim — he headqua -
e s o he go e nmen -gene al o he Es ado da Índia — be
des oyed. Vassalo e Sil a s ic ly e used o comply wi h
hese o de s, because ‘Sain F ancis Xa ie was a sain om
he Eas , and hus his place was he e’, and because ‘by
no means was i accep able o des oy es imonies o he
ancien Po uguese g ea ness in Eas ’ (Mo ais 1995: 116–
119). As o he a chi ec Luís Bena en e, he was o de ed
o a oid being aken p isone and o sa e any documen a-
ion ela ed o he a chi ec u al he i age o he Es ado da
Figu e 12: Basilica o Bom Jesus be o e he in e en ion
pe o med by Bal aza Cas o, pho og aphed du ing he
s udy mission led by Má io Chicó in 1951. Image cou -
esy o he Fundação Má io Soa es, ‘Má io e Alice Chicó’
onds, e . n . 07127.000.133 ‘Ig eja de São Cae ano’.
Figu e 13: Basilica o Bom Jesus a e he in e en ion pe -
o med by Bal aza Cas o, pho og aphed by F ancis Rog-
e s in 1964. Image cou esy o he Fundação Calous e
Gulbenkian, ‘F ancis Mille Roge s 1962’ onds, e . n .
726(540.55)”15/17”(084.121) ‘Basílica do Bom Jesus’.

San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’A . 9, page 16 o 21
Índia. He managed o pa ially ollow hese o de s — he
ook e uge aboa d he I alian ca go ship Con idenza.45
O he p og amme o he ein eg a ion o Old Goa,
only he wo ks ini ia ed du ing Po uguese ule we e com-
ple ed a e he ans e ence o he Indian so e eign y.
I seems ha in he ea ly pe iod, he Indian adminis a-
ion made no signi ican changes in he he i age policy
and s a in Old Goa; he A chaeological Su ey o India
adop ed a cau ious and conse a i e posi ion.
Indeed, o ha ini ial ambi ious p og amme, only
epai s o s abilize a ew buildings we e done, some
p oposed s ee s we e opened and he ga den space
comple ed be ween he Basilica o Bom Jesus and he
See Ca hed al, whe e he s a ue o Luís Vaz de Camões
emained a leas un il he la e 1980s. The Ins i u o Pio X
de Teologia Pas o al was also comple ed, and in se e al
public spaces he ege a ion con inued o be clea ed away.
In 1986, when he monumen s o Old Goa we e classi ied
as a Wo ld He i age Si e by he UNESCO, hese monu-
men s and hei su oundings did no di e subs an ially
om he idealizing plan o he Goan commission led by
Ismael G acias J ., pa ially app o ed and pe o med by
he Po uguese au ho i ies (Fig. 14).
Since he mid-1940s he Po uguese dic a o ial egime
had likely been awa e o he p eca ious posi ion and mili-
a y weakness o he Es ado da Índia in acing he h ea s
o an imminen in asion by he ecen ly independen
India. Obs ina ely esis ing he inc easing an i-colonialis
opinions h oughou he es o he wo ld, he Es ado
No o el ha , mo e han losing a his o ical and symbolic
e i o y, he loss o he Es ado da Índia would imply he
dange o also losing i s A ican colonies. The Po uguese
egime hus p oceeded wi h an in ensi e p opagandis ic
p og amme, in ending o jus i y he Po uguese pe ma-
nence in India h ough ideological, his o ical and cul-
u al easons. By showing a ‘lusi anized’ Es ado da Índia
absolu ely di e en om he o he Hindus ani e i o ies,
he esul o a dis inc kind o colonisa ion, he Es ado da
Índia was, he e o e, close o Po ugal han o India in
aspec s mo e impo an han he geog aphical ones.
