Hindawi Publishing Co po a ion
In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion
Volume 2012, A icle ID 348151, 9pages
doi:10.1155/2012/348151
Resea ch A icle
S udy o he In e e ence A ec ing
he Pe o mance o he The emin
Ca men Bachille Ma ´
ın, Jo ge Sas e Ma ´
ınez, Amelia Ricchiu i,
H´
ec o Es eban Gonz´
alez, and Ca los He n´
andez F anco
Uni e si a Poli `
ecnica de Val`
encia, Camino de Ve a s/n, 46022 Val`
encia, Spain
Co espondence should be add essed o Ca los He n´
andez F anco, [email p o ec ed].es
Recei ed 3 Oc obe 2011; Accep ed 14 Decembe 2011
Academic Edi o : Miguel Fe ando
Copy igh © 2012 Ca men Bachille Ma ´
ın e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is
p ope ly ci ed.
The he emin is one o he ea lies elec onic musical ins umen s. I is named a e he Russian physics P o esso Le S. Te men
who in en ed i in 1919. This musical ins umen belongs o a e y sho lis o de ices which a e played wi hou physical
con ac be ween he musician and he ins umen . he emin playe s complain abou he in e e ence ha any objec in a adius o
app oxima ely 3 me e s p oduces when playing he he emin, modi ying he in ona ion o he ins umen . This is a p oblem when
playing in small scena ios, wi h o he musicians which mo e a ound i . Wi h he aim o educing he deg ee o in e e ence om
nea by obs acles, some me allic isola ing ba s con o ming an an enna a ay can be placed a ound he he emin pi ch an enna. The
pape shows diffe en simula ions calcula ed wi h he comme cial so wa e Anso HFSS, a ool which allows h ee-dimensional
ull wa e elec omagne ic ield simula ion, wi h adio equencies, millime e and mic o wa es, and expe imen al measu es, bo h
showing a educ ion in he effec o he in e e ence.
1. In oduc ion
The he emin is one o he ea lies elec onic musical
ins umen s [1]. I is named a e he Russian physics
P o esso Le S. Te men who in en ed i in 1919. This
musical ins umen belongs o a e y sho lis o de ices
which a e played wi hou physical con ac be ween he
musician and he ins umen . Tha is he ascina ion and he
special ea u e o his de ice which e en oday has many ans
and suppo e s (see he “The emin Wo ld” websi e [2]). I
uses wo an ennas, one o he equency o pi ch con ol
and one o he olume o dynamic con ol o he musical
no e p oduced. The musician can change bo h pa ame e s by
mo ing his/he hands a ound he an ennas. In his case, he
elec omagne ic ield a ound he an ennas will be changed
and be ecognized by he ha dwa e immedia ely.
The ope a ion o he he emin is based on he oscilla ion
in a esonan ci cui and he supe he e odyne p inciple.
The e a e wo oscilla o s in he ci cui y ha gene a e and
con ol he equency o he he emin signal; one o hem is
a ixed oscilla o while he o he one is a iable. The
equency o he a iable oscilla o is con olled by he
mo emen o one o he musician’s hands. When he hand
is mo ing nea he an enna, he inpu impedance o he
an enna changes p o oking a change in he equency o he
a iable oscilla o .
When he hand is app oaching, he equency is inc eas-
ing, and when he hand is mo ing away, he equency
is dec easing. Figu e 1 summa izes a p oposal o he emin
block diag am.
The signal om he a iable oscilla o is mixed wi h he
signal om he ixed oscilla o . Then he esul is il e ed.
In his way an acous ic signal can be gene a ed whose
pi ch a ies wi h he mo emen s o he musician hand.
The ci cui y ha con ols he olume o he signal is also
composed by wo oscilla o s, one ixed and he o he one
a iable.
When he musician hand is app oaching o mo ing away
om he olume an enna, a simila change on he inpu
2 In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion
Le hand
Lowpass il e
Pi ch an enna
Volume an enna
Volume con ol
Loudspeake
Righ hand
Mixe
LC
C
1
2
L
1− 2; 1
1+ 2; 2
1− 2
Figu e 1: The he emin block diag am.
impedance o he an enna occu s, hus p o oking a change
on he equency o he a iable oscilla o . I his a iable
equency ma ches wi h he equency o he ixed oscilla o ,
hen he ou pu signal is maximized, hus p oducing maxi-
mum olume o he acous ic signal; o he wise he signal is
lowe .
