SOCIOLOGÍA Y TECNOCIENCIA, 15.1 (2025): 16-38
ISSN: 1989-8487
Iden i icación de las capacidades de inno ación de las
emp esas de Tecnologías de la In o mación y
Comunicación en el con ex o de un país eme gen e*
Iden i ying The Inno a ion Capabili ies o In o ma ion
and Communica ion Technologies Companies in he
Con ex o an Eme ging Coun y
VANESSA GARCÍA PINEDA
Ins i u o Tecnológico Me opoli ano
Facul ad de Ingenie ías
[email p o ec ed]
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-3418-8956
JACKELINE ANDREA MACÍAS URREGO
Ins i u o Tecnológico Me opoli ano
Facul ad de Ciencias Económicas y Adminis a i as
jackelinemacias@i m.edu.co
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-5899-7462
Recibido/Recei ed: 21/10/2023. Acep ado/Accep ed: 20/11/2024
Cómo ci a /How o ci e: Apellidos,Ga cía Pineda, Vanessa & Macías U ego, Jackeline
And ea (2025). Iden i ying The Inno a ion Capabili ies o In o ma ion and
Communica ion Technologies Companies in he Con ex o an Eme ging Coun y
Sociología y Tecnociencia, 15 (1), 16-38. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.24197/s .1.2025.16-38.
A ículo de acceso abie o dis ibuido bajo una Licencia C ea i e Commons
A ibución 4.0 In e nacional (CC-BY 4.0). / Open access a icle unde a C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License (CC-BY 4.0).
Resumen: En años ecien es, la sociedad y la economía han expe imen ado cambios
signi ica i os que han eque ido que las o ganizaciones se ein en en y se adap en a nue as
me odologías y p ocesos, lo cual se log a a a és de la inno ación. A pesa de los a ances en
ecnologías de in o mación y comunicación (TIC), las emp esas de es e sec o no siemp e
econocen la necesidad de inco po a la inno ación en á eas más allá del desa ollo y la
in aes uc u a de las TIC. Es e es udio se en oca en e alua las capacidades de inno ación de
* Es e abajo se ha ealizado en el ma co de la esis de maes ía i ulada “Análisis de las capacidades
de inno ación en las medianas emp esas dedicadas a la ges ión de se icios de ecnologías de
in o mación como mecanismo pa a el omen o de su compe i i idad en el sec o de las TIC de la
ciudad de Medellín”, en la Ins i ución Uni e si a ia – Ins i u o Tecnológico Me opoli ano, Maes ía
En Ges ión De Inno ación Tecnológica, Coope ación Y Desa ollo Regional.!
Iden i icación de las capacidades de inno ación de las emp esas de Tecnologías…..
SOCIOLOGÍA Y TECNOCIENCIA, 15.1 (2025): 16-38
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17
emp esas medianas que o ecen Se icio de Ges ión de Tecnología de la In o mación (ITSM) en
el sec o de las TIC en Medellín, Colombia, median e un modelo de ecuaciones es uc u ales. Los
esul ados señalan que solo sie e de las 42 a iables del modelo ob u ie on esul ados in e io es
al umb al no mal. Es as sie e a iables incluyen la e aluación de la ma ca co po a i a, el
desa ollo sos enible y la capacidad de imp o isación. El sec o de TIC se encuen a en cons an e
inno ación debido a su en oque en el desa ollo y p o isión de se icios elacionados con la
ecnología y la Indus ia 4.0. El modelo p opues o puede con ibui a la e aluación de dichas
capacidades y alcanza ese obje i o.
Palab as cla e: Sec o TIC; modelado de ecuaciones es uc u ales; Indus ia 4.0; capacidades de
inno ación, país eme gen e.
Abs ac : In ecen yea s, he apidly changing landscape o socie y and he economy has compelled
o ganiza ions o adap and inno a e. In o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICTs) ha e seen
signi ican ad ancemen s in ha dwa e and so wa e. Howe e , many companies wi hin he ICT sec o
o en o e look he need o in use inno a ion in o a eas beyond ICT de elopmen and in as uc u e.