As one o he mos isible and palpable signs possible,
a chi ec u e monumen s we e p opi ious o use as ideo-
logical ins umen s wi h p opagandis ic in en ions. Fo
ha eason, he Es ado No o decided o apply he same
p ocedu es used in he Es ado da Índia ha i had used
in Po ugal in he las wo decades: by in e ening in he
a chi ec u al he i age and using i as a powe ul p opa-
gandis ic ins umen . The e o e, Old Goa and i s a chi ec-
u al monumen s we e used o suppo he jus i ica ion
o he Po uguese pe manence on he Indian subcon i-
nen . The Goan commission de eloped an ambi ious plan,
p oposing he ein eg a ion o Old Goa by es o ing i s
monumen s and de eloping an u ban plan. The o me
magni icen capi al would be ebo n as a g ea monumen
in ended o symbolize he ‘e e nal ligh o he Po uguese
spi i uali y’ in he Es ado da Índia.
Howe e , he ime and ci cums ances we e signi i-
can ly di e en om hose in Po ugal when ideological
p ocedu es we e applied o a chi ec u al he i age, which
accoun s o he clea age be ween he o icial speech o
he Es ado No o leade s and he measu es subsequen ly
adop ed by echnicians. The p io i ies in A ica di ec ed
he esou ces he e, especially a e he beginning o he
colonial wa , and he inancial esou ces o suppo he
Goan plan we e ex emely limi ed. In addi ion, he he -
i age pano ama had also changed eno mously, especially
he conce ns abou au hen ici y, alues, e-use and e en
he symbolism associa ed wi h ha he i age. And inally,
he eno mous dis ance be ween Po ugal and he Es ado
da Índia in se e al undamen al ma e s (physical dis-
ance, cul u e, e hnici y, poli ical ule, e c.) con ibu ed
o ende he Goan plan imp ac icable — as was also he
main enance o he Po uguese p esence he e unde
hose ci cums ances.
Despi e he ob ious e o s made by he Po uguese
egime o p ese e he a chi ec u al he i age o Old Goa,
aiming o ideologically poli icize i and use i as an ins u-
men o legi ima e he main enance o he Po uguese
Es ado da Índia, a he end o 1961 he Po uguese
so e eign y in he Hindus an e ec i ely ended. Al hough
Figu e 14: Sain F ancis Xa ie Squa e, loca ed be ween
he See Ca hed al and he Basilica o Bom Jesus, in he
1970s a e he Es ado da Índia became pa o India,
showing he in e en ion p oposed by he Goan com-
mission. Image cou esy o he A chaeological Su ey o
India, Goa Ci cle.
Figu e 15: Pano ama o Old Goa om he chu chya d
o he Chapel o Ou Lady o he Moun . Pho o by he
au ho .
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’ A . 9, page 17 o 21
he he i age ac i i ies in Old Goa did no p e en his
long-an icipa ed denouemen , hey played a undamen al
ole in he con inua ion o he Po uguese p esence, wi h
i s subs an ial cul u al he i age ha emains o his day
(Fig. 15), many classi ied by UNESCO as Wo ld He i age
si es. Thousands o Indian and o eigne ou is s oam
he spaces o he ancien Po ugal capi al o he Es ado
da Índia, deligh ing in he disco e y o he emains o he
my hic Golden Goa.
Acknowledgemen
This s udy was de eloped as pa o he pos -doc o al
in es iga ion ‘Sa egua ding o he A chi ec u al He i age
o Po uguese In luence in India: Con ex ualiza ion and
C i icism’, unded by he esea ch g an wi h he e e -
ence SFRH/BPD/96087/2013 om he Fundação pa a a
Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT; Founda ion o he Science
and he Technology) o Po ugal.
No es
1 The main ideas o he Po uguese egime’s o icial
discou se, sp ead by i s p opaganda appa a us, p o-
claimed he ein en ion o a Po ugal his o ically mod-
elled by i s o e seas empi e, by he Ca holic eligion
and by a co po a i e socie y based on a hie a chical
and cohesi e na ion led by a s ong leade , in end-
ing o eco e om he secula pe iods o decadence
be o e he es ablishmen o he Es ado No o (Pin o
2004: 61). The wo ac s mo e obsessi ely men ioned
by he egime we e he exal a ion o Po ugal as he
oldes coun y in Eu ope, hus p oclaiming he e -
i o ial, e hnic, cul u al and poli ical uni y, and he
p omo ion o he glo ious Po uguese Disco e ies,
e ealing a uni e sal oca ion o dwell wi h o he cul-
u es (Melo 2001: 39).
