h p://www.uem.b /ac a
ISSN p in ed: 1679-9275
ISSN on-line: 1807-8621
Ac a Scien ia um
Doi: 10.4025/ac asciag on. 35i2.15182
Ac a Scien ia um. Ag onomy Ma ingá, . 35, n. 2, p. 161-167, Ap .-June, 2013
Popula ion s uc u e o Monospo ascus cannonballus isola ed om
melons p oduced in No heas e n B azil based on mycelial
compa ibili y g oups
Cín ia de Souza Beze a1, Kamila Câma a Co eia1, Ma cos Paz Sa ai a Câma a1, Rui Sales
Júnio 2, Josep A mengol3 and Sami Jo ge Miche e 1*
1Depa amen o de Ag onomia, Uni e sidade Fede al Ru al de Pe nambuco, A . Dom Manoel de Medei os, s/n, 52171-900, Reci e, Pe nambuco,
B azil. 2Depa amen o de Ciências Vege ais, Uni e sidade Fede al Ru al do Semi-Á ido, Mosso ó, Rio G ande do No e, B azil. 3Ins i u o
Ag o o es al Medi e áneo, Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. *Au ho o co espondence. E-mail: [email protected] pe.b
ABSTRACT. The popula ion s uc u e o Monospo ascus cannonballus, which causes ine decline in melons,
was assessed based on he de e mina ion o mycelial compa ibili y g oups (MCGs) in a collec ion o 58
isola es ob ained om se en melon ields in h ee municipali ies o No heas e n B azil. Fo compa ison,
an addi ional 11 isola es o M. cannonballus om Spain we e included in he analysis. MCGs we e
de e mined h ough compa isons o pai ed isola es g owing on PDA cul u e media in he da k a 30ºC in
a ious combina ions. The B azilian isola es we e assigned in o ou MCGs: MCG-1 (n = 35 isola es),
MCG-2 (n = 20), MCG-3 (n = 2), and MGC-4 (n = 1). MCG-1 and MCG-2 included isola es om all
su eyed a eas. The Spanish isola es we e assigned in o six di e en MCGs, and none o hem we e
compa ible wi h he B azilian isola es. The gene ic s uc u e was de e mined using he equencies o
MCGs and geno ypic di e si y indices. The maximum geno ypic di e si y was 6.9 and 54.5% o he
B azilian and Spanish popula ions, espec i ely. The low le el o gene ic di e si y in he M. cannonballus
popula ion om No heas e n B azil sugges s ha b eeding melons o disease esis ance may be a
p omising s a egy o he egion.
Keywo ds: Cucumis melo, melon, ine decline, soilbo ne pa hogen, gene ic di e si y.
Es u u a populacional de Monospo ascus cannonballus isolados de melão p oduzido no
No des e b asilei o com base em g upos de compa ibilidade micelial
RESUMO. A es u u a populacional de Monospo ascus cannonballus, que causa o declínio das amas do
meloei o, oi a aliada com base em g upos de compa ibilidade micelial (MCGs) de e minados numa
coleção de 58 isolados ob idos de se e á eas de cul i o de meloei o em ês municípios do No des e
b asilei o. Adicionalmen e, 11 isolados de M. cannonballus da Espanha o am incluídos pa a compa ação. Os
MCGs o am de e minados pelo pa eamen o das cul u as em odas as combinações possí eis em meio
BDA no escu o a 30ºC. Os isolados b asilei os o am dis ibuídos em qua o MCGs: MCG-1 com
35 isolados, MCG-2 com 20 isolados, MCG-3 com dois isolados e MCG-4 com um isolado. Os MCG-1 e
MCG-2 incluí am isolados b asilei os de odas as á eas de meloei o. Os isolados espanhóis o am
dis ibuídos em seis di e en es MCGs e nenhum des es oi compa í el com os isolados b asilei os.
A es u u a gené ica oi es imada com base na equência de MCGs e em índices de di e sidade geno ípica.