The mo emen s o bo h hands do no in e e e wi h
each o he because bo h an ennas (monopole o con olling
he equency and loop an enna o con olling he olume)
p oduce elec ic ields wi h o hogonal pola iza ions.
2. The emin D awbacks
Since he appea ance o he i s he emins o nowadays
diffe en echnologies has been used o implemen he
ci cui y o he ins umen . Ne e heless, he ope a ion
p inciple has been always he same.
This means ha he echniques o playing he he emin
and he difficul ies ha a e associa ed wi h i s ope a ion a e
he same now as in 1920: he he emin is difficul o play since
he e is no space e e ence, i changes in each scena io and
any objec mo ing nea he he emin in e e es and makes
he musician ou o une.
Mo eo e , he emins p esen he p oblem o nonlinea
ope a ion, since he dis ance be ween wo consecu i e no es
is diffe en in each oc a e.
The wo k o sol ing he nonlinea i y o he he emin
was unde aken by Le Te men. He de eloped a he emin
o Cla a Rockmo e ha had a nea linea beha iou [1].
Robe Moog in 2000 also de eloped he E he wa e P o, wi h
beha iou nea he one o he Cla a’s he emin. Mo eo e ,
nowadays Thie y F enkel is wo king on he imp o e-
men o olume esponse (h p:// he emin. enkel.com/)
[3]. Un o una ely, he s udy o he effec o he en i onmen
and he in e e ence has been less s udied. Bulle and
Monopole an enna
Human body
Oscilloscope
Loudspeake d
s
Me al ba
pa allel o an enna
E he wa es he emin
Figu e 2: Measu emen se up layou .
Wilson did some esea ch conce ning in e e ence du ing
he de elopmen o a posi ion senso based on he he emin
p inciples [4].
3. The emin and In e e ences
The emin playe s complain abou he in e e ence ha any
objec in a adius o app oxima ely 3 m p oduces when
playing he he emin, modi ying he in ona ion o he
ins umen [5]. This is a p oblem when playing in small
scena ios, wi h o he musicians which mo e a ound i .
Elec omagne ic ield adia ion pa e ns o he he emin
an ennas a e omnidi ec ional. The igh an enna is used o
con ol he pi ch wi h ho izon al mo emen s o he hand.
Any objec mo ing nea he he emin will al e he pi ch,
making he music ou o une. The le an enna con ols he
dynamics ( olume) o he sound, wi h e ical mo emen s
o he le hand, and hus i is mo e difficul o mo ing
objec s o p oduce annoying effec s on he music as wi h
he igh an enna. This pape p esen s a s udy o unde s and
and minimize he effec o he en i onmen in he he emin
ope a ion.
4. How an Obs acle In e e es on
he The emin Ope a ion
4.1. Measu emen Se up. In o de o measu e how a human
p esence in e e es wi h he pi ch o he he emin, he se up
depic ed in Figu e 2 was p epa ed. A 2 me e s long e ical
me al ba was posi ioned pa allel o and a a dis ance saway
om he he emin monopole an enna ha con ols he pi ch.
This me al ba akes he ole o he hand o he musician, so
In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion 3
ha he dis ance scon ols he desi ed in ona ion, wi h he
ad an age ha he me al ba does no mo e and main ains
he same in ona ion cons an along ime.
The ou pu o he he emin is connec ed o an oscil-
loscope and o a loudspeake . The oscilloscope is used
o measu e he ampli ude and equency o he ou pu
sound (which can be hea d a he same ime hanks o he
loudspeake ). Finally, a pe son acing he an enna o he
he emin app oaches and mo es away om i so ha he
dis ance om he pe son o he he emin monopole an enna
d a ies om 3 m o 60 cm, measu ed om he lowes pa
o he he emin an enna o he wais o he human body a
he same heigh . The human body weigh ed 60 Kg and was
160 cms all.
The deg ee o in e e ence o he human body is hen
measu ed in he ollowing way: i s no human body is placed
nea he he emin, and he dis ance s om he he emin
an enna o he me al ba ha simula es he musician is
adjus ed o he i s no e Cno he oc a e nunde s udy ( he
suscep ibili y o in e e ence in 6 oc a es has been measu ed).
The co ec no e is ixed by measu ing he equency wi h
he oscilloscope and a ying he me al ba posi ion un il he
desi ed ou pu equency is achie ed.
