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ISSN 2184-6995
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Domes ic ki chen design as a ool o educe ood was e
Maísa Ne es Pimen a, Edua do Gonçal es, C is ó ão Valen e Pe ei a
Published online: Ap il 2021.
To ci e his a icle:
Ne es Pimen a, M., Gonçal es, E., & Valen e Pe ei a, C. (2021). The domes ic ki chen design as a ool o
educe ood was e. Disce n: In e na ional Jou nal o Design o Social Change, Sus ainable Inno a ion and
En ep eneu ship, 2(1), 89-100.
90
Domes ic ki chen design as a ool o educe ood was e
Maísa Ne es Pimen aa, Edua do Gonçal esb, C is ó ão Valen e Pe ei ac
amaisa.pimen [email protected]
bUni e sidade Eu opeia, IADE, A . D. Ca los I, 4, Lisbon, 1200-649, Po ugal. UNIDCOM/IADE-Unidade
de in es igação em Design e Comunicação, A . D. Ca los I, 4, Lisbon, 1200-649, Po ugal.
edua do.goncal es@uni e sidadeeu opeia.p
cFaculdade de Belas-A es da Uni e sidade de Lisboa, La go da Academia Nacional de Belas-A es, Lisbon,
1249-058, Po ugal. CIEBA- Cen o de In es igação e de Es udos em Belas -A es, La go da Academia Nacional
de Belas-A es, Lisbon, 1249-058, Po ugal. c.pe ei a@belasa es.ulisboa.p
Abs ac
This pape desc ibes b oade esea ch unde aken o a mas e ’s deg ee in p oduc and space design a
IADE, Uni e sidade Eu opeia, Lisbon, Po ugal. I aims o de ine guidelines o he de elopmen o domes ic
ki chen p ojec s ha con ibu e o educing ood was e. A e his esea ch, ou goal is o u he de elop
i s ou comes h ough u u e esea ch and he implemen a ion o he esul ing guidelines in a li esize ield
expe imen . We depa ed wi h he hypo hesis ha space design may in luence use s’ beha iou ; he e o e,
i can be used as an ac i e ool in a ou o sus ainabili y. We de ined a me hodology ha in o med
a e iew o he li e a u e, case s udies and su eys. We analysed comp ehensi e hemes ega ding he
p oblem, which enabled a holis ic app oach o he issue. We conclude his pape by showing he pe inence
o ou esea ch p oposal, a no el way o combining speci ic s a egies om h ee p ima y a eas o
knowledge (design o beha iou al change, ood was e and in e io design) o achie e ou goals o educing
ood was e in domes ic ki chens and con ibu ing in his way o a mo e sus ainable socie y.
Keywo ds: Sus ainabili y, Ki chen design, Food was e, Design o beha iou change, In e io design
In oduc ion
This pape p esen s he ini ial s age o a mas e ’s esea ch p ojec based on he hypo hesis ha space
design, as an in luence o human beha iou (Somme , 1969), can ac as a ool o con ibu e o ood was e
educ ion in he con ex o domes ic ki chens. A he same ime, we s udy how space can change beha iou
and how i has he po en ial o educe was e wi h hese changes. We aim o de ine guidelines ha se e
as a sou ce o in o ma ion o p o essionals in he sec o .
We de ined Po ugal as he s udy con ex , mo e speci ically he a ea o Lisbon. This choice is suppo ed
by bo h he da a—acco ding o which Po ugal cu en ly was es 17% o he ood p oduced o human
consump ion, which co esponds o 1 million onnes pe yea (Bap is a, Campos, Pi es, & Vaz, 2012)—and
by he limi a ions in scope and ime o he s udy, which is being de eloped o e one yea . The esea ch
is based on a deduc i e app oach ollowed by a non-in e en ionis me hodology.
A i s , we poin ou ha , as shown by Ponis, Papanikolaou, Ka ime zoglou, N alla and Xenos (2017), ood
was e impac s mean land, ene gy and wa e was e. In his con ex , i is essen ial o di e en ia e be ween
he concep s o loss and was e. The concep o loss is a na u al esul o he ine iciencies in he p oduc ion
and indus ial sys em (Bap is a e . al., 2012), while was e is “ he dec ease in he quan i y o quali y o ood
esul ing om decisions and ac ions by e aile s, ood se ice p o ide s and consume s” (FAO, n.d.),
i.e. wha could be a oided h ough be e managemen and beha iou .
