Senso s 2015, 15, 7246-7266; doi:10.3390/s150407246
senso s
ISSN 1424-8220
www.mdpi.com/jou nal/senso s
A icle
Design o a Hyb id (Wi ed/Wi eless) Acquisi ion Da a Sys em
o Moni o ing o Cul u al He i age Physical Pa ame e s in
Sma Ci ies
Fe nando-Juan Ga cía Diego 1,2,*, Bo ja Es eban 1 and Paloma Me ello 1,3
1 Depa men o Applied Physics, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, A . de los Na anjos s/n,
Valencia 46022, Spain; E-Mails: [email p o ec ed] (B.E.);
[email p o ec ed] (P.M.)
2 Cen o de Tecnologías Físicas, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de València, A . de los Na anjos s/n,
Valencia 46022, Spain
3 Ins i u o Valenciano de Conse ación y Res au ación de Bienes Cul u ales (IVC+R),
Complejo Socio-Educa i o de Penye a Roja s/n, Cas ellón 12080, Spain
* Au ho o whom co espondence should be add essed; E-Mail: [email p o ec ed];
Tel.: +34-96-3877000 (ex . 75241).
Academic Edi o : An onio Pulia i o
Recei ed: 8 Janua y 2015 / Accep ed: 16 Ma ch 2015 / Published: 25 Ma ch 2015
Abs ac : P e en i e conse a ion ep esen s a wo king me hod and combina ion o
echniques which helps in de e mining and con olling he de e io a ion p ocess o cul u al
he i age in o de o ake he necessa y ac ions be o e i occu s. I is acknowledged as
impo an , bo h in e ms o p ese ing and also educing he cos o u u e conse a ion
measu es. The e o e, long- e m moni o ing o physical pa ame e s in luencing cul u al
he i age is necessa y. In he con ex o Sma Ci ies, moni o ing o cul u al he i age is o
in e es in o de o pe o m u u e compa a i e s udies and load in o ma ion in o he
cloud ha will be use ul o he conse a ion o o he he i age si es. In his pape he
de elopmen o an economical and app op ia e acquisi ion da a sys em combining wi ed and
wi eless communica ion, as well as hi d pa y ha dwa e o inc eased e sa ili y, is
p esen ed. The de ice allows moni o ing a complex ne wo k o poin s wi h high sampling
equency, wi h wi ed senso s in a 1-wi e bus and a wi eless cen alized sys em eco ding
da a o moni o ing o physical pa ame e s, as well as he u u e possibili y o a aching
an ala m sys em o sending da a o e he In e ne . This has been possible wi h he de elopmen
OPEN ACCESS
Senso s 2015, 15 7247
o h ee boa d’s designs and mo e han 5000 algo i hm lines. Sys em es s ha e shown an
adequa e sys em ope a ion.
Keywo ds: cul u al he i age; mic oclima ic moni o ing; acquisi ion da a sys em;
wi ed/wi eless; Sma Ci ies
1. In oduc ion
P e en i e conse a ion me hods a e based on he concep ha con olling some o he majo
de e io a ion causes in he en i onmen i is possible o ensu e he sus ainabili y and du abili y o he a
wo k [1].
Depending on he na u e o cul u al he i age, he de e io a ion causes a e subjec ed o he in luence
o di e en physical pa ame e s. Fo example, a wo ks a e in luenced by e ms o s ess caused by
physical agen s such as empe a u e, humidi y, adia ion, and chemical agen s (e.g., CO2, SO2, O3,
mine al sal s, e c.) [2], meanwhile, empe a u e and humidi y can each especial impo ance on
a chaeological s uc u es because o being majo ly s one-buil [3,4].