A po cen agem máxima de di e sidade geno ípica da população b asilei a oi de 6,9% compa ada com
54,5% da população espanhola. A pequena di e sidade gené ica na população de M. cannonballus no
No des e b asilei o indica que um p og ama de melho amen o de cul i a es esis en es em g ande chance
de sucesso no con ole da doença na egião.
Pala as-cha e: Cucumis melo, melão, declínio das amas, pa ógeno habi an e do solo, di e sidade gené ica.
In oduc ion
Monospo ascus cannonballus Pollack and Uecke
(Ascomyco a: So da iales) is a des uc i e oo
pa hogen ha causes ine decline in melons
(Cucumis melo L.) and wa e melon (Ci ullus lana us
(Thunb.) Ma sum. and Nakai) in a id, semi-a id and
sub opical egions wo ldwide (ARMENGOL e al.,
2011; COHEN e al., 2000; MARTYN; MILLER,
1996; PIVONIA e al., 2010). The disease
symp oms include yellowing, he dea h o he
c own lea es and a g adual decline o he ine as
he plan app oaches ma u i y. As he disease
p og esses, he oo sys em becomes nec o ic,
wi h nume ous disc e e lesions, and lacks mos o
162 Beze a e al.
Ac a Scien ia um. Ag onomy Ma ingá, . 35, n. 2, p. 161-167, Ap .-June, 2013
he seconda y and e ia y eede oo s.
Monopo ascus cannonballus p oduces pe i hecia wi h
ascospo es ha a e p esen on he a ec ed oo s
by he end o he c opping season (MARTYN;
MILLER, 1996).
In 2002, M. cannonballus was i s de ec ed in
No heas e n B azil, causing oo o and ine
decline in melon plan s (SALES JÚNIOR e al.,
2004). Cu en ly, he disease is widesp ead in his
egion (SILVA e al., 2010), which accoun s o 85%
o B azilian melon p oduc ion and co e s
app oxima ely 14,900 ha. The p ima y p oducing
a eas a e loca ed in Cea á S a e (CE), which co e s
4,880 ha and p oduces 124,000 on, and Rio G ande
do No e S a e (RN), which co e s 6,806 ha and
p oduces 192,100 on. (IBGE, 2010).
The success o melon b eeding p og ams o
esis ance o soil-bo ne diseases depends on he
b ead h o he knowledge conce ning pa hogen
a iabili y; hus, his aspec should be in es iga ed
be o e selec ing sou ces o esis ance in he hos
(BRUTON, 1998). Unde s anding he gene ic
di e si y o he pa hogen and he esul ing
spa io empo al changes in he popula ion s uc u e
is o p ima y impo ance o he success o any
b eeding p og am o he op imiza ion o disease
esis ance (McDONALD; LINDE, 2002).
The gene ic s uc u e o a pa hogen can be assessed
using mo phological, molecula , selec i e, o neu al
ma ke s (BURDON, 1993). Mycelial incompa ibili y
can be conside ed as a neu al ma ke ha p o ides
in o ma ion o he analysis o he gene ic di e si y o
he ungal popula ion (LESLIE, 1993).
Mycelial incompa ibili y is a common
phenomenon in ilamen ous ungi, including
ascomyce es, which has been a use ul ool in s udies
o iden i y in aspeci ic di e si y wi hin popula ions
o ungal plan pa hogens (ARMENGOL e al.,
2010; CILLIERS e al., 2000; IKEDA e al., 2011;
KAUSERUD, 2004; KOHN e al., 1991; KULL
e al., 2004; LESLIE, 1993; WU; SUBBARAO,
2006). A subse o he ege a i e incompa ibili y
eac ions includes e en s ha equi e hyphal usion
and he e oka yon o ma ion, whe eby gene ically
di e en nuclei coexis in a common cy oplasm.
Non-sel ecogni ion leading o he ejec ion o
he e oka yon o ma ion is e e ed as o
‘he e oka yon incompa ibili y’, which is a
gene ically egula ed p ocess and mos o en esul s
in he dea h o he hyphal usion cell (GLASS;
KANEKO, 2003; GLASS e al., 2000).
