IBIMA Publishing
Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
h p://www.ibimapublishing.com/jou nals/JAST/jas .h ml
Vol. 2014 (2014), A icle ID 539873, 21 pages
DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
______________
Ci e his A icle as: Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014),
" Museums: No Jus Visi ing Spaces bu a D i ing Fo ce o he Use o Ad anced S&T in he Res o a ion o
A wo ks", Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology , Vol. 2014 (2014), A icle ID 539873,
DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Resea ch A icle
Museums: No Jus Visi ing Spaces bu a
D i ing Fo ce o he Use o Ad anced S&T in
he Res o a ion o A wo ks
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina,
Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós
Managemen Depa men , Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Camino de Ve a Valencia, Spain
Co espondence should be add essed o: Blanca de-Miguel-Molina; [email protected] .es
Recei ed da e: 8 Oc obe 2013; Accep ed da e: 7 Janua y 2014; Published da e: 31 Oc obe 2014
Copy igh © 2014. Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós.
Dis ibu ed unde C ea i e Commons CC-BY 3.0
In oduc ion
The conse a ion and es o a ion o
a wo ks a e included in he indus ies
conside ed as c ea i e o cul u al
indus ies (de-Miguel-Molina e al 2013).
The UK Depa men o Cul u e, Media and
Spo s (DCMS) (2009), de ined c ea i e
indus ies as “ hose indus ies ha a e
based on indi idual c ea i i y, skill and
alen , and which ha e he po en ial o
c ea e weal h and jobs h ough de eloping
in ellec ual p ope y”.
The a s, he i age and ec ea ion sec o s
come unde he Eu opean classi ica ions
NACEs 90, 91, 92 and 93. NACEs 90 and 91
a e also pa o he Knowledge In ensi e
Se ices (KIS) indus ies, which a e hose
ela ed o he knowledge-based economy
(de-Miguel-Molina e al. 2012; Wind um &
Tomlinson, 1999; Aslesen & Isaksen,
2007a; Bishop, 2008; S ambach, 2008).
In e ms o he a s and cul u es sec o ,
Bakhshi and Th osby (2010) discussed he
lack o s udies on inno a ion, which has
been igno ed in s udies conduc ed abou
c ea i e indus ies. Al hough he e a e
good s udies abou he use o science in he
es o a ion o speci ic a wo ks (Casadio e
al. 2010, Co e e al. 2010, Doménech-Ca bó
e al. 2011, Baglioni e al. 2012, Doménech-
Ca bó e al. 2012), he li e a u e abou he
impo ance o open inno a ion and
coope a ion be ween di e en ins i u ions
Abs ac
Ou pape analyses how museums no only play a adi ional ole in he cul u al se ice bu
also ac as a d i ing o ce o he use o science and echnology in he conse a ion o
a wo ks. Th ough a bibliome ic app oach and he use o social ne wo k analysis (SNA), we
explo e co-au ho ship o scien i ic a icles and we de ec how museums look o knowledge
bases in science and echnology. We also di e en ia e be ween ins i u ions and
geog aphical egions in o de o ind pa e ns in he coope a ion wi h o he ins i u ions.
Resul s indica e ha Eu opean coun ies a e impo an nodes in he coope a ion o
es o a ion and conse a ion, and pa e ns o coope a ion indica e ha museums look o
knowledge bases mainly in es o a ion ins i u es and o he museums in hei own coun ies.
This implies ha museums look o analy ical and syn he ic knowledge ou o he museums
when hey need o apply ad anced science and echnology in es o a ion.
Keywo ds: Museums, conse a ion & es o a ion, ne wo ks, c ea i e indus ies.
Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 2
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
in his subsec o o c ea i e indus ies is
sca ce. This pape ies o co e his gap.
In sho , ou pape ’s goal is o examine
coope a ion be ween museums and o he
ins i u ions in he es o a ion and
conse a ion o a wo ks. To each his
objec i e, we ha e pu o wa d wo
ques ions wi h e e ence o coope a ion in
his ac i i y:
RQ1: A e museums in Eu opean coun ies
impo an pa icipan s in coope a ion wi h
o he ins i u ions?
RQ2: Does a pa e n in he coope a ion
be ween museums and o he ins i u ions
exis ?
Da a we e aken om he bibliome ic
analysis o scien i ic co-au ho ed pape s
sea ched in Else ie ’s Scopus da abase. The
inal numbe o a icles was 1,656. These
da a we e cleaned h ough he
Van agePoin so wa e.
