Museums: Not Just Visiting Spaces but a Driving Force for the Use of Advanced S&T in the Restoration of Artworks

IBIMA Publishing Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology h p://www.ibimapublishing.com/jou nals/JAST/jas .h ml Vol. 2014 (2014), A icle ID 539873, 21 pages DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 ______________ Ci e his A icle as: Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), " Museums: No Jus Visi ing Spaces bu a D i ing Fo ce o he Use o Ad anced S&T in he Res o a ion o A wo ks", Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology , Vol. 2014 (2014), A icle ID 539873, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Resea ch A icle Museums: No Jus Visi ing Spaces bu a D i ing Fo ce o he Use o Ad anced S&T in he Res o a ion o A wo ks Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós Managemen Depa men , Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, Camino de Ve a Valencia, Spain Co espondence should be add essed o: Blanca de-Miguel-Molina; [email protected] .es Recei ed da e: 8 Oc obe 2013; Accep ed da e: 7 Janua y 2014; Published da e: 31 Oc obe 2014 Copy igh © 2014. Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós. Dis ibu ed unde C ea i e Commons CC-BY 3.0 In oduc ion The conse a ion and es o a ion o a wo ks a e included in he indus ies conside ed as c ea i e o cul u al indus ies (de-Miguel-Molina e al 2013). The UK Depa men o Cul u e, Media and Spo s (DCMS) (2009), de ined c ea i e indus ies as “ hose indus ies ha a e based on indi idual c ea i i y, skill and alen , and which ha e he po en ial o c ea e weal h and jobs h ough de eloping in ellec ual p ope y”. The a s, he i age and ec ea ion sec o s come unde he Eu opean classi ica ions NACEs 90, 91, 92 and 93. NACEs 90 and 91 a e also pa o he Knowledge In ensi e Se ices (KIS) indus ies, which a e hose ela ed o he knowledge-based economy (de-Miguel-Molina e al. 2012; Wind um & Tomlinson, 1999; Aslesen & Isaksen, 2007a; Bishop, 2008; S ambach, 2008). In e ms o he a s and cul u es sec o , Bakhshi and Th osby (2010) discussed he lack o s udies on inno a ion, which has been igno ed in s udies conduc ed abou c ea i e indus ies. Al hough he e a e good s udies abou he use o science in he es o a ion o speci ic a wo ks (Casadio e al. 2010, Co e e al. 2010, Doménech-Ca bó e al. 2011, Baglioni e al. 2012, Doménech- Ca bó e al. 2012), he li e a u e abou he impo ance o open inno a ion and coope a ion be ween di e en ins i u ions Abs ac Ou pape analyses how museums no only play a adi ional ole in he cul u al se ice bu also ac as a d i ing o ce o he use o science and echnology in he conse a ion o a wo ks. Th ough a bibliome ic app oach and he use o social ne wo k analysis (SNA), we explo e co-au ho ship o scien i ic a icles and we de ec how museums look o knowledge bases in science and echnology. We also di e en ia e be ween ins i u ions and geog aphical egions in o de o ind pa e ns in he coope a ion wi h o he ins i u ions. Resul s indica e ha Eu opean coun ies a e impo an nodes in he coope a ion o es o a ion and conse a ion, and pa e ns o coope a ion indica e ha museums look o knowledge bases mainly in es o a ion ins i u es and o he museums in hei own coun ies. This implies ha museums look o analy ical and syn he ic knowledge ou o he museums when hey need o apply ad anced science and echnology in es o a ion. Keywo ds: Museums, conse a ion & es o a ion, ne wo ks, c ea i e indus ies. Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 2 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 in his subsec o o c ea i e indus ies is sca ce. This pape ies o co e his gap. In sho , ou pape ’s goal is o examine coope a ion be ween museums and o he ins i u ions in he es o a ion and conse a ion o a wo ks. To each his objec i e, we ha e pu o wa d wo ques ions wi h e e ence o coope a ion in his ac i i y: RQ1: A e museums in Eu opean coun ies impo an pa icipan s in coope a ion wi h o he ins i u ions? RQ2: Does a pa e n in he coope a ion be ween museums and o he ins i u ions exis ? Da a we e aken om he bibliome ic analysis o scien i ic co-au ho ed pape s sea ched in Else ie ’s Scopus da abase. The inal numbe o a icles was 1,656. These da a we e cleaned h ough he Van agePoin so wa e. Impo an conclusions a e in e ed om he esul s. The i s is ha he pa icipa ion o Eu opean coun ies o he applica ion o science and echnology in conse a ion and es o a ion o a wo ks is e idenced. The second is ha , al hough many museums w i e pape s by hei own, when hey co-au ho pape s wi h o he ins i u ions, he la e a e mainly loca ed in hei own coun y. These ins i u ions a e, mainly, esea ch ins i u es and o he museums. Resul s also illus a e ha museums look o ins i u ions ha ha e di e en ypes o knowledge bases: symbolic (a s), analy ical (physics and chemis y) and syn he ic (enginee ing). The Use o S&T in he Conse a ion and Res o a ion o A wo ks Lazze e i (2012) has analysed he impo ance o coope a ion be ween di e en ins i u ions in he de elopmen o lase echnology o es o ing a wo ks. She explains how coope a ion is mainly be ween local ins i u ions, which can p oduce he de elopmen o a clus e , like he es o a ion clus e in Fi enze (I aly). Howe e , li e a u e abou coope a ion in a s ac i i ies in an inno a ion amewo k, like he scheme explained in he Oslo Manual (2005), is sca ce. The main p oblem in analysing ac i i ies like conse a ion and es o a ion is ha he e a e no da a in he inno a ion su eys ha some coun ies elabo a e. In he subsec o co e ed in his pape , da a o pa en s would be collec ed om na ional su eys i hey we e a ailable, bu i is no he case. One solu ion is he use o bibliome ic app oach o co e his gap, and especially scien i ic a icles. Di e en au ho s ha e s udied echnologies, knowledge and ne wo ks (You ie and Shapi a 2008, Leydesdo and Ra ols 2011, Robinson e al. 2013). Ab amo e al. (2009) men ion ha using a bibliome ic app oach o s udying coope a ion be ween ins i u ions, as uni e si ies and indus ies, h ough co-au ho ship o scien i ic a icles, also allows he di usion o knowledge and skills. Mo eo e , Wall and Boschma (2009) e e o knowledge ne wo ks in inno a ion sys ems whe e dissemina ion occu s bo h be ween local and ab oad ac o s. In applying a new echnology, Boschma (2005) and Ra ols e al. (2010) s a e ha ac o s equi e cogni i e p oximi y o abso b new knowledge. These au ho s also ask i he ne wo ks will be local, na ional o global, and i he p oximi y will be geog aphic o cogni i e. Conse a ion is ci ed by au ho s among he main ac i i ies in a museum, and essen ial o p ese e i s he i age (Papini and Pe siani 2004, Ko le e al. 2008). A he end o he XVIII cen u y and h oughou he XIX, a collec ions and ca alogues li e wi h esea ch in physics and chemis y applied o a wo ks es o a ion. Museum es o a ion labo a o ies and depa men s we e se up du ing he XIX cen u y (Mo ei a 2008). The e o e, analy ical knowledge coope a ion co-exis s in museums since es o a ion depa men s we e c ea