Bu gene ally, ab up changes o empe a u e and ela i e humidi y (RH) may cause se ious damage
in all he di e en kind o objec s, such as non-iso opic ma e ial de o ma ion o de achmen in ma e ials
o se e al laye s [5]. In hyg oscopic ma e ials, such as wood panels, which a e he mains ay o many
a wo ks, mechanical changes and de o ma ions could occu [6]. In he case o escoes, soluble sal s
and mois u e a e he e y common causes o de e io a ion; he e o e an ea ly de ec ion o dange ous
alues o hese physical pa ame e s ( oge he wi h o he chemical pa ame e s in some cases) is essen ial
o a oid his kind o damage [7].
Thus, bo h long- e m moni o ing o he en i onmen al pa ame e s as well as u he analysis o he
eco ded da a a e necessa y [8]. The concep o “Sma Ci y” is no o iously liquid, sca cely o malized
and, in some deg ee, subjec o di e en ideological in e p e a ions [9]. No mally Sma Ci y is associa ed
wi h eal- ime moni o ing and cloud compu ing [10]. Howe e , Sma Ci ies should no necessa ily be
es ic ed o eal- ime moni o ing. In ac , in he case o moni o ing cul u al he i age, his o ical da a
(wi hou unde es ima ing eal- ime ala ms, e c.) is mo e in e es ing as i is impo an o cha ac e ise he
si e o pe o ming compa a i e s udies in he u u e, ei he egula ly, in o de o e i y whe he he
condi ions a e cons an , o occasionally, when he bounda y condi ions a e al e ed [11].
Thus, he aim o moni o ing cul u al he i age in a Sma Ci y would be sending all hese eco ded da a
o in e ne so hey can be checked and se e as an example o he conse a ion o o he simila si es.
The en i onmen al moni o ing is pe o med by a egula da a eco ding, whose equencies ypically
ange be ween one da um e e y hou (1 da um/h) o e e y day (1 da um/day) [12,13].
Moni o ing wi h equencies nea 60 da a pe hou (1 da um/min) is in e es ing as powe and
con idence o he s a is ical analysis pe o med inc eases in di ec p opo ion o he sample size
used [8], and he e o e de elop a moni o ing sys em wi h la ge g id o senso s and big memo y o s o e
la ge amoun s o da a om high eco ding equencies is in e es ing.
Di e en wo ks moni o ing cul u al he i age a e ound in he li e a u e [14,15]. Mos o hem use
indi idual da a-logge s. Some au ho s [16] use Hobo da a-logge s [17], and o he s udies [6,11,18] wo k
Senso s 2015, 15 7248
wi h da a-logge s DS1922L [19] and DS1923 [20]. Da a om hese da a-logge s canno be sen
au oma ically o he cloud and due o hey a e comme cial de ices, i s ha dwa e and so wa e is unknown
and canno be modi ied.
The e a e also pape s ha ha e s udied he mic oclima e in chu ches making use o a wi ed senso
ne wo k composed o di e en lines and senso s and a single mic ocon olle [7,21]. The expe ience
wi h he DS1923 [18] has demons a ed ha indi idual da a-logge s ba e y and memo y ge deple ed
a ound he hi d mon h o wo k in cases whe e da a has o be aken wi h high equency. Mo eo e ,
esul s o each da a-logge mus be combined in o one ile. So wa e o combine he da a au oma ically
once hey a e in he compu e could be de eloped; howe e he ha des pa o he wo k consis s in
loading da a in o he compu e one by one.
A senso ne wo k sol es he issue o he lack o memo y and ba e y bu only SDI-12 [22] p o ocol
is able o each cable leng h o 250 m and de ices wi h his p o ocol a e much mo e expensi e and do
no allow connec ing enough senso s (no mo e han 60) o co e cul u al he i age applica ions [21].
The e o e, he bes op ion is o de elop a new kind o ne wo k da a-logge adding mo e cable leng h,
amoun o senso s connec ion, lexibili y and lowe consump ion and p ice han a compu e and o he
da a acquisi ion sys ems.
The own de elopmen o moni o ing sys ems om he expe ience o he equi emen s o he pa icula
ield o ac ion is essen ial o he echnical and cos e iciency o hese [23]. Some pape s ha e de eloped
acquisi ion sys ems o emo e con ol applied o cul u al he i age [24,25].