2 On he ideologies and p opaganda o he Es ado No o
egime, see Cunha (2001); Melo (2001); Leal (2000); Ó
(1999); Medina (1993); Pin o (1987).
3 In e spe sed h oughou his pape a e ph ases wi hin
quo a ion ma ks ha a e ypical o he language ound
in p opaganda ma e ial o he egime.
4 On he a chi ec u al he i age ac i i ies unde he
Es ado No o egime, see San os (2012); Cus ódio
(2011); Cus ódio (2010); Tomé (2002); Ne o (2001).
5 Fo ins ance, Po ugal did no su e massi e des uc-
ion o a chi ec u al he i age caused by Wo ld Wa II
(o by he ci il wa in Spain, a ew yea s be o e), and
hus i s he i age conce ns we e qui e di e en om
hose o o he Eu opean coun ies. The gene al Po -
uguese con ex du ing he Es ado No o was e y
es ic ed and closed o ou side in luences in i s ini ial
decades by imposi ion o he egime, and only a e
he Second Wo ld Wa did i became sligh ly mo e
open. Ne e heless, some ma ching poin s can be
ound be ween he DGEMN and simila ins i u ions
in Spain and I aly. In hese h ee coun ies, all unde
na ionalis dic a o ial egimes, he i age p ese a ion
was s ongly cen alized by he s a e, bu while in Po -
ugal i subsis ed unde he supe ision o he minis-
y in cha ge o public wo ks, in Spain and I aly i was
assigned o he minis ies esponsible o educa ion:
in Spain, he a chi ec u al he i age was sa egua ded by
he Di ección Gene al de Bellas A es (Gene al Bu eau
o Fine A s), and in I aly by he Consiglio Supe io e di
An ichi à e Belle A i (Supe io Council o An iqui ies
and Fine A s). In F ance he Agences des Bâ imen s de
F ance (Agency o he Buildings o F ance) was c ea ed
a e Wo ld Wa II, ha ing a echnical s a o a chi ec s
o he p ese a ion o monumen s.
6 The A chdiocese o Goa was es ic ed only o he
Po uguese e i o y, and he me opoli an and pa i-
a chal digni y o he See Ca hed al o Goa was main-
ained. Howe e , he o me igh o nomina e bishops
o he Indian dioceses ended, emaining jus o Goa.
7 On he luso opicalism, see Souza (2001); Medina
(2000); Cas elo (1999); Venâncio (1996); Macedo (1989).
8 I B i ish and F ench buildings we e mainly om he
18 h, 19 h and e en 20 h cen u ies, he Es ado da Índia
had nume ous buildings om he 16 h cen u y — a
leas wo cen u ies olde han mos o he B i ish and
F ench ones. In ac , some o he Po uguese edi ica-
ions we e olde han he much-admi ed Mughal
buildings. While he B i ish and F ench buildings we e
somehow conside ed mode n, some Po uguese ones
we e ene ably old, and se e al o hem had al eady
u ned in pic u esque uins, e idencing hei an iqui y.
9 La e , be ween Oc obe 1955 and Feb ua y 1956, he
geog aphe s O lando Ribei o (1911–97), Raquel Soei o
de B i o (b.1925) and Ma iano Feio (1914–2001) made
ano he s udy mission o he Es ado da Índia, esea ch-
ing he geog aphical, an h opological and e hno-
g aphical aspec s. The epo made by O lando Ribei o
con adic ed much o he ideological p esupposi ions
o he Po uguese egime and mani es ed in he ideas
o Gilbe o F ey e. This s udy mission iden i ied se -
e al exis ing elemen s ha could be used in a ou o
he Indian claims, showing ha he p omo ion o an
Es ado da Índia en i ely Po uguese in i s language,
adi ions, eligion and igh s was essen ially an ideo-
logical p opaganda. The egime he e o e ne e pub-
lically e ealed his documen . Abou he epo , see
Ribei o (1999).
10 In No embe o ha same yea , using simila me h-
ods o occupa ion, he F ench e i o ies o Comp oi s
de l’Inde we e occupied by India. This si ua ion was
simila o he one in he Po uguese encla es o Dad a
and Naga Ha eli; ne e heless, he Po uguese egime
con inued de ending he speci ici y o he Es ado da
Índia.