ed. 3 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Me hod Da a The da a used o measu e collabo a ion a e scien i ic co-au ho ed pape s. Fo bibliome ic analysis, we sea ched keywo ds “pain *” AND “ es o a ion” OR “conse a ion” in Else ie ’s Scopus da abase. We ob ained publica ions in in e na ional jou nals abou he es o a ion and conse a ion o pain ing a wo ks. The inal numbe o a icles was 1,656. These da a we e impo ed o Van agePoin so wa e, which was used o clean up he ins i u ions in ol ed in es o a ion and conse a ion, and elabo a e ma ixes o co- au ho ship among museums, es o a ion ins i u es and uni e si ies. Ma ixes we e elabo a ed depending on pape s: museums wi h o he museums, museums wi h es o a ion and conse a ion ins i u es, museums wi h uni e si y physics and chemis y depa men s, and museums wi h uni e si y enginee ing and In o ma ion Technologies depa men s. The numbe o ins i u ions analysed was 222: 94 museums om 26 coun ies, 41 conse a ion and es o a ion ins i u es, 49 uni e si y physics and chemis y depa men s and 38 uni e si y enginee ing and In o ma ion Technologies uni e si y depa men s. Me hodology Fo bibliome ic analysis, we used Else ie ’s Scopus da abase and he da a we e cleaned and p epa ed using h ee so wa es: Van agePoin , Wo dS a and QDMine . Ma ixes we e elabo a ed depending on: a) pape s ha we e w i en by he museums o b) pape s ha we e co- au ho ed be ween a museum and: o he museums (symbolic knowledge), es o a ion and conse a ion ins i u es (symbolic), physics and chemis y depa men s in uni e si ies (analy ical), o enginee ing and In o ma ion Technologies depa men s in uni e si ies (syn he ic). Mo eo e , ins i u ions we e de ined depending on hei geog aphical loca ion: Eu ope, USA & Canada, Cen al & Sou h Ame ica, Asia, A ica, and Oceania. A o al o 94 museums we e analysed, 26 o which we e loca ed in he Uni ed S a es, 53 in Eu ope, 7 in Asia, 3 in A ica, 2 in Cen al & Sou h Ame ica and 2 in Oceania. Ne wo ks o 2-mode we e ep esen ed by means o UCINET6 and NETDRAW so wa e. Cen alisa ion deg ee o a ilia ion ma ixes was calcula ed in o de o de e mine which ins i u ions co- au ho ed mo e pape s wi h museums. Resul s In his sec ion, we answe he wo esea ch ques ions posed a he s a o his pape : RQ1: A e museums in Eu opean coun ies impo an pa icipan s in coope a ion wi h o he ins i u ions? RQ2: Does a pa e n in he coope a ion be ween museums and o he ins i u ions exis ? In e ms o he i s esea ch ques ion, we ocus on coun ies and he impo ance hey ha e in he science o conse a ion and es o a ion o a wo k. Fo his pu pose, we elabo a e a 1-mode ma ix whe e columns and ows a e each coun y, included in he same o de . We ha e used he numbe o pape s in which e e y coun y appea s as a ibu es. The e o e, we ep esen , in Figu e 1, co-au ho ship be ween coun ies, and he size o he nodes ep esen s how impo an is e e y coun y. The igu e shows ha I aly and he Uni ed S a es a e he mos impo an coun ies. Also, he Uni ed Kingdom and Spain a e be ween he mos impo an pa icipan s in explaining how o use science and echnology in conse a ion and es o a ion. Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 4 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Figu e 1: Ranking o coun ies in co-au ho ship o pape s abou conse a ion and es o a ion o a wo ks. Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase In o de o analyse in de ail he coun ies ha coope a e mo e in conse a ion and es o a ion, we need o elimina e hose ha do no coope a e. In his case, we elimina e he nodes ha appea in he le side in Figu e 1: Is ael, I an, Macedonia, Slo akia, Bela us, Chile, C oa ia, Saudi A abia and Venezuela. Once we had elimina ed hese nodes, we used social ne wo k analysis (SNA) o calcula e he cen ali y deg ee, which calcula ed how many nodes a e connec ed. Table 1 indica es ha I aly is he coun y wi h he highes deg ee o coope a ion in pape s. The second coun y in o de o appea ance is he Uni ed Kingdom and he hi d is he Uni ed S a es. Column “N m Deg ee” indica es ha each one o hese h ee coun ies has mo e han 10% o he o al connec ions o he ne wo k. Table 1: Cen ali y measu e: deg ee Coun y Deg ee N m Deg ee I aly 105 13.67 Uni ed Kingdom 99 12.89 Uni ed S a es 82 10.68 F ance 59 7.68 G eece 56 7.29 Spain 52 6.77 Ne he lands 50 6.51 Ge many 47 6.12 Belgium 39 5.08 Po ugal 30 3.91 Poland 22 2.86 5 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Sou ce: Compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase Canada 19 2.47 Japan 15 1.95 Slo enia 15 1.95 Aus ia 12 1.56 Finland 11 1.43 Romania 9 1.17 Sou h A ica 9 1.17 Hunga y 9 1.17 Denma k 9 1.17 Aus alia 8 1.04 Se bia 8 1.04 Swi ze land 7 0.91 Li huania 7 0.91 China 6 0.78 B azil 6 0.78 Egyp 5 0.65 Singapo e 5 0.65 Sweden 5 0.65 Czech Republic 4 0.52 A gen ina 4 0.52 México 4 0.52 Cyp us 4 0.52 India 3 0.39 Sou h Ko ea 3 0.39 Albania 3 0.39 Bulga ia 3 0.39 Russian Fede a ion 2 0.26 Hong Kong 2 0.26 I eland 2 0.26 Cuba 2 0.26 Jo dan 2 0.26 Luxembou g 2 0.26 Taiwan 1 0.13 Tu key 1 0.13 New Zealand 1 0.13 Malaysia 1 0.13 Nige ia 1 0.13 La ia 1 0.13 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Nex , we calcula ed he cliques whe e he e a e mo e han h ee coun ies. We ha e ound 47 cliques: I aly appea ed in 29 cliques, he Uni ed Kingdom in 22 and he Uni ed S a es in 17. Mo eo e , Ge many is in 16, Spain in 14, Belgium in 11 and F ance in 9 cliques. The e o e, pa icipa ion o Eu opean coun ies in coope a ion o applica ion o he science and echnology in conse a ion and es o a ion o a wo ks is e idenced. 1: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain F ance G eece Ge many Ne he lands Po ugal 2: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain Ge many Ne he lands Finland 3: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain Ge many Po ugal Poland 4: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain Ge many Poland Denma k 5: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain Ge many Poland Finland 6: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom F ance G eece Ge many Belgium Ne he lands 7: I aly Uni ed Kingdom G eece Ge many Belgium Aus ia 8: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Ge many Belgium Poland Aus ia 9: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Ge many Belgium Poland Denma k 10: Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom F ance Ne he lands Canada 11: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Canada Poland 12: I aly Uni ed Kingdom Russian Fede a ion 13: I aly Uni ed Kingdom G eece Cyp us 14: I aly Uni ed Kingdom G eece Bulga ia 15: Uni ed S a es I aly China 16: I aly China Aus ia 17: I aly Spain F ance Japan Po ugal 18: I aly Spain Japan Po ugal Romania 19: I aly Spain Japan Po ugal Slo enia 20: I aly Spain Japan Finland 21: I aly Canada Romania 22: I aly Belgium Czech Republic 23: I aly Spain Czech Republic 24: I aly Ge many Po ugal Poland Slo enia Hunga y Li huania Se bia 25: I aly Spain Ge many Po ugal Poland Slo enia 26: Uni