This pape deals wi h he necessi y o a low cos da a-logge able o collec and eco d da a o physical
pa ame e s om ex ended a eas o p e en i e conse a ion applica ions, combining wi ed and wi eless
communica ion p o ocols. In his pape we p esen a de ice able o communica e wi h senso s using
1-Wi e p o ocol, p og ammed o con ol he equency o da a cap u e, wi h a ailu e p o ec ion sys em,
mee ing as much as possible wi h he equi emen s o he ma ke and consume s and wi h a e sa ile
p og amming ha allows i s ex ension o di e en applica ion such as ala ms, sending da a ia In e ne ,
e c. o Sma Ci ies.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Senso s
The de ice will be de eloped hinking on he senso s selec ed and hei p o ocol o communica ion.
In his case, senso s a e p ede e mined by Maxim In eg a ed Company o i s p o en ope abili y
in cul u al he i age pu poses [7,21], as well as i s wide ange o e o senso s, analogue o digi al
con e e s and no expensi e p ices.
A p ac ical applica ion o he es ing o he sys em is pe o med a he end o his pape . Two 1-Wi e
sla es we e assembled in a single double sided p in ed boa d o 12 mm × 26 mm: a DS18B20 [26],
which is a empe a u e senso wi h an accu acy o ±0.5 °C, wi h a ange o measu emen s om −10 o
+85 °C, and an Analog o Digi al Con e e (ADC) DS2450 (Maxim In eg a ed P oduc s, Inc., San Jose,
CA, USA) [27] which can use one o i s ou channels o ead he analog po en ial o a HIH 4030-001
RH senso [28] (Honeywell In e na ional, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) wi h ±3.5% RH accu acy
(uncalib a ed) and a ange o measu emen s om 0% o 100% o ela i e humidi y.
Senso s 2015, 15 7249
The Maxim In eg a ed de ices ha e hei own and unique se ial numbe implemen ed in p oduc ion
and impossible o change. A calib a ion p ocedu e wi h aqueous solu ions o wo sal s (li hium chlo ide
and sodium chlo ide) was applied in labo a o y acco ding o he s anda d ASTM E 104–02 [29] in o de
o s udy he measu emen e o s o RH senso s. All RH senso s we e in oduced in a small chambe
equilib a ed wi h a sa u a ed solu ion o a sal . Nex , calib a ion equa ions we e ob ained o each senso
in o de o ela e he ol age ou pu and RH.
2.2. Wi ed T ansmission P o ocols
The p o ocol selec ed o con olling he senso s by he mas e is 1-Wi e. The numbe o senso s and
he es ic ions o ins all hem in each applica ion a e qui e unp edic able. So o o e a majo lexibili y
in o he da a logging ne wo k, he s uc u e o he da a-logge is going o be di ided in o h ee di e en
modules (Mas e module, Sla e module, and Wi eless module). In o de o make a ailable he
communica ion, each module has o ha e i s own mic ocon olle , so one is ins alled in each module,
and I2C p o ocol is selec ed o communica e modules physically connec ed. This p o ocol will be used
o he da a ansmission h ough he boa d as i o e s a good baud a e wi h synch onic communica ion
and i is e y simple o implemen .
2.3. Wi eless T ansmission P o ocol
The sys em includes an xBee module o o e wi eless suppo [30]. This de ice is able o ou e
messages using he IEEE 802.15.4 s anda ds. This p o ocol o e s o hese modules he nex ea u es:
low ax o noise in e e ence, low ax o in e e ences, low powe consump ion (depends on he ac ua ion
ange), high axes o ansmission powe and ecep ion sensibili y, ex a enc yp ion se ices (applica ion
and ne wo k keys implemen ex a 128b AES enc yp ion), associa ion and au hen ica ion (only alid
nodes can join o he ne wo k), AODV ou ing p o ocol [30]. This allows he da a-logge o send
in o ma ion abou i s senso s o a Mas e de ice in o de o s o e da a. Fu he mo e, he sys em
can include as many wi eless da a-logge s as is necessa y o accomplish he numbe o senso s and
dis ance equi emen s.