11 On he p ese a ion o he a chi ec u al he i age in
he B i ish colonial e i o ies and i s poli ical con-
ex ualiza ion, especially in India, see Swenson and
Mandle (2013); E e (2012); Rajagopalan and Desai
(2012); Sengup a and Ali (2011); Singh (2004); Me cal
(2002); Chak aba i (2001); Jukileh o (1999); Edney
(1987); Roy (1961).
12 On he p ese a ion o he a chi ec u al he i age in
he F ench colonial e i o ies and i s poli ical con-
ex ualiza ion, especially in India, see Ald ich (2011);
Toulie and Pabois (2005); Ha g ea es (2005).
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’A . 9, page 18 o 21
13 Unlike he B i ish, he F ench el he need o show he
na i es hei supe io cul u e, and asse ing F ench
ule a he same ime. F ench impe ialism p omo ed
a p eda o y a i ude conce ning a chi ec u al he i -
age, e asing o p esen ed as in e io he indigenous
cul u es o jus i y he F ench occupa ion. This unde -
mined he na i e poli ical and eligious powe . Wi h
he p e ex o elimina ing insalub i y and p omo ing
p og ess, se e al old pa s o ci ies we e pulled down
and hen e-u banized acco ding o mode n Eu opean
p ecep s; a se o new a chi ec u al monumen s was
c ea ed side by side wi h p e-colonial ones, o eplac-
ing hem, ma king he colonial landscape as glo i-
ous symbols o he F ench so e eign y. Ne e heless,
along wi h his new colonial he i age being c ea ed as
symbolic signs o he F ench ule, he F ench au ho i-
ies also implemen ed some measu es o p ese e he
na i e he i age.
14 Despi e being sca ce, some wo ks exis on he p es-
e a ion o a chi ec u al he i age du ing he Es ado
No o egime in he Po uguese colonies, especially in
A ica: Ma iz (2012); Raposo (2010); Fe nandes (1997).
On he pa imonial wo ks in Goa since he 19 h cen-
u y unde Po uguese adminis a ion, see San os and
Mendi a a (2012). See also Ga cia (2011).
15 Panjim began o be known as New Goa and Goa as Old
Goa.
16 In 1870 a commission was nomina ed o su ey all
he s a e buildings o Old Goa and su oundings and
o ecommend which should be p ese ed and which
should be demolished. In 1890, again in he con ex
o he exhibi ion o he elics and body o Sain F an-
cis Xa ie , some in e en ions we e made in eligious
buildings and in Sain F ancis Xa ie Squa e, al hough
uins con inue o be demolished.
17 Wo k on he A ch o he Vice oys, in he See Ca hed al,
in he Chu ch o he Holy Spi i o he Con en o Sain
F ancis o Assisi, in he Chapel o Sain Ca he ine, in
he Basilica o Bom Jesus, in he uins o he Chu ch
o Sain Paul, in he ancien Con en o Sain John o
God and in he Con en o Sain Monica can likely be
a ibu ed o Bal aza Cas o (San os and Mendi a a
2011: 404–405).
18 The epo was published o he isi o he Minis o
da P esidência, ma king he beginning o he i age
wo k in Old Goa (Comissão de ‘A Velha Goa’ 1960).
19 O icial communica ion, 30 Sep embe 1959, om he
go e no -gene al o he Es ado da Índia o he Minis-
o do Ul ama (AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da
Índia’, ile n . 14678, o icial communica ion n . 1281
[ ypesc ip ]).
20 Among new public spaces, he commission p oposed
cons uc ing a squa e su ounding he A ch o Vice-
oys, lanked by ga dened spaces and colonnades, and
opened o Mando i i e side; cons uc ing a i e -
on a enue along he Mando i Ri e , called A enida
In an e D. Hen ique (In an e D. Hen ique A enue)
— in honou o Hen y he Na iga o — be ween he
uins o he cus omhouse and he ancien Domini-
can College o Sain Bona en u e; econs i u ing he
o me Rua Di ei a (Main S ee ) be ween he A ch o
Vice oys and he c ossing oad Panjim — Pondá wi h
Old Goa — Neu á; delinea ing he Vice oys’ Squa e,
which would be enamed as Vasco da Gama Plaza,
be ween he Ca hed al, he Chu ch o Ou Lady o
Di ine P o idence and Con en o Sain Caje an and
he u u e In an e D. Hen ique A enue. Du ing i s ses-
sions, he commission also s udied he possibili y o
building bel ede es in he Holy Moun (nex o he
Chu ch o Ou Lady o Rosa y) and in he Moun o
Boa Vis a.