Impo an conclusions a e in e ed om
he esul s. The i s is ha he
pa icipa ion o Eu opean coun ies o he
applica ion o science and echnology in
conse a ion and es o a ion o a wo ks is
e idenced. The second is ha , al hough
many museums w i e pape s by hei own,
when hey co-au ho pape s wi h o he
ins i u ions, he la e a e mainly loca ed in
hei own coun y. These ins i u ions a e,
mainly, esea ch ins i u es and o he
museums. Resul s also illus a e ha
museums look o ins i u ions ha ha e
di e en ypes o knowledge bases:
symbolic (a s), analy ical (physics and
chemis y) and syn he ic (enginee ing).
The Use o S&T in he Conse a ion and
Res o a ion o A wo ks
Lazze e i (2012) has analysed he
impo ance o coope a ion be ween
di e en ins i u ions in he de elopmen o
lase echnology o es o ing a wo ks.
She explains how coope a ion is mainly
be ween local ins i u ions, which can
p oduce he de elopmen o a clus e , like
he es o a ion clus e in Fi enze (I aly).
Howe e , li e a u e abou coope a ion in
a s ac i i ies in an inno a ion amewo k,
like he scheme explained in he Oslo
Manual (2005), is sca ce.
The main p oblem in analysing ac i i ies
like conse a ion and es o a ion is ha
he e a e no da a in he inno a ion su eys
ha some coun ies elabo a e. In he
subsec o co e ed in his pape , da a o
pa en s would be collec ed om na ional
su eys i hey we e a ailable, bu i is no
he case. One solu ion is he use o
bibliome ic app oach o co e his gap,
and especially scien i ic a icles. Di e en
au ho s ha e s udied echnologies,
knowledge and ne wo ks (You ie and
Shapi a 2008, Leydesdo and Ra ols 2011,
Robinson e al. 2013). Ab amo e al. (2009)
men ion ha using a bibliome ic app oach
o s udying coope a ion be ween
ins i u ions, as uni e si ies and indus ies,
h ough co-au ho ship o scien i ic a icles,
also allows he di usion o knowledge and
skills. Mo eo e , Wall and Boschma (2009)
e e o knowledge ne wo ks in inno a ion
sys ems whe e dissemina ion occu s bo h
be ween local and ab oad ac o s. In
applying a new echnology, Boschma
(2005) and Ra ols e al. (2010) s a e ha
ac o s equi e cogni i e p oximi y o
abso b new knowledge. These au ho s also
ask i he ne wo ks will be local, na ional o
global, and i he p oximi y will be
geog aphic o cogni i e.
Conse a ion is ci ed by au ho s among he
main ac i i ies in a museum, and essen ial
o p ese e i s he i age (Papini and
Pe siani 2004, Ko le e al. 2008). A he
end o he XVIII cen u y and h oughou he
XIX, a collec ions and ca alogues li e wi h
esea ch in physics and chemis y applied
o a wo ks es o a ion. Museum
es o a ion labo a o ies and depa men s
we e se up du ing he XIX cen u y
(Mo ei a 2008). The e o e, analy ical
knowledge coope a ion co-exis s in
museums since es o a ion depa men s
we e c ea ed.
3 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Me hod
Da a
The da a used o measu e collabo a ion a e
scien i ic co-au ho ed pape s. Fo
bibliome ic analysis, we sea ched
keywo ds “pain *” AND “ es o a ion” OR
“conse a ion” in Else ie ’s Scopus
da abase. We ob ained publica ions in
in e na ional jou nals abou he es o a ion
and conse a ion o pain ing a wo ks. The
inal numbe o a icles was 1,656. These
da a we e impo ed o Van agePoin
so wa e, which was used o clean up he
ins i u ions in ol ed in es o a ion and
conse a ion, and elabo a e ma ixes o co-
au ho ship among museums, es o a ion
ins i u es and uni e si ies. Ma ixes we e
elabo a ed depending on pape s: museums
wi h o he museums, museums wi h
es o a ion and conse a ion ins i u es,
museums wi h uni e si y physics and
chemis y depa men s, and museums wi h
uni e si y enginee ing and In o ma ion
Technologies depa men s.