This s udy e alua es he inno a ion capabili ies o medium-sized en e p ises p o iding In o ma ion
Technology Se ice Managemen (ITSM) in Medellín, Colombia. U ilizing a s uc u al equa ion model,
he s udy examined causal a iables ela ed o compe i i eness and inno a ion capaci y. O he 42
a iables conside ed, se en, including co po a e b anding e alua ion, sus ainable de elopmen , and
imp o isa ion capabili y, showed esul s below he no mal h eshold. The ICT sec o , ocused on he
de elopmen and p o ision o echnological and Indus y 4.0- ela ed se ices, con inuously e ol es.
This model con ibu es o assessing and achie ing ha objec i e.
Keywo ds: ICT sec o ; s uc u al equa ion modelling; indus y 4.0; inno a ion capabili ies, eme ging
coun y.
1. INTRODUCTION
In o ma ion and communica ions echnologies ha e been an essen ial pa in
he de elopmen o socie y and he economy in ecen yea s (Zamb ano, 2020). This
has been mo e e iden since he beginning o he COVID-19 pandemic (Ki uku ha e
al., 2021) because socie y needed o adap o a di e en daily li e and ca y ou
di e en egula ac i i ies h ough in o ma ion and communica ions echnologies
(Zimme ling & Chen, 2021). As a esul , he demand o his ype o se ices has
inc eased wo ldwide. Howe e , socie y was no eady o his, and change and
adap a ion had o be immedia e (Kwon e al., 2021). In 2016, acco ding o The Wo ld
Bank (2018) he global digi al economy was wo h usd 11.5 illion, i.e., 15.5% o he
wo ld's gdp. This igu e is expec ed o each 25% in less han a decade. In Colombia,
he e a e app oxima ely 4,016 i ms pe o med elecommunica ions and so wa e
de elopmen ac i i ies in 2014 (MINTIC e al., 2015). Mos o hese companies a e
loca ed in he cen al egion o he coun y (Ga cía Pineda & Macías U ego, 2021),
o hese egions, An ioquia concen a es a la ge pa o hese companies, wi h mos
o hem (80%) headqua e ed in he ci y o Medellín (SENA e al., 2015).
The e o e, ICT o ganiza ions ha e become essen ial se ice and p oduc
p o ide s because hey a e esponsible o he ac i i ies, de elopmen , and ools ha
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acili a e he ope a ion o o he o ganiza ions in economic and social sec o s
(Zimme ling & Chen, 2021). Consequen ly, ICT o ganiza ions should cons an ly
keep up o da e and pay a en ion o di e en demands hey should mee and changes
hey should make in o de o adap , inno a e, be compe i i e in he ma ke (Adeosun
& Shi u, 2021; Essmann & P eez, 2010), and, he e o e, a oid obsolescence (Ha i e
al., 2014). This, gi en he impo ance o small and medium-sized companies in
de eloping coun ies, mainly hose ha o e ICT se ices, which is why he
de elopmen o inno a ion capaci ies is i al o he sec o and he coun y's
sus ainabili y (Adeosun & Shi u, 2021). To inno a e, hese companies should
es ablish he compe encies, abili ies, and knowledge hey ha e o de elop hei
inno a ion capabili ies. The o egoing, bo h wi h he in en ion o being compe i i e
in he ma ke , as well as being able o es ablish agile s a egies ha allow hem o
adap o u u e changes quickly (Bhāle, 2020).
Hence, ICT o ganiza ions should clea ly iden i y hei inno a ion capabili ies
and u ilize hem o gain dynamic compe i i e ad an age (Ba ales e al., 2015; Tang
& Chi, 2011), he o egoing h ough di e en amewo ks, ecommenda ions o
es ablishmen o s a egies ha also allow hem o adequa ely e alua e hei
inno a ion capaci y in o de o es ablish s a egies o an adequa e ob aining and use
o inancing esou ces o inno a ion (Giménez, 2020). They can also ake ad an age
o he knowledge ha all he ac o s ha collabo a e wi h hem possess and acqui e
(Bosche ini e al., 2003; Gu ie ez e al., 2018) and hen gene a e di e en s a egies
o c ea e and p oduce alue-added se ices (Fe e , 2007).