Nex he in e e ing pe son is placed 3.05 m away om
he he emin and he ou pu equency is measu ed wi h
he oscilloscope a a gi en se o dis ances o ha pe son
s a ing om 3.05 m and ending a 60 cm. Figu e 3 p esen s
he equency a ia ion in e ms o musical no es in he
wel e- one equal empe amen sys em (12-TET) e sus
he in e e ing human body dis ance in me e s, o no es
C2,C
3,...,C
7.
The ho izon al line in hese igu es indica es an ou
o uning o a qua e one highe han he o iginal no e,
conside ing he 24-TET. In he highe pi ched no es, he
musician hand is so nea he he emin an enna ha he
in e e ence effec is qui e small and only affec s i he
in e e ing human body is eally e y nea he an enna.
On he o he hand, he no e equencies a e mo e
diffe en in he high-pi ched a ea and his con ibu es also
o educe he effec o in e e ence. In he middle-pi ched
a ea, he in e e ence p oduces a highe une o a qua e one
in he o iginal no e o dis ances so nea as app oxima ely
1.249 m o C4and 1.05 m o C5.
Finally, o he lowe -pi ched a ea, hose dis ances
inc ease o app oxima ely 1.665 m o C3and 2.359 m o
C2, because o he g ea e dis ance o he musician hand
o he an enna o p oduce hese no es and he lowe
equency diffe ences be ween musical no es in ha a ea.
All hose dis ance alues ha e been ob ained applying linea
in e pola ion be ween he measu ed alues, and clea ly
hey suppo he complain s o he emin playe s abou he
in e e ences ha nea by objec s p oduce in he he emin
une.
5. A P oposal o Imp o emen
5.1. Theo e ical Analysis. Wi h he aim o educing he deg ee
o in e e ence om nea by obs acles, some me allic isola ing
ba s con o ming an an enna a ay can be placed a ound he
he emin pi ch an enna. In his sec ion, we show diffe en
simula ions calcula ed wi h he comme cial so wa e Anso
HFSS, a ool which allows h ee-dimensional ull wa e
elec omagne ic ield simula ion, wi h adio equencies,
millime e , and mic owa es.
Be o e p oceeding wi h he simula ion o he an enna
a ay, i was necessa y o model in HFSS he he emin
an enna which con ols he pi ch, ha is, he monopole,
which is a cylinde wi h a heigh o 462.6 mm and a adius
o 4.7 mm. The model o his an enna in HFSS was in ended
o be as close as possible o a eal he emin monopole, bu we
ound some difficul ies.
In he i s place, he he emin wo ks a a equency o
260 kHz, whils he ypical wo king equency o HFSS is o
he o de o GHz. This does no mean ha i is no possible o
simula e a low equency, bu he e a e some limi a ions ha
mus be aken in o accoun . A 260 kHz, he wa eleng h is
app oxima ely 1,15 km. A ha equency i we y o connec
he monopole wi h a cable smalle han 0.9 mm, he so wa e
gi es an e o because he elec ical dimensions a e oo small,
and he simula ion can he e o e no be inished.
Mo eo e , he an enna needs o be placed in o a adia ion
box, wi h abso ben bounda y condi ions. Inside his box,
he nea ield is calcula ed and hen om ha he a
ield. The dimensions o he box also need o be calcula ed
ca e ully, no only because o low equency p oblems, bu
also because he bigge he box, he longe i akes he
so wa e o calcula e he ield.
The ypical way o eed an an enna in HFSS is o c ea e a
ec angula wa e po and o connec he eeding cables ha
come om he an enna. In he case o a monopole an enna, a
cable mus be connec ed o he wa e po and he monopole,
and he wa e po mus also be connec ed o he elec ical
ea h.
Howe e , he size o he eeding cable om he wa e
po o he monopole mus ha e ela i ely small dimensions
compa ed o he dimensions o he monopole, in o de o
gua an ee ha he cable does no i adia e, o a leas ha
i s own adia ion is small enough compa ed o ha o he
an enna.
Howe e , as men ioned p e iously, he dimension o he
cable canno be oo small because o he wise i will no
ope a e a he equency o 260 kHz. Placing he cable inside
a shielding cylinde (e.g., coppe ) ha a oids adia ion is no
possible because he shielding cylinde canno be connec ed
o he wa e po o o he monopole, and adia ion would
leak h ough he unconnec ed ex emes o he cylinde .