The numbe o ins i u ions analysed was
222: 94 museums om 26 coun ies, 41
conse a ion and es o a ion ins i u es, 49
uni e si y physics and chemis y
depa men s and 38 uni e si y enginee ing
and In o ma ion Technologies uni e si y
depa men s.
Me hodology
Fo bibliome ic analysis, we used
Else ie ’s Scopus da abase and he da a
we e cleaned and p epa ed using h ee
so wa es: Van agePoin , Wo dS a and
QDMine . Ma ixes we e elabo a ed
depending on: a) pape s ha we e w i en
by he museums o b) pape s ha we e co-
au ho ed be ween a museum and: o he
museums (symbolic knowledge),
es o a ion and conse a ion ins i u es
(symbolic), physics and chemis y
depa men s in uni e si ies (analy ical), o
enginee ing and In o ma ion Technologies
depa men s in uni e si ies (syn he ic).
Mo eo e , ins i u ions we e de ined
depending on hei geog aphical loca ion:
Eu ope, USA & Canada, Cen al & Sou h
Ame ica, Asia, A ica, and Oceania. A o al
o 94 museums we e analysed, 26 o which
we e loca ed in he Uni ed S a es, 53 in
Eu ope, 7 in Asia, 3 in A ica, 2 in Cen al &
Sou h Ame ica and 2 in Oceania.
Ne wo ks o 2-mode we e ep esen ed by
means o UCINET6 and NETDRAW
so wa e. Cen alisa ion deg ee o
a ilia ion ma ixes was calcula ed in o de
o de e mine which ins i u ions co-
au ho ed mo e pape s wi h museums.
Resul s
In his sec ion, we answe he wo esea ch
ques ions posed a he s a o his pape :
RQ1: A e museums in Eu opean coun ies
impo an pa icipan s in coope a ion wi h
o he ins i u ions?
RQ2: Does a pa e n in he coope a ion
be ween museums and o he ins i u ions
exis ?
In e ms o he i s esea ch ques ion, we
ocus on coun ies and he impo ance hey
ha e in he science o conse a ion and
es o a ion o a wo k. Fo his pu pose,
we elabo a e a 1-mode ma ix whe e
columns and ows a e each coun y,
included in he same o de . We ha e used
he numbe o pape s in which e e y
coun y appea s as a ibu es. The e o e,
we ep esen , in Figu e 1, co-au ho ship
be ween coun ies, and he size o he
nodes ep esen s how impo an is e e y
coun y. The igu e shows ha I aly and he
Uni ed S a es a e he mos impo an
coun ies. Also, he Uni ed Kingdom and
Spain a e be ween he mos impo an
pa icipan s in explaining how o use
science and echnology in conse a ion and
es o a ion.
Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 4
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Figu e 1: Ranking o coun ies in co-au ho ship o pape s abou conse a ion and
es o a ion o a wo ks. Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase
In o de o analyse in de ail he coun ies
ha coope a e mo e in conse a ion and
es o a ion, we need o elimina e hose ha
do no coope a e. In his case, we elimina e
he nodes ha appea in he le side in
Figu e 1: Is ael, I an, Macedonia, Slo akia,
Bela us, Chile, C oa ia, Saudi A abia and
Venezuela. Once we had elimina ed hese
nodes, we used social ne wo k analysis
(SNA) o calcula e he cen ali y deg ee,
which calcula ed how many nodes a e
connec ed. Table 1 indica es ha I aly is
he coun y wi h he highes deg ee o
coope a ion in pape s. The second coun y
in o de o appea ance is he Uni ed
Kingdom and he hi d is he Uni ed S a es.
Column “N m Deg ee” indica es ha each
one o hese h ee coun ies has mo e han
10% o he o al connec ions o he
ne wo k.