In addi ion, o make use o he di e en esou ces and p e alence ha ha e
been gi en o he ICT sec o due o i s g ow h in an eme ging economy such as
Colombia, whe e di e en companies a e based on he inno a ions, ac i i ies and
s a egies implemen ed by la ge ICT companies om Fi s Wo ld coun ies
(Adeosun & Shi u, 2021; Fan e al., 2019). Howe e , hese o ganiza ions do no
always manage o ob ain inno a i e esul s, al hough hei na u e is echnology-based
and hei p oduc s a e ela ed o ICT, some imes hey do no manage o es ablish
s a egies ha allow hem o inno a e in hei se ices o in hei p ocesses since hey
do no know he bes me hods, s a egies and e en he elemen s wi h which hey can
acqui e capaci y o inno a ion and dynamism. On he o he hand, being medium-
sized companies, hey do no always ha e he esou ces o be able o inno a e, no
do hey ha e he economic, poli ical o social suppo (Palma & Guzmán, 2023).
This pape aims o e alua e he inno a ion capabili ies o medium-sized
en e p ises ha p o ide In o ma ion Technology Se ice Managemen (ITSM) in he
ICT sec o in Medellín using causal a iables o compe i i eness and s uc u al
e alua ion modeling (SEM). This gi en ha , as s a ed by Adeosun & Shi u, 2021;
Bhāle, 2020; Giménez (2021; 2020; 2020), al hough inno a ion capaci ies ha e been
widely s udied e en in he ICT sec o , he e is s ill a gap in he li e a u e o he s udy
o hem in his sec o in coun ies wi h eme ging economies. A s uc u al equa ion
model was designed based on he cons i uen a iables o inno a ion capabili ies
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(ICs) p oposed by Yam e al. (2004a) and causal a iables o ICs ob ained om a
li e a u e e iew. In addi ion, a su ey was adminis e ed o a g oup o companies ha
p o ide ITSM in Medellín.
The documen ini ially p esen s a con ex o heo e ical capabili ies on
echnology inno a ions and indus y 4.0, de ailing he a iables ela ed o he
esea ch opic. he me hodology is p esen ed, whe e he me hod used o ob ain he
da a and he sample is concisely indica ed, hen he me hodology used o he
de elopmen o he model o s uc u al s uc u es is p esen ed. Then, he esul s a e
p esen ed and inally he conclusions.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Technological inno a ion capabili ies
Inno a ion has been de ined by Schumpe e as he main p omo e o capi alis
de elopmen and one o he main d i e s o he p o i s ob ained by companies
(F eeman & Soe e, 1997). In addi ion, inno a ion is one o he g ea es gene a o s o
knowledge, as well as compe i i e ad an age (A edondo e al., 2016). In o de o
ob ain inno a i e esul s, o ganiza ions should ha e he compe encies, abili ies, and
capabili ies equi ed o inno a e. These capabili ies ha e been de ined by di e en
au ho s. Acco ding o (Bu gelman e al., 2008), echnological inno a ion capabili ies
(TICs) a e a g oup o cha ac e is ics o an o ganiza ion ha acili a e he gene a ion
o echnological inno a ion s a egies. Yam e al. (2004b, p. 1124) de ined hese
capabili ies as “a comp ehensi e se o cha ac e is ics o an o ganiza ion ha
acili a es and suppo s i s echnological inno a ion s a egies”. Oso io e al. (2014)
de ined hem as abili ies de eloped by o ganiza ions based on hei daily ac i i ies
ha enable hem o acqui e he capabili y o inno a e.