ed S a es I aly Spain Ge many Po ugal Slo enia 27: I aly Ge many Belgium Poland Slo enia 28: Uni ed S a es I aly Ge many Belgium Slo enia 29: I aly Ge many Poland Aus ia Hunga y 30: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom F ance Canada Aus alia Sou h A ica 31: Uni ed Kingdom Aus alia Denma k 32: Uni ed Kingdom Ge many Swi ze land Denma k 33: Uni ed Kingdom Canada Swi ze land 34: Uni ed S a es India Sou h Ko ea 35: Uni ed S a es India Singapo e 36: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom G eece Egyp 37: Uni ed S a es F ance Belgium B azil Sou h A ica 7 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 38: Uni ed S a es B azil A gen ina 39: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom A gen ina 40: Uni ed S a es Uni ed Kingdom F ance Belgium Sou h A ica 41: Uni ed S a es China Singapo e 42: Spain G eece Ne he lands Po ugal Sweden 43: Uni ed S a es F ance Belgium México 44: Belgium México Cuba 45: Uni ed Kingdom Spain Albania 46: G eece Aus ia Jo dan 47: F ance G eece Luxembou g An in e es ing esul is shown in Table 2, whe e we inco po a e he co-membe ship ma ix esul ed om cliques. We only include, in he able, he mos impo an coun ies. Resul s indica e he numbe o cliques in which e e y coun y in he diagonal pa icipa e, and he es o cells ep esen in how many cliques he e a e coincidences be ween coun ies. Fo example, he Uni ed Kingdom coincides wi h I aly in 14 cliques; I aly and Ge many a e join ly in 15 cliques, and Spain and I aly concu in 12 cliques. I is e iden ha coun ies coope a ed in a high ank wi h I aly and he Uni ed Kingdom. Table 2: Clique co-membe ship ma ix o he mos impo an pa icipan s Uni ed S a es I aly Uni ed Kingdom Spain F ance G eece Ge many China Belgium Uni ed S a es 17 7 8 3 7 3 5 2 5 I aly 7 29 14 12 4 5 15 2 7 Uni ed Kingdom 8 14 22 6 5 6 10 0 5 Spain 3 12 6 14 2 2 7 0 0 F ance 7 4 5 2 9 3 2 0 4 G eece 3 5 6 2 3 9 3 0 2 Ge many 5 15 10 7 2 3 16 0 6 China 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 Belgium 5 7 5 0 4 2 6 0 11 Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase The second objec i e o his pape is o de ec whe he he e is a pa e n in he coope a ion be ween museums and o he ins i u ions. Also, he pape looks in o which ype o knowledge base he museums look o when hey a e going o unde ake he conse a ion o es o a ion o any a wo k ha hey a e no able o do o hey do no ha e he knowledge needed o do i . Fo his pu pose, we p epa e a 2- mode ne wo k, whe e he ows a e he museums and he columns a e he ins i u ions ha coope a e wi h museums. We ha e di e en ia ed be ween ins i u ions depending on whe e hey a e loca ed, in he same coun y han he museum o ab oad. Fi s ly, we ep esen he en i e ne wo k in Figu e 2. This igu e shows ha museums w i e an impo an pa o he pape s alone. Mo eo e , he e is no coope a ion wi h ins i u ions loca ed in he le side o he Figu e 2 (See Appendix o he meaning o codes). Because he main objec i e o his pape is o analyse coope a ion, we elimina e bo h ins i u ions ha do no coope a e wi h museums and museums ha w i e pape s alone. Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 8 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Figu e 2: Museums and hei coope a ion wi h o he ins i u ions Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase Figu e 3 includes he cleaned ne wo k. Looking a he igu e, we may indica e ha museums coope a e mainly wi h o he museums and es o a ion ins i u es loca ed in hei own coun y. In o de o be e de e mine pa e ns o coope a ion, we calcula edensi y, deg ee, closeness and be weenness. 