To da e, only one s udy has been conduc ed o
de e mine mycelial incompa ibili y in M.
cannonballus. Chilosi e al. (2008) analyzed 14 isola es
om I aly, Spain and he Uni ed S a es. These au ho s
used ‘ni ’ mu an s o de e mine ege a i e
compa ibili y among he isola es. Gi en he sel -
incompa ibili y o hese isola es, i was impossible o
asce ain ege a i e compa ibili y g oups, and
consequen ly, gene ic ela edness was no de e mined
in ha s udy.
Al hough he impo ance and sp ead o
Monospo ascus oo o and ine decline has inc eased
wi hin he melon g owing egions o No heas e n
B azil in he las decade, he e is no in o ma ion
conce ning he gene ic a ia ion wi hin he
popula ions o M. cannonbalus. The e o e, he aim o
his s udy was o de e mine he popula ion s uc u e
o he egional popula ions o M. cannonbalus ha
cause ine decline in he melons o No heas e n
B azil using MCG analysis.
Ma e ial and me hods
Fungal isola es
Fi y-eigh isola es o M. cannonballus we e
ob ained om diseased melon plan s collec ed in
2009 ac oss se en melon ields in wo s a es in he
No heas e n egion o B azil. Two a eas we e
loca ed in he municipali ies o Icapuí and Quixe é
in Cea á S a e (indica ed as BR-1 and BR-2)
(Table 1), and i e a eas we e loca ed in he
municipali y o Mosso ó in Rio G ande do No e S a e
(indica ed as BR-3 o BR-7) (Table 1). In addi ion,
ele en Spanish isola es o M. cannonballus we e
included in he analysis o compa ison pu poses. Each
one o he Spanish isola es was collec ed om a
di e en ield in he Medi e anean cucu bi g owing
a eas o he p o inces o Cas ellón, Ciudad Real,
Mu cia and Valencia (indica ed as SP-1 o SP-11)
(Table 1). The isola es we e ob ained om he diseased
oo s o melons, wa e melons and cucu bi oo s ocks
(Cucu bi a maxima x C. moscha a) supplied by he Fungal
Cul u e Collec ion o he Ins i u o Ag o o es al
Medi e áneo (IAM-UPV, Valencia, Spain).
The s ock cul u es we e main ained on V8 aga
slan s [20 mL o V8 juice (Campbell Soup Company,
To on o, ON, Canada), 3 g o CaCO3, 20 g o aga ,
and 1000 mL o H2O] a 25ºC in da kness. All isola es
we e deposi ed in he Cul u e Collec ion o
Phy opa hogenic Fungi ‘P o . Ma ia Menezes’ (CMM)
o he Uni e sidade Fede al Ru al de Pe nambuco
(Reci e, Pe nambuco S a e B azil).
Melon ine decline pa hogen a iabili y 163
Ac a Scien ia um. Ag onomy Ma ingá, . 35, n. 2, p. 161-167, Ap .-June, 2013
Table 1. In o ma ion o he Monospo ascus cannonballus isola es om B azil and Spain used o de e mine he mycelial compa ibili y
g oups (MCGs).
Popula ion code na Yea Coun y S a e/P o ince Loca ion/Municipali y Hos
BR-1 11 2009 B azil Cea á Icapuí melon
BR-2 10 2009 B azil Cea á Quixe é melon
BR-3 5 2009 B azil Rio G ande do No e Mosso ó melon
BR-4 7 2009 B azil Rio G ande do No e Mosso ó melon
BR-5 9 2009 B azil Rio G ande do No e Mosso ó melon
BR-6 6 2009 B azil Rio G ande do No e Mosso ó melon
BR-7 10 2009 B azil Rio G ande do No e Mosso ó melon
SP-1 1 1998 Spain Mu cia Fuen e Álamo melon
SP-2 1 1998 Spain Ciudad Real A gamasilla de Alba melon
SP-3 1 2003 Spain Cas ellón Almena a cucu bi oo s ock
SP-4 1 2003 Spain Cas ellón Almena a melon
SP-5 1 2003 Spain Cas ellón Almena a wa e melon
SP-6 1 2004 Spain Valencia Albo aia cucu bi oo s ock
SP-7 1 2003 Spain Valencia Albo aia melon
SP-8 1 2004 Spain Valencia Albo aia melon
SP-9 1 2004 Spain Valencia Albo aia wa e melon
SP-10 1 2003 Spain Valencia Picassen wa e melon
SP-11 1 2004 Spain Valencia Silla wa e melon
aNumbe o isola es.