21 I is impo an o no e ha many o he p oposed oads
would no e ain p e-exis ing names, ins ead aking
on he names o g ea Po uguese pe sonali ies deeply
connec ed wi h he Po uguese Disco e ies and he
Eas , such as Ga cia da O a, Sain F ancis Xa ie , Vasco
da Gama, p ince Hen y he Na iga o , João de Cas o,
A onso de Albuque que, Dua e Pacheco Pe ei a o
Diogo do Cou o. Once again his o y was ideologically
e oked, in his case h ough ‘na ional he oes’ chosen
by he Po uguese egime as pa o he p opaganda
linking he Es ado da Índia o Po ugal.
22 Comissão de ‘A Velha Goa’ (1960: 36).
23 On he u ban planning in he Po uguese colonies, see
Milhei o (2012); Fon e (2007); Fe nandes (2002).
24 Monumen alizing he A ch o he Vice oys, a humble
bu e e ed monumen , by e o mula ing i s image
and su ounding space, ollowed he same commemo-
a i e ac i i ies as unde aken, o ins ance, o he A c
de T iomphe in Pa is, he Welling on A ch in London,
o e en he Rua Augus a A ch in Lisbon. Two simila
Indian monumen s may ha e also inspi ed o icials:
he Ga eway o India in Mumbai, and he India Ga e
in New Delhi, bo h om he 1920s. Despi e hei B i -
ish o igin, hese wo commemo a i e a ches became
s ong symbols o independen India. The in e en-
ion on he A ch o Vice oys in Goa could ha e been
an a emp o also es ablish a iumphal a ch in he
o me capi al o he Es ado da Índia, wi h i s inhe en
na ional symbolism. I s small size would be compen-
sa ed by i s an iqui y and his o ic alue.
25 O icial communica ion, 13 Feb ua y 1960, om
Eu ico Gonçal es Machado, chie o he Se iço de
U banização (Se ice o U baniza ion) o he DSUH
(AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n .
14708, o icial communica ion n . 67/UH [ ypesc ip ]).
26 O icial communica ion, 14 Ma ch 1960, om he
DSUH o he go e no –gene al o he Es ado da Índia
(AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n .
14708, o icial communica ion n . 1008/188/UH
[ ypesc ip ]).
27 Wo k was p oposed o he ollowing: he Chapel o
Ou Lady o So ows (co e age, ea es, pa emen s, ex e-
io and in e io plas e including hei pain ings, and
consolida ion o he su ounding g ound); he Chu ch
o Sain Pe e o Panelim (co e age, pa emen s, ex e-
io and in e io plas e including hei pain ings,
and es o a ion o he al a including i s gilding); he
Basilica o Bom Jesus (subs i u ion o he la e i ic
s ones and he s onemason y o he acades, co e -
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’ A . 9, page 19 o 21
age o he p o essed house, pain ing o he acade
wi h silica e pain , d ainage a ound he building and
epai o he al a s); he Chu ch o he Holy Spi i and
Con en o Sain F ancis o Assisi (co e age o he con-
en and chu ch, pa emen o he i s loo , ex e io
and in e io plas e o he con en , a angemen o
he museum, ombs ones and d ainage a ound he
building); he See Ca hed al ( epa a ion o pa emen s,
co e age and plas e in he Episcopal Palace (co e age
o he chu ch, and consolida ion o he owe , acade
and plas e o he chu ch); he Chu ch o Ou Lady
o Di ine P o idence and Con en o Sain Caje an
(adap a ion and enla gemen o he ins alla ion o
he Ins i u o Pio X de Teologia Pas o al, consolida ion
o he owe s and acade o he chu ch, in e io and
ex e io plas e , and d ainage a ound he building);
he Con en o Sain John o God (d ainage a ound he
building); he Chapel o Sain An hony (in e io and
ex e io plas e , pa emen , econs uc ion o he sac-
is y, d ainage a ound he building and ecomposing
o he al a s and hei gilding); he Chu ch o Ou Lady
o Rosa y (in e io and ex e io plas e , co e age, pa e-
men , d ainage a ound he building and a angemen
o he bel ede e); he emains o he owe belonging
o he uined Chu ch o Ou Lady o G ace and Con en
o Sain Augus ine (cleaning o he ubble allowing
o show he ou line o he building, d ainage a ound
he building and consolida ion o he owe ); se e al
uined s uc u es (cleaning o he ubble allowing o
show he ou line o he buildings, c ea ion o p o ec-
ion zones and ga dens wi h sea s); and Sain F ancis
Xa ie Squa e (a anging i s pa s), wi h he s a ue o
Luís Vaz de Camões (AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado
da Índia’, ile n . 14708 [ ypesc ip ]).