9 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Museums Ins i u ions Figu e 3: Coope a ion be ween museums and ins i u ions based on co-au ho ship o pape s Sou ce: compiled by au ho s based on he Scopus da abase Densi y indica es ha in his ne wo k he 17.8% o po en ial ela ions is achie ed. Mo eo e , he s anda d de ia ion is 2.96, ep esen ing high inequali y in he dis ibu ion o he ela ions. In he deg ee column, he highe alues a e o he impo an museums, like he Ta e (London), he Me opoli an Museum o A in New Yo k, he Van Gogh Museum (Ams e dam), he Na ional Galle y in Washing on DC, he Na ional Galle y in A hens (G eece) and he Win e hu Museum (US). These museums appea in he cen e o he ne wo k in Figu e 3. Conce ning he closeness, museums, wi h mo e possibili ies o coincide wi h o he museums and coope a e wi h he same ins i u ions, a e he Ta e, he Na ional Galle y in Washing on DC, and he Me opoli an Museum o A in New Yo k, he Win e hu Museum (USA) and he A Ins i u e o Chicago. Wi h espec o be weenness, museums wi h highe alues in he column a e hose ha coope a e bo h wi h ins i u ions ha a e impo an nodes and wi h ins i u ions ha ew museums coope a e wi h. These museums will be in be e posi ion o ge in o ma ion om ins i u ions and o he museums. Examples in his g oup o museums a e he Ta e (London) and he Me opoli an Museum o A in New Yo k. Table 3: Cen ali y, closeness and be weenness o ows (museums) Deg ee Closeness Be weenness Eigen ec o M2AMNATHIST 0.27 0.71 0.02 0.16 M4ARTICHIC 0.33 0.82 0.04 0.22 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 16 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 S a es UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M5ASHMOL Ashmolean Museum, College o A s, Ox o d, Uni ed Kingdom GERMANY EUROPE M6BENAKI Benaki Museum, Conse a ion Depa men , Koumpa i 1, 10674 A hens, G eece UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M7BRITISH B i ish Museum, G ea Russell S ee , London, WC1B 3DG, Uni ed Kingdom GREECE EUROPE M8BYZAN Byzan ine Museum o Thessaloniki, Leo o ou S a ou S 2, 546 40 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, G eece CHINA ASIA M9CAPBEIJ Capi al museum Beijing, Di ision o P ese a ion and Conse a ion, Beijing 100045, China UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M10CINCINN Cincinna i A Museum, 953 Eden Pa k D i e, Cincinna i, OH 45202, Uni ed S a es UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M11COLBY Colby College Museum o A UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M12CORNING Co ning Museum o Glass, Uni ed S a es SPAIN EUROPE M13DIOCE Diocesan Museum o Sac ed A , Bilbao, Spain EGYPT AFRICA M14EGYP Egyp ian Museum, Depa men o Res o a ion, Minis y o An iqui ies, Cai o, Egyp UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M15FIELDCHIC Field Museum, Chicago, Uni ed S a es UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M16FOWLER Fowle Museum, Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Co sen Ins i u e o A chaeology, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1510, Uni ed S a es UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M17FREER F ee Galle y o A , A hu M. Sackle Galle y, Smi hsonian Ins i u ion, Washing on, DC 20560-0707 BRAZIL CSAMERICA M18MHOMAM Fund. Museu do Homem Ame icano, Saõ Raimundo Nona o, Piaui, B azil ROMANIA EUROPE M19GALART Gale iile de A ǎ T ansil ania, B aşo , Romania ITALY EUROPE