Howe e , o TICs o p ope ly wo k and guide an o ganiza ion’s inno a ion
s a egy, i s ac i i ies and esou ces should be adequa ely a icula ed and wo k
oge he ; mo e speci ically, i s special esou ces, e.g., echnology, p oduc , p ocess,
knowledge, expe ience, and o ganiza ion (Guan & Ma, 2003). In his ega d,
o ganiza ions dedica ed o ICT should make g ea e e o s o conse e esou ces
ocused on knowledge (Gu ie ez e al., 2018). This e e s o he b ain d ain ha
widely a ec s coun ies in eme ging economies (Adeosun & Shi u, 2021). This
should allow o ganiza ions o coo dina e hei inno a ion s a egy wi h hei
echnological s a egy and esea ch and de elopmen (R&D) ac i i ies (Yam e al.,
2004a).
Di e en au ho s ha e p oposed g oups o capabili ies ha compose
inno a ion capabili y. Yam e al. (2004b) lis ed se en: lea ning capabili y, R&D
capabili y, esou ces alloca ion capabili y, manu ac u ing capabili y, ma ke ing
capabili y, o ganizing capabili y, and s a egic capabili y. In u n, Wang, Lu, and
Chen (2008) e e ed o i e cons i uen capabili ies: R&D capabili ies, inno a ion
decision capabili ies, ma ke ing capabili ies, manu ac u ing capabili ies, and capi al
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capabili ies. Finally, (Robledo e al., 2010), based on he s udy by Yam e al. (2004b),
p oposed se en capabili ies: s a egic di ec ion, R&D, manu ac u ing, ma ke ing,
o ganiza ional lea ning, esou ce managemen , and ne wo king. Said capabili ies a e
de ined acco ding o wha was p oposed by Yam e al. (2004b), as ollows:
• Lea ning capabili y: unde s anding and applying knowledge in he
o ganiza ion.
• R&D capabili y: he abili y o in eg a e he R&D s a egy wi h he
implemen a ion o p ojec s and he inno a ion managemen po olio.
• Resou ces alloca ion capabili y: he abili y o p ope ly de o e esou ces o
ac i i ies aimed a inno a ion.
• Manu ac u ing capabili y: he abili y o ans o m he esul s ob ained om
R&D ac i i ies in o se ices and p oduc s ha espond o he ma ke needs
and inno a e a he same ime.
• Ma ke ing capabili y: an o ganiza ions’ abili y o o e i s p oduc s and
se ices acco ding o he needs o he en i onmen and inno a ion
accep ance.
• O ganizing capabili y: he abili y o main ain ha mony in he o ganiza ion.
• S a egic capabili y: he abili y o iden i y s eng hs, weaknesses,
oppo uni ies, and h ea s acco ding o he objec i es o he o ganiza ion and
adjus hem o i s s a egic implemen a ion plans.
Among hem, R&D capabili y is he one ha gene a es inno a i e esul s
h ough esea ch and he implemen a ion o di e en ac i i ies. The esou ces
alloca ion capabili y acili a es he alloca ion o s a egically o ien ed capi al and
esou ces o p ojec s aimed a inno a ion (Yam e al., 2004a).
2.2. Indus y 4.0
The echnological ad ances wi nessed by mankind ha e ma ked di e en e as
o he indus y and he economy, and an inc easingly as e p og ess has seen he
ise and all o di e en echnologies— om s eam-powe ed machines o he bi h o
he in e ne , Wi-Fi echnology, and Blue oo h. The in oduc ion o impo an
echnologies o he global economy has b ough along indus ial e olu ions— om
he i s indus ial e olu ion o wha is cu en ly known as he Fou h Indus ial
Re olu ion o Indus y 4.0. “The e m “Indus y 4.0” was i s coined by he Ge man
go e nmen in 2013 as a s a egic plan by Indus y Science Resea ch Alliance in
pa ne ship wi h Aca ech” (Ellahi e al., 2019).
The objec i e o Indus y 4.0 is ha new echnologies a e de eloped by
o ganiza ions in he ICT sec o because he la e ad ances hand in hand wi h he
digi al economy. Two o he mos impo an componen s o he de elopmen o his
indus y a e elec onics and in o ma ics. They acili a e he p og ess and
implemen a ion o ac i i ies in di e en economic sec o s because he indus ies
unde s and ha i is inc easingly necessa y o implemen inno a i e models,
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embedded sys ems, manu ac u e au oma iza ion, and a i icial in elligence (Gu a a
& Valen e, 2018, p. 756) in o de o imp o e o ganiza ional pe o mance and
p oduc i i y.