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Conside ing he abo e, we ocus on he domes ic scale, wi h amilies as he main subjec . FAO (n.d.)
es ima es ha abou one- hi d o all ood p oduced in he wo ld is was ed. Acco ding o he o ganisa ion's
2011 epo , in 2009, Eu ope was esponsible o 22% o his was e, 52% o which was a he consump ion
s age o he chain (Figu e 1). These numbe s show wha Bap is a and colleagues (2012) mean by saying ha
i is in amilies ha ood was e p o es o be highe . Also, i jus i ies ou choice o s udy, as he ansi ion
o sus ainabili y will be a big and a icula ed p ocess o social, cul u al and echnological inno a ion
(Manzini & Vezzoli, 2002).
Figu e 1: Food los o was ed by egion and s age in he alue chain, 2009 (Pe cen o kcal los and was ed)
(adap ed om Lipinski, Hanson, Wai e, Sea chinge , Lomax, & Ki inoja, 2013).
Fu he mo e, we pu sued a bo om-up s a egy: ha is, consume awa eness ac ions ha e a ele an
impac h oughou he supply chain. Aschemann-Wi zel, De Hooge, Amani, Bech-La sen and Oos indje
(2015) ecognise ha he e mus be a syne gy o ac ion in all s ages o he chain, bu hey s a e ha he
consume has a c ucial ole in his change. They exempli y his impac by showing ha “ e aile s apply
aes he ic s anda ds o accep o ejec oods based on he assump ion ha consume s will only buy oods
ul illing hese s anda ds” (2015, p. 6458).
In pa allel, we iden i ied a disconnec ion be ween sus ainable beha iou and en i onmen al awa eness
(Junio , da Sil a, Gab iel, & de Oli ei a B aga, 2015; Kollmuss & Agyeman, 2002; K aus & Emon spool,
2017). Tha is, he e is a gul be ween he in o ma ion dissemina ed h ough en i onmen al educa ion and
socie y’s p ac ices and choices. Conside ing his, we p opose an inno a i e app oach seeking o
comp ehend he ela ionship be ween consume s’ space a he domes ic scale ( he ki chen) and hei
a i udes ela ed o ood was e. This app oach is suppo ed by he concep ha space design has a
signi ican ole in beha iou change (Cummings, 2012; Mon aze i, Gonzalez, Yoon & Papalamb os, 2012;
Sco -Webbe , Konyndyk, F ench, Lembke & Kinney, 2017; Wu, DiGiacomo & Kings one, 2013).
I is a p omising s a egy when i comes o he educ ion o ood was e.
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Thus, we unde s and he ki chen as a sys em and no jus as a se o appliances and s o age spaces.
Heb ock and Bocks (2017) show ha he solu ions cu en ly a ailable explo e mos ly sma idge unc ions
and packaging, wi h e y low di e si y. They conclude ha “ he e is g ea po en ial o mo e inno a i e
hinking ha can challenge exis ing p ac ices mo e p o oundly” (p. 390).
The e o e, he design o a ki chen ha aims o be mo e sus ainable mus conside no only i s p oduc ion
bu also how i will be used and how i can change habi s. A e all, as Cummings (2012) a gues, i is
necessa y o c ea e a a ou able en i onmen o p omo e sus ainable beha iou , making hese ac i i ies
as con enien as possible.
Li e a u e e iew
Design o sus ainabili y and beha iou al change
In 1963, en i onmen al conce n was ma ked by he launching o R. Buckmins e Fulle ’s wo k, Ope a ing
Manual o Spaceship Ea h, in which we iden i ied a call o a design e olu ion o guide he wo ld owa ds
a mo e sus ainable u u e.
La e , Papanek and Fulle (1972), in Design o he Real Wo ld: Human Ecology and Social Change,
highligh ed he ole o a ool o social and en i onmen al change. In 1978, Gui Bonsiepe’s wo k, Theo y
and P ac ice o Indus ial Design: Elemen s o a C i ical Manual, es ablished he link be ween he s udy
o sus ainabili y and indus ial p ac ice.