Mycelial compa ibili y g ouping
Be o e ini ia ing he expe imen s, M. cannonballus
isola es we e ans e ed on o PDA cul u e media
(Acumedia Co., Lansing, USA) pla es and g own a
25ºC in he da k o 10 days. Mycelial
incompa ibili y among he isola es was de e mined
using cul u es g own in pai wise combina ions as
p e iously desc ibed (BURGESS e al., 2009). The
isola es we e ini ially pai ed in all possible
combina ions o a single loca ion. Six mycelial
plugs (6-mm-diame e ) om he ma gin o he
colony, each ep esen ing a single isola e, we e
inocula ed on o PDA a 2 cm apa in a
p ede e mined o de using a empla e on a 9-cm
Pe i dish (Figu e 1). The cul u es we e incuba ed a
30ºC in he da k o h ee weeks and obse ed a 15
and 21 days o de ec he ba age zone, which occu s
o ege a i e incompa ible eac ions. The isola es
ha did no o m a ba age zone we e conside ed
compa ible. A e he ini ial compa isons we e
comple ed, he ep esen a i e MCGs om each
popula ion we e pai ed in all possible combina ions.
All pai ings we e conduc ed a leas wice.
Analysis o geno ipic di e si y
The isola es wi hin each popula ion o
M. cannonballus belonging o he same MCG we e
conside ed as ha ing he same pheno ype because
he gene ic backg ound was unknown. Each MGC
ep esen ed a geno ype. A geno ype di e si y analysis
was pe o med o each popula ion o dis inguish
o al di e si y, ichness and e enness. The o al
di e si y indices we e calcula ed as Hill´s index N1
(HILL, 1973) and S odda and Taylo ´s index G
(STODDART; TAYLOR, 1988) acco ding o
G ünwald e al. (2003). In he o mula o Hill’s
index N1 = eH´, H´ e e s o Shannon-Wiene ’s
index H´ = {–[pi ×ln(pi)]} (SHANNON;
WEAVER, 1949), in which pi is he equency o he
i h geno ype, and N1 ep esen s he numbe o
equally common geno ypes ha would p oduce he
same di e si y. The G index is calcula ed using he
o mula G = 1/pi
2. The indices G and N1 measu e
he e ec i e dis ibu ion o he p opo ional
abundances among he di e en geno ypes. The
di e ence be ween he wo indices is ha N
1
s ongly conside s he numbe o a e geno ypes,
whe eas G s ongly conside s he numbe o
abundan geno ypes (GRÜNWALD e al., 2003).
Di e ences in he N1 and G among popula ions
we e es ed based on a 90% con idence in e al
es ima ed wi h 1,000 esamples using he accele a ed
boo s ap me hod (GRÜNWALD e al., 2003). The
geno ypic ichness was es ima ed using he
a e ac ion me hod (GRÜNWALD e al., 2003),
which assumes ha he numbe o expec ed geno ypes,
o E(gn), in a andom sample o n indi iduals ou o a
o al sample o N indi iduals, whe e ni co esponds o
he numbe o indi iduals pe geno ype is. The e o e,
he E(gn) is based on he sum o he p obabili ies ha
each geno ype will be included in he sample. To
compa e he ichness da a be ween egional
popula ions (ag icul u al poles), he expec ed numbe
o MCGs E(gn) was es ima ed o samples o sizes N =
10, which was he smalles sample size o he
popula ion. The a e ac ion es ima es we e ob ained
a e compiling he algo i hm <Ra e ac.c>
(GRÜNWALD e al., 2003). We calcula ed he Ludwig
and Reynolds’s index E5 o es ima e e enness, which is
he a io o he numbe o abundan geno ypes o he
numbe o a e geno ypes gi en as E5 = G-1/N1-1
(LUDWIG; REYNOLDS, 1988). All analyses we e
conduc ed using he R so wa e package (R
DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2010).