In addi ion, Indus y 4.0 is conside ed a new indus ial s age in which he
in eg a ion o ho izon al and e ical manu ac u ing p ocesses and p oduc
connec i i y can help companies achie e a be e indus ial pe o mance (Dalenoga e
e al., 2018). Acco ding o Ghobakhloo (2020), di e en elemen s compose Indus y
4.0, and hey should be acknowledged and u ilized by o ganiza ions o hem o
pe cei e he bene i ha his indus y p o ides in o de o be sus ainable. Said
elemen s a e he ollowing:
• Business model no el y and inno a ion
• Ca bon/ha m ul gas emission educ ion
• Co po a e p o i abili y imp o emen
• Economic de elopmen
• Ene gy and esou ce sus ainabili y
• En i onmen al esponsibili y de elopmen
• Human esou ce de elopmen
• Inc eased p oduc ion e iciency and p oduc i i y
• Job c ea ion
• Manu ac u ing cos educ ion
• Manu ac u ing agili y and lexibili y
• P oduc ion modula i y
• P oduc pe sonaliza ion
• Risk and sa e y managemen
• Supply chain digi iza ion and in eg a ion
• Social wel a e enhancemen
In addi ion, due o he eme gence o Indus y 4.0 and he COVID-19
pandemic, he digi iza ion o di e en sec o s has been mo e no iceable, he use o
sma de ices has become mo e equen , and mo e digi al pla o ms and
en i onmen s ha e been implemen ed o imp o e p oduc i i y, e iciency, and
sus ainabili y (Balogun e al., 2020). In o de o o ganiza ions in he sec o o add ess
he p e iously desc ibed aspec s, hey should co ec ly implemen inno a ion
capabili ies o de elop and u ilize an inno a ion s a egy ha enables hem o ul ill
he cu en demands o Indus y 4.0. Thus, hey can espond o he de elopmen and
g ow h o he la e by adequa ely using ools and echnologies such as hype -
connec i i y and supe -in elligence (Im e al., 2018).
I is necessa y o unde s and ha , in addi ion o he p e iously desc ibed
aspec s, Indus y 4.0 is also based on ools and echnologies such as he In e ne o
Things (IoT), Cybe -Physical Sys ems (CPS), En e p ise A chi ec u e (EA), and
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En e p ise In eg a ion (EI) (Dalenoga e e al., 2018); o he echnologies such as
blockchain, da a science, and quan ic compu ing; ends such as he o ange economy
(which a e implemen ed, suppo ed, and de eloped by he ICT sec o ); and opics
such as digi al economy, big da a, and a i icial in elligence (Bus aman e & Guillén,
2017). O ganiza ions in he ICT sec o should implemen and de elop hei
inno a ion and R&D s a egies based on hese echnologies (O les & Sakalli, 2019;
Fe nández e al., 2024). Based on he abo e, he li e a u e shows ha Indus y 4.0 is
composed o eigh cons i uen a iables ha a e in luenced by mul iple causal
a iables (Ga cía & Macías, 2023).
3. RESEARCH METHODS
3.1. Da a compila ion
To compile he da a, he ICT sec o in Medellín was cha ac e ized based on
in o ma ion ob ained om he da abase o he Depa amen o Adminis a i o
Nacional de Es adís ica (DANE) in Colombia (Ga cía & Macías, 2023). As a esul ,
a new da abase was c ea ed in Excel, whe e he da a we e classi ied using he CIIU
code ( e sion 4) and il e ed using codes 61, 62, and 63, which co espond o
companies ha p o ide ITSM. Th ee o he Colombian da abases we e consul ed:
Regis o Único Emp esa ial (RUES), DIAN, and MUISCA. Da a such as age, size,
s a us, and egis a ion ci y we e used o con i m ha he selec ed companies we e
medium-sized, complied wi h hei legal obliga ions, and we e ac i ely ope a ing.
