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D1.1 Refined scenarios and requirements, consolidated use cases, and qualitative techno-economic feasibility assessment

Monserrat del Río, José Francisco,Martín-Sacristán Gandía, David · 2016

Abstract

This document describes scenarios, consolidated use cases and associated requirements for wireless access networks in the 2020-2030 timeframe. These are based on METIS project and also taking into account work done in other 5G projects and forums such as ITU-R and NGMN. The document introduces spectrum authorization modes and describes spectrum usages scenarios, spectrum bands and spectrum demand for 5G services. Finally, this document provides qualitative techno-economic feasibility assessment by analyzing main players involved in service delivery, from the radio access network point of view, and describing their mutual positions and relationships.

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D1.1 Refined scenarios and requirements, consolidated use cases, and qualitative techno-economic feasibility assessment

Author: Monserrat del Río, José Francisco,Martín-Sacristán Gandía, David
Year: 2016
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32091.77601
Source: https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/10251/76697/1/METIS-II_D1.1_v1.0.pdf
Mobile and wi eless communica ions Enable s o he Twen y- wen y
In o ma ion Socie y-II
Deli e able D1.1
Re ined scena ios and equi emen s,
consolida ed use cases, and quali a i e
echno-economic easibili y assessmen
Ve sion: 1.0
2016-01-31
2
Deli e able D1.1
Re ined scena ios and equi emen s,
consolida ed use cases, and quali a i e
echno-economic easibili y assessmen
G an Ag eemen Numbe : 671680
P ojec Name: Mobile and wi eless communica ions Enable s o he
Twen y- wen y In o ma ion Socie y-II
P ojec Ac onym: METIS-II
Documen Numbe : METIS-II/D1.1
Documen Ti le: Re ined scena ios and equi emen s, consolida ed use
cases, and quali a i e echno-economic easibili y
assessmen
Ve sion: 1.0
Deli e y Da e: 2016-01-31
Edi o s: Salah Eddine El Ayoubi (O ange), F édé ic Pujol (IDATE),
Mikael Fallg en (E icsson)
Au ho s: Salah Eddine El Ayoubi, Sébas ien Jeux, F édé ic Ma ache
(O ange), F édé ic Pujol (IDATE), Mikael Fallg en
(E icsson), Panagio is Spapis (HWDU), Changqing Yang
(HWHQ), Ash a Widaa, Jan Ma kendahl, Ami hossein
Ghanba i (KTH), Rauno Ruismäki, Mikko A. Uusi alo
(Nokia), Wol gang Koenig (ALU), Alessand o T ogolo (TI),
Isabelle Ko hals, Thomas Rosowski, Ge d Zimme mann
(DT), Luis Campoy (TID), Jose F. Monse a , Da id Ma ín-
Sac is án (UPV), Hans Scho en (UKL), Yinan Qi
(Samsung), Shubh anshu Singh (ITRI), Pa ick Agyapong
(DCM)
Keywo ds: 5G use cases, spec um scena ios, 5G RAN business
models
S a us: Final
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Dissemina ion le el: Public
Abs ac
This documen desc ibes scena ios, consolida ed use cases and associa ed equi emen s o
wi eless access ne wo ks in he 2020-2030 ime ame. These a e based on METIS p ojec and
also aking in o accoun wo k done in o he 5G p ojec s and o ums such as ITU-R and NGMN.
The documen in oduces spec um au ho iza ion modes and desc ibes spec um usages
scena ios, spec um bands and spec um demand o 5G se ices. Finally, his documen
p o ides quali a i e echno-economic easibili y assessmen by analyzing main playe s in ol ed
in se ice deli e y, om he adio access ne wo k poin o iew, and desc ibing hei mu ual
posi ions and ela ionships.
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Execu i e summa y
One objec i e o he METIS-II is o acili a e he discussion on scena ios, use cases, KPIs and
equi emen s o 5G, building upon he comp ehensi e wo k conduc ed in he METIS p ojec
[MET13-D11] and aking he wo k o o he Eu opean p ojec s and o he bodies such as ITU-R,
NGMN e c. in o accoun . This documen iden i ies i e 5G use cases ha co e he h ee main
se ices (xMBB, mMTC and uMTC), ha e s ingen equi emen s and whose echnical solu ions
a e expec ed o se e also o o he simila use cases, as ollows:
- he “Dense u ban in o ma ion socie y” use case is conce ned wi h he connec i i y
equi ed a any place and a any ime by humans in dense u ban en i onmen s,
- he “Vi ual eali y o ice” use case is ela ed o he e olu ion o oday‟s ele-p esence
se ices in o high- esolu ion 3D e sions, which will allow people o ha e he amazing
expe ience “as i you we e he e”,
- he “B oadband access e e ywhe e” use case is ela ed o he cons an inc ease o he
demand o e y high da a a e In e ne access a any ime and a any place and o he
challenge o sa is ying he ubiqui ous capaci y demands o u u e use s in a eas wi h
spa se ne wo k in as uc u e, such as sca cely popula ed a eas, u al and e en
subu ban a eas,
- he “Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s” use case co e s he massi e
deploymen o low cos and low ene gy consump ion de ices ha need o communica e
wi h o he de ices and wi h he ne wo k,
- he “Connec ed ca s” use case add esses in o ma ion exchange among ehicles and
wi h he in as uc u e o enable he p o ision o sa e y hin s o he d i e o wa nings
abou he oad s a us. I also add esses xMBB se ices on-boa d o ca s.
Ha ing de ined hese use cases, his documen add esses he analysis o he use cases and
echnical solu ions de eloped in METIS-II om a quali a i e echno-economic easibili y poin o
iew. This quali a i e assessmen consis s in explo ing he mobile access ne wo k ecosys em
e olu ions, based on he spec um scena ios and he i s 5G RAN design conside a ions
de eloped in METIS-II. We iden i ied he main cu en playe s in he Radio Access Ne wo k and
p esen ed he possible e olu ions o hei posi ioning in he alue chain in he 5G e a. We also
iden i ied new playe s ha may play impo an oles in 5G and iden i ied hei ela ionships wi h
he classical playe s. These ecosys em e olu ions a e also highligh ed by a alue ne analysis,
whe e mobile ope a o s occupy he cen e o he scene and he cu en and new playe s
su ound hem wi hin ou ca ego ies: cus ome s, supplie s, compe i o s and complemen o s. In
o de o be mo e speci ic, we end he documen wi h a de ailed analysis o he dense u ban
in o ma ion socie y use case, whe e he oles o he key playe s a e p esen ed o di e en
possible 5G ne wo k deploymen s a egies.
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Con en s
Glossa y....................................................................................................................................10
1 In oduc ion ........................................................................................................................12
1.1 Objec i e o he documen ..........................................................................................12
1.2 S uc u e o he documen ...........................................................................................12
2 METIS-II 5G use cases ......................................................................................................13
2.1 Consolida ed use cases ..............................................................................................15
2.1.1 UC1: Dense u ban in o ma ion socie y .................................................................15
2.1.2 UC2: Vi ual eali y o ice .....................................................................................15
2.1.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e ...................................................................16
2.1.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s .............................................16
2.1.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s ...........................................................................................17
2.2 Re ined equi emen s ..................................................................................................17
3 5G spec um scena ios ......................................................................................................19
3.1 Spec um au ho iza ion modes and usage scena ios ..................................................19
3.2 Spec um bands o 5G gene ic se ices ....................................................................22
3.3 Spec um demand.......................................................................................................22
3.3.1 Spec um below 6 GHz ........................................................................................23
3.3.2 Resul o WRC-15 on bands abo e 6 GHz ...........................................................24
4 Ecosys em e olu ions ........................................................................................................25
4.1 Cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o ...................................................................25
4.1.1 Iden i ica ion o he main playe s and hei espec i e oles .................................25
4.1.2 P esen a ion o he cu en alue chains ..............................................................26
4.2 Gene al ends o he e olu ion o he alue chains ....................................................30
4.2.1 Assump ions on 5G a chi ec u e ..........................................................................30
4.2.2 E olu ions o he posi ioning o cu en playe s wi h 5G .......................................36
4.2.3 Iden i ica ion o new playe s in he 5G ield ..........................................................41
4.2.4 New alue chains .................................................................................................44
4.2.5 MTC Ac o s in Sma Ci y and he co esponding Value Ne wo k .........................48
4.2.6 E olu ions o he MNO-cen ic alue Ne ..............................................................50
4.3 Focus on he dense u ban in o ma ion socie y use case .............................................55

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4.3.1 E olu ion in RAN a chi ec u e and deploymen op ions ........................................55
4.3.2 Mapping ac o s o he oles: xMBB alue ne wo k ................................................57
5 Summa y ...........................................................................................................................61
6 Re e ences ........................................................................................................................62
A Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) ....................................................................................66
A.1 T a ic olume densi y .................................................................................................66
A.2 Expe ienced use h oughpu ......................................................................................68
A.3 La ency .......................................................................................................................69
A.4 Reliabili y ....................................................................................................................70
A.5 A ailabili y and e ainabili y .........................................................................................71
A.6 Ene gy consump ion/e iciency....................................................................................71
A.7 Cos ............................................................................................................................73
B Analysis o SOTA 5G use cases ........................................................................................75
B.1 Analysis o METIS-I use cases....................................................................................75
B.2 Analysis o EU p ojec s use cases ..............................................................................78
B.3 Analysis o NGMN use cases ......................................................................................81
B.4 Analysis o ITU-R usage scena ios .............................................................................83
B.5 3GPP S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s ..............................87
C METIS-II 5G use cases ......................................................................................................90
C.1 UC1: Dense u ban in o ma ion socie y ........................................................................90
C.1.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................90
C.1.2 KPIs and equi emen s ........................................................................................91
C.2 UC2: Vi ual eali y o ice.............................................................................................93
C.2.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................93
C.2.2 KPIs and equi emen s ........................................................................................94
C.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e ..........................................................................96
C.3.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................96
C.3.2 KPIs and equi emen s ........................................................................................96
C.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s ....................................................99
C.4.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................99
C.4.2 KPIs and equi emen s ...................................................................................... 100
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C.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s ................................................................................................ 102
C.5.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ................................................................................ 102
C.5.2 KPIs and equi emen s ...................................................................................... 102
D De ailed analysis o he cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o .................................... 108
D.1.1 Iden i ica ion o he main playe s & desc ip ion o hei espec i e oles ............. 108
D.1.2 De ailed alue chains in he mobile sec o ......................................................... 121
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Lis o abb e ia ions and ac onyms
2G
Second Gene a ion
3D
Th ee Dimensions
3GPP
Thi d Gene a ion Pa ne ship
P ojec
4K
e e s o a esolu ion o 4000 pixels
5G
Fi h Gene a ion
5G-PPP
5G P i a e Public Pa ne ship
ADSL
Asymme ic Digi al Subsc ibe Line
AEP
Applica ion Enablemen Pla o m
API
Applica ion P og amming In e ace
ARPU
A e age Re enue Pe Use
ATG
Ai - o-G ound
B2B
Business- o-Business
B2B2C
Business- o-Business o-Cus ome
B2C
Business- o-Cus ome
BB
Base Band
BBU
Base band Uni
C-RAN
Cen alized/Cloud-Radio Access
Ne wo k
CAPEX
CAPi al EXpendi u es
CBRS
Ci izens B oadband Radio Se ice
CDN
Con en Deli e y Ne wo k
CDP
Connec ed De ice Pla o m
CEPT
Eu opean Con e ence o Pos al and
Telecommunica ions
Adminis a ions
CN
Co e Ne wo k
CP
Con ol Plane
CRM
Cus ome Rela ionship
Managemen
D2D
De ice- o-De ice
DAS
Dis ibu ed An enna Sys em
dB
decibel
DL
DownLink
E2E
End- o-End
ECU
Elec onic Con ol Uni
FCC
Fede al Communica ions
Commission
FM
Facili y Manage
GAA
Gene alized Au ho ized Access
GEO
Geos a iona y Ea h O bi
GPRS
Gene al Packe Radio Se ice
HARQ
Hyb id Au oma ic Repea eQues
HTHP
High Towe High Powe
HW
Ha dwa e
IaaS
In as uc u e as a Se ice
ICT
In o ma ion and Communica ion
Technology
IEEE
Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec onics
Enginee s
IMT
In e na ional Mobile
Telecommunica ions
IMT-2000
e m used by ITU o a globally
ha monized s anda ds o 3G
IoO
In e ne o Objec s
IoT
In e ne o Things
ISP
In e ne Se ice P o ide
ITU
In e na ional Telecommunica ion
Union
ITU-R
ITU Radiocommunica ion Sec o
ITS
In elligen T anspo Sys ems
KPI
Key Pe o mance Indica o
LAA
Licensed-Assis ed Access
LEO
Low Ea h O bi
LTLP
Low Towe Low Powe
LPWA
Low Powe Wide A ea
LSA
Licensed Sha ed Access
M2M
Machine- o-Machine
MAC
Medium Access Con ol
MBB
Mobile B oadBand
METIS
Mobile and wi eless
communica ions Enable s o he
Twen y- wen y In o ma ion Socie y
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MFCN
Mobile/Fixed Communica ions
Ne wo k
MMC
Massi e Machine Communica ion
MNO
Mobile Ne wo k Ope a o
mMTC
Massi e Machine-Type
Communica ions
MSP
Managed Se ice P o ide
MTC
Machine Type Communica ion
MVNO
Mobile Vi ual Ne wo k Ope a o
NaaS
Ne wo k as a Se ice
NEP
Ne wo k Equipmen P o ide
NF
Ne wo k Func ion
NFV
Ne wo k Func ion Vi ualiza ion
NGMN
Nex Gene a ion Mobile Ne wo k
NRA
Na ional Regula o y Au ho i y
NW
Ne Wo k
OPEX
Ope a ional EXpendi u es
OSS
Ope a ional Suppo Sys em
OTT
O e The Top
One T ip Time
PaaS
Pla o m as a Se ice
PAL
P io i y Access License
PDCP
Packe Da a Con e gence P o ocol
PPDR
Public P o ec ion and Disas e
Relie
PVNO
P i a e Vi ual Ne wo k Ope a o
QoE
Quali y o Expe ience
QoS
Quali y o Se ice
RAN
Radio Access Ne wo k
RAT
Radio Access Technology
RF
Radio F equency
RLC
Radio Link Con ol
RRC
Radio Resou ce Con ol
RTT
Round T ip Time
SCaaS
Small Cell as a Se ice
SCells
Seconda y Cells
SDN
So wa e De ined Ne wo k
SINR
Signal- o-In e e ence-plus-Noise
Ra io
SMS
Sho Message Se ice
SON
Sel -O ganising Ne wo k
SW
So wa e
TC
Tes Case
Towe Company
TOo5G
Towe O e lay o e 5G
UAV
Unmanned Ae ial Vehicle
UC
Use Case
UE
Use Equipmen
UHD
Ul a-High De ini ion
UL
UpLink
uMTC
Ul a- eliable Machine-Type
Communica ions
UP
Use Plane
V2D
Vehicle- o-De ice
V2V
Vehicle- o-Vehicle
V2X
Vehicle- o-Any hing
Wi-Fi
Wi eless local access ne wo k
echnologies acco ding IEEE
802.11 speci ica ions and ce i ied
by he Wi-Fi Alliance
WRC-15
Wo ld Radiocommunica ion
Con e ence 2015
WRC-19
Wo ld Radiocommunica ion
Con e ence 2019
XaaS
Any hing as a Se ice
xMBB
Ex eme Mobile B oadBand
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2.1.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e
The demand o e y high expe ienced use
h oughpu In e ne access a any ime and a
any place is cons an ly inc easing. The
ubiqui ous capaci y demands o u u e use s will
be challenging o sa is y in a eas wi h spa se
ne wo k in as uc u e, such as sca cely
popula ed a eas, u al and e en subu ban
a eas. A consis en use expe ience wi h
espec o h oughpu , needs a minimum
expe ienced use h oughpu gua an eed e e ywhe e. The a ge alue o 50 Mbps e e ywhe e
should be unde s ood as he minimum expe ienced use h oughpu and no a single use ‟s
heo e ical peak a e. Fu he mo e, i is emphasized ha his use a e has o be deli e ed
consis en ly ac oss he co e age a ea (i.e. e en a cell edges). Fu he mo e, he ba e y
consump ion o sma phones and able e minals in a eas wi h low co e age inc eases
signi ican ly due o highe p opaga ion losses. A a ge o 50% ene gy consump ion educ ion
compa ed wi h legacy ne wo k should be achie ed bo h a ne wo k in as uc u e and a end
use le el. While cell densi ica ion is p omising o boos ing capaci y in u u e u ban
en i onmen , wide co e age solu ions as well as lexible, ene gy and cos e icien solu ions
mus be de eloped in u u e wi eless communica ion sys ems o p o ide ubiqui ous co e age in
subu ban and mo e o less emo e u al a eas.
This is a new METIS use case buil on elemen s o a NGMN use case [NGM15] combined wi h
some aspec s om he METIS-I es case se en (Blind spo s) in [MET13-D11]. This use case
mainly add esses he use case amily xMBB.
2.1.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s
The impo ance o his use case will g ow oge he wi h
he massi e deploymen o low cos and o low ene gy
consump ion de ices. In o de o ge he maximum o
in o ma ion om hese de ices, o inc ease
en i onmen al awa eness and be e use expe ience,
he e is a need o hese de ices o be able o
communica e wi h o he de ices, he ne wo k, o wi h
o he mobile phones. People communica ing and
exchanging con en can ake place in combina ion wi h
ecei ing wind, i e and humidi y upda es om senso s.
This use case is based on a es case ele en in [MET13-
D11]. I mainly add esses he use case amily mMTC.