To o e come his p oblem, we a oided he eeding
cable by pu ing he wa e po unde he monopole and
connec ing i di ec ly o he monopole. In o de o a oid
he in luence o he cable ha connec s he wa e po o he
elec ical ea h bo h he ea h and he cable ha connec s o
i we e placed ou side he adia ion box.
Figu e 4 shows he model c ea ed in HFSS o simula e he
monopole an enna and i s a ield adia ion pa e n. As can
be seen, he adia ion pa e n is omnidi ec ional, which is he
o igin o he in e e ence p oblems o he he emin.
4 In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
C2
D2
E2
F#2
G#2
A#2
C3
C#3
D3
D#3
E3
F3
F#3
G3
Musical no es ( equency)
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C2qua e one up
C2: 65.406 Hz
(a)
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
C3
D3
D#3
E3
F3
F#3
G3
G#3
A3
A#3
Musical no es ( equency)
C#3
C3: 130.813 Hz
Tune in e e ence
C3qua e one up
(b)
C4
C#4
D4
D#4
E4
Musical no es ( equency)
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C4qua e one up
C4: 261.626 Hz
(c)
C5
C#5
D5
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C5qua e one up
C5: 523.251 Hz
Musical no es ( equency)
(d)
C6
Musical no es ( equency)
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C6qua e one up
C6: 1046.502 Hz
(e)
C7
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C7qua e one up
Musical no es ( equency)
C7: 2093.005 Hz
( )
Figu e 3: Resul s o human body in e e ence in he he emin une.
In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion 5
Z
X
(a)
Z
X
Y
The a
Phi
abs (gain o al)
3.1709e−006
2.9727e−006
2.7745e−006
2.5763e−006
2.3781e−006
2.18e−006
1.9818e−006
1.7836e−006
1.5854e−006
1.3872e−006
1.1891e−006
9.9089e−007
7.9271e−007
5.9453e−007
3.9636e−007
1.9818e−007
0e+000
(b)
Figu e 4: (a) Model o he monopole an enna in HFSS, (b) Fa ield adia ion pa e n o he monopole an enna.
The inpu impedance o he an enna was also simula ed
a diffe en equencies. A 260 KHz, he inpu eac ance
(imagina y pa o he impedance) is −j58353 Ω, e y close
o he es ima ed alue ob ained using eal pa ame e s o
he he emin monopole and he heo e ical o mulas o he
inpu impedance o a monopole, which gi es −j61213 Ω[6].
This ag eemen p o es he alidi y o he model used o
simula e he an enna.
5.2. Isola ion wi h Pa asi ic Me allic Ba s. TheHFSSmodel
is going o be used o simula e he effec o an a ay o
pa asi ic me allic ba s which a e placed in o de o isola e
he monopole an enna and o educe he in e e ence om
a nea by pe son. The in e e ing pe son is modeled in HFSS
by a cylinde o sea wa e (humans a e composed o a ound
75% wa e ) wi h a heigh o 900 mm (dis ance om head o
wais since he es o he body is ou o he adia ion box)
and a adius o 200 mm.
When he in e e ing body is placed a a dis ance o
app oxima ely 1.7 m, he inpu eac ance is g ea ly changed.
I s alue a 260 kHz is −j1413230 Ω. This change in he
eac ance while he ins umen is being played supposes
g ea changes in he in ona ion o he ou pu sound o he
he emin.
Now we add he an enna a ay a ound he monopole,
see Figu e 5, o assess wha happens o he imagina y pa
o he impedance en y. The design o he se o monopoles
placed in a semici cle a ound he monopole o he emin
was chosen o assu e ha hei p esence would no make
signi ican change o he impedance en y o he ins umen .
The a ay o an ennas is o med by 6 monopoles wi h a
heigh o 450 mm and a squa e c oss sec ion o 20 mm o side
leng h.
The a ay monopoles a e placed 500 mm away om he
he emin monopole and he e is an angle o 40◦be ween
each pai o a ay monopoles. Following he simula ion, we
achie ed he esul s shown in Figu e 5.I canbeobse ed
ha he p esence o he a ay o an ennas push he adia ion
ield owa ds he di ec ion whe e he hand o he musician
would be.
As ega ds o he impedance, he imagina y pa is
−77428 Ω. Tha would change he esonance equency and
he pi ch o he ou pu sound wi h ega d o he case
when no shielding an enna a ay is placed. Ne e heless, he
he emin has a od ha allows, in cases o a ia ions o small
signi icance, o compensa e impedance shi s and adjus he
esonan equency and he pi ch o hei o iginal alues.