Table 1: Cen ali y measu e: deg ee
Coun y Deg ee N m
Deg ee
I aly 105 13.67
Uni ed Kingdom 99 12.89
Uni ed S a es 82 10.68
F ance 59 7.68
G eece 56 7.29
Spain 52 6.77
Ne he lands 50 6.51
Ge many 47 6.12
Belgium 39 5.08
Po ugal
30 3.91
Poland 22 2.86
5 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase
Canada 19 2.47
Japan 15 1.95
Slo enia 15 1.95
Aus ia 12 1.56
Finland 11 1.43
Romania 9 1.17
Sou h A ica 9 1.17
Hunga y 9 1.17
Denma k 9 1.17
Aus alia 8 1.04
Se bia 8 1.04
Swi ze land 7 0.91
Li huania 7 0.91
China 6 0.78
B azil 6 0.78
Egyp 5 0.65
Singapo e 5 0.65
Sweden 5 0.65
Czech Republic 4 0.52
A gen ina 4 0.52
México 4 0.52
Cyp us 4 0.52
India 3 0.39
Sou h Ko ea 3 0.39
Albania 3 0.39
Bulga ia 3 0.39
Russian Fede a ion 2 0.26
Hong Kong 2 0.26
I eland 2 0.26
Cuba 2 0.26
Jo dan 2 0.26
Luxembou g 2 0.26
Taiwan 1 0.13
Tu key 1 0.13
New Zealand 1 0.13
Malaysia 1 0.13
Nige ia 1 0.13
La ia 1 0.13

Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 6
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Nex , we calcula ed he cliques whe e he e
a e mo e han h ee coun ies. We ha e
ound 47 cliques: I aly appea ed in 29
cliques, he Uni ed Kingdom in 22 and he
Uni ed S a es in 17. Mo eo e , Ge many is
in 16, Spain in 14, Belgium in 11 and
F ance in 9 cliques. The e o e,
pa icipa ion o Eu opean coun ies in
coope a ion o applica ion o he science
and echnology in conse a ion and
es o a ion o a wo ks is e idenced.
1: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom
Spain F ance G eece Ge many Ne he lands
Po ugal
2: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom
Spain Ge many Ne he lands Finland
3: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain Ge many
Po ugal Poland
4: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain Ge many
Poland Denma k
5: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain Ge many
Poland Finland
6: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom
F ance G eece Ge many Belgium
Ne he lands
7: I aly Uni ed Kingdom G eece Ge many
Belgium Aus ia
8: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Ge many
Belgium Poland Aus ia
9: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Ge many
Belgium Poland Denma k
10: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom
F ance Ne he lands Canada
11: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Canada Poland
12: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Russian
Fede a ion
13: I aly Uni ed Kingdom G eece Cyp us
14: I aly Uni ed Kingdom G eece Bulga ia
15: Uni ed S a es I aly China
16: I aly China Aus ia
17: I aly Spain F ance Japan Po ugal
18: I aly Spain Japan Po ugal Romania
19: I aly Spain Japan Po ugal Slo enia
20: I aly Spain Japan Finland
21: I aly Canada Romania
22: I aly Belgium Czech Republic
23: I aly Spain Czech Republic
24: I aly Ge many Po ugal Poland
Slo enia Hunga y Li huania Se bia
25: I aly Spain Ge many Po ugal Poland
Slo enia
26: Uni ed S a es I aly Spain Ge many
Po ugal Slo enia
27: I aly Ge many Belgium Poland
Slo enia
28: Uni ed S a es I aly Ge many Belgium
Slo enia
29: I aly Ge many Poland Aus ia
Hunga y
30: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom F ance
Canada Aus alia Sou h A ica
31: Uni ed Kingdom Aus alia Denma k
32: Uni ed Kingdom Ge many
Swi ze land Denma k
33: Uni ed Kingdom Canada Swi ze land
34: Uni ed S a es India Sou h Ko ea
35: Uni ed S a es India Singapo e
36: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom G eece
Egyp
37: Uni ed S a es F ance Belgium B azil
Sou h A ica
7 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
38: Uni ed S a es B azil A gen ina
39: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom
A gen ina
40: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom F ance
Belgium Sou h A ica
41: Uni ed S a es China Singapo e
42: Spain G eece Ne he lands Po ugal
Sweden
43: Uni ed S a es F ance Belgium México
44: Belgium México Cuba
45: Uni ed Kingdom Spain Albania
46: G eece Aus ia Jo dan
47: F ance G eece Luxembou g
An in e es ing esul is shown in Table 2,
whe e we inco po a e he co-membe ship
ma ix esul ed om cliques. We only
include, in he able, he mos impo an
coun ies. Resul s indica e he numbe o
cliques in which e e y coun y in he
diagonal pa icipa e, and he es o cells
ep esen in how many cliques he e a e
coincidences be ween coun ies. Fo
example, he Uni ed Kingdom coincides
wi h I aly in 14 cliques; I aly and Ge many
a e join ly in 15 cliques, and Spain and I aly
concu in 12 cliques. I is e iden ha
coun ies coope a ed in a high ank wi h
I aly and he Uni ed Kingdom.