164 Beze a e al.
Ac a Scien ia um. Ag onomy Ma ingá, . 35, n. 2, p. 161-167, Ap .-June, 2013
The analyses we e conduc ed in wo s eps: (i) he
58 B azilian isola es, i espec i e o he egional
popula ions, we e compa ed wi h all o he isola es
om Spain; and (ii) all o he isola es om a single
egional popula ion we e compa ed among
hemsel es. The indices o geno ypic di e si y we e
used o measu e and s a is ically compa e he a ie y
o pheno ypes wi hin di e en popula ions. Thus,
he null hypo hesis is ha no signi ican di e ences
in geno ypic di e si y exis be ween he B azilian
and Spanish popula ions o M. cannonballus and
wi hin he egional popula ions o B azil.
Resul s and discussion
Mycelial compa ibili y g ouping
A e pai ing he M. cannonballus isola es on PDA,
wo ypes o mycelial in e ac ions we e obse ed:
in e mingling mycelia, whe e he wo colonies g ew
oge he wi h a uni o m su ace, which was ypical o a
ege a i e compa ibili y eac ion; and a ba age zone
o med as a esul o he in e ac ion be ween he
colonies, conside ed a ege a i e incompa ibili y
eac ion (Figu e 1). Bo h in e mingling mycelia and
ba age zones we e obse ed when sco ing eac ions
o pai ed isola es. The ba age zones a ied om sligh
o s ong, ha is, om na ow lines o mycelia o med
a he poin o con ac among he pai ed isola es o
wide s ips o dense, ligh o da k b own mycelia.
Figu e 1. Mycelial compa ible and incompa ible eac ions among
Monospo ascus cannonballus isola es in PDA cul u e media.
Among he 69 M. cannonballus isola es, 10 MCGs
we e iden i ied (Table 2). The B azilian isola es
we e assigned in o ou MCGs: MCG-1 wi h
35 isola es, MCG-2 wi h 20 isola es, MCG-3 wi h
wo isola es and MGC-4 wi h one isola e. MCG-1
and MCG-2 included isola es om all egional
popula ions in No heas e n B azil. The maximum
numbe o MCGs obse ed wi hin an indi idual
ield was h ee: MCGs 1, 2 and 4 in BR-1 and
MCGs 1, 2 and 3 in BR-2 and BR-6. The isola es
om he Quixe é and Mosso ó popula ions
belonged o MCG-1, MCG-2 and MCG-3, while
he isola es om Icapuí belonged o MCG-1,
MCG-2 and MCG-4. The Spanish isola es we e
assigned in o six di e en MCGs and we e no
g ouped acco ding o he p o ince o o igin o he
hos om which hey we e isola ed. No Spanish
isola es we e compa ible wi h B azilian isola es
(Table 2).
Table 2. Mycelial compa ibili y g oups (MCGs) o Monospo ascus
cannonballus isola es om B azil and Spain.
MCG
g oup
Popula ion
(n = numbe o isola es)
1 BR-1 (4), BR-2 (7), BR-3 (3), BR-4 (6), BR-5 (4), BR-6 (3), BR-7 (9)
2 BR-1 (6), BR-2 (2), BR-3 (3), BR-4 (1), BR-5 (5), BR-6 (2), BR-7 (1)
3 BR-2 (1), BR-6 (1)
4 BR-1 (4)
5 ES-1 (1)
6 ES-5 (1), ES-11 (1)
7 ES-4 (1), ES-8 (1), ES-10 (1)
8 ES-7 (1)
9 ES-3 (1), ES-6 (1), ES-9 (1)
10 ES-10 (1)
This s udy was he i s o de e mine he
geno ypic di e si y o he M. cannonballus isola es in
he melon g owing a eas in No heas e n B azil.