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2.1.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s
The use o emo e se ices is also applicable a highe use mobili y, e.g. while d i ing ca s o
using public anspo a ion, and no me ely aking place in slow mobili y o s a iona y se ings.
Wi h highe use mobili y enabled on- he-way wo ke s as well as a leisu ed people can enjoy
he bene i s o eal- ime emo e compu ing o mobile
e minals. A he same ime he connec ed ca also
p o ides a sa e and e icien jou ney ia he
communica ion o i s su ounding. This
communica ion enables he ca o a oid acciden s,
bu i also enables o he ypes o a ic planning
such as a oiding a ic jam queues and minimizing
uel consump ion. The eby he connec ed ca
enables a ic sa e y, e iciency and eal- ime emo e se ices.
This use case is based on es cases eigh and wel e o METIS-I [MET13-D11]. I mainly
add esses he use case amilies uMTC and xMBB.
2.2 Re ined equi emen s
The main KPIs and equi emen s o he METIS-II use cases a e gi en in Table 2-1. The de ailed
equi emen s a e gi en in Appendix C.
Table 2-1: Summa y o main KPIs and equi emen s o each METIS-II use case.
Use Case (UC)
Key Pe o mance Indica o (KPI)
Requi emen
UC1
Dense u ban
in o ma ion
socie y
Expe ienced use h oughpu
300 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL a
95% a ailabili y and 95% eliabili y
E2E RTT la ency
Less han 5 ms (augmen ed eali y applica ions)
UC2
Vi ual eali y
o ice
Expe ienced use h oughpu
5 (1) Gbps wi h 20% (95%) a ailabili y in DL
5 (1) Gbps wi h 20% (95%) a ailabili y in UL
bo h wi h 99% eliabili y
UC3
B oadband
access
e e ywhe e
Expe ienced use h oughpu
50 Mbps in DL and 25 Mbps in UL a
99% a ailabili y and 95% e ainabili y
UC4
Massi e
dis ibu ion o
senso s and
ac ua o s
A ailabili y
99.9%
De ice densi y
T a ic olume pe de ice
1 000 000 de ices/km2
F om ew by es pe day o 125 by es pe second
UC5
Connec ed
ca s
E2E one-way la ency
5 ms ( a ic sa e y applica ions)
Expe ienced use h oughpu
100 Mbps in DL and 20 Mbps in UL (se ice
applica ions) a 99% a ailabili y and 95% eliabili y
Vehicle eloci y
Up o 250 km/h
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These use cases, along wi h hei key equi emen s, a e illus a ed in Figu e 2-2.
Figu e 2-2: The METIS-II 5G use cases and hei mapping o he 5G se ices.
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3 5G spec um scena ios
In his sec ion he p elimina y 5G spec um scena ios a e in oduced. Spec um au ho iza ion
modes and usage scena ios, spec um bands o he 5G gene ic se ices xMBB, mMTC and
uMTC, and spec um demand a e conside ed. Globally ha monized equency bands below
6 GHz, as well as bands be ween 24 - 86 GHz unde s udy in ITU-R o IMT sys ems a e b ie ly
e lec ed.
3.1 Spec um au ho iza ion modes and usage
scena ios
In gene al he use o adio spec um can be au ho ized in wo ways: Indi idual Au ho iza ion
(Licensed) and Gene al Au ho iza ion (License Exemp / Unlicensed). Au ho iza ion modes
ecognized as ele an o wi eless communica ions a e P ima y use mode, LSA (Licensed
Sha ed Access) mode and Unlicensed mode.
Fi e basic spec um usage scena ios can be iden i ied o hese au ho iza ion modes: dedica ed
licensed spec um, limi ed spec um pool, mu ual en ing, e ical sha ing and unlicensed
ho izon al sha ing (see Figu e 3-1, depic ing he ela ions be ween pa s o he domains which
a e ei he necessa y (manda o y: con inuous lines) o supplemen a y (op ional: do ed lines)).
Figu e 3-1: Spec um usage/sha ing scena ios [MET15-D54].
The gene al conclusion wi h ega d o spec um au ho iza ion o 5G is ha :
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 exclusi e licensed spec um is essen ial o he success o 5G o p o ide he expec ed
QoS and o secu e in es men s,
 sha ed spec um can be conside ed in addi ion, p o ided ha p edic able QoS
condi ions a e main ained, e.g. by LSA egime,
 license-exemp spec um migh be sui able as a supplemen a y op ion o ce ain
applica ions, o ins ance using he LAA (License-Assis ed Access) scheme explained
below.
In Eu ope LSA is he ecognized app oach by CEPT (Eu opean Con e ence o Pos al and
Telecommunica ions Adminis a ions) o adminis a ions wishing o in oduce Mobile/Fixed
Communica ions Ne wo ks (MFCN) in he band 2300-2400 MHz while main aining he cu en
incumben use [ECC14-DEC02], [ECC14-REP205]. Di e en LSA ials a e cu en ly on-going in
Eu ope.
In he US, he FCC has announced he i s se o ules o he band 3550-3700 MHz, e med
Ci izens B oadband Radio Se ice (CBRS), o enable deploymen o ela i ely low powe ed
ne wo k echnologies like small cells [FCC15-47]. The ules equi e a Spec um Access Sys em
(SAS) based on exclusion/p o ec ion zones and sensing o implemen a h ee- ie ed egula o y
amewo k in which incumben s ope a e in he op ie , P io i y Access License (PAL) use s
ope a e in he second ie and Gene alized Au ho ized Access (GAA) use s ope a e in he hi d
ie (Figu e 3-2).
Figu e 3-2: FCC Te minology a 3.5 GHz [KRB15].
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The incumben s which ha e he highes p io i y spec um access can equi e all seconda y
sys ems in a spa ial egion o elinquish all o po ions o spec um a any ime. To he
seconda y de ices om he PAL ie exclusi e channels a e alloca ed ha p o ide gua an eed
in e e ence p o ec ion, simila o adi ional long e m licenses. The GAA ie p o ides no
in e e ence p o ec ion and he e o e, allows mul iple independen ne wo ks o use a gi en
channel no used by incumben o PAL use s.
LAA is an inno a i e app oach o unlicensed ho izon al sha ing in he Unlicensed mode ha
aims a enabling he ope a ion o LTE in he 5 GHz unlicensed spec um o low powe
Seconda y Cells (SCells). 3GPP has conduc ed a co esponding s udy [3GPP14-LAA],
summa izing he necessa y modi ica ions o LTE and he ele an egula o y equi emen s (e.g.
o achie e co-exis ence wi h Wi-Fi).
LAA a ge s ca ie agg ega ion ope a ion in which one o mo e low powe SCells a e ope a ing
in unlicensed spec um. LAA deploymen s encompass scena ios wi h and wi hou mac o
co e age, bo h ou doo and indoo small cell deploymen s, and bo h co-loca ion and non-co-
loca ion (wi h ideal backhaul) be ween licensed and unlicensed ca ie s. Figu e 3-3 shows ou
LAA deploymen scena ios, whe e he numbe o licensed ca ie s and he numbe o
unlicensed ca ie s can be one o mo e.
Figu e 3-3: LAA deploymen scena ios [3GPP14-LAA].

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Based on he s udy esul s, 3GPP adop ed a wo k i em o speci y suppo o DL ansmissions
o LAA SCells o Release 13. Speci ica ion o suppo o UL ansmissions o LAA SCells is
planned o be added in u u e eleases, wi hou modi ica ions o he DL design.
3.2 Spec um bands o 5G gene ic se ices
The ollowing gene al conclusions on he sui abili y o spec um bands o he 5G gene ic
se ices as de ined by METIS – xMBB, mMTC and uMTC - can be d awn:
 Fo xMBB, a mix u e o equency spec um comp ising lowe bands o bo h co e age
pu poses and da a a ic, and highe bands wi h la ge con iguous bandwid h o cope
wi h he e e -inc easing a ic demand, including wi eless backhaul solu ions, is
equi ed. Exclusi e licensed spec um is essen ial o gua an ee he co e age obliga ion
and QoS, supplemen ed by spec um au ho ized by o he licensing egimes, e.g. LSA o
unlicensed access (e.g. Wi-Fi o load) o new enhanced unlicensed access schemes
(e.g. LAA) o inc ease o e all spec um a ailabili y.
 Fo some mMTC applica ions, equency spec um below 6 GHz is mos sui able and
spec um below 1 GHz is needed in pa icula when la ge co e age a eas and good
pene a ion a e needed. Exclusi e licensed spec um is he p e e ed op ion. Howe e ,
o he licensing egimes migh be conside ed depending on speci ic applica ion
equi emen s.
 Licensed spec um is conside ed mos app op ia e o uMTC. Fo sa e y V2V and V2X
communica ion he equency band 5875-5925 MHz ha monized o In elligen T anspo
Sys ems (ITS) [ECC08-DEC01] is an op ion. Ano he op ion is he sub-1GHz spec um,
pa icula ly well-sui ed o high-speed applica ions and u al en i onmen s.
3.3 Spec um demand
The a ie y o 5G se ices, scena ios and use cases pu s high demands on u u e mobile
ne wo ks wi h ega d o co e age, capaci y and eliabili y, o which he a ailabili y o a spec um
amoun o se e al GHz is equi ed, o be sough in a combina ion o sui able equency bands
alloca ed o he mobile se ice.
An example in [MET15-R31] wi h an assumed a ic inc ease o xMBB applica ion 4K ideo up
o 70 Gbps/km2 in he yea 2025 shows ha addi ional bandwid h o se e al hund eds o MHz
pe ope a o will be needed. Ano he example in [MET15-R31] shows ha uMTC also needs
simila bandwid hs as xMBB, i.e. in he o de o se e al hund eds o MHz, due o he o e all
impac o la ency and eliabili y equi emen s and he amoun o de ices a he same ime.
The use case “Vi ual eali y o ice” has been de ec ed as he mos bandwid h demanding
scena io e alua ed in he METIS p ojec [MET14-D53]. The assump ions conside ed o ca y
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ou he analysis we e spec um agnos ic, bu depending on he ac ual SINR dis ibu ions
achie able (which a he end will depend on he echnology componen s pe o mance in he
selec ed scena io), leading o he ou comes summa ized in
Table 3-1. These e alua ions ha e been ocused on he spec um needs, independen o a
speci ic equency ange, and he e o e ep esen a good s a ing poin o balance he
bandwid h equi emen wi h he echnology componen s pe o mance, and wi h he ne wo k
deploymen .
Table 3-1: Bandwi h demand o “Vi ual eali yo ice” [MET14-D53].
A ailable bandwid h
Mean alues o SINR dis ibu ion
needed in he ne wo k
4500 MHz
5 - 10 dB
3000 MHz
10 - 15 dB
1500 MHz
˃ 20 dB
The alues p esen ed in Table 3-1 a e om he METIS-I p ojec and migh be e isi ed du ing
he METIS-II p ojec .
3.3.1 Spec um below 6 GHz
Spec um equi emen s o he yea 2020 ha e been calcula ed o p e-IMT sys ems, IMT-2000,
and i s enhancemen s, and IMT-Ad anced [ITU-2290]. Due o di e ences in ma ke s,
deploymen s, and imings o he mobile da a g ow h in di e en coun ies, wo se ings ha e
been e alua ed o cha ac e ize lowe and highe use densi y se ings. The esul s a e
p esen ed in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2: To al spec um demand calcula ion o he yea 2020.
To alspec um equi emen s o “P e-IMT sys ems, IMT-2000 and i s
enhancemen s, and IMT-ad anced”in heyea 2020
Lowe use densi y se ings
1340 MHz
Highe use densi y se ings
1960 MHz
Spec um bands cu en ly iden i ied o IMT in he ITU-R Radio Regula ions will ha e o cope
wi h he mobile a ic demand un il he yea 2020. In Eu ope, o example, he o e all amoun o
spec um iden i ied o IMT is 1232 MHz, howe e , no all o hose IMT iden i ied bands a e
a ailable o mobile communica ions in e e y coun y.
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3.3.2 Resul o WRC-15 on bands abo e 6 GHz
WRC-15 has ag eed ha ITU-R will conduc and comple e in ime o WRC-19 he app op ia e
sha ing and compa ibili y s udies by 31 Ma ch 2017, o he equency bands:
 24.25-27.5 GHz, 37-40.5 GHz, 42.5-43.5 GHz, 45.5-47 GHz, 47.2-50.2 GHz,
50.4-52.6 GHz, 66-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz, which ha e alloca ions o he mobile
se ice on a p ima y basis; and
 31.8-33.4 GHz, 40.5-42.5 GHz and 47-47.2 GHz, which may equi e addi ional
alloca ions o he mobile se ice on a p ima y basis.
Some o hese equency bands enable wide con iguous bandwid hs which would enable o
cope wi h he spec um equi emen s o high bandwid h demanding xMBB applica ions. Fo he
s udy in ime o WRC-19, de elopmen o new me hodology o he spec um equi emen
es ima e should be he p io i y, conside ing he 5G en i onmen . Mo eo e , he new
me hodology should ake in o accoun 5G sys em equi emen s and i s applica ions om he
use cases o ocus on 5G ha can make people enjoy new se ices in e ms o highe da a a e,
so called „applica ion-based app oach‟.
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4 Ecosys em e olu ions
This sec ion builds on he 5G use cases and spec um scena ios desc ibed abo e and on RAN
a chi ec u al conside a ions o cons uc p elimina y business models. Sec ion 4.1 s a s by
desc ibing he cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o . Sec ion 4.2 p esen s he gene al ends
o he e olu ion o he alue chains by iden i ying new ac o s and hei ela ionships.
Sec ion 4.3 ocuses on business models o he dense u ban in o ma ion socie y use case.
4.1 Cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o
4.1.1 Iden i ica ion o he main playe s and hei espec i e oles
This sec ion p esen s he main exis ing playe s h ough he RAN, which a e in ol ed in he
mobile se ice alue chain and hei espec i e oles. De ails a e gi en in Appendix D.1.1.
Figu e 4-1 p o ides an o e iew o cu en main playe s in ol ed in adio connec i i y se ices.
The oles o MNOs, MVNOs, ou sou cing playe s, de ice manu ac u e s and OTTs/con en
owne s a e de ailed in Sec ion 4.1.2 as hey a e di ec ly p esen in he mobile ne wo ks alue
chain. O he playe s a e also p esen ed in Figu e 4-1, whose oles a e mo e ela ed o speci ic
se ices like in- ligh connec i i y, M2M and IoT and Public sa e y and public p o ec ion playe s;
hei alue chains a e de ailed in Appendix D.
Figu e 4-1: An illus a ion he main exis ing playe s ha e ol e a ound he RAN.
Radio
Access
Ne wo k
MNOs and
MVNOs playe s
Ou sou cing
playe s
Public Sa e y and
Public P o ec ion
and Disas e Relie s
playe s
IoT/MTC playe s
Con en owne s &
OTTs playe s
De ice
manu ac u e s,
In- ligh
connec i i y
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F om an end cus ome pe spec i e a NW slice is seen as an independen ne wo k. Howe e , in
con as o deploying independen ne wo k in as uc u es as i was he case in o me mobile
adio gene a ions, i will be ealized oge he wi h o he slices on a common in as uc u e laye
(also e e ed o as “ i ual ne wo k”), also including asse s such as spec um. In his way, he
in as uc u e and asse s u iliza ion is likely o be much mo e cos and ene gy e icien . The
slicing concep is en isioned o u he allow o a much as e se -up o new se ices and
applica ions o modi ica ion o exis ing ones. Gene ally, a slice is an abs ac ne wo k ha has o
be ins an ia ed o add ess he in as uc u e esou ces. Se e al ins ances o he same slice a e
possible, each o hem being cus omized ia a sui able alloca ion o NFs and/o hei
pa ame e iza ion ou o a numbe o po en ial al e na i e NFs. No e ha a slice may be s a ically
con igu ed, o dynamically ins an ia ed o e-con igu ed o e ime. A slice inally desc ibes an
end- o-end ela ion, i.e. i s unc ionali ies also co e he 5G de ice pa . In p inciple, hi d pa ies
(e.g. e icals, MVNOs, OTT se ice p o ide s) can c ea e and manage hei own ne wo ks ia
he co esponding APIs (known as “any hing as a se ice”, XaaS).
Figu e 4-6: Examples o 5G ne wo k slices [NGM15].
E en i NW slices a e seen as sepa a ed NWs (only on logical le el) i is s ill equi ed o
e icien ly use common esou ces such as adio spec um, adio in as uc u e, and anspo
be ween he slices. Only in special cases (based e.g. on egula o y and/o legal equi emen s) i
is assumed ha dedica ed esou ces a e s a ically assigned o a single slice. The de ailed
ealiza ion o he NW slicing concep in he 5G RAN is one o he esea ch ields in METIS-II
( isibili y o “ adio slices”, esou ce and QoS managemen , slice isola ion e.g. o secu i y
pu poses, e c.).
Acco ding o Figu e 4-6, CP and UP NFs o a slice can be lexibly placed acco ding o he needs
o se ice cha ac e is ics (la ency, h oughpu , QoS, e c.) on he unde lying in as uc u e laye
nodes conside ing he capabili ies o hose nodes w. . . anspo , p ocessing and s o age
capaci y. One example is he suppo o low-la ency applica ions whe e some NFs may be

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placed a he mobile edge, e.g. di ec ly on access nodes o al e na i ely in a Cloud-RAN node
(see also [MET15-64]).
E en i he SDN/NFV concep is so ening he sepa a ion be ween RAN and CN in a u u e 5G
sys em, METIS-II s ill assumes a logical spli be ween he 2 pa s as a s a ing poin (see
Figu e 4-7).
Figu e 4-7: Possible logical 5G RAN a chi ec u e (se es as s a ing poin o he
in es iga ions in METIS-II).
This logical spli is seen as bene icial o he ollowing easons:
 I allows o an independen e olu ion o RAN and CN unc ionali y;
 I enables o make he CN unc ions o a leas a subse o hem access agnos ic (e.g.
common UP p ocessing);
 I acili a es mobili y since some CN unc ions (CP and/o UP) can be kep (ancho ed)
when UEs mo e o a new RAN node;
 A logical sepa a ion does no o bid c oss-laye op imiza ions in some deploymen s
when he unc ions a e co-deployed;
 A logical sepa a ion also allows mul i- endo CN/RAN in e ope abili y.
METIS-II ini ially assumes ha he new CN/RAN in e ace, called he ein S1*, will ha e he S1
in e ace [3GPP15-36300] as s a ing poin bu wi hou necessa ily backwa d compa ibili y
equi emen s.
W. . . he CN, he ollowing unc ionali ies a e assumed o be co e ed:
 Mobili y ancho ing (e.g. o in e -RAN node mobili y, including in e -RAT mobili y),
add essing, oaming unc ionali y;
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 QoS con ol, cha ging, policy en o cemen , con ex awa eness;
 A ach and au hen ica ion signaling including secu i y key gene a ion.
An impo an aspec in 5G will be he enhanced in eg a ion o access echnologies on lowe
laye s o he adio p o ocol s ack esul ing in op imized join esou ce managemen and
inc eased pe o mance and eliabili y e.g. by applying mul i-connec i i y links on UP and/o CP
ac oss di e en 5G ai in e ace a ian s. Whe eas he in eg a ion o e ol ed LTE-A (which is
seen as pa o he 5G ai in e ace amily) wi h no el 5G ai in e ace a ian s is expec ed o
happen on PDCP/RRC laye (o 5G equi alen ), a igh in eg a ion o no el a ian s may go
down o he MAC laye .
The inally achie able pe o mance will be also s ongly dependen on he de ice capabili ies, as
e.g. mMTC de ices like senso s will – in con as o u u e-p oo ed sma phones o xMBB
pu poses – p obably only suppo single ai in e ace a ian s due o cos easons (pa ly also
addi ional es ic ion o a single equency band). Mo e sophis ica ed 5G de ices will be able o
lexibly ac as an in as uc u e ne wo k node as well, e.g. a sel -backhauled, possibly nomadic
access node [MET15-64]).
W. . . in as uc u e deploymen aspec s, he key assump ions on he physical RAN a chi ec u e
a e s a ed in he o m o ou ep esen a i e scena ios depic ed in Figu e 4-8. These scena ios
ha e been chosen and de ined such ha hey e lec in a simpli ied o m he co ne cases o
deploymen ha can be expec ed in he 5G ime ame (e.g. deploymen o no el 5G adio si es
in addi ion o exis ing LTE-A si es, co-deploymen o LTE-A and no el 5G adio, wide-sp ead
usage o sel -backhauling, s and-alone si es and baseband (BB) hos elling e c.)
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Figu e 4-8: Physical RAN a chi ec u e scena ios conside ed.
The scena ios a e de ailed in he ollowing:
 Scena io 1 depic s a case whe e he same o di e en ai in e ace a ian s a e se ed
om wo geog aphically sepa a ed si es, and whe e he connec ion be ween he si es
and om he si es o he nex agg ega ion poin a e p one o non-ideal backhaul, which
could o ins ance be modeled as in [3GPP14-36932]. Fo simplici y, i is assumed ha
CN unc ionali y also esides a he agg ega ion poin , hence he e is no u he la ency
in ol ed beyond he agg ega ion poin . As an op ion, mul iple ai in e ace a ian s (e.g.
LTE-A and a no el 5G ai in e ace a ian ) could be se ed in a co-loca ed way.
 Scena io 2 depic s he case whe e cen alized p ocessing is applied o all cells, and
di e en spa ially sepa a ed access nodes a e se ed wi h ideal o non-ideal on haul,
depending on he RAN unc ional spli ha is deployed.
 Scena io 3 is simila o Scena io 2, bu conside s mul iple clus e s o cen alized
p ocessing, each se ing mul iple adio si es ha a e assumed o be connec ed ia ideal
on haul. The connec ions be ween he cen alized p ocessing clus e s, howe e , a e
assumed o be p one o non-ideal backhaul.
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 Scena io 4 builds upon Scena ios 1-3, bu now depic s a case whe e wo addi ional
access nodes es ablish wi eless backhaul links o si es wi h wi ed backhaul.
4.2.2 E olu ions o he posi ioning o cu en playe s wi h 5G
MNOs & MVNOs playe s:
 Bo h playe s a e adi ional mobile ope a o s. They cu en ly p o ide a mobile se ice o
cus ome s and manage his end cus ome ela ionship.
 A mobile i ual ne wo k ope a o (MVNO) does no possess any spec um alloca ion o
mobile access in as uc u e, wha e e he echnology used. MVNOs sign a con ac wi h
a mobile ne wo k ope a o (MNO) ha holds a equency license and a mobile ne wo k
in as uc u e.
Table 4-1: Mobile ope a o s & MVNOs posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
MNO
Builds and ope a es he mobile ne wo k
Manages subsc ibe ela ionships o
bo h e ail and wholesale ma ke s
Con en p o ision
Gene aliza ion o he ixed adio
access p o ision
Mo e ocus on IoT and e ical
ma ke s ( o coun e declining
e enues on he consume
ma ke )
Ge ing highe in he alue chain
by p oposing IT / big da a
se ices
MVNO
Buys capaci y o MNOs and manages
subsc ibe ela ionships. In some cases
MVNO ope a es pa o co e ne wo k
May own SIM ca ds
May ope a e mo e elemen s o
he co e ne wo k
O he access ne wo ks:
 WiFi access p o ide s use unlicensed spec um and a e usually loca ed in la ge-scale
enues whe e people a e likely o use high-speed in e ne (ai po s, co ee shops, ho els,
uni e si ies...).Fo a mobile ope a o , a highe densi y o WiFi ho spo s also means mo e
possibili ies o o load a ic on he ixed ne wo k and hus educe he a ic load on he
adio access ne wo k.
 LPWA (Low Powe Wide A ea) playe s use dedica ed echnology o low powe and low
expe ienced use h oughpu in unlicensed spec um. Unsu p isingly, many di e en
playe s a e s epping in he Low Powe Wide A ea/IoT ield. LPWA pu e p o ide s a e
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ope a o s managing a ne wo k in as uc u e (SigFox). O he playe s (LoRa, Neul)
p o ide access connec i i y (no he backhaul connec i i y as a adi ional playe ).
 Sa elli e ope a o s use elecommunica ions sa elli es which a e usually placed in
Geos a iona y Ea h O bi and Low Ea h O bi wi h a numbe o speci ic echnical
equi emen s o elecom sys ems o ope a e (no ably la ge cons ella ions o small
sa elli es, equency coo dina ion).
Table 4-2: WiFi, LPWA, sa elli e playe s ole.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
WiFi
access
p o ide
Ope a e WiFi access poin s
Sells wholesale and e ail se ices
Manages subsc ibe ela ionships
Small cells ope a ion mainly on
unlicenced spec um, wi h
possible in eg a ion wi h 5G
ne wo ks.
Small cell as a se ice (SCaaS)
LPWA
(Low
Powe
Wide
A ea)
ope a o s
Deploy and ope a e dedica ed ne wo ks
o IoT
Possible in eg a ion wi h 5G
ne wo ks (cell si e sha ing, RAN
in eg a ion? in eg a ion o
unlicensed bands?)
Sa elli e
ope a o
Limi ed p o ision o na owband mobile
se ices wi h LEO cons ella ions (e.g.
I idium, Inma sa )
Possible o e ing in
on haul/backhaul in eg a ion
wi h e es ial ne wo ks. Use o
non-GEO cons ella ions wi h
educed la ency.
Mul icas app oach in
combina ion wi h e es ial
ne wo ks.
Use o MTC in u al a eas
RAN Ou sou cing playe s:
 Towe companies a e in posi ion o go u he han hei cu en ole o en ing space o
MNOs‟ base s a ions and could ope a e pa o he RAN.
 Facili y manage s such as building o s adium manage s a e gene ally in ol ed in mobile
co e age/capaci y h ough DAS (Dis ibu ed An enna Sys ems) ope a ion. They usually
pay a specialized company o DAS ins alla ion.
 U ban u ni u e manage s: Today, small cells a e being deployed on u ban s ee
u ni u e such as s ee lamps, u ili y poles, bus s ops, benches o billboa ds h ough