Table 2: Clique co-membe ship ma ix o he mos impo an pa icipan s
Uni ed
S a es
I aly Uni ed
Kingdom
Spain
F ance
G eece
Ge many
China
Belgium
Uni ed S a es 17 7 8 3 7 3 5 2 5
I aly 7 29 14 12 4 5 15 2 7
Uni ed Kingdom
8 14 22 6 5 6 10 0 5
Spain 3 12 6 14 2 2 7 0 0
F ance 7 4 5 2 9 3 2 0 4
G eece 3 5 6 2 3 9 3 0 2
Ge many 5 15 10 7 2 3 16 0 6
China 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Belgium 5 7 5 0 4 2 6 0 11
Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase
The second objec i e o his pape is o
de ec whe he he e is a pa e n in he
coope a ion be ween museums and o he
ins i u ions. Also, he pape looks in o
which ype o knowledge base he
museums look o when hey a e going o
unde ake he conse a ion o es o a ion
o any a wo k ha hey a e no able o do
o hey do no ha e he knowledge needed
o do i . Fo his pu pose, we p epa e a 2-
mode ne wo k, whe e he ows a e he
museums and he columns a e he
ins i u ions ha coope a e wi h museums.
We ha e di e en ia ed be ween
ins i u ions depending on whe e hey a e
loca ed, in he same coun y han he
museum o ab oad.
Fi s ly, we ep esen he en i e ne wo k in
Figu e 2. This igu e shows ha museums
w i e an impo an pa o he pape s
alone. Mo eo e , he e is no coope a ion
wi h ins i u ions loca ed in he le side o
he Figu e 2 (See Appendix o he meaning
o codes). Because he main objec i e o
his pape is o analyse coope a ion, we
elimina e bo h ins i u ions ha do no
coope a e wi h museums and museums
ha w i e pape s alone.
Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 8
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Figu e 2: Museums and hei coope a ion wi h o he ins i u ions
Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase
Figu e 3 includes he cleaned ne wo k.
Looking a he igu e, we may indica e ha
museums coope a e mainly wi h o he
museums and
es o a ion ins i u es loca ed in hei own
coun y. In o de o be e de e mine
pa e ns o coope a ion, we
calcula edensi y, deg ee, closeness and
be weenness.
9 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Museums
Ins i u ions
Figu e 3: Coope a ion be ween museums and ins i u ions based on co-au ho ship o
pape s
Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase
Densi y indica es ha in his ne wo k he
17.8% o po en ial ela ions is achie ed.
Mo eo e , he s anda d de ia ion is 2.96,
ep esen ing high inequali y in he
dis ibu ion o he ela ions. In he deg ee
column, he highe alues a e o he
impo an museums, like he Ta e
(London), he Me opoli an Museum o A
in New Yo k, he Van Gogh Museum
(Ams e dam), he Na ional Galle y in
Washing on DC, he Na ional Galle y in
A hens (G eece) and he Win e hu
Museum (US). These museums appea in
he cen e o he ne wo k in Figu e 3.
Conce ning he closeness, museums, wi h
mo e possibili ies o coincide wi h o he
museums and coope a e wi h he same
ins i u ions, a e he Ta e, he Na ional
Galle y in Washing on DC, and he
Me opoli an Museum o A in New Yo k,
he Win e hu Museum (USA) and he A
Ins i u e o Chicago. Wi h espec o
be weenness, museums wi h highe alues
in he column a e hose ha coope a e bo h
wi h ins i u ions ha a e impo an nodes
and wi h ins i u ions ha ew museums
coope a e wi h. These museums will be in
be e posi ion o ge in o ma ion om
ins i u ions and o he museums. Examples
in his g oup o museums a e he Ta e
(London) and he Me opoli an Museum o
A in New Yo k.