Applying he p e ious c i e ia, a o al o 26 companies egis e ed in Medellín we e
ound.
Subsequen ly, conside ing a 95% con idence le el and an e o ma gin o 10%,
he sample inal sample included 21 companies. Howe e , only 16 o hem
pa icipa ed in he p ocess by aking an online su ey composed by 42 ques ions wi h
a Like scale. This ins umen , which was p e iously alida ed by 16 expe s in he
ield o ICTs, was adminis e ed o execu i es and p ojec manage s a he companies
s udied he e.
3.2. Design o he s uc u al equa ion modeling (SEM)
SEM can iden i y he e ec and ype o ela ionship be ween di e en a iables.
Wi h his in o ma ion, causal ela ionships be ween la en and measu emen a iables
can be de e mined. (Escobedo e al., 2015). In o he wo ds, s uc u al equa ion
models p esen causal ela ionships be ween obse able a iables in a se , as well as
be ween obse able and non-obse able a iables (Ál a ez & Ve nazza, 2017).
Acco ding o Escobedo e al. (Escobedo e al., 2015), hese models esul ed om he
combina ion o wo di e en pe spec i es, i.e., p edic ion and a psychome ic
app oach, and hei objec i e is o model concep s using la en (non-obse able)
a iables and in e mul iple obse ed measu emen s (mani es a iables).
In his s udy, a pa h diag am (measu emen sub-model) was c ea ed, and he
model was es ablished and de ined in AMOS so wa e. A e wa d, a s a is ical
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desc ip i e analysis was conduc ed using SPSS S a is ics so wa e, and he ac o s
we e e i ied. Mul iple can be applied s a egies o iden i y he model; one o hem
is he deg ees o eedom (DF) ule, whe e he ollowing o mula is used:
𝐷𝐹 =
(
#&𝑜𝑓&𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑&𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
)
∗
(
#&𝑜𝑓&𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑&𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠& + &1
)
2−
#&𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠&𝑡𝑜&𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒
(1)
Acco ding o his, i he DF equal ze o, he model has ze o deg ees o eedom
and i is an iden i ied model. Howe e , al hough i p esen s an op imal i o his
s udy, i does no p esen signi ican ele ance because he model canno be
gene alized. An o e iden i ied model is one in which he DF a e g ea e han ze o
because i s ma ix p esen s mo e da a han pa ame e s o be es ima ed; his indica es
posi i e deg ees o eedom and ha he model can be gene alized (Cupani, 2012).
In con as , DF lowe han ze o mean ha he model has no been ully iden i ied and
ha he use is ying o es ima e mo e pa ame e s han he e is in o ma ion in he
ma ix. The e o e, he model should be applied cons ain s and e o mula ed (Ruiz e
al., 2014).
4. RESEARCH RESULTS
The esul s epo ed in his sec ion we e ob ained by ollowing he s eps
desc ibed in he me hodology:
4.1. Model speci ica ion
The S uc u al Equa ion Model (SEM) designed he e is based on he
a iables ound in he li e a u e. Said a iables and hei ela ionships we e
es ablished o design he model in Figu e 1, which shows eigh la en endogenous
a iables and 42 obse able a iables. The model is composed o eigh la en
a iables. Se en o hem co espond o he inno a ion capabili ies ha we e de ined
in p e ious sec ions, and he eigh one ep esen s inno a ion capabili y as a whole.