M20GALNUMB Galle ia Nazionale dell'Umb ia, Co so Vannucci, 06123 Pe ugia, I aly SWITZERLAND EUROPE M21GEOLOG Geological Museum o he Can on Vaud, Bâ imen An h opole, 1015 Lausanne, Swi ze land GERMANY EUROPE M22GLAS Glasmuseum Hen ich, S i ung museum kuns Palas , 17 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Düsseldo , Ge many UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M23HARVARD Ha a d Uni e si y A Museums, 32 Quincy S ee , Camb idge, MA 02138, Uni ed S a es GERMANY EUROPE M24HERZOG He zog An on Ul ich-Museum, Museums aße I, D38100 B aunschweig, Ge many MALAYSIA ASIA M25ISLAM Islamic A s Museum, Cu a o ial A ai s Depa men , Kuala Lumpu , Malaysia UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M26GETTY J. Paul Ge y Museum, Los Angeles, CA, Uni ed S a es AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M27KANAM Kanamkek-Yile Ngala Museum, Wadeye, NT 0822, Aus alia BELGIUM EUROPE M28KONINK Koninklijk Museum oo Schone Kuns en, An we p, Belgium NETHERLANDS EUROPE M29KROLLER K ölle -Mülle Museum, Conse a ion Depa men , Hou kampweg 6, NL-6731AW O e lo, Ne he lands AUSTRIA EUROPE M30HIST Kuns his o isches Museum, Conse a ion Science Depa men , Bu g ing 5, A- 1010 Vienna, Aus ia UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M31LACMART Los Angeles Coun y Museum o A , Los Angeles, Uni ed S a es UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M32LYMAN Lyman Allyn A Museum, 625 Williams S ., New London, CT 06320, Uni ed S a es UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M33MANCH Manches e Museum, Uni e si y o Manches e , Manches e M13 9PL, Uni ed Kingdom UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M34MET Me opoli an Museum o A , New Yo k, Uni ed S a es UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M35MICHSTUNIV Michigan S a e Uni e si y Museum, Eas Lansing, MI 48824, Uni ed S a es NORWAY EUROPE M36MUNCH Munch Museum, Teyenga a 53, 0578, Oslo, No way FRANCE EUROPE M37MUSIQ Musée de la Musique, Labo a oi e de Reche che e de Res au a ion, Ci e la Musique, 221 a enue Jean Jau es, 75019 Pa is, F ance FRANCE EUROPE M38AIRETESP Musée de l'Ai e de l'Espace, Aé opo du Bou ge , BP 173, 93352 Le Bou ge Cedex, F ance FRANCE EUROPE M39ADECOR Musée des A s déco a i s, Ucad, 107 Rue de Ri oli, 75001 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 18 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Pa is, F ance FRANCE EUROPE M40LOUVRE Musée du Lou e, Dépa emen des Obje s d'A , F-75058 Pa is Cedex 01, F ance FRANCE EUROPE M41GUIMET Musée Guime SWITZERLAND EUROPE M42MARTHIST Musées d'A e d'His ., Labo a oi e de Reche che, CP 3432, CH-1211 Genè e 3, Swi ze land ITALY EUROPE M43MARCHNAT Museo A cheologico Nazionale, P.zza Duomo 13, 33043 Ci idale del F iuli Udine, I aly SPAIN EUROPE M44MBACORD Museo de Bellas A es de Có doba, Spain SPAIN EUROPE M45MNCIENAT Museo Nacional de Ciencias Na u ales (CSIC), C/ Jose Gu ie ez Abascal 2, E-28006 Mad id, Spain PORTUGAL EUROPE M46SROQUE Museu de S. Roque, San a Casa Mise ico dia Lisboa, La go T indade Coelho, 1200-470 Lisboa, Po ugal SPAIN EUROPE M47MFMARES Museu F ede ic Ma ès, Conse a ion Depa men , Ins i u de Cul u a de Ba celona, Pça San Iu 5-6, 08002 Ba celona, Spain BRAZIL CSAMERICA M48MPEG Museu Pa aense Emilio Goeldi (MPEG), Uni e sidade de São Paulo, C P 399, CEP 66000, Belém, PA, B azil NETHERLANDS EUROPE M49BOIJ Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Museumpa k 18- 20, 3015 CX Ro e dam, Ne he lands FRANCE EUROPE M50MHISNAT Muséum