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pa ne ships be ween equipmen endo s and ad e ising companies. Deploymen o
small cells in s ee u ni u e is expec ed o enhance co e age and ne wo k capaci y in
highly popula ed a eas o mee he u u e cus ome demand.
 Equipmen manu ac u e s: A ew yea s ago, elecom ope a o s acknowledged ha hey
could no be p esen in e e y segmen o he alue chain and c ea e mo e alue by
se ing up pa ne ships wi h la ge-scale playe s. This leads o inno a ions o changes in
model o managemen such as, o example, ou sou cing passi e o ac i e in as uc u e
o sha ing ixed o mobile ne wo ks. Equipmen manu ac u e s a e well posi ioned o he
RAN ou sou cing ole due o hei expe ise in ha domain.
Table 4-3: RAN Ou sou cing playe s ole.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
Towe
company
Build, own, ope a e, main ain owe
asse s
Build cus omized/g een si es
Ren owe s o MNO ( ixed powe and
uel cos / adi ional pass- h ough
cos )
Could ope a e he RAN / pa s
o RANs
Facili y
manage
Ope a e DAS (mainly indoo
en i onmen )
Could ope a e small cells
(SCaaS)
Could o e elecoms access in
a building using mobile
in as uc u e wi h backhauling
ia a ibe op ic a he bo om
o he building
U ban
u ni u e
manage
Build, own and ope a e u ban
u ni u e
Ren esou ces on a pay-as-you-go
model
Could ins all base s a ions,
ope a e pa s o RAN (small
cells)
Equipmen
manu ac u e s
Ou sou cing and se ice
managemen
Ope a ion o wholesale mobile
ne wo k
IoT/MTC playe s:
 In eg a o s & IT companies: Sys em in eg a o s o so wa e companies ha e s ong
capabili ies in da a and in so wa e, especially in analy ics. As he alue chain is
disassembling in many ma ke s and as ha dwa e is now commodi ized, in eg a o s e-
assemble ce ain unc ions and p o ide packaged se ices in a “so wa iza ion” mo e. IT
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companies a e mainly posi ioned on he p o essional ma ke s (Machine- o-Machine
(M2M) and In e ne o Objec s) on he IT side and da a managemen h ough hei cloud
se ices (based on hei da a cen e a ms).
 Ve ical ma ke playe s encompass ca manu ac u e s in he au omo i e business,
hospi als/doc o s in he heal h indus y…, ha will be pa o he enla ged elecom
ecosys em in he nea e m as elecom is sp eading in many e icals. The e icals will
de elop new se ices, new p ocesses and new business models, hanks o o e ed
obus , a o dable ansmission and au oma ed collec ion o da a.
Table 4-4: IoT/MTC playe s posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
In eg a o s
S ong capabili ies in da a and so wa e
Connec i i y p o ision
IT
companies
P o ide Cloud se ices
Le e age on da a o p o ide
be e se ices and solu ions
Ve ical
ma ke
playe s
Buy connec i i y om MNOs
Play a ole in se ice c ea ion &
ope a ion
Public Sa e y and Public P o ec ion and Disas e Relie playe s (PPDR):
 Cu en non-b oadband dedica ed public sa e y sys ems mainly use he 400 MHz and
he 700-800 MHz bands wo ldwide. Spec um abo e 1 GHz suppo s also a a ie y o
PPDR ope a ions o empo a y use only. A numbe o hese PPDR ne wo ks ha e been
deployed all o e he wo ld.
Table 4-5: Public sa e y playe s posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
Dedica ed
Public
Sa e y
Build, own and ope a e Public Sa e y /
PPDR ne wo ks
P o ide unused capaci y du ing
non-c i ical hou s o ope a ion o
5G ope a o s
Public
Sa e y
MVNO
Sell mobile se ices o end-use s
Ren capaci y o 5G ope a o s
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Con en owne s, OTTs:
 Con en owne s a e speci ically in ol ed in con en c ea ion and adap a ion o mobile
de ices. They a e esponsible o he accu acy o he con en . The consump ion o
con en has g adually e ol ed om a model mainly based on owne ship o con en
(physical media o a digi al copy) o a model based on access o a ee (ad-suppo ed)
and/o subsc ip ion se ice.
 The well-known O e -The-Top (OTT) playe s a e se ing hei cus ome s o e he
In e ne ( oice h ough VoIP and messaging a e he wo i s se ices p o ided). They
a e p o iding an in eg a ed p oduc o e he In e ne and bypassing adi ional
dis ibu ion. Se ices ha come o e he op a e, i no always, lowe in cos han he
adi ional me hod o deli e y. Howe e , hey ha e lowe QoS han se ices p o ided by
MNOs.
Table 4-6: Con en owne s and OTT posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
Con en
owne s
C ea ion o he con en , adap a ion o
mul iple de ices
No ole expec ed in adio
access
OTTs
P o ision o se ices h ough he
in e ne ee o cha ge
MVNO p o iding mobile
communica ions se ices
O he playe s
 Ob iously, de ice manu ac u e s a e designing and ma ke ing de ices di ec ly o use s
and o elecom ope a o s. De ices a e s ill cen al o he elecom ma ke and a e
con inuing o de elop in e m o be e pe o mances.
 Today, in- ligh connec i i y on comme cial ai lines is p o ided h ough ai - o-g ound and
sa elli e ne wo ks. In- ligh connec i i y is p o ided on a wholesale basis and on a e ail
basis.
Table 4-7: O he playe s posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
De ice
manu ac u e s
Sell handse s o cus ome s and
mobile ope a o s
Wi h i ualized SIM ca d,
de ice manu ac u e s could
manage cus ome s
ela ionship
In- ligh
connec i i y
p o ide s
Sell in- ligh connec i i y di ec ly o
he use o h ough he ai line
In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s
could manage he use
ela ionship widely
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4.2.3 Iden i ica ion o new playe s in he 5G ield
In i s 5G Whi e Pape [NGM15], NGMN desc ibes new business models expec ed wi h 5G. New
business oles desc ibed in his documen make e e ence o asse p o ide , connec i i y
p o ide and pa ne se ice p o ide . In his sec ion, we use he p e ious sec ion on he
iden i ica ion o he cu en playe s and NGMN‟s inpu as a basis o iden i y new playe s/ oles in
he 5G ield.
Connec i i y p o ide s
The business models associa ed o connec i i y p o ide s can be di e en ia ed be ween “basic”
and “en iched” models and a e he ollowing:
 Basic connec i i y p o ide s: in his model, only bes e o IP connec i i y is p o ided.
This is he « dumb pipe » model o mobile ope a o and we can include WiFi access
p o ide s in he same model. In he yea s o come, we migh see new playe s such as
sa elli e se ice p o ide s, LPWA playe s, loons‟ playe s… Wi-Fi i s playe s such as
Google wi h i s Google-Fi o e , which use WiFi as he p ima y connec ion op ion and
swi ch o mobile ne wo k only as a “backup solu ion” could play a bigge ole in bundling
o he access ne wo ks as well (sa elli e, LPWA, loons…).
In he ene gy sec o , an example o basic connec i i y p o ide is an e olu ion o he
MVNO concep called PVNO (P i a e Vi ual Ne wo k Ope a o ). The ene gy g ids long-
e m needs a e no ul illed by exis ing mobile ne wo ks leading he playe s o his sec o
o become MVNOs and o ake ull o pa ial con ol o a wi eless ne wo k. The PVNO
could con ol elemen s o he co e ne wo k such as cus ome da abase and he SIM
ca ds. In coun ies like he Ne he lands and F ance, u ili ies ha e buil cellula ne wo ks
and we e awa ded spec um (in he 450 MHz band) o hei own needs.
 Enhanced connec i i y p o ide s could inc ease ope a o di e en ia ion h ough ne wo k
quali y/ eliabili y/mobili y/con igu abili y. Public Sa e y playe s, new MVNOs p o iding
M2M en iched se ices ( o e ical sec o s, o secu i y pu poses…) could appea in his
ield. The b oadcas ing sec o could also p opose a new model called TOo5G o „Towe
O e lay o e 5G‟ in which he b oadcas ope a o would use i s HTHP (high owe high
powe ) in as uc u e; he la e being al eady in place and se es o digi al e es ial
ele ision (DTT) se ices. This dedica ed b oadcas ing in as uc u e would p o ide
b oadcas and mul icas se ices (such as ideo s eaming) wi h lowe ansmission cos s
han in unicas mode, bu he iabili y o his solu ion will depend on he 5G design
choices (in eg a ion o DVB-like ai in e aces in 5G) and on he de elopmen o e ol ed
MBMS (Mul imedia B oadcas Mul icas Se ices) solu ions.
Asse p o ide s
The asse p o ide ole co e s bo h ne wo k sha ing models and XaaS models. As explained in
Sec ion 4.2.1, XaaS is a collec i e e m ha e e s o e e y hing as a se ice (o any hing as a
se ice). Wi h XaaS, e e y hing can be accessed on demand ia he cloud. XaaS gi es a i s
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Figu e 4-12: Pa ne se ice p o ide alue chain.
4.2.5 MTC Ac o s in Sma Ci y and he co esponding Value
Ne wo k
A sus ainable Sma Ci y is o en de ined as an inno a i e ci y ha uses In o ma ion and
Communica ion Technology (ICT) and o he means o imp o e quali y o li e, e iciency o u ban
ope a ion and se ices, and compe i i eness, while ensu ing ha i mee s he needs o p esen
and u u e gene a ions wi h espec o economic, social and en i onmen al aspec s [ITU-
FGSSC-15]. Focusing on he communica ion pa , he ole o ICT on one hand is o collec
in o ma ion om he machines and send hem o he applica ions; and on he o he hand i
should ans e he “sma ness” om applica ions o machines.
Conside ing 5G as he pa adigm shi in ICT ha is supposed o enable Sma Ci ies, his
sys em should include many high echnical equi emen s ha a e highly in eg a i e wi h o he
indus ies. This in eg a ion hen happens ia Machine o Machine (M2M) communica ion
solu ions. The ole o M2M solu ions is hen o sense, analyze and in eg a e he key in o ma ion
o co e sys ems in ci ies. As a esul , he ele ance o ICT in Sma Ci ies is wo old: i s , how o
enable a Ho izon aliza ion pla o m o o he indus y e icals and second, in eg a ing ICT
in as uc u e in o he indus ies in ol ed.
Looking in o he Sma Ci y ecosys em, he ne wo k o supplie s [LGM-15] includes ICT
p o ide s and subsequen ly M2M p o ide s. Conside ing M2M echnologies as he enabling ICT

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ool o ci ies o become sma , hen MTC would be he pa whe e Cellula Telecommunica ion
Ne wo ks come in o he play. This highligh s he ole o Telecom ac o s in Sma Ci ies. A he
same ime, hese changes may no occu unless he new alue chain and alue ne wo k can
hos speci ic demands and new ac o s o Sma Ci y [GAM-15].
Since MTC co esponds o u ilizing cellula echnologies as he access ne wo k o M2M
se ices, adi ional ac o s in he mobile elephony alue ne wo k a e iably ac i e he e as well.
Mobile Ne wo k Ope a o s (MNO) as he ypical ca ie s ha con ol and ope a e cellula
ne wo ks a e capable o ope a ing he MTC ne wo k. Telecom Equipmen Vendo s (TEV) as he
adi ional manu ac u e s o he elecommunica ion equipmen , ypically p o ision he echnical
p ocu emen o he MNOs. Bu , acco ding o he shi in he alue chain, he TEVs ha e
ecen ly pa icipa ed in di e en oles ha his o ically ha e been assigned o aken ca e o by
o he s; such as MNOs. E en oles like p o isioning new demands such as Connec i i y
Pla o ms a e now being p o isioned by some TEVs.
Figu e 4-13 illus a es he majo business ela ions o MNOs and TEVs in he Mobile Telephony
case. A Managed Se ice P o ide (MSP) is ypically an en i y ha o e s end- o-end solu ions;
such as ne wo k ope a ion managemen in his case. Based on p oposed MTC Ac i i ies,
Resou ces, Ac o s, and mos impo an ly he amewo k in oduced in Figu e D-10 (in Appendix
D1.2), i e majo g oups o ac o s can be iden i ied in he MTC alue ne wo k. Besides he End
Use s (EU), hese ac o s a e he mos likely en i ies who can own ei he o he esou ces
men ioned ea lie in o de o pe o m MTC ac i i ies. These ac o s a e:
a) End Use ,
b) Se ice P o ide ,
c) MTC ne wo k ope a o ,
d) De ice P o ide , and
e) MSP.
Figu e 4-13 Two adi ional Value Ne wo ks o Mobile Telephony.
Acco ding o he cases s udied ea lie , we showed ha a he han adi ional Telecom ac o s
(i.e. MNOs and TEVs), he e a e o he ac o s who migh be e en mo e compe en in
p o isioning any o he ac i i y blocks o MTC. Fo ins ance, a specialized M2M cellula ne wo k
ope a o (MTC ne wo k ope a o ) can be conside ed a be e op ion o p o ision MTC ne wo k.
Se ice P o ide s o M2M solu ions also in some cases ake con ol o he en i e alue chain by
handling he EU; a p e iously dominan posi ion o MNOs in Mobile Telephony (Figu e 4-13 -
Righ ). On he o he hand, TEVs and MNOs ha e shown in e es in di e en ac i i y blocks.
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Ano he majo ac o in his se up is hen an en i y which pe o ms he ole o p o isioning CDP.
I can be seen ha his ac i i y is mainly pe o med by he i ms who ha e a his o y in
p o isioning connec i i y in he sense o au oma ing connec ed de ices. Some examples can be
ei he ou sou cees o ne wo k ope a ions o MNOs (MSPs) o he ones which ha e been ac i e
in au oma ion o indus y e icals (e.g. Gene al Elec ics, Siemens, e c.).
Figu e 4-14 Two majo se ups o MTC Value Ne wo k.
Figu e 4-14 illus a es wo majo se ups o he MTC alue ne wo k in Sma Ci ies. Acco ding o
ou desc ip ion o he MTC ac i i ies, elecom ac o s a e capable o pe o ming mul i ude o
ac i i ies in MTC alue ne wo k in Sma Ci ies, bu based on hei esou ces. This di ec ly
conce ns he compe ences hey can acqui e and/o ha e. Conside ing “connec i i y domain” as
hei main playg ound, p o isioning AEP is also an ac i i y being pe o med by some TEVs in
ecen yea s. This way, elecom ac o s mainly co espond o ei he MTC ne wo k ope a o s
and/o MSPs (suppo ing ole o p o isioning AEP, CDP). An in e es ing obse a ion he e is he
absence o MNOs on “owning” he End Use . In e ms o esou ces, i is impo an o conside
ha he ac o /s who owns he end use -as a esou ce- is he mos likely o ha e con ol o e
his alue ne wo k. This alue ne wo k should be conside ed when deploying and de eloping
5G sys ems, as i should allow collabo a i e se ups o happen. Finally, i could be concluded
ha 5G and ICT will play he enable -suppo ole o making Sma Ci ies happen and no much
mo e; so would he elecom ac o s.
4.2.6 E olu ions o he MNO-cen ic alue Ne
Ha ing iden i ied, in he p e ious sec ion, he main ac o s and he in e ac ions be ween hem,
we ocus in his sec ion on he MNOs. We cons uc he alue ne o hese MNOs and i s
e olu ion wi h 5G; he aim being o iden i y hei coope i ion ela ions wi h he o he ac o s.
The alue ne model has been elabo a ed by [BRAN96]. This model is a complemen a y
app oach o he alue chain amewo k. The objec i e o alue chain and alue ne models is
nea ly he same, i.e. iden i y he main playe s on ma ke and he main ac i i ies hey conduc .
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They gi e a gene al o e iew o an indus y du ing a speci ic pe iod o ime. Bu he logic is
qui e di e en be ween he wo models. In he case o alue ne , he analysis is mo e
comp ehensi e as he main playe s ha e o be in eg a ed in ou ca ego ies: cus ome s,
supplie s, compe i o s and complemen o s ollowing a e ical and ho izon al dimension. The
ho izon al axis is ela ed o compe i ion and coope a ion issues. Figu e 4-15 shows a gene ic
alue chain cen e ed on a gi en company. No e ha playe s can co e – and o en do co e -
mo e han one ole in he alue ne .
Figu e 4-15: A gene ic alue ne .
Figu e 4-16 gi es he cu en alue ne o MNOs. We i s begin by de ining cus ome s as his
will gi e us a clea iew abou he posi ioning o he MNO. Two kinds o cus ome s a e
iden i ied:
 End use s, be hey in he mass ma ke (indi iduals), o o he business cus ome s
(p i a e companies o public adminis a ions). Clea ly, hese cus ome s a e con ac ing
wi h he MNO as a se ice p o ide .
 MVNOs: hey a e cus ome s o he MNO as hey buy he igh o use his ne wo k in o de
o se e hei cus ome s. When he MNO sells ne wo k access igh s o MVNOs, he is
beha ing as a ne wo k ope a o .
Based on his analysis, we can see ha cus ome s g oups can be classi ied in o wo g oups:
cus ome s o he MNO as a se ice p o ide and cus ome s o he MNO as a ne wo k ope a o .
We will keep his classi ica ion o he es o ou analysis o he alue ne .
Nex , we s ay in he e ical dimension and iden i y supplie s. As a ne wo k ope a o , he MNO
has he ollowing supplie s:
 In as uc u e endo s ha supply him wi h base s a ions, ne wo k con olle s, e c.
Examples o such endo s a e E icsson, Alca el Lucen , Huawei, e c.
Cus ome s
Company
Supplie s
Complemen o s
Compe i o s
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 In as uc u e supplie s ha p o ide access o owe s, backhaul capaci y and o he
esou ces equi ed o ne wo k ope a ion. These esou ces a e o en sha ed esou ces
and en ed o e en p o ided “as a Se ice”.
 Ne wo k ope a ion & managemen so wa e make s om whom he MNO can buy
ne wo k moni o ing and managemen ools allowing him o p ese e quali y o i s
ne wo k. No e ha in as uc u e endo s ha e also hei own so wa e solu ions, bu
ope a o s whose ne wo ks a e mul i- endo need hi d pa y so wa e solu ions.
On he o he hand, as a se ice p o ide , he MNO has as supplie s de ice manu ac u e s
(Apple, Samsung, Nokia, e c.). Indeed, se ice p o ide s usually buy de ices om
manu ac u e s and sell hem a lowe p ices o end use s.
Le us now mo e o he ho izon al dimension and iden i y compe i o s. As a se ice p o ide ,
each MNO has as ob ious compe i o s all o he se ice p o ide s, be hey MNOs o MVNOs.
O e he op (OTT) playe s, like Skype and Vibe , a e also seen as compe i o s o he MNO as a
se ice p o ide as hey p opose subs i u ion se ices ( oice, ideo con e ences). As a ne wo k
ope a o , he conside ed MNO has as compe i o s he o he MNOs as hey o e he same
se ices o MVNOs.
The mos di icul ask is o iden i y complemen o s whose p esence inci es cus ome s o buy
mo e se ices om he MNO. Ob iously, con en p o ide s (online game de elope s, Google
maps, TV channels) ac as complemen o s as people a e willing mo e o buy mobile da a
access in o de o bene i om hei a o i e con en s e e ywhe e. De ice manu ac u e s a e
also complemen o s as end use s conside sma phones and able s as aluable de ices by
hemsel es, and a sma phone o a able will be mo e use ul wi h a wi eless In e ne
connec ion. De ice applica ion de eloping indus y is also a complemen o as he mul i ude o
sma phone applica ions inci es use s o buy a sma phone and o subsc ibe o a mobile da a
connec ion. No e ha we do no make a dis inc ion be ween complemen o s o he MNO as
se ice p o ide o as ne wo k ope a o as hey a e gene ally he same ( hey s imula e he need
o a ne wo k access).
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Figu e 4-16: Cu en alue ne o MNOs.
Figu e 4-17 shows he e olu ion o he alue ne o MNOs wi h 5G, based on he 5G playe s
iden i ica ion in he p e ious sec ions. We s a wi h he e olu ion o he g oup o cus ome s
whe e PVNOs join MVNOs as cus ome s o he MNO as a ne wo k ope a o , and whe e
e icals, when hey buy di ec ly connec i i y o hei cus ome s, become cus ome s o he MNO
as a se ice p o ide . The same e icals become complemen o s as, by mo ing owa ds mo e
connec i i y, hey p o ide needs o people (indi iduals and p o essionals) o 5G se ices.
As o he supplie s o he MNO, he inc eased he e ogenei y and he i ualiza ion o ne wo ks
a e expec ed o di e si y hei lis . The lis s o equipmen endo s and o ne wo k ope a ion and
managemen so wa e supplie s a e joined by classical IT companies like IBM, HP, e c., which
p o ide p ocessing se e s and i ual ne wo k so wa e (e.g. based on SDN/NFV). Da a cen e
playe s may play a ole in managing hos els o BBUs in his con ex , especially o Cloud-RAN
a chi ec u es. Asse p o ide s like acili y manage s, u ban u ni u e manage s and owe
companies a e expec ed o ha e a la ge ole in he deploymen and he managemen o pa s
o he access ne wo k, ein o cing hei posi ion as supplie s o he MNO as a ne wo k ope a o .
Wi h he e olu ion o spec um egula ion and he alloca ion o new bands unde inno a i e
au ho iza ion schemes (e.g. LSA and LAA), spec um b oke s could play a ole in he u u e and
manage spec um esou ces on behal o mobile ne wo k ope a o s in o de o allow eal- ime
managemen o he spec um. Finally, as a se ice p o ide , he MNO can make deals wi h