In Mon ei o (2019), we no ed a no el app oach ha aims o d aw a en ion o he impac o design and
i s choices on he wo ld. In Walke (2012), we iden i ied he goal o c ea ing a ma e ial cul u e wi h mo e
alue. Simila ly, Manzini and Vezolli (2002) p oposed new o ms o p oduc ion compa ible wi h he
en i onmen , aimed a a new consume socie y. They ad oca ed o he need o change de elopmen
pa ame e s so ha de elopmen is no measu ed in e ms o p oduc ion and consump ion bu acco ding
o he educ ion o hese.
In he same way, we unde s and ha one mus also conside new ways o o ganising daily li e, he
sus ainable aspec o he p oduc as a cycle and conside how a p oduc in luences i s use s. Besides,
he de elopmen o design o sus ainabili y aims a p omo ing a undamen al change in use beha iou
(Manzini, 2015), so o de e mine he s a egies o his “ he e is a need o unde s and beha iou and i s
de e minan s” (S ömbe g, Sel e o s & Rens öm, 2015, p. 163).
When add essing he consume , he wo ks o Junio and collabo a o s (2015), K aus and Emon spool
(2017) and Kollmuss and Agyeman (2002) in es iga e he ela ionship be ween he possession o
knowledge and ools o sus ainable beha iou and he beha iou i sel . Tha is, ying o unde s and how
o educe he gap ha exis s be ween hem. These au ho s also poin ou ha i is complex o unde s and
why people choose en i onmen ally esponsible a i udes and o iden i y he ba ie s o adop ing mo e
app op ia e beha iou s.
In his esea ch, we highligh one o hese de e minan s, which is space, whose impac on i s occupan has
long been demons a ed by en i onmen al psychology s udies (Sco -Webbe e al., 2017). The li e a u e
e iew shows examples o hese impac s on beha iou in esea ch ela ed o heal h and well-being spaces
(Pe e mans & Pohlmeye , 2014; Ul ich, 1991), wo kspaces (Vische , 2008) and educa ional/ lib a y spaces
(Campbell & Schlech e , 1979; O'Kelly, Sco -Webbe , Ga ison, & Meye , 2017; Sco -Webbe
e al., 2017).
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As a back as 1969, Somme d ew a en ion o he lack o emphasis gi en o ac i i ies de eloped
in in e nal spaces and how he con igu a ion o he la e can impac hem. Fo Somme (1969), “no only
mus o m ollow unc ion, bu i mus assis i in e e y way” (p. 5). In he same sense, Augus in, F ankel
and Coleman (2009) s a ed ha he design o a physical place in luences i s use and, he e o e, i can
shape his/he a i udes and beha iou . Fo he la e au ho s, well-designed spaces, in gene al a e
compa ible wi h he planned ac i i y; communica e impo an in o ma ion abou hei use s;
a e com o ing o he psychological needs o hei use s; a e challenging by p esen ing oppo uni ies o
indi idual de elopmen ; and a e con inuous in ime, e ol ing and adap ing o new needs.
In he ield o sus ainable in e io design, S ieg (2006) poin s ou he need o a connec ion be ween heo y
and p ac ice, analysing he di icul ies o he in e io designe o ac esponsibly. In he same sense, Ma é
(2006), Bacon (2011), Ak as (2013) and Hayles (2015) discuss he concep s o g een in e io design, he
di icul ies ela ed o he speci ica ion o sus ainable ma e ials and he unde s anding o he p ojec
in all i s cycles.
In Po ugal, i is ele an o men ion he wo k o Vicen e (2012), who s udied u ni u e p oduc ion
p ocesses o c ea e in o ma ion and suppo ools o a mo e sus ainable p ac ice. One o his main
conclusions is ha i is necessa y o acili a e he wo k o he designe wi h he p oposi ion o ools ha
a e in eg a ed in o he p oduc de elopmen p ocess. In he same way, his esea ch aims o build
knowledge o gi e suppo o he p o essional, which is much aligned wi h ou own goal o he
de elopmen o he guidelines.
Food was e
When i comes o he ood consump ion chain, Baghe zadeh, Inamu a and Jeong (2014) poin ou ha ,
wo ldwide, he household scale is esponsible o was ing 38 million onnes o ood pe yea , o 76 kg pe
capi a pe yea . In Po ugal, a s udy conduc ed in 2012 by Bap is a and colleagues poin ed ou ha 1 million
onnes o ood p oduced o humans is los o was ed pe yea (see Figu e 2). O his amoun , i was
es ima ed ha abou 314,000 onnes a e was ed on a domes ic scale, i.e. abou 32 kg pe capi a pe yea .