The size and posi ion o he a ay elemen s ha e been
chosen o ensu e ha , when simula ing he model made up
o monopole plus obs acle plus an enna a ay, he imagina y
pa o he impedance does no change wi h ega d o he
case when he obs acle is no p esen , ha is, −77428 Ω.
Ne e heless, he simula ions do no model pe ec ly he
beha io o he eal an enna, so we made a eal p o o ype o
he an enna a ay and es ed i s u ili y and effec i eness.
5.3. Expe imen s. Figu e 6 illus a es he se up used o
measu e he isola ion p o ided by he an enna a ay. To
his pu pose, we ha e connec ed he ins umen o an
oscilloscope and eco ded he equency a ia ions when an
obs acle is placed nea he sys em.
The a ay is o med by monopoles o aluminium 45 cm
all and a squa e c oss-sec ion o 20 mm o side leng h. The
a ay monopoles, he he emin, and i s monopole a e all
placed a he same le el laying on a wooden suppo (see
Figu e 7(a)).Themeasu emen swe edoneinana eabig
enough no o ha e o he objec s which could in e e e.
F om he beginning eadings, we e aken om he
he emin (899 Hz wi h he a ay p esen and 834 Hz wi h-
ou ), wi hou any obs acles a ound (excep a me al ba
in he icini y o he monopole simula ing he hand o
a musician). Then, he equency o he ins umen was
measu ed wi h a nea by obs acle, in his case a pe son, a
diffe en dis ances (wi h and wi hou he a ay). The audio
ou le o he he emin was connec ed o he oscilloscope

6 In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion
Z
XY
(a)
X
Z
Y
The a
Phi
3.3498e−016
3.1404e−016
2.9311e−016
2.7217e−016
2.5124e−016
2.3030e−016
2.0936e−016
1.8843e−016
1.6749e−016
1.4655e−016
1.2562e−016
1.0468e−016
8.3745e−017
6.2809e−017
4.1873e−017
2.0936e−017
0e+000
abs (gain o al)
(b)
Figu e 5: (a) Model o monopole + a ay o an enna, (b) a ield adia ion pa e n.
Human body
Oscilloscope
Loudspeake d
s
Me al ba
pa allel o an enna
E he wa es he emin
Monopole
an enna
40◦
Isola ing ba s
R
Figu e 6: Schema ic iew.
(a) (b)
Figu e 7: Measu emen se up layou wi h isola ing ba s: (a) 45 cm isola ing ba s, (b) 2 m isola ing ba s.
In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 Va ia ion pe cen ages o he equency
Wi hou a ay
Wi h i s a ay
Wi h second a ay
Va ia ion (%)
−2.5 −2−1.5 −0.5
Dis ance pe son monopole (m)
−3−1
Figu e 8: Cu e showing he in luence o a pe son upon he equency o he he emin ( a ia ion pe cen ages) wi hou he a ay (s aigh
cu e), wi h he a ay o monopoles o 45 cm (do ed cu e) and wi h he a ay o monopoles o 2 m (b oken cu e). The C5no e is played.
h ough which we e seen he a ia ions in equency. The
equency a ia ions we e diffe en o ha ex ac ed om he
simula ions. This is because in he simula ion, he effec o
wha was unde he le el o he monopole ( he legs o he
human body) was no conside ed and in nea ield hey also
in e e e.
A e analyzing he esul s aken om he i s expe i-
men , we buil a new a ay, using he o iginal cons uc ion,
bu wi h me allic cylind ical monopoles 2 m high wi h a
diame e o 6 mm (see Figu e 7(b)). The new monopoles
we e inse ed in o he holes whe e he p e ious monopoles
had been sc ewed in o he wooden su ace a e he p e ious
ones we e emo ed. The acqui ed eadings om he p e ious
expe imen s can be seen in Figu e 8.
Figu e 8 clea ly shows he inc ease (in pe cen age) o
he equency a ia ion o he he emin li le by li le as he
obs acle ge s close o he ins umen .