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CDN playe s o con en hos ing nea end use s a he ne wo k edge, making hem supplie s
wi h ega ds o his ole as a se ice p o ide .
Finally, in he g oup o compe i o s, he ad en o new LPWA ne wo ks and o a ious access
ne wo ks based on sa elli es and loons in addi ion o he inc eased in eg a ion o WiFi e olu ions
wi hin he 5G ne wo k in oduce a a ie y o playe s as compe i o s o he MNO in he RAN. A
possible scena io, as discussed p e iously, is he eme gence o la ge WiFi playe s in he
bundling o hese a ious access ne wo ks. Rega ding he se ice p o ide ole o he MNO,
PVNOs and MTC ope a o s join MVNOs as compe i o s o o e ing se ices o end use s.
5G is a ge ing o open up he ecosys ems. One o he main ools allowing o suppo PVNOs is
he concep o Ne wo k Slicing b ough o wa d by NGMN. I allows PVNOs o ope a e and
manage a “ne wo k slice” as an independen i ual ne wo k allowing hem o in oduce hei
domain speci ic business cases and o ollow domain speci ic egula ion.
Figu e 4-17: E olu ion o he alue ne o MNOs wi h 5G.
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4.3 Focus on he dense u ban in o ma ion socie y
use case
The aim in his sec ion is o iden i y he possible alue ne wo ks o he p o isioning o he
a ge ed mobile se ices in he u u e dense u ban in o ma ion socie y, as desc ibed in
Sec ion 2.1.1. In he i s pa we will ocus on decons uc ing mobile se ices p o isioning in o a
numbe o business oles in iew o he discussed e olu ion pa h o he adio access ne wo k
(RAN) A chi ec u e in sec ion 4.2.1, while he second pa is dedica ed o iden i y he possible
business ela ionships and coope a ion models be ween he ac o s in he xMBB ecosys em.
4.3.1 E olu ion in RAN a chi ec u e and deploymen op ions
The Radio Access Ne wo k (RAN) a chi ec u e is he shi owa ds mo e lexible, dynamic and
he e ogeneous a chi ec u e as desc ibed scena ios in Sec ion 4.2.1 and Figu e 4-8. In hese
scena ios, he p o ision s a egy o he u u e mobile se ice can be based as a se o ela i ely
au onomous esou ces ha can be owned by di e en ac o s. In his con ex , numbe
deploymen s a egies a e o be conside ed o he p o isioning o he mobile se ices in u u e
dense u ban in o ma ion socie y. In his sec ion, ou deploymen s a egies ha e been chosen
based on he RAN a chi ec u e scena ios in Figu e 4-8 and conside ing di e en combina ions
o ou doo and indoo ne wo ks deploymen s as ollows:
 S a egy A (mac ocells wi h no o limi ed numbe o ou doo small cells): he
deploymen o a dense laye o adi ional mac o cell si es and ou doo small cells based
on exclusi e spec um use below 6 GHz along wi h use o sha ed spec um esou ces
below 6 GHz (i.e. based on di e en au ho iza ion and access op ions such as LSA
and/o common au ho iza ion). In o he wo ds, he RAN a chi ec u e can be depic ed as
numbe o s andalone mac ocell adio si es ha may be complemen ed by a numbe o
ou doo small cells o co e age and capaci y - As an op ion, mul iple adio ai in e ace
a ian s (e.g. LTE-A and a no el 5G ai in e ace a ian ) could be se ed in a co-loca ed
way. Re e ing o Sec ion 4.2.1, all physical RAN a chi ec u e scena ios (1 o 4) a e
sui able o his deploymen s a egy. -
 S a egy B (mac ocells wi h massi e deploymen o indoo small cells): he
deploymen o he e ogeneous RAN a chi ec u e based on he desc ibed mac ocell
in as uc u e in S a egy A along wi h massi e numbe o indoo small cells in public
a eas. These indoo small cells may be ope a ed in he sha ed spec um esou ces
below 6 GHz (i.e. based on di e en au ho iza ion and access op ion such as LSA
and/o common au ho iza ion).
 S a egy C (massi e deploymen o ou doo small cells): he deploymen o a dense
laye o ou doo small cell si es based in mul iple equency bands and au ho iza ion
op ions. In o he wo ds, he ou doo small cells may be ope a ed based on exclusi e and
sha ed spec um use conside ing equency bands below and abo e 6 GHz. He e, he
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RAN a chi ec u e can be depic ed as massi e numbe o low-cos and low-powe nodes
ha a e suppo ed wi h a cen alized p ocessing capabili y in he cloud. In o he wo ds,
all he signals a e sen back ia ideal o non-ideal backhaul links om hese ou doo
small cells o he cloud.
 S a egy D (massi e deploymen o indoo and ou doo small cells): he
deploymen o a dense laye o small cell si es e e ywhe e (bo h indoo and ou doo in
public a eas). In o he wo ds, he RAN a chi ec u e can be depic ed as massi e numbe
o s andalone ou doo small cell si es as desc ibed in S a egy C along wi h he
deploymen o massi e numbe o indoo small cells. He e, he ou doo and indoo
small cells may be ope a ed based on exclusi e and sha ed spec um use conside ing
highe equency bands abo e 6 GHz.
Wi h mo e owa ds mo e lexible, dynamic and he e ogeneous RAN a chi ec u es, he
p o isioning o he mobile se ices is g adually sepa a ed om he owne ship o he physical
ne wo k in as uc u e as well as om he necessa y ac i i ies o ope a e and main ain he
di e en ne wo k elemen s. Hence, he u u e RAN a chi ec u es can be depic ed as a se o
ela i ely au onomous oles ha can be pe o med by di e en ac o s. Ye , hese au onomous
oles need o be managed based on a amewo k o common p inciples and SLAs o p o ision
he a ge ed mobile se ice which open he doo o new business ole. In his espec , i e key
business oles can be iden i ied in he u u e mobile se ices ecosys em conside ing he
discussed e olu ion pa h o he adio access ne wo k (RAN) A chi ec u e in sec ions 4.2.2 and
4.2.3; namely:
 Se ice P o ide : example MVNO can use sub-se o he connec i i y p o ide ne wo k
capabili ies based on ce ain SLA o p o ision o e op se ices. He e he se ice
p o ide can con ol and manage he ela ionship wi h end-cus ome s.
 Connec i i y P o ide : o e ing only B2C connec i i y: Basic connec i i y in ol es bes
e o IP connec i i y o B2B capaci y wholesale. He e he connec i i y p o ide can
con ol and manage he ela ionship wi h end-cus ome s (B2C).
 Asse P o ide s: Ren esou ces on a pay-as-you-go model, In as uc u e as se ices
(indoo o ou doo adio base s a ion, agg ega ion node, backhaul link e c.), Spec um as
a Se ice e c.
 Resou ces B oke : Suppo secu e and seamless esou ces sha ing among di e en
Se ice p o ide s, connec i i y Se ice P o ide s, Asse P o ide s. In his con ex , he
esou ces de ini ions can be ex ended o include di e en passi e in as uc u e along
wi h di e en ac i e ha dwa e and so wa e‟s esou ces. This may include he wi eless
ne wo k in as uc u es such as ixed and nomadic adio access nodes and he
p ocessing capabili y o hese nodes, backhauling links and he essen ial spec um
esou ces. Mo eo e , ce ain co e and anspo ne wo k ope a ion and managemen
unc ionali ies can in a simila way be abs ac ed o a esou ce.
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 Managed Se ice P o ide (MSP): Wi eless ne wo k planning, deploymen and O&M
ac i i ies. A hi d pa y such as an in as uc u e endo willing o o e addi ional
managed se ices o ei he MNOs o MVNO. E icsson no ably made an announcemen
a he Mobile Wo ld Cong ess ela ed o i s own SCaaS p oposi ion. O he playe s such
as municipali ies o eal es a e owne s could as well decide o make he in es men o
os e be e capaci y while mone izing he in es men . This playe is expec ed o play a
ole in public a eas ypically, like shopping malls and ai po s.
4.3.2 Mapping ac o s o he oles: xMBB alue ne wo k
Conside ing he iden i ied deploymen scena ios and business oles in sec ion 4.3.1.1, an ac o
can play speci ic business oles based on his abili y o con ol o e asse s and con ol o e end-
cus ome s. Mo eo e , a playe can pe o m mo e han one business ole i clea s a egic
bene i s can be iden i ied as shown in Table 4-9. In his con ex , asse s such as he wi eless
ne wo k in as uc u es and he essen ial spec um esou ces can be owned wi h di e en
playe s wi h di e en business adi ions.
Table 4-9: Mapping ac o s o he oles.
Mobile Ne wo k Ope a o (MNO)
S a egy A
S a egy B
S a egy C
S a egy D
Op ion 1: Ac as
Connec i i y and
Se ice P o ide by
building and
ope a ing he mobile
ne wo k
in as uc u e. He e,
he MNO will con ol
all he business
ela ionships wi h he
end-subsc ibe s
(B2C). Mo eo e , he
MNO may ou sou ce
he ne wo k O&M
ac i i ies o a MSP.
Op ion 2: Ac as
Connec i i y P o ide
and Asse s P o ide s
by selling he ne wo k
capaci y o i ual
Ope a o s such as
MVNOs and PVNOs.
Op ion 1: Ac as
Connec i i y and
Se ice P o ide by
building and ope a ing
he mobile ne wo k in
bo h indoo and
ou doo loca ions.
He e, he MNO may
ou sou ce he ne wo k
O&M ac i i ies o a
MSP.
Op ion 2: Ac as
Se ice P o ide only
in ce ain indoo
loca ions and
pu chase ne wo k
capaci y om an
Asse s P o ide who
owns indoo ne wo k
in as uc u e.
Op ion 1: Ac as
Connec i i y and
Se ice P o ide by
building and ope a ing
he mobile ne wo k
in as uc u e. He e,
he MNO will con ol
all he business
ela ionships wi h he
end-subsc ibe s
(B2C). He e, he MNO
may ou sou ce he
ne wo k O&M ac i i ies
o a MSP.
Op ion 2: Ac as
Connec i i y P o ide
and Asse s P o ide s
by selling he ne wo k
capaci y o i ual
Ope a o s such as
MVNOs. He e he
MNO can ha e a B2B
Op ion 1: Ac as
Connec i i y and
Se ice P o ide by
building and ope a ing
he mobile ne wo k in
bo h public indoo a eas
and ou doo loca ions.
He e, he MNO may
ou sou ce he ne wo k
O&M ac i i ies o a
MSP.
Op ion 2: Ac as
Se ice p o ide only in
ce ain indoo loca ions
and pu chase ne wo k
capaci y om an Asse s
P o ide who owns
indoo ne wo k
in as uc u e.
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[iJo14-D52] ICT-317941 iJOIN, “Final De ini ion o iJOIN Requi emen s and Scena ios”,
No embe 2014.
[ITU11] In e na ional Telecommunica ion Union – Radio (ITU-R), “Assessmen o he global
mobile b oadband deploymen s and o ecas s o In e na ional Mobile
Telecommunica ions”, ITU-R epo M.2243, 2011.
[ITU11b] In e na ional Telecommunica ion Union – Radio (ITU-R), “The ou come o he
e alua ion, consensus building and decision o he IMT-Ad anced p ocess (S eps 4
o 7), including cha ac e is ics o IMT-Ad anced adio in e aces”, ITU-R Repo
M.2198, No embe 2011.
[ITU15] In e na ional Telecommunica ion Union – Radio (ITU-R) Wo king Pa y WP 5D:
D a New Recommenda ion “IMT Vision - F amewo k and o e all objec i es o he
u u e de elopmen o IMT o 2020 and beyond”, Doc. R12-SG05-C-0199
(app o ed by S udy G oup SG5), June 2015.
[ITU-2083] Recommenda ion ITU-R M.2083-0, IMT ision – amewo k and o e all objec i es
o he u u e de elopmen o IMT o 2020 and beyond, Sep . 2015.
[ITU-2290] Repo ITU-R M.2290, Fu u e spec um equi emen s es ima e o e es ial IMT,
Dec. 2013.
[ITU-2730] Repo ITU-R M.2730, “IMT a ic es ima es o he yea s 2020 o 2030”, July 2015.
[ITU-FGSSC-15] ITU-T Focus G oup on Sma Sus ainable Ci ies, “Se ing he s age o
s akeholde s‟ engagemen in sma sus ainable ci ies” Ma ch 2015.
[KRB15] Chang Wook Kim, Jihoon Ryoo and Milind Madha Buddhiko , “Design and
Implemen a ion o an End- o-End A chi ec u e o 3.5 GHz Sha ed Spec um,” 7 h
IEEE Dynamic Spec um Access Ne wo ks (DySPAN), S ockholm, Sweden,
Sep29-Oc 02 2015.
[LGM-15] And es Laya, Ami hossein Ghanba i and Jan Ma kendahl “Tele-Economics in
MTC: wha numbe s would no show” EAI Endo sed T ansac ions on IoT, Oc obe
2015.
[MAM15-D11] ICT- 619086, “Sys em scena ios and equi emen s speci ica ions”, Janua y 2015.
[MCN13-D21] ICT – 318109, “Re e ence Scena ios and Technical Sys em Requi emen s
De ini ion”, Ap il 2013.
[MM14] S.-S. Man ed and N. Dmi y, “On m2m so wa e pla o ms”, In e na ional Jou nal o
Open In o ma ion Technologies, ol. 2, no. 8, 2014.
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o 5G mobile and wi eless sys em”, Ap il 2013.
[MET15-D15] ICT-317669 METIS, Deli e able 1.5 Ve sion 1, “Upda ed scena ios, equi emen s
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in es iga ions”, Ap il 2015.
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sys em concep and echnology oadmap”, May 2015.
[MET15-R31] ICT-671680 METIS-II, Repo 3.1 Ve sion 1, “P elimina y spec um scena ios and
jus i ica ion o WRC Agenda I em o 5G bands abo e 6 GHz”, Oc obe 2015.
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[MMK+11] C. F. Mecklenb äuke , A. F. Molisch, J. Ka edal, F. Tu esson, A. Paie , L.
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and I s Implica ions o Wi eless Sys em Design and Pe o mance”, P oceedings o
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[NGM15] NGMN Alliance, “NGMN 5G Whi e pape ”, Feb ua y 2015.
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A Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs)
This Appendix is based on [MET13-D11] and p o ides an o e iew o he Key Pe o mance
Indica o s (KPIs) iden i ied o assess he pe o mance o he echnical solu ions de i ed wi hin
METIS-II and he i e use cases de ined in Sec ion 2. Due o he wide a ia ion o he
en i onmen al condi ions in he di e en use cases he e is also a co esponding sp ead o he
KPI alues which has o be aken in o accoun , i.e. a single KPI alue does no usually i all use
cases.
The KPIs aken as basis o assessmen o he adio link ela ed equi emen s a e as ollows:
 T a ic olume densi y,
 Expe ienced end-use h oughpu ,
 La ency,
 Reliabili y,
 A ailabili y and e ainabili y,
 Ene gy consump ion (e iciency),
 Cos (CAPEX, OPEX).
The KPI de ini ions a e gi en wi hin his sec ion. Each KPI has a quali a i e de ini ion,
mo i a ion, and ma hema ical de ini ion.
The equi emen s on each o he QoS KPIs (e.g. expe ienced end-use h oughpu and la ency)
ha e o be ensu ed in space and ime ollowing he a ailabili y and eliabili y equi emen s o he
co esponding use case.
A.1 T a ic olume densi y
Quali a i e de ini ion: The a ic olume densi y desc ibes he o al use da a olume
ans e ed o/ om end-use de ices (measu ed on he in e ace be ween Laye 2 and 3) du ing
a p ede ined ime span di ided by he a ea size co e ed by he adio nodes belonging o he
RAN(s). Fo mul i-hop solu ions each use da a is only coun ed once.
Mo i a ion: This KPI is di ec ly ela ed o he gene al 5G goal o suppo a 1000 imes highe
a ic olume densi y han oday‟s ne wo ks [MET13-D11] [5GPPP15]. This a ge igu e is
expec ed due o s ongly inc easing numbe o mobile de ices wi h high da a a e capabili ies
and a ic demand o mul imedia-based se ices wi h ising sha e o ul a-high- esolu ion ideo
du ing nex decade [CISCO] [ITU11] [ITU-2730]. Figu e A-1 schema ically shows he expec ed
exponen ial g ow h o he mobile a ic olume o e ime o a gi en a ea.
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Figu e A-1: Exempla y expec ed inc ease in a ic olume.
Today‟s legacy adio ne wo ks in Eu ope, based on a mix u e o GSM, UMTS and LTE as well
as o WiFi o ho spo scena ios, will no be able o cope wi h he expec ed a ic olume
inc ease, e en hough u he adio echnology imp o emen s will come wi h la es eleases o
3GPP (known as LTE-Ad anced P o).
The a ic olume densi y is mos ly in e es ing o he use cases which conside xMBB se ice
ypes, i.e., aken in o accoun high use densi ies as well as loca ions wi h high use da a
demands.
Ma hema ical de ini ion: The a ic olume densi y in a ne wo k can be gene ally compu ed by
he sum o a ic olumes each p oduced and consumed by an end-use de ice o e a
p ede ined ime span, possibly di e en ia ed be ween downlink and uplink di ec ion, di ided by
he ime span and by he o e all se ice a ea co e ed by he co esponding adio nodes.
I has o be no ed ha he a ic olume densi y is usually s ongly co ela ed wi h he
en i onmen and co esponding use densi ies. E.g. in dense u ban a eas wi h many la ge
buildings and high use pene a ion he densi y will be much highe han in u al a eas, see
g aphical illus a ion in Figu e A-2 (le diag am). In addi ion, he ins an aneous densi y will a y
o e he day wi h he a ic busy pe iod being mos impo an ime slo o s a is ical e alua ion,
illus a ed in Figu e A-2 ( igh diag am). The e o e he a ia ion in ime and space has been
aken in o accoun a he de ini ion o he KPI alue o he di e en use cases.
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Figu e A-2: Exempla y dependency o a ic olume on en i onmen (le ) and day
ime ( igh ).
A.2 Expe ienced use h oughpu
Quali a i e de ini ion: The expe ienced use h oughpu is he da a h oughpu an end-use
de ice achie es on he in e ace be ween Laye 2 and 3 (use plane only) a e aged du ing a
p ede ined ime span. This me ic is one possible measu e o he quali y o expe ience (QoE)
le el a use expe iences o he se ice applied. Howe e , he da a a e o he se ice
applica ion i sel is lowe han he expe ienced use h oughpu as addi ional p o ocol o e head
and/o a ic con ol on highe laye s, e.g., IP, TCP/UDP/SCTP. The expe ienced use
h oughpu depends on he use case en i onmen , bu also on he numbe o use s and he
amoun o da a hey gene a e, because hey a ec he cell load and in e e ence om
su ounding cells in a adio ne wo k.
Mo i a ion: The KPI is di ec ly ela ed o he 5G goal o achie e a 10 o 100 imes highe ypical
use da a a e compa ed wi h oday‟s sys ems [MET13-D11] [5GPPP15]. In p inciple i is
ele an o all 5G use cases conside ing xMBB se ice ypes.
Ma hema ical de ini ion: Le he - h packe (a he in e ace be ween Laye 2 and 3) o he - h
use ha e a size bi s. I s dis ibu ion depends on he applica ion. Le be he E2E delay
(one ip delay measu ed be ween he in e aces men ioned be o e) o deli e ing he packe s o
he des ina ion. I depends on e.g. he RAN solu ion, use posi ion ( adio condi ions), and
schedule load. The h oughpu o his packe is
. Fo ins ance, i a packe o 1.25
Mby e is deli e ed in 1 s, hen he packe h oughpu is 10 Mbps. The expe ienced use
h oughpu is compu ed as he expec ed packe h oughpu :
,
whe e he expec a ion is aken o e a ime span which is speci ic o he applica ion o use case.
Fo ins ance, i could e e o all packe s belonging o a session o when he use is in a
p ede ined loca ion. A dis ibu ion o he expe ienced use h oughpu can be de i ed o each
use case, based on assumed a ic olume and e alua ed RAN solu ion (p obably di e en ia ed
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be ween DL and UL). Depending on inal se ice a ailabili y (o co e age) de ined in he use
cases, he KPI alue may be de ined, e.g. as he 5 h pe cen ile o his dis ibu ion, i.e. 95%
co e age o a ce ain da a a e, o as he 1 h-pe cen ile, i.e. 99% co e age.
The expe ienced use h oughpu de ined he e is di e en o alues known, e.g. om 3GPP and
ITU-R e alua ions on LTE-Ad anced and IMT-Ad anced sys ems whe e use h oughpu cu es
a e usually de i ed o homogeneous hexagonal mac o cell s uc u es wi h ixed numbe s o
equally-dis ibu ed use s in each cell based on a ull bu e app oach o each use queue, i.e.
100% ne wo k load.
In eal mobile adio ne wo k scena ios he expe ienced use h oughpu is di e en due o
ypically lowe ne wo k load aken in o accoun he use ‟s andomized access o sha ed adio
esou ces acco ding o hei se ice applica ions. NGMN p oposed in [NGM10] o apply ile
ans e s as a basis o simula o e alua ions. 3GPP p oposed in [3GPP10-36814] a simila
model o enable use h oughpu assessmen a a ious ne wo k loads.
In con as o hose me hods he mo e gene al app oach applied in METIS-II can also be used
in he e ogeneous ne wo ks wi h unequal dis ibu ion o si es, use s and a ic.
A.3 La ency
Quali a i e de ini ion: Di e en ypes o la ency a e ele an o di e en applica ions. E.g. he
E2E la ency, o one ip ime (OTT) la ency, e e s o he ime i akes om when a da a packe
is sen om he ansmi ing end o when i is ecei ed a he ecei ing end. Ano he la ency
measu e is he ound ip ime (RTT) la ency which e e s o he ime om when a da a packe is
sen om he ansmi ing end un il acknowledgemen s a e ecei ed om he ecei ing en i y,
e.g. in e ne se e o o he de ice. The measu emen e e ence in bo h cases is he in e ace
be ween Laye 2 and 3. Any p ocessing ime on highe laye s, e.g. o audio and ideo encoding
and decoding, on he applica ion laye , is no conside ed he e. The en i e ne wo k ( adio, co e,
and backhaul/agg ega ion) ypically a ec s he la ency, al hough his is use case dependen .
Only he use da a plane is conside ed in he e alua ion.
Mo i a ion: The KPI is di ec ly ela ed o he 5G goal o p o ide a 5 imes educed E2E la ency
compa ed o p esen sys ems [MET13-D11] [5GPPP15]. In p inciple all use cases conside ed in
METIS-II would bene i om a la ency educ ion, bu main challenges a e wi h espec o ul a-
eliable and/o sa e y- ele an se ices o ype uMTC (e.g. o V2V communica ions) ha equi e
as eac ions o he in ol ed pa ies.
Wi h espec o he METIS-II goal i has o be no ed ha ne wo k en i ies like he mobile co e,
backhaul/agg ega ion links as well as in e ne connec ions migh be included in he E2E
ansmission chain which a e no in he main METIS-II ocus. La ency imp o emen s a e o be
expec ed mainly in he RAN a ea up o he co e elemen s conside ing new ea u es like D2D
communica ion, local b eak-ou s o con en deli e y ne wo k (CDN) unc ionali ies.
Ma hema ical de ini ion: The RTT la ency TRTT is he ime span measu ed be ween he s a
ime TS1 o he ansmission o a da a packe om an end-use de ice (pee 1) o a emo e