The MCG analysis showed ha 94.8% o he
B azilian isola es belonged o wo majo MCGs,
ega dless o he p oduc ion egion o o igin.
The ela i e numbe o MCGs in he
popula ions o ascomyce es has p e iously been used
o indica e whe he a pa hogen has ecen ly been
in oduced in o an a ea o has been p esen o a
longe ime (ADAMS e al., 1990). The numbe o
MCGs no only depends on he leng h o ime ha
he pa hogen was in oduced bu also on he
di e si y o he sou ce popula ion, he equency
wi h which he pa hogen was in oduced and he
abili y o ou c oss (MILGROOM; CORTESI,
1999). The eme gence o new geno ypes wi hin an
indi idual ield migh also be an indica ion o
MCGs o clones ha a e adap ed o speci ic
mic oclima es o hos s ha unlikely esul ed om
gene ic exchange and ecombina ion (KULL e al.,
2004).
Gene ic s uc u e based in MCG analysis
Fou dis inc geno ypes o M. cannonballus
we e obse ed in he B azilian popula ion. The
geno ypic di e si y o he o al popula ion was
6.9% o he possible maximum, whe e e e y
isola e had a unique geno ype. A o al o 3 (75%)
Melon ine decline pa hogen a iabili y 165
Ac a Scien ia um. Ag onomy Ma ingá, . 35, n. 2, p. 161-167, Ap .-June, 2013
o he 4 geno ypes had equencies g ea e han
one and ep esen ed 57 o he 58 isola es s udied.
Two geno ypes we e ound in he h ee egional
popula ions, one geno ype was ound only in
Icapuí, and ano he geno ype was ound in
Quixe é and Mosso ó.
The indices N1 and G we e simila o he
Icapuí, Quixe é and Mosso ó popula ions. The
es ima ed con idence in e als o he indices o
all h ee ag icul u al poles o e lapped, sugges ing
he lack o signi ican di e ences be ween hem
(Table 2). When he G di e si y index was scaled
o he numbe o expec ed geno ypes [E(gn)], a
lowe ichness was es ima ed o he Mosso ó
popula ion (2.27), while a highe ichness was
es ima ed o he Icapuí (2.83) and Quixe é (3.00)
popula ions. Rega ding he e enness index, he
Quixe é popula ion had he highe alue (0.96),
while he Icapuí popula ion showed a lowe alue
(0.60) (Table 3).
In he Spanish popula ion, six di e en
geno ypes we e ound, wi h 54.5% o he possible
geno ypic di e si y maximum. Th ee geno ypes
we e obse ed only once in he o al popula ion,
while he wo mos equen geno ypes we e
p esen h ee imes. No common geno ypes we e
obse ed be ween he B azilian and Spanish
popula ions. When he popula ions o hese
coun ies we e compa ed, he boo s apped
con idence in e als o he di e si y indices N1
and G did no o e lap. Lowe alues o he o al
geno ypic di e si y, ichness and e enness we e
ob ained o he B azilian popula ion (Table 2).
The M. cannonballus egional popula ions om
B azil had low le els o gene ic di e si y because
he boo s apped con idence in e als o di e si y
o e lapped o all indices assayed be ween hese
popula ions, con i ming he null hypo hesis ha
no signi ican di e ence in di e si y exis s among
he Icapui, Quixe e and Mosso ó egional
popula ions.
The homogenei y wi hin he M. cannonballus
egional popula ions de i ed om di e en melon
g owing a eas in B azil, which we e mo e han
90 km apa in some cases (Icapuí and Quixe é),
sugges s ha M. cannonballus popula ions ha e
unde gone li le gene ic change since he disease was
i s de ec ed in 2002 (SALES JÚNIOR e al., 2004).
This esul is consis en wi h s udies conduc ed in
I aly whe e his pa hogen was i s epo ed in 2001
(INFANTINO e al., 2002). Chilosi e al. (2008)
epo ed li le a ia ion among he M. cannonballus
isola es om I aly based on RFLP s udies.