28 Repo o he i s s age o he Mas e Plan o he Ci y
o Goa (AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile
n . 14672 [ ypesc ip ]).
29 O icial communica ion, 26 Oc obe 1960, om a chi-
ec Ressano Ga cia, high echnician o he DSUH (AHC-
ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n . 14708,
o icial communica ion n . 443/60/UH [ ypesc ip ]).
30 Abou he A ch o Vice oys, whe e a ea men in ‘s yle
o a ch o iumph’ was sugges ed by loca ing i in he
cen e o a huge squa e ha opened o he i e on
and was lanked by buildings, Ressano Ga cia belie ed
ha he in eg i y o he a ch, could su i e only wi h
ex eme di icul y, gi en i s modes dimensions and
low a chi ec u al alue, especially wi hou he ci y wall
o lank i .
31 O icial communica ion, 26 Oc obe 1960, om a chi-
ec Ressano Ga cia, high echnician o he DSUH (AHC-
ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n . 14708,
o icial communica ion n . 443/60/UH [ ypesc ip ]).
32 Fo he egime, his ision o monumen s coexis ing
wi h uins in Old Goa would e en ually be compa ed
wi h he uins o Impe ial Rome, which Beni o Mus-
solini had used o suppo his ideological cause some
decades ea lie : Goa, he ‘Rome o he Eas ’, had been
he magni icen Po uguese capi al o he Es ado da
Índia, and he memo y o i as my hic ‘Golden Goa’
alida ed he con inuance o he Po uguese p es-
ence in he Indian subcon inen . This allusion was no
un ounded; he I alian dic a o ship had been, in many
aspec s, a model o he Po uguese Es ado No o,
including o he he i age pano ama.
33 O icial communica ion, 7 No embe 1960, om a chi-
ec Sanches da Gama, di ec o -gene al o he DSUH
(AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n .14708,
o icial communica ion n .443/60/UH [ ypesc ip ]).
34 O icial communica ion, 3 Janua y 1961, om go e -
no -gene al Vassalo e Sil a o he Minis o do Ul ama
(AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n .
14708, o icial communica ion n . 5 [ ypesc ip ]).
35 O icial communica ion, 3 Feb ua y 1961, om a chi-
ec A mando Gi ão, high echnician o he DSUH (AHC-
ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n . 14708,
o icial communica ion n . 40/61/UH [ ypesc ip ]).
36 O icial communica ion, 3 Janua y 1961, om go e -
no -gene al Vassalo e Sil a o he Minis o do Ul ama
(AHC-ICL — MU, collec ion ‘Es ado da Índia’, ile n .
14708, o icial communica ion n . 5 [ ypesc ip ]).
37 Abou he cons uc ion o he Ins i u o Pio X de Teo-
logia Pas o al, he a chi ec Lucínio C uz said, in a
documen w i en by A mando Gi ão, ha Vassalo e
Sil a o de ed ha he cons uc ion o he building
should co espond o he I alian Renaissance s yle in
which exis ing a chi ec u e was buil , by using any
p e-exis ing elemen s (pilas e s, co nices, doo s, win-
dows) ha , al hough deg aded, could be eco e ed.