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s a ion o de ice (pee 2) and he ime ins an TA1 when he acknowledgemen , sen by pee 2,
a i es a pee 1:
TRTT = TA1 - TS1.
The OTT la ency is he ime span measu ed be ween he s a ime TS1 o he ansmission o a
da a packe om an end-use de ice (pee 1) o a emo e s a ion o de ice (pee 2) and he ime
ins an TA2 when pee 2 ecei es he message:
TOTT = TA2 - TS1.
In he use cases a di e en ia ion is equi ed o la ency KPI alues depending on he a ailabili y
o an al eady es ablished adio communica ion da a link. Fo example, o mMTC wi h only low
da a amoun s and ene gy-e iciency equi emen s he change be ween a non-ac i e o an ac i e
s a e has o be as sho as possible, e.g. change om idle o connec ed mode in LTE, which
equi es a minimized signaling o e head.
A.4 Reliabili y
Quali a i e de ini ion: The eliabili y is an assessmen c i e ion o desc ibe he quali y o a
adio link connec ion o ul illing a ce ain se ice le el.
Mo i a ion: The KPI is impo an o all conside ed use cases, bu main challenge is seen wi h
espec o hose co e ing ul a- eliable se ices (uMTC), whe e e y high eliabili y alues a e
eques ed, e.g. o sa e y- ele an applica ions.
Ma hema ical de ini ion: Reliabili y can be de ined di e sely, i di e en laye s o he ne wo k
o di e en applica ions a e conside ed.
Gene ally, eliabili y is de ined as he p obabili y ha a ce ain amoun o da a om an end use
de ice is success ully ansmi ed o ano he pee (e.g. In e ne se e , mobile de ice, senso )
wi hin a p ede ined ime ame, i.e. be o e a ce ain deadline expi es. The amoun o da a o be
ansmi ed and he deadline a e dependen on he se ice cha ac e is ics in he unde lying use
case. Typically, he deadline co esponds o he E2E la ency equi emen o he use case, as
de ined in Sec ion A.3. Ma hema ically, he eliabili y can be exp essed as ollows:
,
whe e is he measu ed E2E la ency and is he deadline, which cha ac e izes he deg ee o
eal- ime o he communica ion link. Speci ically, i no e ansmission is allowed o mee he
deadline , he eliabili y, , is equi alen o p obabilis ic complemen o packe loss a e.
Simila o he la ency KPI, a di e en ia ion o a second use case has o be equi ed du ing
e alua ion dependen on he use case backg ound. I a low da a a e adio node, e.g. a senso ,
is usually swi ching o inac i e s a e a e ansmission o a small packe on he use plane due
o ene gy sa ing easons, i has o a ach i s o he ne wo k on he con ol plane be o e he
nex da a ansmission. The ime needed o a achmen and he co esponding success a e
should be conside ed in he inal eliabili y. Ideally he inal METIS-II concep will p o ide a
solu ion o minimize he a achmen ime and maximize he success a e.
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A.5 A ailabili y and e ainabili y
Quali a i e de ini ion: When he eliabili y dec eases below an accep able le el QoE, hen he
use may be so dissa is ied ha i may ega d he se ice as una ailable. The a ailabili y is an
assessmen c i e ion o desc ibe inside a co e age a ea he pe cen age o places whe e a
se ice is p o ided o he end use wi h he use ‟s eques ed QoE le el. Al e na i ely, a ailabili y
is de ined as he pe cen age o use s o communica ion links o which he QoE equi emen s
a e ul illed wi hin a ce ain geog aphical a ea, e.g. in e ms o eliabili y as de ined in
Sec ion A.4. The la e de ini ion is be e sui ed o he case o D2D communica ions.
Re ainabili y is a special aspec o he abo e, by which a se ice has been made a ailable as
long as he use needs he se ice.
The e is a s ong co ela ion o a ailabili y and e ainabili y o eliabili y in Sec ion A.4. Du ing
inal e alua ion o bo h KPIs possible deg ada ions ha e o be aken in o accoun which migh
occu du ing hando e p ocesses be ween neighbo ing cells when he end-use is mo ing and
be ween di e en adio access laye s (di e en echnologies and/o equency laye s) i he end-
use da a bea e is shi ed o a di e en laye .
Mo i a ion: The KPI is impo an o all conside ed use cases in METIS-II as i will p o ide a
measu e o iden i y he se ice a ailabili y o he end-use s in he in ended co e age a ea.
Mo eo e , he KPI will con ibu e o he op imiza ion o he ne wo k layou . I inally depends on
he se ice ypes and c i e ia unde lying he di e en use cases.
Ma hema ical de ini ion: The a ailabili y in pe cen age is de ined as he numbe o places
( ela ed o a p ede ined a ea uni o pixel size) whe e he QoE le el eques ed by he end-use
is achie ed di ided by he o al co e age a ea o a single adio cell o mul i-cell a ea (equal o
he o al numbe o pixels) imes 100.
Al e na i ely, a ailabili y can be de ined as he p obabili y ha he QoE equi emen s a e ul illed
o a use o communica ion link wi hin he se ice a ea. Fo he case when he QoE is
exp essed in eliabili y e ms, he a ailabili y is exp essed as ollows:
,
whe e is he measu ed eliabili y and is he QoE equi emen s in e ms o eliabili y o he
unde lying use case. Re ainabili y can be de ined as he p obabili y o o emain la ge han
he QoE- a ge , , gi en ha he se ice has al eady been made a ailable. Wi h o he wo ds,
i is he p obabili y o a use o sa is ac o y comple e a session o a call, once i has been made
a ailable. I is he complemen o d op- a e o a session, call o any o he se ice.
A.6 Ene gy consump ion/e iciency
Quali a i e de ini ion: In oduces an indica o o highligh he ene gy e iciency o any
inno a ion in oduced in METIS-II, including he whole METIS-II sys em a chi ec u e.
Mo i a ion: The explosion o a ic demand o eseen beyond he 2020 ho izon u u e and he
in insic inc ease o esou ces o be deployed o ackle he METIS-II challenges cas s se e e
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equi emen s in e ms o ene gy consump ion o he co esponding sys em. I is qui e
s aigh o wa d and cu en ly widely accep ed ha hese demands ha e o be moni o ed no by
me ics e e ing o ene gy consump ion only, bu a he o ene gy e iciency, i.e. including he
inc eased p o isioning o capaci y ha he new sys em will ensu e.
Ma hema ical de ini ion: An elabo a e desc ip ion o he me ics o be adop ed o ene gy
e iciency has been p o ided in he Eu opean FP7 p ojec EARTH and i is aken as a e e ence
also wi hin METIS-II. Besides, in ITU-R, ene gy e iciency is also iden i ied as one o he key
capabili ies o IMT-2020. I s de ini ion is gi en in [ITU-2083].
The de ini ion should be applied o h ee di e en en i onmen s: componen le el ( o ha dwa e
inno a i e solu ions), node le el ( o inno a i e solu ion in he ansmi ing nodes) and ne wo k
le el ( o e iciency o he whole ne wo k). Mo e insigh is gi en he e on he la e me ic ( he
ne wo k one) due o he speci ic METIS-II goals, bu all he de ails abou componen and node
le el me ics can be ound in [EARTH12].
Rega ding ne wo k ene gy e iciency h ee me ics a e wo h men ioning:
 Ene gy pe in o ma ion bi , exp essed as ollows
   
bpsWo bi Jin
R
P
I
E
I//

ha is he mos widely accep ed me ic o ene gy e iciency, especially in u ban
en i onmen s (E s ands o consumed ene gy in a gi en obse a ion pe iod T wi h
consumed powe P, I is he in o ma ion olume wi h a e R, measu ed a MAC laye ).
 In o ma ion bi pe ene gy, which e e s o he quan i y o in o ma ion bi s ansmi ed o
and ecei ed om use s, pe uni o ene gy consump ion o he RAN (e.g. in bi /J).
 Powe pe a ea uni
 
2
/mWin
A
P
A

ypically applicable in subu ban o u al en i onmen s (P is he powe consumed and A
he a ea co e age).
In o de o e alua e he METIS-II goal, he ene gy consump ion mus be modeled and analyzed
bo h o he in as uc u e and o he e minals. On he in as uc u e side, models o analyzing
and imp o ing he ene gy e iciency o nowadays echnologies ha e been p oposed in he
EARTH p ojec [EARTH12].
I is possible ha o many inno a ions in METIS-II no legacy e e ence will be a ailable. As an
example, conside he ene gy consump ion o a ca ha could become a adio node in a u u e
5G ne wo k: o cou se he e is no legacy e e ence o his case and i is also qui e ques ionable
i a e e ence o a ca wi hou any “mobile ne wo k ela ed” acili y could be easonable.
Whene e new ne wo k elemen s a e in oduced in he METIS-II ne wo k, he only easonable
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e e ence is o he o e all ne wo k ene gy e iciency, conside ing hese new elemen s as u he
nodes in he ne wo k p o iding mo e capaci y o he whole sys em.
So a no pa icula in es iga ions ha e been conside ed wi h he due a en ion ega ding ene gy
e iciency o “de ices”, i.e. o D2D, and “machines”, i.e. o M2M, a leas wi hin he amewo k
o a mobile ne wo k pe spec i e. I has o be analyzed case by case he e iciency o hese
solu ions, making compa isons o he p e ious condi ions, whe e he inno a i e METIS-II
unc ionali ies we e no applied o hese de ices o machines.
A.7 Cos
Quali a i e de ini ion: Unless o he wise s a ed in he use cases, he cos e e s o all he
addi ional in es men s and expenses equi ed by he new METIS-II solu ion. Hence, i he
METIS-II solu ion euses pa o he legacy in as uc u e o i is a complemen o i , hen he
cos o he legacy ne wo k is no included in o he cos o he METIS-II solu ion.
Fo a cellula ne wo k solu ion, he cos ypically includes a pa ela ed o in as uc u e, a pa
ela ed o he end-use equipmen , and a pa ela ed o spec um licenses. Cos s ha a e no
ela ed o he echnical solu ion, such as cus ome ca e and ma ke ing, a e no conside ed. The
in as uc u e pa is ypically di ided in o he capi al in es men o acqui e and deploy he
ne wo k, called capi al expendi u e (CAPEX), and he cos s o ope a e he ne wo k, called
ope a ional expendi u e (OPEX). Fo ins ance, he CAPEX o a mac o si e co e s he si e
acquisi ion and p epa a ion; he equipmen acquisi ion, ins alla ion, and con igu a ion; he
backhaul ins alla ion; he an enna sys ems; he powe cables. Typically, CAPEX consis s o
one- ime expendi u es. Howe e , o p ac ical easons hese expendi u es a e sp ead o e
se e al yea s, i.e. annualized. The OPEX o such a si e co e s si e en al; powe consump ion;
main enance, op imiza ion, epa a ions, and eplacemen s; backhaul ansmission cos s;
so wa e and ope a ion se ices.
The METIS-II ocus is on he adio access ne wo k and he e o e he cos s o he co e ne wo k
and se ice pla o ms a e ypically no included, unless o he wise s a ed in he use cases.
The cos s wi h he end-use equipmen may be signi ican oo. Some new echnical solu ions
may equi e changes bo h in he in as uc u e and he end-use equipmen . Thus an in es men
in he in as uc u e migh no b ing he expec ed bene i s unless a signi ican pa o he use
equipmen has been eplaced. The e o e he ope a o (s) may ha e an incen i e o in es in
speeding up he na u al p ocess o enewing he end-use equipmen .
Fo new ypes o se ices, applica ions, and echnical solu ions, i migh be ha de o d aw he
line be ween he in as uc u e and he end-use equipmen , as is he case wi h small mobile
base s a ions, o elays, moun ed on ehicles. Bu simila p inciples may as well be applicable
o mos o he use cases.
Mo i a ion: METIS-II has an explici goal o p o iding solu ions whose cos s do no exceed he
cos o oday‟s ne wo ks, al hough hei pe o mance is subs an ially be e .
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(Augmen ed eali y applica ion in a c owded museum)
Scena io 4: Da a dissemina ion wi h O loading in C owds o handle peak o da a
a ic demands
G oup 2
Scena io 5: Expanded Co e age and Cellula Ne wo k O loading
G oup 2
Scena io 6: Con en dissemina ion based on paymen sys em
G oup 2
Scena io 7: Vehicle Flee Managemen
G oup 2
Scena io 8: Map-Based Ad anced D i e Assis ance Sys ems (ADAS)
G oup 2
Scena io 9: Enhancing T a ic E iciency h ough Coope a i e V2X
Communica ion Sys ems
G oup 2
T opic
Gene ic Use case o small cells cloud se ices: Top down scena io – da a
dis ibu ion
G oup 2
Gene ic Use case o small cells cloud se ices: Bo om up scena io –
p ocessing/wo kload dis ibu ion
G oup 1
Applica ion/ adio mixed use cases: Downlink ideo s eaming in in as uc u e
a ea
G oup 2
Applica ion/ adio mixed use cases: Downlink ideo s eaming in in as uc u e-
less a ea
G oup 2
Applica ion/ adio mixed use cases: Uplink ideo s eaming
G oup 2
Co po a e applica ions o e a em o cloud
G oup 2
Sma ai po
G oup 2
Small cells cloud da a a i plans o mul ina ional co po a ions
G oup 2
Co po a e Vi ual Desk op
G oup 1
iJoin
S adium
G oup 2
Squa e
G oup 2
Wide-a ea con inuous co e age
G oup 2
Shopping Mall / Ai po
G oup 2
Apa om he ones included in he able, he MiWa eS and he MCN p ojec ha e also been
analyzed, hough, since hey do no ha e de ailed public desc ip ions o he conside ed UCs,
hey ha e no been included in he Table B-3. Howe e , o MiWa eS, he de ined UCs a e
adi ional xMBB UCs which a e ocusing on he small cell deploymen (in u ban and u al
en i onmen s) and on he lexible spec um usage o he mmW equency bands a 57‒86 GHz
and we could conside ha may be cap u ed by he “numbe o Use s and Mobili y, ocused on
xMBB se ice” g oup (G oup 2) [MiW15-WP]. Rega ding MCN, he ocus is on equipmen
sha ing, ne wo k i ualiza ion and con ex awa eness o load p edic ion in cloud enabled xMBB
and MTC scena ios, wi hou ha ing de ailed desc ip ion o he iden i ied equi emen s [MCN13-
D21].
The desc ip ion o he UCs o he analyzed Eu opean p ojec s is mainly based on he 5G
se ice ype, he numbe o use s, hei mobili y, he la ency equi emen s, and he in as uc u e
a ailabili y. The analysis o he UCs conside ed in he Eu opean p ojec s leads o he ollowing
ou comes:
 mainly xMBB scena ios a e being conside ed om he EU p ojec s,