2.4. Mic ocon olle ATmega328
In o de o dispose a simple p og amming en i onmen all he lib a ies we e implemen ed in C++ o
he mic ocon olle . The company A duino o e s a solu ion wi h all he mic ocon olle unc ions
needed o he applica ion. Speci ically mic ocon olle ATmega328 is a ailable in he ma ke wi h
a low p ice and has “A duino UNO” boa d o p og am he mic ocon olle .
The ATmega328 has he minimal equi emen s o he applica ion. I has one I2C po in o de o
connec wi h he de ice DS2482-800 [31] and he ex e nal clock [32] oge he wi h an USART o connec
o he pe iphe als like an USB memo y. The p og ammable memo y is 32 kB so i is enough o s o e all
he necessa y lib a ies, he se ial numbe o he senso s and he main p og am. Mo eo e , i is equipped
wi h digi al and analogic inpu s and ou pu s modula ed by PWM o imp o e o adap ou da a-logge o
a wide ange o possibili ies.
Senso s 2015, 15 7250
Communica ion be ween mic ocon olle s is possible using he I2C po be ween modules and he
USART po o he wi eless de ice. A duino In eg a ed De elopmen En i onmen (IDE) p o ides all
he lib a ies o enable his communica ion. As he mic ocon olle does no ha e 1-Wi e po , de ice
DS2482-800 o Maxim In eg a ed [31] manages au oma ically 1-Wi e p o ocol enabling he sys em o
connec a heo e ically unlimi ed numbe o senso s pe channel and a kilome e o wi e. This de ice is
equipped wi h 8 di e en 1-Wi e channels.
2.5. Ex e nal Clock
The DS1307 (Maxim In eg a ed, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) is he de ice implemen ed as ex e nal
clock on he p in ed ci cui boa d. This de ice also uses I2C p o ocol o communica e wi h he
mic ocon olle , has a low consump ion ene gy a e and an ex e nal ba e y o gua an eeing he
ope a ion i he main inpu cu en alls down [32].
2.6. Ex e nal USB Memo y
Da a-logge is de eloped o sa e all da a inside an ex e nal memo y by he use o a pe iphe al USB.
The de ice used o a ange he USB is he pe iphe al VDIP1. This de ice and i s mic ocon olle
FTDI ha e been de eloped by he company Fdichip [33] and include all he necessa y p og ams ins alled
o p o ide access by he UART, pa allel FIFO o SPI in e ace pins on he main mic ocon olle . The
communica ion selec ion is p o ided by wo jumpe pin heade s o allow by simple con igu a ion o he
I/O on da a and con ol bus pins o he VDIP1. In his case, he communica ion is managed by he UART
po connec ed o he USART po o he main mic ocon olle .
2.7. DC Powe Supply
De ices NCP7805TG [34] and UA78M33CKCS [35] ha e been ins alled on he boa d in o de o
o e a s able ou pu cu en wi h a high a e o inpu ol age.
2.8. The Failu e Managemen
Failu e managemen sys em includes he aspec s and de ices ha p o ec he da a acquisi ion agains
unexpec ed e en s. To p o ec he sys em, he da a-logge will include a de ice named “Wa ch-Dog”,
speci ically he TPS3813 by Texas Ins umen s [36]. This chip is used o ese he comple e sys em
(wi hou dele ing any da a) in o de o es a he con igu a ion in o a known wo king poin . This es is
pe o med in ime in e als ha will be se by he de elope acco ding o he sampling equency and
he numbe o senso s.
Fu he mo e, Time Ou s in all he loops o esume he p og am in case o ails in he communica ion
p o ocols and da a acquisi ion will be included in he p og am. The las o hese Time Ou s can be
modi ied in he main p og am by so wa e in o de o imp o e he communica ion depending on he
amoun o sla es in he sys em.