Table 3: Cen ali y, closeness and be weenness o ows (museums)
Deg ee Closeness Be weenness
Eigen ec o
M2AMNATHIST 0.27
0.71
0.02
0.16
M4ARTICHIC 0.33
0.82
0.04
0.22
Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 16
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
S a es
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M5ASHMOL Ashmolean Museum, College o
A s, Ox o d, Uni ed Kingdom
GERMANY EUROPE M6BENAKI
Benaki Museum, Conse a ion
Depa men , Koumpa i 1,
10674 A hens, G eece
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M7BRITISH
B i ish Museum, G ea Russell
S ee , London, WC1B 3DG,
Uni ed Kingdom
GREECE EUROPE M8BYZAN
Byzan ine Museum o
Thessaloniki, Leo o ou S a ou
S 2, 546 40 Thessaloniki,
Macedonia, G eece
CHINA ASIA M9CAPBEIJ
Capi al museum Beijing,
Di ision o P ese a ion and
Conse a ion, Beijing 100045,
China
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M10CINCINN
Cincinna i A Museum, 953
Eden Pa k D i e, Cincinna i,
OH 45202, Uni ed S a es
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M11COLBY Colby College Museum o A
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M12CORNING Co ning Museum o Glass,
Uni ed S a es
SPAIN EUROPE M13DIOCE Diocesan Museum o Sac ed
A , Bilbao, Spain
EGYPT AFRICA M14EGYP
Egyp ian Museum, Depa men
o Res o a ion, Minis y o
An iqui ies, Cai o, Egyp
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M15FIELDCHIC Field Museum, Chicago, Uni ed
S a es
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M16FOWLER
Fowle Museum, Uni e si y o
Cali o nia, Co sen Ins i u e o
A chaeology, Los Angeles, CA
90095-1510, Uni ed S a es
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M17FREER
F ee Galle y o A , A hu M.
Sackle Galle y, Smi hsonian
Ins i u ion, Washing on, DC
20560-0707
BRAZIL CSAMERICA M18MHOMAM
Fund. Museu do Homem
Ame icano, Saõ Raimundo
Nona o, Piaui, B azil
ROMANIA EUROPE M19GALART Gale iile de A ǎ T ansil ania,
B aşo , Romania
ITALY EUROPE M20GALNUMB
Galle ia Nazionale dell'Umb ia,
Co so Vannucci, 06123
Pe ugia, I aly
SWITZERLAND EUROPE M21GEOLOG
Geological Museum o he
Can on Vaud, Bâ imen
An h opole, 1015 Lausanne,
Swi ze land
GERMANY EUROPE M22GLAS Glasmuseum Hen ich, S i ung
museum kuns Palas ,

17 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Düsseldo , Ge many
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M23HARVARD
Ha a d Uni e si y A
Museums, 32 Quincy S ee ,
Camb idge, MA 02138, Uni ed
S a es
GERMANY EUROPE M24HERZOG
He zog An on Ul ich-Museum,
Museums aße I, D38100
B aunschweig, Ge many
MALAYSIA ASIA M25ISLAM
Islamic A s Museum,
Cu a o ial A ai s Depa men ,
Kuala Lumpu , Malaysia
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M26GETTY J. Paul Ge y Museum, Los
Angeles, CA, Uni ed S a es
AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M27KANAM Kanamkek-Yile Ngala Museum,
Wadeye, NT 0822, Aus alia
BELGIUM EUROPE M28KONINK
Koninklijk Museum oo
Schone Kuns en, An we p,
Belgium
NETHERLANDS EUROPE M29KROLLER
K ölle -Mülle Museum,
Conse a ion Depa men ,
Hou kampweg 6, NL-6731AW
O e lo, Ne he lands
AUSTRIA EUROPE M30HIST
Kuns his o isches Museum,
Conse a ion Science
Depa men , Bu g ing 5, A-
1010 Vienna, Aus ia
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M31LACMART Los Angeles Coun y Museum o
A , Los Angeles, Uni ed S a es
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M32LYMAN
Lyman Allyn A Museum, 625
Williams S ., New London, CT
06320, Uni ed S a es
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M33MANCH
Manches e Museum,
Uni e si y o Manches e ,
Manches e M13 9PL, Uni ed
Kingdom
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M34MET Me opoli an Museum o A ,