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 in some EU p ojec s mMTC UCs ha e been conside ed,
 no uMTC UC has been conside ed in he analyzed EU p ojec s apa om METIS-I.
As a conclusion, i could be men ioned ha based on he analysis o he EU p ojec s, no
addi ional UC g oup seems o be equi ed, since all he UCs could be included in he iden i ied
UC g oups p esen ed in Sec ion B.1.
B.3 Analysis o NGMN use cases
Acco ding o NGMN, [NGM15], he business con ex beyond 2020 will be no ably di e en om
oday since i will ha e o handle he new UCs and business models d i en by he cus ome s‟
and ope a o s‟ needs. 5G will ha e o suppo , based on he NGMN ision, apa om he
suppo o he e olu ion o mobile b oadband, new UCs anging om delay-sensi i e ideo
applica ions o ul a-low la ency, om high speed en e ainmen applica ions in a ehicle o
mobili y o connec ed objec s, and om bes e o applica ions o eliable and ul a- eliable
ones such as heal h and sa e y.
Thus, NGNM has p oceeded in a ho ough analysis o cap u ing all he cus ome s‟ and
ope a o s‟ needs. The analysis is based on wen y- i e UCs o 5G g ouped in o eigh UC
amilies (Figu e B-1). The UCs and UC amilies se e as an inpu o s ipula ing equi emen s
and de ining he building blocks o he 5G a chi ec u e.
Figu e B-1: UC amilies conside ed by NGMN wi h ep esen a i e UCs [NGM15].
Acco ding o he NGMN 5G Whi e Pape [NGM15], he UC analysis is no exhaus i e, hough i
p o ides a ho ough and comp ehensi e analysis o he equi emen s o 5G. Following he same
analysis as in Sec ion B.1 o he METIS-I UCs, we iden i y in his sec ion he key equi emen s
and cha ac e is ics o each UC p oposed by NGMN and we a emp o map i in he UC g oups
iden i ied using as e e ence METIS-I. The UC desc ip ion p o ided in NGMN ollows simila
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me hodology o ha o METIS-II, hus enabling a ha monized analysis (see Table B-4). The
NGMN objec i e howe e is o inco po a e he business aspec s and he ope a o s‟ iews, hus
cap u ing addi ional aspec s on he one hand and posing sligh ly ha de equi emen s o he
ne wo k on he o he hand.
Table B-4: NGMN UCs analysis by hei cha ac e is ics and he dominan 5G se ice.
Use Case key cha ac e is ics
5G se ice ype
UC numbe
UC name
Numbe o
de ices
Mobili y
In as uc u e
T a ic Type
La ency
Requi emen s
Reliabili y
A ailabili y
xMBB
uMTC
mMTC
UC1
Pe asi e Video
High
High
Limi ed
Yes
Con inuous
Low
-
Low
X
-
-
UC2
Sma O ice
High
High
No
Yes
Con inuous
Low
-
Low
X
-
-
UC3
Ope a o Cloud
Se ices
High
High
Yes
Yes
Con inuous
Medium
-
Low
X
-
-
UC4
HD Video/Pho o
Sha ing in
S adium/Open-
Ai Ga he ing
High
Medium
No
Yes
Con inuous
Medium
-
High
X
-
-
UC5
50+ Mbps
e e ywhe e
Low
Medium
High
Limi ed
Con inuous
High
-
High
X
-
-
UC6
Ul a-low Cos
Ne wo ks
Low
Low
Medium
Limi ed
Con inuous
Medium
-
Low
X
-
-
UC7
High Speed
T ain
Medium
Medium
High
Medioc e
All ypes
Low
-
Low
X
-
-
UC8
Remo e
Compu ing
Low
Medium
High
Medioc e
Con inuous
Low
-
Low
X
-
-
UC9
Mo ing Ho
Spo s
Low
High
High
Medioc e
Bu s y
Low
-
High
X
-
-
UC10
3D Connec i i y -
Ai c a
Low
Low
High
Medioc e
High
Low
-
High
X
-
-
UC11
Sma
Wea ables
High
Low
High
All ypes
Pe iodic
Low
-
High
-
-
X
UC12
Senso Ne wo ks
High
Low
Low
All ypes
Pe iodic
Low
-
High
-
-
X
UC13
Mobile Video
Su eillance
High
Medium
High
High
Con inuous
Low
-
High
X
-
X
UC14
Tac ile In e ne
High
High
High
High
Va ious ypes
Low
High
High
-
X
-
UC15
Na u al Disas e
High
Low
Low
Limi ed
Sho
messages
High
High
High
-
X
X
UC16
Au oma ed
T a ic Con ol
and D i ing
Low
High
High
High
All ypes
Low
High
High
-
X
-
UC17
Collabo a i e
Robo s: A
Con ol Ne wo k
o Robo s
Low
Low
No
High
Con inuous
Low
High
High
-
X
-
UC18
eHeal h:
Ex eme Li e
C i ical
High
Low
No/Low
High
Sho
messages
Low
High
High
-
X
-
UC19
Remo e Objec
Manipula ion:
Remo e Su ge y
Low
Low
Low
High
Con inuous
Low
High
High
-
X
-
UC20
3D connec i i y:
D ones
Low
Low
High
Limi ed
Con inuous
Low
High
High
-
X
-
UC21
Public Sa e y
Low
Low
Low
High
Con inuous
Low
High
High
-
X
-
UC22
News and
In o ma ion
High
High
High
High
All ypes
High
-
-
X
-
-
UC23
Local B oadcas -
High
High
Low
High
All ypes
High
-
-
X
-
-
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like Se ices
UC24
Regional
B oadcas -like
Se ices
High
High
High
High
All ypes
High
-
-
X
-
-
UC25
Na ional
B oadcas -like
Se ices
High
High
High
High
All ypes
High
-
-
X
-
-
Table B-5 maps he NGMN UC o he UC g oups, as hey came up in Sec ion B.1. As shown in
Table B-5, he NGMN UCs can be g ouped in he conside ed ca ego ies. Howe e , some UCs
ei he may no be included in he iden i ied g oups, o ex ensions a e equi ed. These iden i ied
use cases a e he ollowing ones:
 UC5: 50+ Mbps e e ywhe e, which conside s mobili y combined wi h xMBB se ice, wi h
lack o in as uc u e. I hasbeendecided ha  he“50+Mbpse e ywhe e”usecase
will be used o he e alua ion o he mechanisms o METIS-II.
 UC16: Au oma ed T a ic Con ol and D i ing, which conside s hea y mo ing use s (i.e.,
ca s) which ha e o exchange (a) in o ma ion ans e wi h high eliabili y and wi h e y
low la ency, and, (b) xMBB se ice among he ca s. This use case may be seen as a
mix u e o METIS-I UCs 8 (Real- ime emo e compu ing o mobile e minals) and 12
(T a ic e iciency and sa e y). Howe e , i ocuses on he ul a- eliabili y na u e, since i
e e s o au oma ed d i ing, whe eas METIS-I UC8 is ela ed o emo e compu ing,
ocusing on he xMBB na u e. I has been hen decided ha METIS-I UC “T a ic
Sa e y and E iciency” will be upda ed acco dingly so as o inco po a e he
co esponding equi emen s.
Table B-5: NGMN UCs g ouping.
UC g oup desc ip ion
NGMN UCs in he espec i e
g oup
G oup 1
S a ic use s wi h high da a a e equi emen s
and xMBB se ice.
UC2, UC4
G oup 2
Mo ing use s, indoo / ou doo en i onmen s,
wi h high o ela i ely high use densi y, and
xMBB se ice.
UC1, UC3, UC6, UC7, UC8,
UC9, UC10, UC22, UC23, UC24,
UC25
G oup 3
Rela i ely low use densi y wi h high
a ailabili y equi emen s, and uMTC se ice.
UC14, UC15, UC16, UC17,
UC18, UC19, UC20, UC21
G oup 4
High o ela i ely high use densi y and
mMTC se ice.
UC11, UC12, UC13
B.4 Analysis o ITU-R usage scena ios
In i s D a New Recommenda ion “IMT Vision - F amewo k and o e all objec i es o he u u e
de elopmen o IMT o 2020 and beyond” [ITU15], he ITU-R WP 5D de ined he amewo k
and o e all objec i es o he u u e de elopmen o In e na ional Mobile Telecommunica ions
(IMT) o 2020 and beyond in ligh o he oles ha IMT could play o be e se e he needs o
he ne wo ked socie y, o bo h de eloped and de eloping coun ies, in he u u e. IMT o 2020
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and beyond is en isaged o expand and suppo di e se usage scena ios and applica ions ha
will con inue beyond he cu en IMT:
 Enhanced Mobile B oadband: Human-cen ic use cases o enhanced access o mul i-
media con en , se ices and da a wi h imp o ed pe o mance and inc easingly seamless
use expe ience. This usage scena io co e s a ange o cases wi h di e en
equi emen s, e.g., he ho spo case wi h high use densi y, e y high a ic capaci y and
low use mobili y, as well as he wide a ea co e age case wi h seamless adio co e age
p o iding much imp o ed use da a a e compa ed o exis ing da a a es wi h medium o
high use mobili y.
 Ul a- eliable and low la ency communica ions: S ingen equi emen s o
capabili ies such as h oughpu , la ency and a ailabili y. Examples: Wi eless con ol o
indus ial manu ac u ing o p oduc ion p ocesses, emo e medical su ge y, dis ibu ion
au oma ion in a sma g id, anspo a ion sa e y, e c.
 Massi e machine ype communica ions: Cha ac e ized by a e y la ge numbe o
connec ed de ices ypically ansmi ing a ela i ely low olume o non-delay-sensi i e
da a. De ices a e equi ed o be low cos , and ha e a e y long ba e y li e.
These usage scena ios illus a ed by some examples in Figu e B-2 a e in p inciple a one- o-one
mapping o he 3 so-called gene ic 5G se ices xMBB, uMTC and mMTC s a ed in he METIS-I
p ojec [MET15-D66]. Due o ha consensus he e is no need in METIS-II o make any changes
w. . . se ice ypes which a e he basis o he inal use case de ini ion.
Figu e B-2: Examples o usage scena ios conside ed by ITU-R o IMT beyond 2020
[ITU15].
The ITU-R has conside ed 8 pa ame e s o be key capabili ies o IMT-2020:
 Peak da a a e (i.e., maximum achie able da a a e unde ideal condi ions pe
use /de ice).
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 Use expe ienced da a a e (i.e., achie able da a a e ha is a ailable ubiqui ously
ac oss he co e age a ea o a mobile use /de ice).
 La ency (i.e., he con ibu ion by he adio ne wo k o he ime om when he sou ce
sends a packe o when he des ina ion ecei es i ).
 Mobili y (i.e., maximum speed a which a de ined QoS and seamless ans e be ween
adio nodes which may belong o di e en laye s and/o adio access echnologies
(mul i-laye /-RAT) can be achie ed).
 Connec ion densi y (i.e., o al numbe o connec ed and/o accessible de ices pe uni
a ea).
 Ene gy e iciency ( e e s on he ne wo k side o he quan i y o in o ma ion bi s
ansmi ed o / ecei ed om use s, pe uni o ene gy consump ion o he RAN, and on
he de ice side o he quan i y o in o ma ion bi s pe uni o ene gy consump ion o he
communica ion module (in bi /Joule in bo h cases)).
 Spec um e iciency (i.e., a e age da a h oughpu pe uni o spec um esou ce and
pe cell (bi /s/Hz)).
 A ea a ic capaci y (i.e., o al a ic h oughpu se ed pe geog aphic a ea
(in bi /s/m2)).
The key capabili ies expec ed o IMT-2020 a e shown in Figu e B-3(a) compa ed wi h hose o
IMT-Ad anced, bu due o di e en equi emen s he impo ance o he achie ed capabili y
alues is no he same o all h ee usage scena ios. This is shown in Figu e B-3(b).
Ne e heless, dependen on he dedica ed se ice o en i onmen , he impo ance may also
a y wi hin one usage scena io (e.g. di e en mobili y equi emen s o he ho spo and he wide
a ea co e age case as men ioned be o e o enhanced MBB).

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a) Expec ed enhancemen s e sus IMT-Ad anced.
b) Impo ance o di e en usage scena ios.
Figu e B-3: Key capabili ies o IMT beyond 2020 [ITU15].
The ITU-R no ed also o he capabili ies wi h impo ance o he u u e IMT-2020 sys em:
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 Spec um and bandwid h lexibili y (i.e., lexibili y o he sys em design o handle
di e en scena ios and in pa icula o he capabili y o ope a e a di e en equency
anges, including highe equencies and wide channel bandwid hs han oday).
 Reliabili y (i.e., capabili y o p o ide a gi en se ice wi h a e y high le el o a ailabili y).
 Resilience (i.e., abili y o he ne wo k o con inue ope a ing co ec ly du ing and a e a
na u al o man-made dis u bance, such as he loss o mains powe sys em).
 Secu i y and p i acy ( e e s o se e al a eas such as enc yp ion and in eg i y
p o ec ion o use da a and signaling, as well as end use p i acy p e en ing
unau ho ized use acking, and p o ec ion o ne wo k agains hacking, aud, denial o
se ice, man in he middle a acks e c.).
 Ope a ional li e ime (i.e., ope a ion ime pe s o ed ene gy capaci y which is pa icula ly
impo an o machine- ype de ices equi ing a e y long ba e y li e (e.g., mo e han 10
yea s) whose egula main enance is di icul due o physical o economic easons).
In he use cases o he METIS-II p ojec – and o he o he 5G PPP p ojec s as well – he
capabili ies ecommended by ITU-R should be e e enced as KPIs.
B.5 3GPP S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s
Technology Enable s
3GPP SA1 s a ed in Ma ch 2015 a new S udy I em called “S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s
Technology Enable s” (FS_SMARTER) [3GPP15-SMARTER]. The objec i e o his s udy is o
iden i y new ma ke segmen s and e icals he 3GPP sys em needs o add ess in he u u e o
enable new business models and a ying ope a ional schemes o op imize he use o he
ope a o s' ne wo ks (e.g., as e ne wo k and se ice deploymen , lowe ope a ional complexi y
and cos ). The wo k will ocus on use cases and equi emen s ha canno be me wi h oday‟s
E ol ed Packe Sys em.
In a i s s ep SA1 is de eloping use cases o a ious scena ios and iden i ying ela ed high-
le el po en ial equi emen s. As second s ep/phase, i is wo king o g oup oge he use cases
wi h common cha ac e is ics and ag eed o g oup he di e en use cases in TR 22.891 in o ou
building blocks. In o de o accele a e his wo k, i held a dedica ed ad-hoc mee ing du ing 19-21
Oc obe , 2015. The cu en s a us o he FS_SMARTER ou pu wi h desc ip ions o 74 di e en
use cases is e lec ed in he D a Technical Repo TR 22.891 [3GPP15-22891] which was
p esen ed du ing SA mee ing held in Dec 2015.
In he ollowing mee ings, SA1 will con inue o wo k on he indi idual building block s udy i ems
o u he de elop each selec ed use case (o g oup o use cases) and o cap u e desi ed
sys em equi emen s and capabili ies ha apply ac oss he di e en e icals. This essen ially
e lec s a ho izon al iew on po en ial equi emen s o complemen he e ical use cases. The
a ge da e o his inal s ep wi h inaliza ion o indi idual TRs is Ma ch 2016. The ou ag eed
building block s udies a e: S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s – massi e
In e ne o Things o FS_SMARTER-mIoT, S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology
Enable s – C i ical Communica ions o FS_SMARTER-CRIC, S udy on New Se ices and
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Ma ke s Technology Enable s – enhanced Mobile B oadband o FS_SMARTER-eMBB and
S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s – Ne wo k Ope a ion o
FS_SMARTER-NEO.
The lis o use cases in cu en D a TR 22.891 co e s no only se ice- ela ed use cases, bu
also use cases which a e mo e ela ed o u u e ne wo k se -up and ope a ion. Examples o
ha a e:
 Ne wo k slicing;
 On-demand ne wo king;
 Mul i-RAT connec i i y incl. selec ion o bes connec i i y pe a ic ype;
 Coexis ence wi h legacy sys ems;
 Flexible applica ion a ic ou ing including op imiza ions in case o se e changes;
 Ne wo k enhancemen s o suppo lexibili y, scalabili y, and au oma ion;
 Wi eless backhauling.
Such kind o use cases we e no e lec ed by he wo k in METIS-I and a e also no in ended in
METIS-II, as he ocus is a de ini ion o end use se ice- ela ed use cases.
The se ice- ela ed use cases co e di e en xMBB usage scena ios, e.g. o indoo and
ho spo scena ios (incl. i ual p esence) as well as seamless wide-a ea co e age. In addi ion,
use cases o low mobili y as well as high mobili y including connec i i y o ca s a e lis ed. Also
b oadcas ing is highligh ed by use cases.
The ypical mMTC se ice is e lec ed e.g. by “Wide a ea senso moni o ing and e en d i en
ala ms” as well as by use cases add essing he con igu a ion o such low-cos de ices.
Se e al use cases lis ed a e ela ed o uMTC scena ios, e.g.
 Tac ile in e ne ;
 Indus ial con ol and ac o y/p ocess au oma ion;
 Robo ics;
 Localized as well as wide-a ea emo e con ol (e.g. connec i i y o d ones).
Fu he examples a e on eme gency and li eline communica ions as well as on highly accu a e
use /de ice posi ioning and acking.
These se ice- ela ed use cases in D a TR 22.891 a e al eady conside ed o a la ge ex en by
he co esponding desc ip ions o METIS-I scena ios and es /use cases [MET13-D11] [MET15-
D15], a leas w. . . hei challenging equi emen s. Ne e heless, as TR 22.891 is no inally
app o ed, a c oss-check wi h he equi emen s and KPIs aken o he selec ed use cases in
METIS-II should be pe o med o achie e consis ency be ween di e en ac i i ies.
Excep o he easibili y s udy SMARTER 3GPP SA1 has also ini ia ed 3 o he S udy I ems
which ha e some ele ance o 5G, e en i hey a e ocused on LTE echnology: he i s one is
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on V2X use cases (FS_V2XLTE) [3GPP15-V2XLTE], he o he s on mission c i ical
communica ions (FC_MCVIDEO [3GPP15-MCVIDEO] and FC_MCDATA [3GPP15-MCDATA]).
The D a TR 22.885 o FS_V2XLTE [3GPP15-22885] is in ended o be comple ed in No 2015.
I desc ibes use cases in a ehicula en i onmen o V2V, V2I and V2P in he con ex o bo h
sa e y and non-sa e y se ices. Acco ding o s udies in METIS-I pe o med e.g. by BMW no all
equi emen s especially o sa e y se ices can be e icien ly ul illed by cu en LTE eleases.
The wo k in METIS-I on 5G echnology componen s al eady conside ed he mos challenging
pa s o he FS_V2XLTE use cases ia UC12 “T a ic e iciency and sa e y” (see Sec ion 3.2 and
[MET13-D11]), so i is no explici ly equi ed o conside all lis ed use cases in de ail o he wo k
in METIS-II.
The wo k on mission c i ical ideo and da a communica ion by SA1 is ela ed e.g. o g oup
communica ions sys ems, p oximi y based se ices, o isola ed LTE ope a ion o public sa e y.
Di e en use cases which can be cha ac e ized o belong o he 5G uMTC scena io a e lis ed in
cu en D a s TR 22.879 [3GPP15-22879] and TR 22.880 [3GPP15-22879] (in ended o be
app o ed by No 2015). In mos cases he use cases do no p o ide dedica ed alues o KPIs
which can be ans e ed o 5G, bu unc ional equi emen s he wi eless sys em has o ul ill.
The main impac on 5G is ha i is assumed ha hose mission c i ical se ices should un on a
common pla o m (incl. he de ices) oge he wi h o he comme cial se ices. The use cases a e
mainly ela ed o g oup communica ions wi h di e en se ice ypes wi h and also wi hou
suppo o he ne wo k in as uc u e, so e.g. ex ensions o D2D communica ion conside ed in
METIS-I is equi ed. O he se ice ypes, e.g. emo e con ol ea u es as well as ideo
su eillance, a e al eady co e ed by co esponding use cases in SMARTER.
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km/h)
C.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e
This is a new METIS use case buil on elemen s o a NGMN use case [NGM15] combined wi h
some aspec s om he METIS-I es case se en (Blind spo s) in [MET13-D11]. This use case
mainly add esses he use case amily xMBB.
C.3.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion
The demand o e y high expe ienced use h oughpu In e ne access a any ime and a any
place is cons an ly inc easing. The ubiqui ous capaci y demands o u u e use s will be
challenging o sa is y in a eas wi h spa se ne wo k in as uc u e, such as sca cely popula ed
a eas, u al and e en subu ban a eas. A consis en use expe ience wi h espec o h oughpu ,
needs a minimum expe ienced use h oughpu gua an eed e e ywhe e. The a ge alue o 50
Mbps e e ywhe e should be unde s ood as he minimum expe ienced use h oughpu and no
a single use ‟s heo e ical peak a e. Fu he mo e, i is emphasized ha his use a e has o be
deli e ed consis en ly ac oss he co e age a ea (i.e. e en a cell edges). Fu he mo e, he
ba e y consump ion o sma phones and able e minals in a eas wi h low co e age inc eases
signi ican ly due o highe p opaga ion losses. A a ge o 50% ene gy consomp ion educ ion
compa ed wi h legacy ne wo k should be achie ed bo h a ne wo k in as uc u e and a end
use le el. While cell densi ica ion is p omising o boos ing capaci y in u u e u ban
en i onmen , wide co e age solu ions as well as lexible, ene gy and cos e icien solu ions
mus be de eloped in u u e wi eless communica ion sys ems o p o ide ubiqui ous co e age in
subu ban and mo e o less emo e u al a eas.
C.3.2 KPIs and equi emen s
The equi emen s and he key pe o mance indica o s a e summa ized in Table C-8, based on
[NGM15].
High expe ienced use h oughpu co e age is expec ed a e e y loca ion o he se ice a ea,
e en in emo e u al a eas. Mos ly, ideo s eaming and ile downloads a e equi ed,
co esponding o a high expe ienced h oughpu pe use . In pa icula , each use should be
able o expe ience a h oughpu o a leas 50 Mbps in downlink and 25 Mbps in uplink.
Use densi y and a ic olume densi y will a y acco ding o en i onmen ypes. In u al a eas
we assume a use densi y o 100 use s pe km2, which esul s in a o al a ic olume o 7.5
Gbps/km2. Lowe densi y alues o mo e emo e u al en i onmen s, ep esen a i e o mo e
sca cely popula ed a eas, a e p o ided. Subu ban en i onmen s, ep esen a i e o a eas close
o u ban ci ies a e also add essed.
The end- o-end (one ip) RAN la ency has o be main ained below 10 ms.