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2.9. Desc ip ion o he Tes ing Expe imen
An expe imen o moni o ing was pe o med in o de o check he sys em ope a ion, wi hou he goal
o diagnosing i he en i onmen su ounding he selec ed a wo k is sui able o i s conse a ion. Resul s
ob ained wi h he de eloped sys em a e compa ed wi h hose o a comme cial da a-logge ha has been
used be o e in moni o ing o cul u al he i age.
Each p obe o hese au onomous de ices consis s o one empe a u e da a-logge (model The moch on
DS1922L [19]) and one RH da a-logge (model Hyg och on DS1923 [20]). Each da a-logge (DS1923)
con ains a humidi y senso wi h an accu acy o ±5% and a empe a u e senso wi h an accu acy o ±0.5 °C.
RH da a-logge s we e calib a ed wi h aqueous sal solu ions (as done wi h senso s in Sec ion 2.1)
acco ding o he s anda d ASTM E 104–02 [29].
In 1928, he ex ile indus ialis Edua do Rome o Sanchis placed a acsimile, wi h de ail and iden ical
o he Real Senye a on o de o he Ci y Council o Valencia, wea ed in silk: ou s ips o magen a silk
on golden silk issue backg ound, wi h a blue s ipe on he lagpole side, wi h a golden c own, also in
golden issue [37].
When he wo ldwide ecognized Valencian w i e Vicen e Blasco Ibañez died in 1928, he lag was
mo ed o F ance o co e he co in. Some yea s a e , in 1932, i was mo ed o he same pu pose
du ing his une al in Valencia a e he ans e o his emains.
In Decembe 2009, he poli ical pa y Union Valenciana dona ed he lag o he Valencian
Go e nmen unde he condi ion o i s es o a ion and conse a ion. Cu en ly i is displayed, a e i s
es o a ion in 2013, in he Blasco Ibáñez Museum-House (Valencia, Spain), inside a sealed sligh ly
inclined display cabine (317 × 223 × 12 cm) designed o his pu pose (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1. Res o ed lag in he display cabine , Blasco Ibáñez Museum-House (Valencia).
A pai o se s o wo DS2450 and HIH-4030 senso p obes we e ins alled (a couple inside he display
cabine and he o he a he ou side), and p obe se wi h one comme cial DS1923 da a-logge was
ins alled nex o he senso a he ou doo s o he display cabine as a es ing da a-logge .
Fo he expe imen , senso s we e ins alled indoo s and ou doo s he display cabine . Ou de eloped
moni o ing sys em is composed o h ee di e en modules (Mas e module, Sla e module, and Wi eless
module ha will be desc ibed in Sec ion 3). In he ou doo s o he display cabine , he Mas e and a Sla e
managing a line o wo senso s (one inside and he o he ou side he display cabine ) we e placed. The
Senso s 2015, 15 7252
moni o ing expe imen s a ed on 17 No embe 2014 and ended on 27 No embe 2014. Du ing his pe iod
o 11 days, each comme cial da a-logge eco ded one measu emen e e y 10 min (6 da a pe hou ) and
each da a-logge o he designed sys em eco ded one measu emen e e y minu e (60 da a pe hou ).
3. Design o Ha dwa e and So wa e o he Da a Moni o ing Sys em
The s uc u e o he da a-logge is going o be di ided in o h ee di e en modules (Mas e module,
Sla e module, and Wi eless module). The goal o he Mas e module is o collec da a om all he sla e
modules ins alled in he wi eless ne wo k and manage hem in o de o sa e he in o ma ion inside a
USB memo y (in his p ojec ) o sending he in o ma ion o o he de ice such as a compu e .
The Sla e module is he esponsible o collec ing da a om he senso s and sending he in o ma ion
o he connec ed module.
The Wi eless module is able o send he in o ma ion ecei ed om he connec ed module o o he
Wi eless module o he opposi e.