d'His oi e Na u elle, 28 Boule a d des Belges, 69000 Lyon, F ance BELGIUM EUROPE M51MAYER Museum Maye an den Be gh, Lange Gas huiss aa 19, 2000 An we pen, Belgium FRANCE EUROPE M52MNATHIST Museum Na ional d'His oi e Na u elle de Pa is, UMR 5198, CNRS-MNHN, Depa emen de P ehis oi e du Ins i u de Paleon ologie Humaine, 1 ue Rene Panha d, 75013 Pa is, F ance UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M53MFINARTBOST Museum o Fine A s, Bos on, MA 02115, Uni ed S a es HUNGARY EUROPE M54MFINART Museum o Fine A s, Dózsa Gy. ú 41, H-1146 Budapes , 19 Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Hunga y UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M55MOMA Museum o Mode n A , Conse a ion Depa men , 11 Wes 53d S ., New Yo k, NY 10019 CHINA ASIA M56MTERR Museum o he Te aco a Wa io s and Ho ses o Qin Shihuang, Lin ong, 710600, China BELGIUM EUROPE M57VLEES Museum Vleeshuis, Vleeshouwe ss aa 38-40, 2000 An we pen, Belgium SOUTH AFRICA AFRICA M58NATAL Na al Museum, P i a e Bag 9070, Pie e ma i zbu g 3200, Sou h A ica GREECE EUROPE M59NATARCH Na ional A chaeological Museum o G eece BELARUS EUROPE M60NARTM Na ional A Museum o he Republic o Bela us, 20 Lenin S ., Minsk 220030, Bela us UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M61NATGALWDC Na ional Galle y o A , Scien i ic Resea ch Depa men , Fou h and Cons i u ion A enue NW, Washing on, DC 20565, Uni ed S a es AUSTRALIA OCEANIA M62NATGAL Na ional Galle y o Aus alia, Conse a ion Depa men , GPO Box 1150, Canbe a, ACT 2601, Aus alia GREECE EUROPE M63NATGAL Na ional Galle y, Alexand os Soa zos Museum, A hens, G eece UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M64NATGAL Na ional Galle y, Scien i ic Depa men , T a alga Squa e, London WC2N 5DN, Uni ed Kingdom FRANCE EUROPE M65NLIBFR Na ional Lib a y o F ance, Pa is, F ance POLAND EUROPE M66NMKRAK Na ional Museum in K aków, ul. K upnicza 26, 31-123 K aków, Poland NORWAY EUROPE M67NMART Na ional Museum o A , A chi ec u e and Design, P.b 7014 (S Ola s Plass), NO- 0130, Oslo, No way CHINA ASIA M68NMCH Na ional Museum o China, Cen e o Conse a ion, Beijing, 100006, China JAPAN ASIA M69NMJH Na ional Museum o Japanese His o y, Museum Science Di ision, Resea ch Depa men , 117, Jonai-cho, Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology 20 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, Ma ía de-Miguel-Molina and José Albo s-Ga igós (2014), Jou nal o Adminis a i e Sciences and Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2014.539873 Saku a-shi, Chiba 285-8502, Japan UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M70NMLIV Na ional Museums Li e pool, Conse a ion Technologies, Na ional Conse a ion Cen e, Whi echapel, Li e pool, Uni ed Kingdom DENMARK EUROPE M71NMBEV Na ionalmusee s be a ingsa deling, IC Modewegs ej, B ede, DK-2800 Kgs. 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Co age/Indus . Museum, Co us Packaging Plus, T os e Wo ks, Llanelli, Ca ma henshi e UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M90UNIVPENN Uni e si y Museum, Uni e si y o Pennsyl ania, Uni ed S a es NETHERLANDS EUROPE M91VGOGH Van Gogh Museum, Paulus Po e s aa 7, 1070 AJ Ams e dam, Ne he lands UNITED KINGDOM EUROPE M92V&A Vic o ia and Albe Museum, Conse a ion Depa men , Science Sec ion, Sou h Kensing on, London SW7 2RL, Uni ed Kingdom UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M93WINTERTH Win e hu Museum, Win e hu , DE, Uni ed S a es UNITED STATES NORTH AMERICA M94YALE Yale Uni e si y A Galle y