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The se ice a ailabili y mus be a leas 99% (space domain). In addi ion, 50 Mbps DL and 25
Mbps UL should be achie ed wi h 95% e ainabili y whe e he se ice is a ailable ( ime
domain).
Reliabili y is no in he ocus o his use case. Ne e heless, some le el o eliabili y is equi ed
in o de o ensu e a seamless consump ion o ideo se ices oge he wi h imely ile deli e y.
Fo example, low eliabili y le els can lowe he QoE o ideo se ices due o he p esence o
isual e o s and can also delay he download ime o ile deli e y se ices. As a esul , a
eliabili y alue o 95% is assumed.
Bo h in as uc u al and end use ene gy consump ion should be minimized. In his ega ding,
ope a o s associa ed in as uc u e should ha e an ene gy consump ion educed by 50%,
whe eas he use s need o spend less han hal he ene gy hey consume in legacy ne wo k.
Ne wo k cos including in as uc u al equipmen , si e en al, ene gy consump ion e c., is
expec ed o be educed by 50%. Solu ions o low cos backhauling a e hus o be de eloped.
Human use s a e gene ally he main a ge o his use case, while a la ge di e si y o se ices
should be suppo ed, such as ile downloading and ideo s eaming.
Table C-8: KPIs and equi emen s o UC3.
Va iable/pa ame e
Value (u ban/ u al/highway)
Pe o mance a ge s
Expe ienced use h oughpu
50 Mbps Mbps (DL)
and 25 Mbps (UL)
T a ic olume densi y (busy hou )
Fa emo e u al : DL : 0.5 Gbps/km2
Fa emo e u al : UL : 0.25 Gbps/km2
Ru al : DL : 5 Gbps/km2
Ru al : UL : 2.5 Gbps/km2
Subu ban : DL : 20 Gbps/km2
Subu ban : UL : 10 Gbps/km2
End- o-end RAN la ency (including
connec ion se up and de ec ion delay) o
ecei e s wi hin he a ge ange
Less han 10 ms
A ailabili y: pe cen age o a ea whe e
ansmissions mee he expe ienced use
99%
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da a a e equi emen
Re ainabili y : pe cen age o ime whe e
ansmissions mee he expe ienced use
da a a e
95%
Cons ain s
Ene gy consump ion (in as uc u e)
Low-ene gy ope a ions a e p e e ed
mainly o cos and sus ainabili y easons.
When no ansmi ing use da a he
consumed ene gy should be e y low.
Gene ally he ne wo k ene gy
consump ion should be compa able o he
ene gy consump ion o oday‟s
me opoli an deploymen s, despi e he
d as ically inc eased amoun o a ic
Ene gy consump ion (UE o o he de ices)
UE should be able o ope a e on ba e y
o se e al hou s
Cos (in as uc u e)
Ne wo k in as uc u e should be cheap
bo h in e ms o ha dwa e cos as well as
ins alla ion and main enance cos s
Cos (UE o o he de ices)
UE cos should be simila o oday‟s
sma phones o 3G/4G modems
Use case de ini ion
Use /de ice densi y
Fa emo e u al: 11 use s pe km2
Ru al: 100 use pe km2
Subu ban: 400 use pe km2
Use ype
Human
Use mobili y
A mix o s a ic use s and use s in ehicles
wi h eloci y up o 120 km/h
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C.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and
ac ua o s
This use case is based on a es case ele en in [MET13-D11]. I mainly add esses he use case
amily mMTC.
C.4.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion
The impo ance o his use case will g ow oge he wi h he massi e deploymen o hese low
cos and o low ene gy consump ion de ices. In o de o ge he maximum o in o ma ion om
hese de ices, so as o inc ease en i onmen al awa eness and be e use expe ience, he e is
a need o hese de ices o be able o communica e wi h o he de ices and/o wi h he ne wo k.
A ange o examples a e p esen ed below.
Some examples o cases o he acking o po able objec s a e lis ed in he sequel:
 Tools (e.g. d ills), whe e he pu pose o he communica ion node in each ool is o
measu e in which en i onmen and how he ool is used (e.g. in o de o no i y he
use ha he should a he be using a di e en ool o o de elop ools which a e
be e sui ed o hei usage) and de ec ea ly signs o p oduc ailu e.
 O he p oduc s whe e he p oduce is in e es ed in imp o ing usabili y. An
example could be books (such as manuals), whe e senso s de ec which pages a e
opened when and in which o de . Ano he example could be ela ed o a es au an
whe e i is measu ed which ables and chai s a e occupied.
 P oduc s which equi e ca e (e.g. lowe po s), whe e he communica ion
senso /node would send a wa ning i wa e ing o e iliza ion is needed.
 F agile p oduc s, whe e he communica ion node could measu e whe he he
p oduc is handled wi h su icien ca e (e.g. no oo much accele a ion, and igh
empe a u e), and send an ala m i his is no he case.
 Po en ially dange ous p oduc s, such as kni es, chemicals (o weapons), whe e
he communica ion node could send an ala m i somebody unau ho ized uses o
mo es hese p oduc s.
 P oduc s ha expi e, such as g oce ies and spices, whe e an ala m could be sen i
p oduc p ope ies c oss a ce ain h eshold.
 P oduc s whe e s a is ics on he mo emen a e o be collec ed. Fo ins ance, a
company may wan o moni o a lee o , e.g. bicycles. In an ex eme case, one could
imagine he Eu opean Cen al Bank agging Eu o no es in o de o obse e he low
o ha d cu ency.
 P oduc s o en subjec o he , such as hand-bags o jewel y, whe e
communica ion nodes could aise an ala m in case o unau ho ized mo emen .
Simila ly i he cus ome places he p oduc s o a w ong loca ion (shel ), he
communica ion node can wa n he cus ome and p obably cus ome se ice.
Some o he examples o cases o he moni o ing o , e.g. en i onmen , ma e ials, may include:
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 Ag icul u al applica ion: A la ge numbe o senso s sp ead ou o e la ge
ag icul u al a eas o measu e, e.g. e ili y and humidi y, o help he a me op imize
he igh ime o ha es ing and e ilizing (app oxima ely 10 senso s pe km2, i is
accep able i 50% o senso s manage o ge a 20 by e uplink ne payload h ough o
he in as uc u e once pe day). I could also be imagined ha such senso s a e
used indoo s in, e.g. g eenhouses.
 Ma e ial moni o ing (pa icula example: wind mill): Senso s a e placed e e y 5
m on he su ace o he s uc u e o a mode n powe -gene a ing wind mill, epo ing
ib a ions and o he measu es ha may gi e an ea ly indica ion o ma e ial damage
o subop imal usage (50 senso s pe wind mill, all senso s should be able o ge a 20
by e ne uplink payload h ough o he in as uc u e once pe day). No e ha in his
pa icula case he senso s a e mo ing, hough his mo emen is highly p edic able.
 Ma e ial moni o ing (pa icula example: high-speed ain): Senso s a e placed
in each wheel o he ain and a e able o measu e ib a ions and ea ly indica ions o
ack o wheel damage (4 senso s pe ca iage, all senso s should be able o ge a
20 by e ne payload h ough o he in as uc u e pe day). Such senso s – e en a
such a low du y cycle - would be able o p e en dange ous ain acciden s ha ha e
happened in he pas due o unno iced ma e ial aul s.
 Ma e ial moni o ing (pa icula example: building): Senso s a e placed in a
building o on he su ace o a building, again o moni o ib a ions and o he ea ly
indica ions o po en ial ma e ial ailu e. These senso s will also be use ul o quickly
assess he s a e o a building a e a na u al disas e , such as an ea hquake o a
hu icane (all senso s should be able o ge a 20 by e ne payload h ough o he
In e ne once pe day).
C.4.2 KPIs and equi emen s
This use case a ge s he 5G goals ela ed o he numbe o connec ed de ices, ene gy
consump ion pe de ice by main aining he same ene gy consump ion and cos a he ne wo k
side.
The cu en s a e o equi emen s o hese uses cases is e lec ed in [3GPP15-45820], o
which he pe o mance objec i es a e:
 Maximum Coupling Loss o 164.0 dB (wi h a leas 160 bps da a a e on bo h he uplink
and downlink)
 52547 de ices wi hin a cell si e sec o , based on: 40 de ices pe household, wi h 1517
household pe km2, and a In e Si e Dis ance o 1732 m
 10 yea s du abili y o a 5Wh ba e y, o a ic based on 50 by es TX wi h a 24 hou s
epo ing in e al in a 164.0 dB coupling loss scena io
 Reduced complexi y (wi h e e ence on cu en GPRS modems) in o de o enable
cheape de ices, being measu ed based on:
o Silicon a ea es ima e, including on-chip memo y.
o Indica ion o equi ed ga e densi y should be gi en.
o Rela i e a ea o RF and baseband unc ions.
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o Lis o ex e nal componen s.
o Any special cha ac e is ics o ex e nal componen s speci ic o a sys em p oposal.
o DSP cycles / second.
Howe e , o 5G on 2020, i is o eseen ha mo e ambi ious a ge s a e needs, as:
 Numbe o de ices suppo ed in he sys em 1 000 000 de ices pe km2.
 Payload size is assumed o be e y small, om 20 o 125 by es pe message, wi h a
e y la ge ansmission cycle, which will depend on he speci ic applica ion. As a
e e ence, an expe ienced use h oughpu o 1 kbps is o eseen pe de ice, which is
equi alen o 1 message o 125 by es pe second.
 Long ba e y li e (on he o de o 10+ yea s) o he wi eless de ice, implying he need o
high ene gy e iciency. Ba e y li e is di ec ly ela ed o ene gy e iciency.
 Minimum possible signaling o e head.
 Keeping he UE complexi y in o de o gua an ee ul a-low cos de ices.
 99.9% a ailabili y.
Simila ene gy consump ion and cos o he in as uc u e as o he base sys ems o oday.
The equi emen s and he key pe o mance indica o s a e summa ized in Table C-9.
Table C-9: KPIs and equi emen s o UC4.
Va iable/pa ame e
Value
Pe o mance a ge s
Ba e y li e
A leas 10 yea s (assuming 5 Wa s-hou
ba e y)
De ice densi y
1 000 000 de ices pe km2
A ailabili y
99.9%
T a ic olume pe de ice
F om ew by es pe day o 125 by es pe
second
Cons ain s
Ene gy e iciency (in as uc u e)
In p inciple no speci ic cons ain s o he
in as uc u e
Ene gy e iciency (UE o o he de ices)
The powe supply a ailabili y is limi ed, so
low-ene gy ope a ion is equi ed. Fo
senso ype de ices wi h ba e y powe
supply only, he ene gy-op imized

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ope a ion is equi ed.
Cos (in as uc u e)
In as uc u e cos should be kep on he
same le el pe a ea as oday.
Cos (UE o o he de ices)
Fo senso ype de ices a signi ican cos
educ ion compa ed o no mal handse
de ices is needed.
C.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s
This use case is based on es cases eigh and wel e o METIS-I [MET13-D11]. I mainly
add esses he use case amilies uMTC and xMBB.
C.5.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion
The use o emo e se ices is also applicable a highe use mobili y, e.g. while d i ing ca s o
using public anspo a ion, and no me ely aking place in slow mobili y o s a iona y se ings.
Wi h highe use mobili y enabled on- he-way wo ke s as well as a leisu ed people can enjoy
he bene i s o eal- ime emo e compu ing o mobile e minals. A he same ime he connec ed
ca also p o ides a sa e and e icien jou ney ia he communica ion o i s su ounding. This
communica ion enables he ca o a oid acciden s, bu i also enables o he ypes o a ic
planning such as a oiding a ic jam queues and minimizing uel consump ion. The eby he
connec ed ca enables a ic sa e y, e iciency and eal- ime emo e se ices.
C.5.2 KPIs and equi emen s
The connec ed ca needs o be a ic e icien and ale in e ms o sa e y as well as able o
p o ide good eal- ime emo e compu ing expe ience o he end-use s.
T a ic e iciency and sa e y
The main challenges o his use case, when i comes o “ a ic e iciency and sa e y” lie in he
equi ed eliabili y, a ailabili y, and la ency o au omo i e sa e y se ices. The equi emen s a e
desc ibed below and he key pe o mance indica o s and cons ain s a e summa ized in Table
C-10. A maximum wi eless ne wo k end- o-end delay (including wi eless de ice de ec ion,
connec ion se up and adio ansmission bu excluding he ime needed om he ehicle o
p ocess and gene a e he in o ma ion message) o 5 ms, wi h ansmission eliabili y o 99.999%
should be gua an eed o deli e he d i e sa e y se ice. This is a majo challenge.
 V2X communica ion needs o be es ablished ac oss di e en ne wo k ope a o s wi h he
same equi emen s in e ms o la ency and se ice gua an ee as wi hin a single ne wo k
ope a o .
 ≈100% a ailabili y equi ed such ha he se ices a e p esen a e e y poin on he oad.
Addi ional KPIs and cons ain s a e he ollowing:
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 Rela i e posi ioning accu acy below 0.5 m is needed. GPS may no always be a ailable and
su icien , and hence cellula based posi ioning echniques could be use ul.
 Da a a ic (inspi ed by cu en ETSI Technical Commi ee ITS and IEEE s anda diza ion
wo k [MMK+11], [S 11], hough, he pa ame e alues a e mo e challenging han wha is
discussed o oday‟s sys ems):
o Pe iodic b oadcas a ic consis ing o a leas 1600 payload by e ( o
ansmission o in o ma ion ela ed o 10 de ec ed objec s esul ing om local
en i onmen pe cep ion and he in o ma ion ela ed o he ac ual ehicle) wi h
epe i ion a e o a leas 5-10 Hz. The upda e a e is chosen high enough such
ha he ehicle eloci y ec o does no change oo much be ween upda es. The
a ic gene a ed by each ehicle has o be deli e ed o all he neighbo ing
ehicles wi hin he speci ied ange.
o E en -d i en b oadcas a ic consis ing o a leas 1600 payload by e wi h
epe i ion a e o a leas 5-10 Hz ( o ansmission o in o ma ion ela ed o 10
de ec ed objec s esul ing om local en i onmen pe cep ion and he in o ma ion
ela ed o he ac ual ehicle).
o Bo h a ic ypes (pe iodic and e en d i en) can exis a he same ime. No e
ha he epe i ion a e o bo h a ic ypes is de e mined by he need o ack
changes in he en i onmen .
o Fo communica ion be ween ehicles and o he de ices (e.g., sma phones) a
payload o 500 by e may be su icien ( o ansmission o he in o ma ion om
he ac ual consume elec onics de ice, such as cu en posi ion and addi ional
da a om he de ice senso s).
 Fou di e en mobili y en i onmen s need o be dis inguished: U ban, u al, and highway.
o U ban: maximum absolu e eloci y o 60 km/h and 120 km/h ela i e eloci y
be ween ehicles.
o Ru al: maximum absolu e eloci y o 120 km/h and 240 km/h ela i e eloci y
be ween ehicles.
o Highway: maximum absolu e eloci y o 250 km/h and 500 km/h ela i e eloci y
be ween ehicles.
o Vulne able oad use eloci ies anging om 3 km/h (pedes ian) up o 30 km/h
(bicycle).
 Use and de ice densi ies depend on he en i onmen and scena io:
o Vehicula de ices:
 In u ban en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 1000 use s pe km2
 In u al and highway en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 100
use s pe km2
o Vulne able oad use de ices:
 In u al and highway en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 150
ele an use s pe km2.
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 In u ban en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 5000 ele an use s
pe km2.
 The equi ed communica ion ange is di e en o he a ious en i onmen s:
o Up o 1 km in highway scena ios.
o Up o 500 m in u al scena ios.
o Up o 50 m in u ban scena ios.
 Addi ional spec um cons ain s a e:
o Use o dedica ed spec um i a ailable,
o p e e able equencies below 5 GHz.
Real- ime emo e compu ing o mobile e minals
The main KPIs o his use case co esponding o xMBB aspec s a e
 High a ailabili y o 99%
 Low E2E la encies o less han 10 ms.
The equi emen s and key pe o mance indica o s o his use case a e summa ized in Table C-
10 and desc ibed in mo e de ail as ollows:
 High da a a e connec i i y is expec ed o ehicles (o speci ically, he on-boa d
de ices) and also o use de ices inside o ehicles. Real- ime in e ac i e se ices
(such as augmen ed eali y and i ual o ice applica ions), loca ion based se ices, and
any se ice ha equi es o shi ce ain complex p ocessing asks (usually pe o med
locally) o a emo e se e co espond o high da a a e demands wi h eal- ime
equi emen s. As a esul we assume ha e e y ac i e de ice in he ehicle equi es a
da a a e o 100 Mbps in downlink and 20 Mbps in uplink. Assuming a mos 5
simul aneously ac i e de ices pe ehicle (including he on-boa d de ices) and a ehicle
densi y o 100 ehicles pe km2 in mo o ways, his leads o a o al a ic olume o 60
Gbps/km2.
 Mul i-ope a o solu ions a e equi ed in o de o se e use s wi h di e en ne wo k
ope a o con ac s and hus make his KPIs a ailable.
 The conside ed applica ions ha e eal- ime equi emen s. The e o e, E2E la encies
lowe han 10 [ms] wi h high eliabili y (i.e. 95% o he packe s should be success ully
ansmi ed wi hin his ime) needs o be achie ed.
 The ene gy e iciency o he de ices used in he ehicles and o Elec onic Con ol
Uni s (ECUs) using emo e p ocessing se ices should be high. Powe consump ion
should be minimized in o de ex end he ba e y ime and allow o high p oduc i i y o
he use s inside he ehicles.
 De ice densi ies depend mainly on he means o anspo a ion sys em. By 2020 and
beyond people a e expec ed o ca y mo e han one cellula de ice. Mo eo e , he
ehicle i sel ( h ough in- ehicle ECUs) may shi complex p ocessing asks o a emo e
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se e in eal- ime. The numbe o ac i e de ices (passenge de ices plus ehicle on-
boa d de ices) scales wi h he size o he ehicle:
o A mos 5 simul aneously ac i e de ices pe ca
o Up o 50 use de ices simul aneously ac i e pe bus
o Up o 300 use de ices simul aneously ac i e pe ain
 The use case conside s human- o-machine and machine- o-machine ype
communica ion wi h high mobili y making use o eal- ime emo e p ocessing.
 Use mobili y equals he ehicle speed.
The ca - o-ca communica ion becomes highly ele an in e.g. au oma ed d i ing.
Table C-10: KPIs and equi emen s o UC5.
Va iable/pa ame e
Value (u ban/ u al/highway)
Pe o mance a ge s o a ic e iciency and sa e y
Expe ienced use h oughpu
1600 by e x 10 Hz, i.e., 128 kbps
T a ic olume densi y
0.1 / 0.01 / 0.01 Gbps/km2
End- o-end la ency (including connec ion
se up and de ec ion delay) o ecei e s
wi hin he a ge ange
5 ms
A ailabili y
≈ 100%
Reliabili y
99.999%
Numbe o deli e ed message
To be maximized
V2X Range
50 m, 500 m, 1 km
Posi ioning accu acy
Rela i e accu acy less han 0.5 m
Pe o mance a ge s o eal- ime emo e compu ing
Expe ienced use h oughpu
100 [Mbps] in downlink
20 [Mbps] in uplink
T a ic olume densi y
60 [Gbps/km2] ( o ca s on a highway)
La ency
Less han 10 [ms] E2E la ency
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 OPEX wi h high e ansmission ees.
In he u u e, sa elli e ope a o s migh e ol e owa ds p o iding backhaul/ on haul se ices o
e es ial ne wo ks o b oadband se ices. The backhaul o mobile ne wo ks is cu en ly mos ly
achie ed h ough ibe , e es ial and mic owa e solu ions. As mo e and mo e backhaul
op imiza ion echnologies a e equi ed o suppo he g owing a ic, sa elli e becomes mo e
and mo e a iable op ion. Wi h new sa elli es, he cos o sa elli e backhaul is expec ed o
dec ease signi ican ly. The ela i ely high la ency expe ienced in GEO sa elli e communica ions
could also be educed wi h LEO sys ems as his is a basic equi emen o 5G. O he wise he
5G la ency a ge s canno be achie ed. The e o e he e may be a di e en ia ion in he business
model (xMBB o emo e a eas wi hou o he in as uc u e (p obably no in main pa s o
Eu ope), bu wi h limi ed se o all 5G ea u es). In addi ion, a ailabili y could also be enhanced
wi h hese new LEO sa elli es.
Sa elli e ope a o s could also mo e owa ds he igh side o he sa elli e alue chain and adop
a mul icas app oach in combina ion wi h e es ial mobile ne wo ks.
Sa elli e ne wo ks (MEO, GEO and LEO) can be eally help ul d i e he ma ke o MTC in
emo e, widesp ead, hos ile o global a eas ( hings can be ae onau ical pla o ms including
ai c a s, ma i ime pla o ms, essels…).
Table D-2: WiFi, LPWA, sa elli e playe s ole.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
WiFi access
p o ide
Ope a e WiFi access poin s
Sells wholesale and e ail se ices
Manages subsc ibe ela ionships
Small cells ope a ion mainly on
unlicensed spec um, wi h possible
in eg a ion wi h 5G ne wo ks
Small cell as a se ice (SCaaS)
LPWA (Low
Powe Wide
A ea) ope a o s
Deploy and ope a e dedica ed
ne wo ks o IoT
Possible in eg a ion wi h 5G
ne wo ks (cell si e sha ing, RAN
in eg a ion? in eg a ion o
unlicensed bands?)
Sa elli e
ope a o
Limi ed p o ision o na owband
mobile se ices wi h LEO
cons ella ions (e.g. I idium, Inma sa )
Possible o e ing in
on haul/backhaul in eg a ion wi h
e es ial ne wo ks. Use o non-
GEO cons ella ions wi h educed
la ency.
Mul icas app oach in combina ion
wi h e es ial ne wo ks.
Use o MTC in u al a eas