I is designed o connec wo modules and o m h ee di e en kinds o da a-logge s. Fo example i
we connec a Mas e module wi h a Sla e module we will ha e a common da a-logge , bu we can c ea e
a wi eless ne wo k sys em using wo Sla e modules and a Mas e module connec ing each one wi h a
Wi eless module. Tha way, wo di e en da a-logge s can collec da a om wo di e en places and
sa e hem in o he same ex e nal memo y by wi eless, allowing one, o example, o easily moni o
di e en ooms in a museum wi h a unique moni o ing sys em.
3.1. Design o Ha dwa e o he Da a Moni o ing Sys em
The i s subjec is he p in ed ci cui boa d (PCB) design because is he basis o he p oduc ion. Fo
he de elopmen o his Sec ion he main p og am used o he designs is “Eagle CAD” [38]. When we
s a ed he e is no supposed o be a limi o size bu i is ecommendable o minimise i in o de o o e
a good design. Fu he mo e, he ee e sion o “Eagle CAD” only allows a ce ain maximum size o
(56 × 36 × 23 cm). Du ing he design, a p o o ype had been c ea ed in o de o sol e possible oubles
du ing he cons uc ion and he wo king li e. The inal solu ion is p esen ed in his Sec ion.
3.1.1. Design o he Powe T ack
Two di e en supplying sys ems a e included. One +5 V DC cu en o he alimen a ion o he
ATMega328 and o he s. This alimen a ion will be ins alled on he Mas e and Sla e modules.
One +3.3 V DC cu en o he alimen a ion o he xBee in eg a ed (Wi eless module).
The selec ed de ices o supply he powe a e he NCP7805TG egula o o he +5 V and he
UA78M33CKCS o +3.3 V, allowing he da a-logge being connec ed o a wide ange o DC ans o me s.
Besides he powe il e has been imp o ed om he A duino design, adding a small ce amic
capaci o , using pa allel connexion, o he elec oly ic il e . Thus, inal combined il e has be e
p op ie ies in e ms o esis ance and p ice.
No e ha , i he loca ion has a high a e o illumina ion, i could be conside ed he op ion o looking
o a posi ion wi h enough luminal in ensi y in o de o include a pho o ol aic sou ce o echa ge a
Senso s 2015, 15 7253
da a-logge ba e y. Once he supply sys em has been designed, he nex s ep is o de ine he posi ion o each
componen and connec he acks wi h he ex e nal connec ions. This s ep will be di e en in all he modules.
The PINs used o connec di e en boa ds ha e o co e bo h sides in o de o be able o ha e a
module up and also down. The connec ion dis ibu ion is simila o he A duino modules, ha way i is
possible o c ea e new applica ions jus adding new so wa e and he co esponding boa d. A ese swi ch
is also a ailable in he Mas e and Sla e modules; mo eo e his signal a ec s he connec ed Wi eless
module oo.
3.1.2. Final Boa ds and Schema ics
The majo i y o he powe acks such as GND, +3.3 V and +5 V a e designed wi h 0.8128 mm o
wid h. The es o acks, as a as is possible, a e abou 0.5 mm. In he inal design, depending on he
module, he connec ed de ices a e di e en . In he Mas e , he VDIP1 is connec ed wi h he ATMega328
using UART po (Figu e 2). Besides, o ensu e a co ec communica ion be ween hem, wo o he
ATMega328 PINs a e used as “Clea o Send” (CTS) and “Reques o Send” (RTS) (Figu e 2). Those acks
manage when bo h a e eady o enable a da a ansmission.
Figu e 2. Mas e schema ic inal design.
Senso s 2015, 15 7254
On he o he hand, he DS1307 (Ex e nal Clock) has been connec ed o he PINs ADC5 and ADC4
o he ATMEGA328 using “Se ial Da a Line” (SDA) and “Se ial Clock Line” (SCL) in o de o enable
he I
2
C communica ion be ween hem. Rega ding he Wa ch-Dog, he “Wa chdog ime inpu ” (WDI)
has been connec ed o one o he PINs o he ATMega328 o enable he Failu e Managemen .