Figu e 2: Food losses in Po ugal by yea (adap ed om Bap is a e al., 2012).
Se e al s udies ha e sough o unde s and he causes o ood was e in di e en se ings, as well as he
sea ch o iable solu ions o he p oblem (Aschemann-Wi zel e . al, 2015; Ponis e al., 2017; Vissche s,
Wickli & Sieg is , 2016). The esul s ea i m ha beha iou s ela ed o ood choices and ood handling a e
majo in luences. Fu he mo e, hey poin ou ha i is essen ial o inc ease consume s’ awa eness o he
issue and how indi idual choices impac he whole. Aschemann-Wi zel and colleagues (2015) concluded
ha he e a e h ee main ocuses o ac ion o e ec i e change: (i) da e labelling; (ii) expec a ions and

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pe cep ions; (iii) and consume beha iou in ood handling a he household scale. The las poin is poin ed
ou by he au ho s as cen al, being he ocus o ac ion in his in es iga ion.
Heb ok and Boks (2017) di ide he exis ing solu ions in he ield o design acco ding o how hey ac ,
namely: in o ma ion and knowledge, packaging, ood isk and egula ions. The au ho s conduc ed an
ex ensi e e iew, ca aloguing and ca ego ising s udies o ind po en ial in e en ion poin s. They show ha
se e al ac o s lead o was e, ela ed bo h o beha iou (p e e ences, ideals, cul u e and con enience, o
example) and o he physical s uc u e o ki chens (ways o home ood s o ing and packaging, o example).
He e we p opose a mo e comp ehensi e analysis o he issue by ying o unde s and how hese a ious
solu ions in e ac wi h each o he . We will upda e and discuss hese esul s.
Ki chen- ocused in e io design
In his esea ch, we add ess he ki chen as a dynamic and cen al space in he daily li e o he Wes e n
amily. Despi e his o ical di e ences be ween con ex s, i is possible o say ha , oday, his en i onmen
is he s age o echnological e olu ions and new ac i i ies ha econ igu e domes ic dynamics.
Conside ing his, Bell and Kaye (2002, p. 46) call a en ion o he need o hink o i “no jus as a collec ion
o wi es, appliances, and In e ne poin s, bu as a space in which people li e.”
F eeman (2004) poin s ou ha ki chen space is a e y ich ield o explo a ion be ween he pas and he
u u e o ou socie y, illus a ing he po en ial o design in unde s anding man as a social c ea u e. Bell and
Kaye (2002) ag ee wi h his poin o iew and add ha he ki chen space, he ac o cooking and ood i sel
cons i u es a se o cul u al icons, being employed as me apho s o mo e complex meanings and ac o s
h oughou his o y.
The unde s anding o he ki chen space as home, as cen e and he esul o social ela ions, is a subjec
ea ed by Bell and Kaye (2002), F eeman (2004), Bech-Danielsen (2012) and Sho e (2007). In F eeman
(2004), we ealise how he ki chen space has become de e minan o he de elopmen o mode n socie y;
in Bech-Danielsen (2012), we see how e e yday li e has changed he way people see esiden ial
a chi ec u e, wi h a ocus on he ki chen. Fo ha eason, in his esea ch, we seek o unde s and he
dynamics o he ki chen in ou con ex o add a new laye o he unc ionali ies o his space, o combine
a ionalism wi h he igh agains ood was e.
Me hodology
As men ioned, his esea ch aims o de elop guidelines ha suppo ki chen design owa ds mo e
sus ainable beha iou , ocusing on ood was e educ ion. This s udy consis s o a mixed me hodology wi h
wo phases: deduc i e and analy ical. Fi s , in he deduc i e phase, we will consolida e knowledge abou
he subjec , which will hen se e as he basis o he second phase, which will esul in he o mula ion
o in e io design guidelines. To his end, we seek o answe he ollowing esea ch ques ions:
a. How can in e io design con ibu e o mo e sus ainable beha iou when p e en ing ood was e?
b. Wha a e he ac o s ha in luence use s’ beha iou ega ding ood was e in a domes ic ki chen?
c. How a e use s’ ood consump ion and handling habi s ela ed o he design o he ki chen?