The a iables we e named using he Ci se ( om C1 o C7), as ollows:
C1 = Lea ning capabili y C5 = Ma ke ing capabili y
C2 = R&D capabili y C6 = O ganizing capabili y
C3 = Resou ce alloca ion capabili y C7 = S a egic planning capabili y
C4 = Manu ac u ing capabili y C8 = Inno a ion capabili y
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Figu e 1. Measu emen sub-model o he s uc u al equa ion model
Sou ce: C ea ed by he au ho s
In addi ion, he 42 obse able a iables we e dis ibu ed among he Ci, as
ollows:
The ollowing obse able a iables, which ha e a causal ela ionship wi h C1,
a e in he Xj g oup ( om X1 o X7):
X1 = Educa ion X4 = In ellec ual capi al
X2 = Inno a ion capabili y X5 = Obsolescence
X3 = Knowledge ans e X6 = Technology p ospec ing
The ollowing obse able a iables, which ha e a causal ela ionship wi h C2,
a e in he Yj g oup ( om Y1 o Y5):
Y1 = Technological inno a ion capabili y
Y2 = Social inno a ion
Y3 = Inno a ion pe o mance
Y4 = Indus y 4.0 echnologies (blockchain, da a science, and quan ic
compu ing)
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Table 3: ANOVA wi h F iedman’s chi-squa e es
ANOVA wi h F iedman es
Sum o
squa es
DF
Quad a ic
median
F iedman’s
chi-squa e
es
Sig
In e -subjec
380.284
15
25.352
In a-
subjec
Be ween
elemen s
128.132a
41
3.125
135.838
.000
Remainde
490.653
615
.798
To al
618.786
656
.943
To al
999.070
671
1.489
Global mean = 3.7961
a. Conco dance coe icien o W = .128.
Sou ce: Au ho s’ own wo k using SPSS S a is ics so wa e.
Acco ding o he abo e, he c i ical poin o a chi-squa e dis ibu ion wi h 41
deg ees o eedom, o a quad a ic mean o 3.125, is 135.838. Gi en he high alue
ob ained in he chi-squa e and ha a signi icance le el o 0.05 is necessa y o ejec
he null hypo hesis, he la e can be ejec ed based on he high chi-squa e and he
esul s ob ained. Thus, H1 can be con iden ly suppo ed because he se o selec ed
a iables a e causal o he g oup o se en capabili ies ha acili a e inno a ion
capabili y.
The esul s p esen ed in he p e ious ables, allow o a i m ha he a iables
included and used o he cons uc ion o he model a e adequa e o e alua e he
inno a ion capaci y o ICT o ganiza ions, in addi ion o being eplicable in o he
ypes o echnology-based o ganiza ions gi en he esul s in he deg ees o eedom
o he model and o he chi-squa e. This is signi ican gi en ha by no ha ing o
elimina e any o he a iables, i allows u u e s udies and o ganiza ions g ea e scope
and eedom o he analysis o inno a ion capaci y, since hey ha e a g ea e a ie y
in he selec ion o ac o s o i ems. o be s udied, allowing mo e di e se esul s in he
analysis o said capaci y. Finally, he model was no especi ied because he s a is ic
esul s o he model and he da a ob ained we e signi ican . This eason is su icien
o say ha he model is alid o e alua e he p oposed a iables, which we e ound o
be causal based on he li e a u e e iew abou inno a ion capabili ies o medium-
sized en e p ises ha p o ide in o ma ion echnology se ice managemen in he ICT
sec o in Medellín.
5. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
Fi s , hese la en and obse able a iables ha e been p e iously acknowledged
and discussed by mul iple au ho s, some o which we e ci ed in his pape . As a esul ,
Vanessa Ga cía Pineda, Jackeline And ea Macías U ego
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he model has enough heo e ical suppo o be p oposed he e, and i s design is
sa u a ed. In ela ion o desc ip i e s a is ics, i was ound ha he asymme y alues
we e no highe han in any o he cases. Howe e , he ku osis alues we e highe
han , which indica es ha he da a do no ollow a no mal dis ibu ion. This indica es
ha he mean, median, and mode can di e .
Despi e he abo e, he da a no mali y es s, which we e mainly based on he
esul s o he Shapi o–Wilk es due o he sample size, show ha only se en a iables
ob ained esul s lowe han 0.05: echnological inno a ion capabili y, inno a ion
pe o mance, R&D&I s a egies, e alua ion o co po a e b and, sus ainable
de elopmen , imp o isa ion capabili y, and R&D&I policies. Tha is, he non-
no mali y could ha e occu ed speci ically in hese a iables. In addi ion, a
co ela ion analysis using Spea man’s Rho coe icien was necessa y due o he da a
abno mali y. As a esul , i was ound ha said abno mali y was no e y s ong,
which had no been aken in o accoun when he model was designed. The e o e, he
model only conside s ela ionships be ween la en and obse able a iables and no
be ween a iables o he same ype.