Finally, an op ional po has been ins alled o manage a “liquid c ys al display” (LCD), which could
be ins alled in he p o o ype o ensu e co ec da a acquisi ion.
Secondly, on he Sla e module, he USB pe iphe al and he ex e nal clock ha e been eplaced
by he I
2
C o 1-Wi e ansla o (Figu es 2 and 3). The ex e nal 1-Wi e plug is he s anda d D-sub
connec o MHDD which o e s 9 connexions: 1 o he G ound (GND), 1 o he Senso s Vol age supply
(VDD) and 7 channels. The channel numbe 3 ou pu is ese ed and loca ed inside he boa d in o de
o o e possible connexions inside he encapsula ion like o he kind o senso s o p o ec ions.
Figu e 3. Sla e Schema ic Final Design.
The Wi eless module has an XBee mic ocon olle (Figu e 4) o enable he wi eless communica ion
be ween wo di e en modules by wi eless (able o communica e among hem using he IEEE 802.15.4
p o ocol and communica e wi h he A Mega328 using he USART po ). I can be used o communica e
also Mas e o Sla e modules o a comme cial A duino boa d by I
2
C making i e y e sa ile and use ul
in a wide ange o applica ions.
Senso s 2015, 15 7261
indica e i . When he ansmission has inished and he Mas e has all he da a, i sends
an O_CCmd (Figu e 6) command o elease he Wi eless module so i se s PIN_R = 0 again.
3.5 Sla e Module o Wi eless Module Communica ion
The Sla e module algo i hm is designed o collec da a om all senso s connec ed while he Mas e
module does no eques communica ion. Tha way, he s a e o i s senso s is always upda ed. This
me hod o keeping all da a upda ed is use ul o u u e applica ions as he Sla e module can con ol in
eal- ime he s a e o he wi ed ne wo k o senso s. Thus, he sla e can s a a communica ion wi h he
Mas e module h ough he Wi eless o ac i a e, o example, an ala m.
When he Wi eless module o which i is connec ed indica es ha a da a ansmission has been
eques ed PIN_R = 1, so an in e up inside he mic ocon olle occu s and he Wi eless module s a s
he da a ansmission using he I2C p o ocol. The Sla e module asks o he eques ed channel sending
an O_SRCh command (Figu e 9) o he Wi eless sla e module, hen, i loads in o i s I2C exi bu e
he numbe o he channel eques ed by he Mas e Module and indica es ha he message is
a ailable o be ead. The e o e, he Sla e module sends a RF om command o ead he message wi h he
eques ed channel.
Figu e 9. Flowcha o wi eless o de s om Sla e module.

Senso s 2015, 15 7262
A e his, he Sla e module, using he O_SSD command (Figu e 9), sends he senso s s o ed da a
and he Wi eless s o es his da a inside he indica ed DP. When he Sla e module has inished, i sends
an O_STD command wi h he numbe o LDP in o de o indica e ha he Wi eless module can s a he
ansmission wi h he emi e o he eques . I he ansmission be ween Wi eless modules has been
accep ed PIN_R = 0, indica ing ha he ansmission has been pe o med co ec ly.
The communica ions p o ocols be ween one Mas e and one Sla e a e shown in Figu e 10 in simpli ied
as an example; no e ha a wi eless ne wo k could ha e mo e Sla e modules.
Figu e 10. Global communica ion example.
3.5. Sys em Tes ing
The de eloped so wa e has been moni o ing o a pe iod o 11 days, wi h a moni o ing equency o
one da um pe minu e, ob aining a o al o 15,840 da apoin s pe senso (60 da a/h × 24 h/day × 11 days).
Fu he mo e, comme cial da a-logge s eco ded da a e e y 10 min ( o he con ol o he de eloped
sys em). The ajec o ies o he h ee senso s a e shown in Figu e 11.