To answe ques ion a, we ca ied ou an ex ensi e li e a u e e iew, which sough hemes ela ed o
“design o sus ainabili y”, “design o comba ood was e” and “design o beha iou change”. We in ended
o expand and consolida e he s a e o he a on he subjec . Also, we sough o unde s and wha solu ions
exis in he ield o design, iden i ying oppo uni ies o ac ion.
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On he ela ionship be ween beha iou and he en i onmen , Wu and colleagues (2013), Cummings (2012)
and Mon aze i and collabo a o s (2012) in es iga ed he impac and in luence o space on sus ainable
decisions o iden i y how design can ac o p omo e sus ainable beha iou . In his sense, Lilley and
collabo a o s (2006) iden i ied h ee possible app oaches o design o beha iou change: eco- eedback
(in o ma ion p o ision), beha iou di ec ion (use incen i e) and in elligence (imposi ion o limi a ions and
di ec ing ac ions). In his esea ch, we will ocus on he la e wo o s uc u e ou p oposed guidelines. We
will wo k in cons aining o a o ding ac ions h ough he space design and non-pe cei ed solu ions ha
guide he use s.
In addi ion, we aim o unde s and how in e io design can change beha iou . We selec ed case s udies ha
in end o unde s and how space, e en in o he con ex s, in luences beha iou . F om s udies ela ed o
wo kspaces, we iden i ied aspec s ha in e e e wi h ask pe o mance, app oaching ou p oblem as
a domes ic ask. In educa ional en i onmen s and lib a ies, we iden i ied a ibu es ha co obo a e
engagemen wi h space and wi h he p oblem. He e a e he mos ele an o ou in es iga ion:
• Spa ial o ganisa ion;
• Design de ails;
• Ambien condi ions and esou ces;
• View and isual access o he wo kspace;
• Flexibili y o he space di isions and u ni u e ( o empowe he use and suppo di e en needs);
• En i onmen al messages ( o be symbolic and inspi ing);
• Co e connec edness ( o gi e a sense o belonging); and
• Adap abili y ( o be able o change o e ime).
In ques ion b, we ocused on ood was e a he household scale o unde s and he causes and po en ials
o ac ion. We esea ched and analysed p e ious s udies ha add essed he heme in se e al coun ies,
including Po ugal, o iden i y s a egic pa hs o sol e ou p oblem.
Ques ion c ela es o Po uguese cuisine and habi s and will be answe ed by e iewing s udies ha ha e
ca ied ou ex ensi e esea ch wi h he popula ion. Whi ehead (2005) poin s ou ha o unde s and wha
goes on in each space, i is necessa y o pe cei e some ca ego ies o human in e ac ion phenomena.
Amongs hese, we selec ed he essen ial ones o his esea ch:
• Space: he na u e o he en i onmen whe e he in e ac ion akes place;
• Objec s: wha hey a e and how hey a e o ganised;
• Ac o s: who hey a e;
• Beha iou s: ac s, ac i i ies and e en s;
• Pa e ns o in e ac ion be ween he ac o s;
• Idea ional elemen s: belie s, a i udes, alues and signi ican symbolisms;
• B oade social sys ems: beha iou s and idea ions ound in he speci ic social sys em; and
• Goals, mo i a ions and agenda o he indi idual and he g oup o he ac o s in he social se ing.
Looking o in o ma ion ela ed o ac o s (demog aphic da a) and he b oade social sys ems, we will use
s a is ical da a collec ed by na ional demog aphic ins i u es, such as PORDATA (Base de Dados Po ugal
Con empo âneo [Con empo a y Po ugal Da a Basis]) and INE (Ins i u o Nacional de Es a ís ica [Na ional
Ins i u e o S a is ics]).
Looking o in o ma ion ela ed o beha iou s, idea ional elemen s, goals, mo i a ions and agenda, we will
look a he esul s o he epo Do Campo ao Ga o, Despe dício Alimen a em Po ugal (F om he Fields o
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he Tables, Food Was e in Po ugal), made by Bap is a and colleagues, in 2012. Also, we will ca y ou
su eys o ob ain mo e speci ic in o ma ion ela ed o ki chens, daily habi s and he ela ionships be ween
use s and space. In his way, i will be possible o complemen he a ailable da a.