Lucínio C uz also men ioned ha he planne — he
a chi ec Naguesha Pissu lenca , who was pa o he
Goan commission led by Ismael G acias J . — consul ed
he wo k o Banis e Fle che o lea n abou p ecise
indica o s o he I alian Renaissance, o acili a e
he c ea ion o new pa s o he building (O icial
communica ion, 6 May 1960, by a chi ec A mando
Gi ão, senio echnician o he DSUH (ANTT, ‘Luís
Bena en e’ onds, box, 79 ‘Índia (Di e sos)’, olde
549, documen 14 ‘O ício n . 169/60/UH’ [ ype-
sc ip ]). Cu iously, all he old pa s belonging o he
Con en o Sain Caje an we e buil much la e han
he Renaissance; he o me a ached building p e-
da ing he ins i u e was ac ually om 1858.
38 ANTT, ‘Luís Bena en e’ onds, box 79 ‘Índia (Di e sos)’,
olde 549, documen 18.
39 O icial communica ion, 10 No embe 1961, om
a chi ec Luís Bena en e (ANTT, box 79 ‘Índia (Di e -
sos)’, olde 548, documen 5 ‘Ace ca da Pon e de Lin-
ha es em Goa’ [ ypesc ip ]).
40 I can be assumed ha Bal aza Cas o was espon-
sible o emo ing he plas e om he acades o
he Basilica o Bom Jesus; indeed, in an o icial com-
munica ion da ed 29 No embe 1957, Bal aza
Cas o is asked o gi e his guidance on he alue o
eplacing he plas e in he acades o he Basilica o
Bom Jesus (AHU, e e ence numbe PT/AHU/MU/
DGOPC-DSUH/1200/01-02/12, o icial communica-
ion om 29 No embe 1961, n . 63153 ‘Índia. Edi í-
cios. Basílica Meno do Bom Jesus, Velha Cidade de
Goa’ [ ypesc ip ]).
San os: ‘Reins alling he Old Ci y o Goa as an E e nal Ligh o Po uguese Spi i uali y’A . 9, page 20 o 21
41 O icial communica ion, 12 No embe 1961, om
a chi ec Luís Bena en e (ANTT, ‘Luís Bena en e’
onds, box 79 ‘Índia (Di e sos)’, olde 548, documen
10 ‘Ace ca dos Pa amen os Ex e io es da Basilica do
Bom Jesus em Velha Goa’ [ ypesc ip ]).
42 O icial communica ion, 15 No embe 1961, om
a chi ec Luís Bena en e (ANTT, ‘Luís Bena en e’
onds, box 79 ‘Índia ( Di e sos)’, olde 548, documen
15 ‘Ace ca da Recons ução da To e da Sé de Goa’
[ ypesc ip ]).
43 App oxima ely 30,000 Indian soldie s, suppo ed by
ai and na y o ces, o a o al o 45,000 men, in aded
Goa, Daman and Diu; he Po uguese de ence had only
3,500 soldie s, wi h li le ammuni ion, suppo ed by
1,000 ci il policemen, along wi h he old iga e NRP
A onso de Albuque que (A ela 2012: 274).
44 I is impo an o men ion ha in Augus 1961 he Fo
o Sain John he Bap is o Ouidah, he smalles Po u-
guese o e seas e i o y, was in aded by Dahomey (now
Benin). The local Po uguese leade p e e ed o bu n i
a he han su ende . The colonial wa in Angola began
in jus a ew mon hs ea lie , in Feb ua y 1961, ollow-
ing he iolen ac ions o se e al Angolan independence
mo emen s. The massi e dispa ch o Po uguese oops
o Angola, in esponse o he wa like ac i i y o Ango-
lans, as well as he des uc ion caused by he e usal o
su ende in Benin, would ha e upse Jawaha lal Neh u,
making him decide ha only by o ce would i be pos-
sible o expel he Po uguese om Hindus an (A ela
2012: 267). See also S ocke (2011).
45 O icial communica ion, 20 Feb ua y 1962, om a chi-
ec Luís Bena en e (ANTT, ‘Luís Bena en e’ onds, box
79 ‘Índia (Di e sos)’, olde 548, documen 21 [manu-
sc ip ]).
Compe ing In e es s
The au ho decla es ha hey ha e no compe ing in e es s.
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Published: 30 June 2016
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