Figu e 11. T ajec o ies o senso inside he display cabine ( ed), senso a he ou side o he
display cabine (blue) and con ol da a-logge a he ou side o he display cabine (g een).
(a) Tempe a u e; (b) RH.
The mean daily ajec o y o da a eco ded inside he display cabine and ou side o i , as well as da a
eco ded by he comme cial da a-logge s ha e been plo ed o assess he esul s ob ained by ou
moni o ing sys em (Figu e 12).
Senso s 2015, 15 7263
Figu e 12. Mean daily ajec o ies o senso inside he display cabine ( ed), senso a he
ou side o he display cabine (blue) and con ol da a-logge a he ou side o he display
cabine (g een). (a) Tempe a u e; (b) RH.
Each RH measu ed by ou sys em ou o he display cabine di e s 1.09% on a e age om
he con ol da a-logge . Fo he empe a u e he di e ence is 0.46%. In absolu e e ms, his mean
di e ence is 3.72% RH and 0.54 °C o empe a u e. These alues a e wi hin he e o ange o he
senso s (±5% RH and ±0.5 °C).
4. Conclusions
A de ice which accomplishes he main equi emen s o being used in moni o ing physical
pa ame e s o cul u al he i age pu poses has been success ully de eloped. One Mas e , one Sla e and
wo Wi eless p o o ypes modules ha e been designed o e i y he consis ence o he designs.
The modules can be connec ed con enien ly o con igu e a moni o ing sys em ha sui s he cul u al
he i age si e. In addi ion, hi d pa y ha dwa e is used in o de ha he sys em can be e y e sa ile
because di e en modules a ailable on he ma ke can be a ached o sending an ala m by SMS,
eco ding da a in he cloud, swi ch on/o an HVAC sys em, e c.
As he sys em eads a ou channel ADC (DS2450), each in eg a ed ci cui can connec up o ou
senso s ha ans o m he measu ed physical pa ame e in o a change in he elec ic po en ial.
Lib a ies ha e been p og ammed o a ailu e p o ec ion sys em using a Wa ch-Dog and iden i ying
co up ed by es inside da a ansmission. The eby, i is ensu ed ha s o ed da a is co ec and he sys em
does no come in o in ini e loops o c ash. Fu he mo e, an in e nal clock ha con ols he equency o
da a cap u e has been p og ammed.
Mo eo e , due o he ime i akes o sa e e e y da a, he p o o ypes ha e been able o sa e he
measu es om 80 senso s ex ac ed om he Sla e module inside a USB memo y in less han 30 s o
ime and eco d measu es o empe a u e and humidi y om a su ace o 2000 m2.
The sys em has a da a s o age capaci y which depends on he USB memo y used. Fo a 2 GB USB
memo y and 20 senso s eco ding da a e e y minu e he sys em will be able o sa e da a con inuously
du ing 10 yea s. E en low le el memo ies a ound 100 Mb ensu e he au onomy o he da a-logge o
mo e han one yea .
The whole sys em has been made using ee ha dwa e-so wa e o ial e sions so i s de elopmen has
been possible hanks o he open scien i ic knowledge on he In e ne . A p ac ical es ing o he sys em has
e ealed i s sui abili y and ma ching esul s wi h comme cial da a-logge s used in cul u al he i age.
Senso s 2015, 15 7264
Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s acknowledge he collabo a ion o Rosa Ma ía Rod íguez y Belén Villanue a, supe io
and managemen echnicians o Blasco Ibáñez Museum-House espec i ely. This wo k was pa ially
suppo ed by he Spanish Go e nmen (Minis e io de Economía y Compe i i idad) unde p ojec s
HAR2013-47895-C2-1-P and HAR2013-47895-C2-2-P.
Au ho Con ibu ions
F.-J.G.D was esponsible o he de elopmen o he idea. P.M. pe o med he s a is ical analysis. B.E.
conduc ed so wa e and ha dwa e de eloped. W i ing o he pape was sha ed be ween he h ee au ho s.
Con lic s o In e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion license
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