Conclusions
The esea ch e o s ha e ocused on he deduc i e phase, wi h an ex ensi e li e a u e e iew ha sough
o es ablish an o e iew o he issue. I was possible o s eng hen he ini ial hypo hesis ha in e io design
can ac as a ool o changing beha iou owa ds mo e sus ainable p ac ices. Fu he mo e, we we e able o
de ine s a egies and jus i y he ele ance o he esea ch bo h in e ms o he s udy se ing (Po ugal) and
he scale o he in e en ion (domes ic).
The e is cu en ly much media co e age on he issue o ood was e, wi h inc eased conce n and a sense
o guil ega ding bo h en i onmen al impac s and social inequali ies (Bap is a e . al, 2012). Howe e , he
disconnec ion be ween beha iou al in en ions and he a i udes hemsel es means ha he p oblem needs
o be app oached holis ically. I is o u mos impo ance o be e unde s and social, demog aphic and
cul u al ac o s i we a e o p opose solu ions o make his link.
In he li e a u e e iew, we ound se e al solu ions in he ield o p oduc design, e.g. sma idge, g oce y
lis , idge cam, sma phone connec ion, colou coding, apps, online ad ice, awa eness campaigns, s o age
guidance, sma da a labelling and edible coa ings. These seek o comba he p oblem based on new o ms
o planning, s ocking, packaging and in o ming. We sough o app oach he issue om he pe spec i e o
in e io design, unde s anding he ki chen space as a holis ic sys em in which we can in eg a e inno a i e
solu ions wi h exis ing ones.
We can s a e ha he ele an numbe s ega ding ood was e in Po ugal, p esen ed by Bap is a and
collabo a o s (2012), i mly jus i y he ele ance o he esea ch. Also, he same au ho s s a e ha in
indus ialised coun ies, ood was e is concen a ed a he dis ibu ion and inal consump ion le els, which
ea i ms he impo ance o ac ion a he household scale. Mo eo e , we belie e ha he ob ained esul s
can be conside ed, wi h app op ia e adap a ions, o o he Wes e n coun ies, wi h simila cul u es
and habi s.
I is also impo an o add ha he COVID-19 pandemic c isis has c ea ed new challenges o he academy,
and in oducing new ools o educe losses and was e o ood is one o hem (Galanakis, 2020).
Acco ding o Kan a (2020b), wo ends a e obse ed: (i) he g ow h o ood deli e y and akeaway; (ii) and
he inc ease in he numbe o meals made a home, p obably because o he g ow h o elewo king.
Eu o ound (2020) s a es ha in he Eu opean Union, i is es ima ed ha 39.6% o paid wo k by dependen
employees was ca ied ou a home du ing he pandemic. The s udy conduc ed by Kan a (2020a),
compa ing he mon hs o Janua y o Augus 2020 wi h hose o 2019, showed ha in Po ugal, he e was
a 23% d op in ou -o -home consump ion and a 3% g ow h in in-home consump ion (deli e y and
akeaway). I also showed ha in F ance, he numbe o amily meals pe week ose om 18 o 24 du ing
he lockdown pe iod o 2020.
In b ie , we ha e iden i ied he wo king s a egies ha will guide us o ou p oposed ou come. Using
beha iou al di ec ion and in elligence as ou main app oaches, we will de ine ou guidelines. Conside ing
who ou ac o s a e, how hei ac ual ki chen space is, how hey beha e and in e ac , and o which social
sys em hey belong, we can p opose a new ype o scena io. To comple e his p oposi ion, we will need o
de ine how o o ganise he space, wha he main design de ails a e, wha he necessa y ambien condi ions
97
and esou ces a e, wha he isual s a egies a e, how o be lexible, wha he main en i onmen al
messages a e, how o c ea e a co e connec edness and how o be democ a ic and adap able.
Finally, i is possible o conclude no only ha he e a e solid g ounds o jus i y he pu sui o his esea ch
bu also ha ou main objec i e can be achie ed, con ibu ing o sol ing he p oblem o ood was e
h ough inno a i e solu ions. Fu he mo e, i is ou goal o es he p oposed guidelines on a ull-scale ield
expe imen in u u e esea ch.
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