New Yo k, Uni ed S a es
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M35MICHSTUNIV
Michigan S a e Uni e si y
Museum, Eas Lansing, MI
48824, Uni ed S a es
NORWAY EUROPE M36MUNCH Munch Museum, Teyenga a 53,
0578, Oslo, No way
FRANCE EUROPE M37MUSIQ
Musée de la Musique,
Labo a oi e de Reche che e de
Res au a ion, Ci e la Musique,
221 a enue Jean Jau es, 75019
Pa is, F ance
FRANCE EUROPE M38AIRETESP
Musée de l'Ai e de l'Espace,
Aé opo du Bou ge , BP 173,
93352 Le Bou ge Cedex,
F ance
FRANCE EUROPE M39ADECOR Musée des A s déco a i s,
Ucad, 107 Rue de Ri oli, 75001
Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 18
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Pa is, F ance
FRANCE EUROPE M40LOUVRE
Musée du Lou e,
Dépa emen des Obje s d'A ,
F-75058 Pa is Cedex 01,
F ance
FRANCE EUROPE M41GUIMET Musée Guime
SWITZERLAND EUROPE M42MARTHIST
Musées d'A e d'His .,
Labo a oi e de Reche che, CP
3432, CH-1211 Genè e 3,
Swi ze land
ITALY EUROPE M43MARCHNAT
Museo A cheologico Nazionale,
P.zza Duomo 13, 33043
Ci idale del F iuli Udine, I aly
SPAIN EUROPE M44MBACORD Museo de Bellas A es de
Có doba, Spain
SPAIN EUROPE M45MNCIENAT
Museo Nacional de Ciencias
Na u ales (CSIC), C/ Jose
Gu ie ez Abascal 2, E-28006
Mad id, Spain
PORTUGAL EUROPE M46SROQUE
Museu de S. Roque, San a Casa
Mise ico dia Lisboa, La go
T indade Coelho, 1200-470
Lisboa, Po ugal
SPAIN EUROPE M47MFMARES
Museu F ede ic Ma ès,
Conse a ion Depa men ,
Ins i u de Cul u a de
Ba celona, Pça San Iu 5-6,
08002 Ba celona, Spain
BRAZIL CSAMERICA M48MPEG
Museu Pa aense Emilio Goeldi
(MPEG), Uni e sidade de São
Paulo, C P 399, CEP 66000,
Belém, PA, B azil
NETHERLANDS EUROPE M49BOIJ
Museum Boijmans Van
Beuningen, Museumpa k 18-
20, 3015 CX Ro e dam,
Ne he lands
FRANCE EUROPE M50MHISNAT
Muséum d'His oi e Na u elle,
28 Boule a d des Belges,
69000 Lyon, F ance
BELGIUM EUROPE M51MAYER
Museum Maye an den Be gh,
Lange Gas huiss aa 19, 2000
An we pen, Belgium
FRANCE EUROPE M52MNATHIST
Museum Na ional d'His oi e
Na u elle de Pa is, UMR 5198,
CNRS-MNHN, Depa emen de
P ehis oi e du Ins i u de
Paleon ologie Humaine, 1 ue
Rene Panha d, 75013 Pa is,
F ance
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M53MFINARTBOST
Museum o Fine A s, Bos on,
MA 02115, Uni ed S a es
HUNGARY EUROPE M54MFINART Museum o Fine A s, Dózsa Gy.
ú 41, H-1146 Budapes ,
19 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Hunga y
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M55MOMA
Museum o Mode n A ,
Conse a ion Depa men , 11
Wes 53d S ., New Yo k, NY
10019
CHINA ASIA M56MTERR
Museum o he Te aco a
Wa io s and Ho ses o Qin
Shihuang, Lin ong, 710600,
China
BELGIUM EUROPE M57VLEES
Museum Vleeshuis,
Vleeshouwe ss aa 38-40,
2000 An we pen, Belgium
SOUTH AFRICA AFRICA M58NATAL
Na al Museum, P i a e Bag
9070, Pie e ma i zbu g 3200,
Sou h A ica
GREECE EUROPE M59NATARCH Na ional A chaeological
Museum o G eece
BELARUS EUROPE M60NARTM
Na ional A Museum o he
Republic o Bela us, 20 Lenin
S ., Minsk 220030, Bela us
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M61NATGALWDC
Na ional Galle y o A ,
Scien i ic Resea ch
Depa men , Fou h and
Cons i u ion A enue NW,
Washing on, DC 20565, Uni ed
S a es
AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M62NATGAL
Na ional Galle y o Aus alia,
Conse a ion Depa men , GPO
Box 1150, Canbe a, ACT 2601,
Aus alia
GREECE EUROPE M63NATGAL
Na ional Galle y, Alexand os
Soa zos Museum, A hens,
G eece
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M64NATGAL
Na ional Galle y, Scien i ic
Depa men , T a alga Squa e,
London WC2N 5DN, Uni ed
Kingdom