Con e sely, in Spain, whe e he disease was i s
desc ibed in 1990 (LOBO-RUANO, 1990), a
highe geno ypic di e si y was de ec ed.
The cu en low di e si y in he B azilian
popula ion o M. cannonballus could ha e esul ed
om a ounde e ec . The e idence sugges s ha
M. cannonballus was in oduced in o B azil
h ough p opaga ion ma e ial o o he po en ial
means o dispe sal; hus, his pa hogen migh be a
na i e o he Caa inga biome soils, cha ac e is ic
o he No heas e n semia id egions o B azil
(MEDEIROS e al., 2006). In he Uni ed S a es,
he ungus was conside ed as an indigenous soil
inhabi an (STANGHELLINI e al., 1996). The
B azilian M. cannonballus popula ion ha is
pa hogenic o melons po en ially eme ged om a
na i e popula ion h ough selec ion p essu e as a
consequence o in ensi e melon cul i a ion. This
selec ion p essu e could ha e led o a new
popula ion o indi iduals mo e adap ed o melon
c ops, which sp ead easily wi hin a cul i a ed a ea.
Table 3. Gene ic di e si y indices o Monospo ascus cannonballus isola es g ouped in o h ee egional popula ions (Icapui, Quixe é and
Mosso ó) acco ding he g owing egion in B azil and in o wo coun y popula ions (B azil and Spain).
Popula ions
Regional Coun y
Indices Icapui Quixe é Mosso ó B azil Spain
na 11 10 37 58 11
Di e si y
N1b 2.43
(1.67-3.18)
2.23
(1.34-3.11)
2.12
(1.72-2.51)
2.37
(1.97-2.77)
5.33
(3.80-6.85)
Gc 1.85
(0.98-2.72)g
2.18
(1.44-2.91)
1.92
(1.54-2.29)
2.10
(1.78-2.41)
4.84
(3.33-6.34)
Richness
gobsd 3 3 3 4 6
E(gn)e 2.83 3.00 2.27 2.53 6.00
E enness
E5 0.60 0.96 0.82 0.80 0.89
aNumbe o isola es. bHill’s di e si y index (HILL, 1973). cS odda and Taylo ’s geno ypic di e si y index (STODDART; TAYLOR, 1988). dNumbe o obse ed
geno ypes (MCG). eExpec ed numbe o geno ypes (MCGs) es ima ed by he a e ac ion me hod (GRÜNWALD e al., 2003). Ludwig and Reynolds´s e enness index
(LUDWIG; REYNOLDS, 1988). gNumbe s in pa en heses indica e 90% con idence in e al calcula ed by boo s apping (1,000 esamples) using he accele a ed boo s ap
me hod (GRÜNWALD e al., 2003).

166 Beze a e al.
Ac a Scien ia um. Ag onomy Ma ingá, . 35, n. 2, p. 161-167, Ap .-June, 2013
In con as , we obse ed signi ican gene ic
a ia ion be ween he B azilian and Spanish
popula ions. All isola es om B azil we e
incompa ible wi h isola es om Spain. Simila ly, M.
cannonballus isola es om he Uni ed S a es we e no
compa ible wi h any isola e om Is ael and Spain.
Geog aphical isola ion, di e en ial soil en i onmen s
and cul u al p ac ices could po en ially explain he
incompa ibili y o hese isola es.
Conclusion
The popula ion o M. cannonballus om melon
g owing a eas in No heas e n B azil showed li le
gene ic a ia ion, which sugges s ha a b eeding
p og am o esis an cul i a s may be success ul in
his egion.
Acknowledgemen s
This esea ch was pa ially unded by CAPES
(P ojec 203/2009 - In e na ional Coope a ion CAPES-
B azil/DGU-Spain). We a e hank ul CNPq o he
esea ch ellowships g an ed o C.S. Beze a, M.P.S.
Câma a, R. Sales Júnio and S.J. Miche e . We hank
P o . Edua do S.G. Mizubu i, Uni e sidade Fede al de
Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Ge ais S a e, B azil, o use ul
ad ice on da a analyses.
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