Al hough he sample was small, he da a and a iables acili a ed he alida ion
o he model using di e en desc ip i e s a is ics and i and eliabili y measu es o
he p oposed model. Thus, i was ound ha , as i had a g ea numbe o obse able
a iables, he model was sa u a ed. The esul o he deg ees o eedom indica es ha
he model is o e iden i ied and i can be used in a gene al manne o o he ypes o
companies in he sec o . The alues o he communali ies calcula ed using he
unweigh ed leas squa es me hod ange be ween 0.7 and 1.0, which indica es ha he
i ems we e alid and ha i is no necessa y o ex ac any o hem o imp o e he
esul s o he model. Likewise, he da a can be conside ed eliable enough because
he C onbach’s alpha was 0.969 and he e alua ion o each i em sepa a ely esul ed
in simila alues. This con i ms he eliabili y o he da a o he model and indica es
ha i is no necessa y o elimina e any o he i ems conside ed he e, which was
con i med by he Lambda esul s in he eliabili y s a is ics.
Rega ding he o al explained a iance, he esul s indica e ha eigh ac o s
explain 88.762% o he model, which con i ms once again he alidi y and eliabili y
o he da a. In addi ion, he esul s o he chi-squa e s a is ic in e ms o signi icance
le el we e so low ha he null hypo hesis can be ejec ed. This means ha a leas
some o he causal a iables ound in he li e a u e and can and ha ha e been de ailed
in he me hodology sec ion, in he model speci ica ion can explain he de elopmen
o he se en capabili ies ha compose inno a ion capabili y: lea ning capabili y,
R&D capabili y, esou ce alloca ion capabili y, manu ac u ing capabili y, ma ke ing
capabili y, o ganizing capabili y, and s a egic planning capabili y.
Al hough he model was no e-speci ied, conside ing ha his is a new p oposal
based on a ho ough heo e ical e iew, he esul s indica e ha he i ems included
he e can be alid o explain he gene a ion and de elopmen o he se en capabili ies
p oposed by Yam e al. (2004a) as componen s o inno a ion capabili y, speci ically
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a en e p ises o e ing ITSM in he ICT sec o in Medellín. The decision no o e-
speci y he model was jus i ied by hese esul s and he ac ha his scale and ac o s
we e p oposed he e o he i s ime. Thus, his is conside ed an ini ial in es iga ion
o hese a iables and an explo a o y analysis. In addi ion, as men ioned in he s udy
by Adeosun & Shi u (2021), he de elopmen and p omo ion o inno a ion
capaci ies in he ICT sec o is mo e han adequa e o achie e an imp o emen in he
de elopmen o he e i o y and social inclusion, his gi en he imp o emen
signi ican ha he sec o has had in di e en de eloping coun ies such as Colombia.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The esul s p esen ed in his a icle can se e as a amewo k o guide he
iden i ica ion o inno a ion capabili ies. In addi ion, o allow om he esul s
p esen ed he e he design and implemen a ion o s a egies aimed mainly a
inno a ion in p ocesses and se ices in di e en companies in he ICT sec o , ocused
especially on aspec s such as; he capaci y o echnological inno a ion, pe o mance
in inno a ion, R + D + i s a egies, co po a e b and e alua ion, sus ainable
de elopmen , imp o isa ion capaci y and R + D + i policies.
In conclusion, his pape can guide he assessmen o he cu en s a e o
o ganiza ions ega ding inno a ion and inno a ion capabili ies, which can be a
aluable ool o e iew and econside s a egies o imp o e hese aspec s and
he e o e hei compe i i eness. Fu u e s udies can de ine guidelines based on he
p oposed model and a con i ma o y analysis ha includes a la ge sample o his
sec o .
Acknowledges: The au ho hanks ITM T ansla ion Agency
([email p o ec ed]o) o edi ing he manusc ip .
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