The ac ha he do ed cu e ( ela ing o he p esence o
he i s se o a ays buil ) is ound unde nea h he s aigh
cu e indica es he isola ion effec (e en i pa ial) achie ed
wi h he in oduc ion o he a ay. In consequence, because
he b oken cu e ( ela ing o he second se buil ) is ound
unde nea h he do ed cu e (and he e o e also unde nea h
he s aigh cu e), his indica es ha he isola ion ob ained
hanks o he second a ay is much g ea e han ha ob ained
wi h he i s . Figu e 9 p esen s he equency a ia ion in he
same e ms as Figu e 3. As i happens wi hou he isola ing
an enna a ay in he highe -pi ched no es, he musician’s
hand is so nea he he emin an enna ha he in e e ence
effec is qui e small and only affec s i he in e e ing human
body is eally e y close o he an enna.
In C7, he e is so li le in e e ence ha he small a ia-
ions seem o be due only o ole ances in he measu emen
p ocedu e. Howe e , in C6wi h he isola ing a ay he ou o
uning emains a lowe a qua e one, and ha is no he
case wi hou isola ion (see Figu e 3).
In he middle-pi ched a ea, he in e e ence p oduces a
highe une o a qua e one in he o iginal no e o dis ances
as nea as app oxima ely 1.161 m o C4and 0.986 m o
C5, lowe han he same dis ances wi hou isola ion, ha is,
1.249 m o C4and 1.05 m o C5.
The e o e, he in e e ing human body p oduces lowe
ou o uning a he same dis ance wi h he isola ion ba s.
Finally, o he lowe -pi ched a ea hose dis ances inc ease o
app oxima ely 1.5068 m o C3and 2.054 m o C2,because
o he g ea e dis ance o he musician hand o he an enna
o p oduce hese no es and he lowe equency diffe ences
be ween musical no es in ha a ea. No e ha hose dis ances
whe e 1.665 m o C3and 2.359 m o C2.
6. Conclusions
To conclude, he assessmen done shows how, a a musical
le el, he a ay p o ed o b ing an o e all imp o emen
o he in e e ences, since he a ia ions p o oked by an
obs acle app oaching he ins umen a e smalle , and i has
o be nea e han be o e o p oduce he same ou o uning.
Ne e heless, due o he dec easing equency diffe ence
be ween musical no es a he lowe oc a es, and he g ea e
musician hand dis ance o he he emin an enna, he iso-
la ion in oc a es 2 and 3 is no enough o a sa is ac o y
pe o mance. Diffe en solu ions a e possible o be e
isola ing he elec omagne ic ield a hose equencies such
as conside ing la ge a ay monopoles o building a me allic
“ oo ” o e he he emin an enna, app oaching mo e o
aFa adayjail.
Ou u u e wo k is conside ing bo h solu ions, aking
in o accoun ha bo h o hem will also imp o e he
8 In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion
C2
D2
E2
F2
F#2
G2
G#2
A2
A#2
B2
C3
C#3
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C2qua e one up
C2: 65.406 Hz
Musical no es ( equency)
(a)
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C3qua e one up
C3
C#3
D3
D#3
E3
F3
F#3
Musical no es ( equency)
C3: 130.813 Hz
(b)
C4
C#4
D4
Tune in e e ence
C4qua e one up
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Musical no es ( equency)
C4: 261.626 Hz
(c)
C5
C#5
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C5qua e one up
Musical no es ( equency)
C5: 523.251 Hz
(d)
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C6qua e one up
C6
Musical no es ( equency)
C6: 1046.502 Hz
(e)
0.65 0.95 1.25 1.55 1.85 2.15 2.45 2.75 3.05
Human body dis ance (m)
Tune in e e ence
C7qua e one up
C7
Musical no es ( equency)
C7: 2093.005 Hz
( )
Figu e 9: Resul s o human body in e e ence in he he emin une wi h isola ing an enna a ay 2 m all.
In e na ional Jou nal o An ennas and P opaga ion 9
pe o mance a he es o equencies. The nex s ep will
be o ge he playe s’ opinion abou he possibili y o a li e
pe o mance su ounded by he e ical a ay, in o de o
connec he ob ained esul s wi h eal applica ions.
Re e ences
[1] A. Glinsky, The emin: E he Music and Espionage, Uni e si y o
Illinois P ess, 2000.
[2] “The emin Wo ld,” 2011, h p://www. he eminwo ld.com/.
[3] Thie y F enkel, “The emin ela ed esea ch, design, modi ica-
ions and epai ,” 2011, h p:// he emin. enkel.com/.
[4] W. Bulle and B. Wilson, “Measu emen and modeling mu ual
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on Ins umen a ion and Measu emen , ol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1519–
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[5] C. Bachille , C. He n´
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