FRANCE EUROPE M65NLIBFR Na ional Lib a y o F ance,
Pa is, F ance
POLAND EUROPE M66NMKRAK
Na ional Museum in K aków,
ul. K upnicza 26, 31-123
K aków, Poland
NORWAY EUROPE M67NMART
Na ional Museum o A ,
A chi ec u e and Design, P.b
7014 (S Ola s Plass), NO-
0130, Oslo, No way
CHINA ASIA M68NMCH
Na ional Museum o China,
Cen e o Conse a ion,
Beijing, 100006, China
JAPAN ASIA M69NMJH
Na ional Museum o Japanese
His o y, Museum Science
Di ision, Resea ch
Depa men , 117, Jonai-cho,
Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 20
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Saku a-shi, Chiba 285-8502,
Japan
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M70NMLIV
Na ional Museums Li e pool,
Conse a ion Technologies,
Na ional Conse a ion Cen e,
Whi echapel, Li e pool, Uni ed
Kingdom
DENMARK EUROPE M71NMBEV
Na ionalmusee s
be a ingsa deling, IC
Modewegs ej, B ede, DK-2800
Kgs. Lyngby, Denma k
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M72NELATK Nelson-A kins Museum o A ,
Kansas Ci y
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M73NCMA
No h Ca olina Museum o A ,
2110 Blue Ridge Road, Raleigh,
NC 27607, Uni ed S a es
DENMARK EUROPE M74GLYPT
Ny Ca lsbe g Glyp o ek, Dan es
Plads 7, Copenhagen 1556,
Denma k
CHINA ASIA M75PALACE
Palace Museum, Technology
and Science Depa men ,
Beijing, 100009, China
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M76PHILMA
Philadelphia Museum o A ,
Box 7646, Philadelphia, PA
19101
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M77PITT Pi Ri e s Museum, Uni e si y
o Ox o d, Uni ed Kingdom
NETHERLANDS EUROPE M78RIJKS
Rijksmuseum, Depa men o
Conse a ion and Res o a ion,
Ne he lands
BELGIUM EUROPE M79RMCA
Royal Museum o Cen al
A ica, Labo a o y o Wood
Biology and Xyla ium, Belgium
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M80SCIENCE Science Museum London,
Chemis y, Uni ed Kingdom
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M81SHELB
Shelbu ne Museum
Conse a ion, PO Box 10, 5555
Shelbu ne Road, Shelbu ne, VT
05482, Uni ed S a es
SOUTH AFRICA AFRICA M82SANATM Sou h A ica's Na ional
Museum, Rock A Depa men
RUSSIA EUROPE M83HERMIT S a e He mi age Museum,
Scien i ic Depa men
DENMARK EUROPE M84SMK
S a ens Museum o Kuns
(SMK), Søl gade 48-50, DK-
1307 Copenhagen K, Denma k
GERMANY EUROPE M85STIFT
S i ung museum kuns palas ,
Eh enho 4-5, 40479
Düsseldo , Ge many
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M86TATE Ta e B i ain, Millbank, London
SWIP, 4RG, Uni ed Kingdom
AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M87ARTGWA The A Galle y o Wes e n
Aus alia, Pe h Cul u al
21 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o
Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873
Cen e, Pe h WA 6000,
Aus alia
JAPAN ASIA M88TOKYO
Tokyo Na ional Museum, Dep .
o Cul u al P ope ies,
Conse a ion Di ision, 19-9
Ueno-Koen, Tai o-ku, Tokyo
110-8712, Japan
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M89TROSTE
T os e Wk. Co age/Indus .
Museum, Co us Packaging
Plus, T os e Wo ks, Llanelli,
Ca ma henshi e
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M90UNIVPENN Uni e si y Museum, Uni e si y
o Pennsyl ania, Uni ed S a es
NETHERLANDS EUROPE M91VGOGH
Van Gogh Museum, Paulus
Po e s aa 7, 1070 AJ
Ams e dam, Ne he lands
UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M92V&A
Vic o ia and Albe Museum,
Conse a ion Depa men ,
Science Sec ion, Sou h
Kensing on, London SW7 2RL,
Uni ed Kingdom
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M93WINTERTH Win e hu Museum,
Win e hu , DE, Uni ed S a es
UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA
M94YALE Yale Uni e si y A Galle y