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 P i a e wi eless ne wo k owne . This playe is a co po a e unning a close subsc ibe
g oup (CSG) adio ne wo k, p o iding p op ie a y connec i i y, se ices and applica ions,
usually wi h addi ional access o public ne wo ks.
Towe companies, acili y manage s, u ban u ni u e manage s, equipmen
manu ac u e s ( o RAN ou sou cing)
In his sec ion, we analyze playe s owning asse s which can be use ul o mobile ne wo k
co e age and capaci y ex ensions. Towe companies, acili y manage s, u ban u ni u e
manage s and equipmen manu ac u e s all in o his g oup.
Towe companies
Towe companies such as Ame ican Towe (USA), C own Cas le (USA), AT&T Towe s (USA),
China Towe Company (China) o A qi a (Uni ed Kingdom) a e in posi ion o go u he han
hei cu en ole o en ing space o MNOs‟ base s a ions and could ope a e pa o he RAN. In
he Uni ed Kingdom, A qi a is able o p o ide MNOs wi h access o o e 400,000 s ee asse s,
including lamppos s and CCTV came as.
CAPEX and OPEX o owe companies a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o acqui e si es, build owe s;
 Minimal CAPEX o ope a e (ligh ing sys em and ence epai …), inc ease numbe o
clien s (heigh ex ension, mul iple an ennas in eg a ion, sha ed gene a o , s eng hened
ounda ion…);
 OPEX o main ain and ope a e owe s (g ound en , insu ance, eal es a e axes…);
On he o he hand, owe companies en owe s o MNO wi h long- e m con ac s ( ixed powe
and uel cos / adi ional pass- h ough cos ). Cha ges a e based on loca ion, e ical space,
weigh placed on owe …
In he u u e, some owe companies migh conside ope a ing he RAN o a MNO h ough an
ou sou cing a angemen in compe i ion wi h equipmen manu ac u e s. Towe companies could
also bid o spec um du ing o hcoming auc ions and build RANs ei he o co e u al a eas
wi h low equency bands o in o de o p o ide capaci y wi h highe equency bands in u ban
a eas.
Facili y manage s
Facili y manage s such as building o s adium manage s a e gene ally in ol ed in mobile
co e age/capaci y h ough DAS (Dis ibu ed An enna Sys ems) indoo ope a ion. They usually
pay a specialized company o DAS ins alla ion. Capaci y is sold o elecom playe s.
DAS allows ope a o s and acili y manage s o wo k closely. Facili y manage s will no doub
inc ease expe ise and expe ience in dealing wi h DAS.
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In he u u e, expe ienced and skilled acili y manage s migh e ol e owa ds deploying DAS
ne wo ks and ins alling DAS in o he acili ies and enues. They can also ope a e small cells o
o e access in a building using mobile in as uc u e wi h backhauling ia a ibe op ic a he
bo om o he building.
CAPEX and OPEX o acili ies manage s a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o buy buildings;
 Minimal CAPEX o ope a e;
 OPEX o main ain buildings and p ope ies and ope a e owe s (g ound en , insu ance,
eal es a e axes…).
In he u u e, acili y manage s can bene i om hei s a egic posi ion and mo e om he
p o ision o DAS o p o ision o small cell based connec i i y. Facili y manage s a e expec ed o
be willing o expand hei business and u he mone ize p ope ies (p o ision o a dedica ed
mobile in as uc u e in he building wi h comple e backhauling ne wo k).
U ban u ni u e manage s
Today, small cells a e being deployed on u ban s ee u ni u e such as s ee lamps, u ili y
poles, bus s ops, benches o billboa ds h ough pa ne ships be ween equipmen endo s and
ad e ising companies. Deploymen o small cells in s ee u ni u e is expec ed o enhance
co e age and ne wo k capaci y in highly popula ed a eas o mee he u u e cus ome demand.
U ban u ni u e manage s build, own and ope a e s ee u ni u e. They p o ide u nkey
solu ions o MNOs and ope a ion & main enance se ices. A numbe o ag eemen s we e
signed in he las mon hs 2015 be ween s ee u ni u e p o ide s and small cells endo s and
MNOs. JCDecaux is one o he i s o in es in he small cell echnology. I leases i s s ee
u ni u e o small cell manu ac u e s.
CAPEX and OPEX o u ban u ni u e manage s a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o build s ee u ni u e;
 Minimal CAPEX o ope a e;
 OPEX o main ain and upg ade s ee u ni u e;
 OPEX o ope a e (change ads, clean…).
In he u u e, u ban s ee u ni u e manage s migh be willing o mo e up in he alue chain.
They migh e ol e owa ds p o iding and ope a ing base s a ions and small cells hemsel es.
Equipmen manu ac u e s
A ew yea s ago, elecom ope a o s acknowledged ha hey could no be p esen in e e y
segmen o he alue chain and c ea e mo e alue by se ing up pa ne ships wi h la ge-scale
playe s. This leads o inno a ions o changes in model o managemen such as, o example,
ou sou cing passi e o ac i e in as uc u e o sha ing ixed o mobile ne wo ks.
I was abou inding he bes way o op imizing and secu ing a e u n on hei asse s and, in
pa icula , he ne wo k.
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Ope a o s con inue oday o ou sou ce hei ne wo k and ield ope a ions also known as
managed se ices, o la ge elecom equipmen manu ac u e s. As compe i ion among elecom
playe s is s ill inc easing, ope a o s may be emp ed o ou sou ce mo e pa s o hei ne wo ks
o e en ually o le equipmen manu ac u e s ope a e hei ne wo ks.
CAPEX and OPEX o equipmen manu ac u e s a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o de elop, design and build equipmen on a la ge scale;
 OPEX o main ain equipmen ;
 OPEX o p o ide managed se ices;
 OPEX o manage elecom ne wo ks;
 CAPEX o p o ide managed se ices.
In he u u e, equipmen manu ac u e s could be in a posi ion o ully ope a e mobile ne wo ks.
They could be emp ed o inc ease hei alue p oposi ion and p o ide mobile se ices on a
wholesale basis (MVNOs).
Table D-3: O he RAN playe s ole.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
Towe company
Build, own, ope a e, main ain owe
asse s
Build cus omized/g een si es
Ren owe s o MNO ( ixed powe and
uel cos / adi ional pass- h ough cos )
Could ope a e he RAN/ pa s o
RANs
Facili y
manage
Ope a e DAS (mainly indoo
en i onmen )
Could ope a e small cells (SCaaS)
Could o e elecoms access in a
building using mobile in as uc u e
wi h backhauling ia a ibe op ic a
he bo om o he building
U ban u ni u e
manage
Build, own and ope a e u ban u ni u e
Ren esou ces on a pay-as-you-go
model
Could ins all base s a ions, ope a e
pa s o RAN (small cells)
Equipmen
manu ac u e s
Ou sou cing and se ice managemen
Ope a ion o wholesale mobile
ne wo k
IoT/MTC playe s
IoT (In e ne o Things)/MTC (Machine Type Communica ions) playe s co e ed in his sec ion
a e in eg a o s, IT companies and e ical ma ke playe s.
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In eg a o s & IT companies
Sys em in eg a o s o so wa e companies including SAP o IBM, ha e s ong capabili ies in
da a and in so wa e, especially in analy ics. As he alue chain is disassembling in many
ma ke s and as ha dwa e is now commodi ized (mo e powe ul and cheape ), in eg a o s e-
assemble ce ain unc ions and p o ide packaged se ices in a “so wa iza ion” mo e.
IT companies a e mainly posi ioned on he p o essional ma ke s (M2M and In e ne o Objec s)
on he IT side and da a managemen h ough hei cloud se ices (based on hei da a cen e
a ms). They aim o apply hei expe ise in cloud and big da a o he di e en IoT ma ke s hey
wan o add ess. They also wan o le e age hei adi ional indus ial clien ele o help hem o
e ol e hei business ans o ma ion, made possible h ough connec ed de ices ollou .
Ve ical ma ke playe s
Ve ical ma ke playe s encompass ca manu ac u e s in he au omo i e business,
hospi als/doc o s in he heal h indus y…, ha will be pa o he enla ged elecom ecosys em in
he nea e m as elecom is sp eading in many e icals. The e icals will de elop new se ices,
new p ocesses and new business models, hanks o obus , a o dable ansmission and
au oma ed collec ion o da a.
In he u u e, e ical ma ke playe s will ha e o adap o hese adical changes. They could
jump in o he elecom business and p o ide speci ic connec i i y se ices associa ed wi h he
e ical. In he ca indus y, he ca could be conside ed as an addi ional – la ge – de ice
connec ed o he In e ne .
Gene ally, p oduc s a e expec ed o lose hei place a he cen e o he alue chain. The
p oduc will become a senso in a la ge alue chain.
Table D-4: IoT/MTC playe s posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
In eg a o s
S ong capabili ies in da a and
so wa e
Connec i i y p o ision
IT companies
P o ide Cloud se ices
Le e age on da a o p o ide be e
se ices and solu ions
Ve ical ma ke
playe s
Buy connec i i y om MNOs
Play a ole in se ice c ea ion &
ope a ion
Public Sa e y and PPDR (Public P o ec ion and Disas e Relie ) playe s
Cu en non-b oadband dedica ed public sa e y sys ems mainly use he 400 MHz and he 700-
800 bands wo ldwide. Spec um abo e 1 GHz suppo s also a a ie y o PPDR ope a ions o
empo a y use only. In e ms o usage, ha monized alloca ions and echnologies o exis ing
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TETRA/TETRAPOL o simila sys ems (DMR, APCO 25) a e sui able and eliable o
na owband da a, and echnical speci ica ions ha e been ex ended o enable wideband da a
ansmission. A numbe o hese PPDR ne wo ks ha e been deployed all o e he wo ld. Vi e
in Finland and Ai wa e in he UK a e among he oldes ones a Eu opean le el. BDBOS in
Ge many is he wides public sa e y ne wo k in Eu ope and he newes one: i has been
comple ed ea ly 2015.
TETRA-like na owband echnologies ha e se ed PPDR issues h ough dedica ed PPDR
ne wo ks using PPDR spec um ex emely well o e he pas decade. As hese ne wo ks a e by
na u e na owband, hey only suppo low expe ienced use h oughpu s. They seem
inadequa e o public sa e y wi h g owing high b oadband da a and ideo needs which equi e
si ua ional awa eness and ideo li e s eaming.
The e is now a clea global consensus ha LTE will be he baseline echnology o nex -
gene a ion b oadband public sa e y ne wo ks. LTE s ill needs o be adap ed: as om Release
12 o 3GPP LTE s anda ds, LTE will be enhanced o mee public sa e y applica ions
equi emen s. Release 12 includes basic PPDR ea u es. I s eeze, howe e , has been sligh ly
pos poned and some PPDR ea u es o me ly scheduled in Release 12 will be deal wi h in
Releases 13 and 14.
A numbe o examples in he wo ld demons a e he end owa d LTE in public sa e y. In he
USA, Fi s Ne will be a la ge-scale public sa e y ne wo k using dedica ed spec um in he 700
MHz band which is expec ed o agg ega e local public sa e y “Fi s Ne -compa ible” ne wo ks.
Canada announces a qui e simila decision. In Eu ope, Belgium, Finland and he UK a e he i s
ones o ein en public sa e y ne wo ks. Va ious o ms o co-ope a ion be ween MNOs and
public sa e y can be conside ed: he use o comme cial ne wo ks, ad-hoc ne wo ks, secu e-
MVNO (as he Belgian ASTRID i ual b oadband MVNO, Blue Ligh Mobile en s capaci y om
he h ee na ional comme cial MNOs; p io i y is gi en by P oximus (a Belgian MNO) o Blue
Ligh Mobile subsc ibe s o e p i a e subsc ibe s), and hyb id solu ions a a ious s ages. In
e ms o spec um, he use o a dedica ed po ion o he 700 MHz band o he use o comme cial
spec um has no been decided ye .
CAPEX and OPEX o public sa e y ne wo k ope a o s a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o build a secu e ne wo k ha mee s high equi emen s o public sa e y;
 OPEX o ope a e he ne wo k;
 OPEX o en capaci y om o he ne wo ks;
 OPEX o nego ia e speci ic condi ions (p io i y, SLA…).
In he u u e, dedica ed public sa e y ne wo k ope a o s migh e ol e owa ds “de-specializa ion”
o hei asse s. They could p o ide in-excess capaci y o comme cial playe s du ing non-c i ical
hou s. Secu e-MVNO could also sell in-excess capaci y o comme cial mobile ope a o s.

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Table 6D-5: Public sa e y playe s posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
Dedica ed Public
Sa e y
Build, own and ope a e Public Sa e y /
PPDR ne wo ks
P o ide unused capaci y du ing non-
c i ical hou s o ope a ion o 5G
ope a o s
Public sa e y
MVNO
Sell mobile se ices o end-use s
Ren capaci y o 5G ope a o s
OTTs, Con en owne s
OTTs
The well-known OTT playe s a e se ing hei cus ome s o e he In e ne ( oice h ough VoIP
and messaging a e he wo i s se ices p o ided). They a e p o iding an in eg a ed p oduc
o e he In e ne and bypasses adi ional dis ibu ion. Se ices ha come o e he op a e, i no
always, lowe in cos han he adi ional me hod o deli e y. QoS o e ed by OTTs is gene ally
lowe han he one o e ed by MNOs.
They a e also inc easingly elian on WiFi. Apple‟s iMessage can be ou ed o e WiFi ne wo ks
– ee o he use and he company – while oice calls can be made o e he In e ne on WiFi
da a connec ions using se ices such as Skype. In addi ion, Apple un eiled he iPhone 6 in
Sep embe 2014 which ea u e WiFi calling.
OTTs a e agg ega ing he sepa a e communica ion ma ke s, p o iding a ious ypes o
communica ion h ough hei single pla o m. Such a end means ha in heo y, use s can
subsc ibe o jus one IP communica ion p o ide o co e all communica ions.
CAPEX and OPEX o OTTs a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o buy, design, build se e s. OTT in es men s a e ocused on se e s mainly
a he han ne wo k in as uc u e.
 CAPEX o design se ices in some cases;
 OPEX o main ain se e s.
Some OTTs, among hem Google and Facebook, a e clea ly conside ing an en y in o he
cellula business. OTTs may e ol e owa ds p o iding mobile se ices. They ha e a key
s eng h: hey do no ely on subsc ibe s o see e enues g ow. They a e able o d i e down
p ices o consume s and adop p ac ices ha would be di icul o sus ain by o he ca ie s.
Con i ming he announcemen s made du ing he MWC 2015, Google p esen ed on i s blog he
“explo a o y” mobile es -se ice named “GoogleFi” in 2015. The new o e elies p ima ily on
he a ailabili y o he +1m ho spo s e i ied and alida ed. The “GoogleFi” use is able o use he
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+1million Google ho spo s e i ied and alida ed and ha e access o cellula se ices supplied
by Sp in and T-Mobile.
Looking sligh ly ahead, OTTs a e well posi ioned o ac as in e media ies o u u e se ices. By
aking he pla o m app oach, allowing hi d pa ies o build hei inno a i e applica ions on op
o hem, o h ough indi idual pa ne ships, hey can ac as he link be ween use s and u u e
inno a ion. As an example, Apple's Si i applica ion combines speech ecogni ion echnologies
wi h he use s' pe sonal in o ma ion, answe ing ques ions and making ecommenda ions
sui able o he use s' ques ions. He e, Si i ac s as he in e media y be ween he use and o he
playe s' con en s and se ices. Ano he example would be webRTC, enabling oice and ideo
communica ion h ough any web b owse ; hi d pa ies will hen be able o build applica ions on
op o webRTC.
Con en owne s
Con en owne s a e speci ically in ol ed in con en c ea ion and adap a ion o mobile de ices.
They a e esponsible o he accu acy o he con en . The consump ion o con en has g adually
e ol ed om a model mainly based on owne ship o con en (physical media o a digi al copy)
o a model based on access o a ee (ad-suppo ed) and/o subsc ip ion se ice.
Dema e ializa ion had he e ec o dec easing he uni p ice o con en .
Wi h dema e ializa ion and i ualiza ion, he echnical building blocks o mul i-ne wo k, mul i-
de ice dis ibu ion a e s eadily coming in o place, hanks o p og am pos -p oduc ion, ne wo k
con ol and in e connec ion, in e ace managemen and con en s o age unc ions being mo ed
o he cloud. This makes ope a ional managemen simple , inno a ion as e and dis ibu ion
cos s ha a e be e adjus ed o a pay-as-you-go app oach.
CAPEX and OPEX o con en owne s a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o c ea e, design con en and se ices associa ed wi h he con en ;
 CAPEX o upg ade con en o new de ices/pla o ms;
 CAPEX & OPEX o dis ibu e he con en ;
 OPEX o manage he con en .
In he u u e, con en owne s migh be emp ed o cash in by jumping in he access side. TV
owne s a e al eady jumping in he In e ne side.
Table D-6: Con en owne s and OTT posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
Con en owne s
C ea ion o he con en , adap a ion o
mul iple de ices
No expec ed ole modi ica ion
OTTs
P o ision o se ices h ough he
MVNO p o iding mobile
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in e ne ee o cha ge
communica ions se ices
O he playe s
De ice manu ac u e s
Ob iously, de ice manu ac u e s a e designing and ma ke ing de ices di ec ly o use s and o
elecom ope a o s. De ices a e s ill cen al o he elecom ma ke and a e con inuing o de elop
in e ms o :
 size and sc een esolu ion,
 memo y capaci y o s o ing con en ,
 chip in eg a ion o ne wo k sha ing.
CAPEX and OPEX o de ice manu ac u e s a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o c ea e, design de ices and adap o speci ic needs;
 CAPEX o upg ade de ices;
 OPEX o adap o e ol ing needs;
 OPEX o manage he de ice en i onmen (applica ions).
In he u u e, de ices a e expec ed o e ol e in many aspec s (size, o m ac o , unc ion…) and
will suppo many echnologies (WiFi, Blue oo h, 3G/4G/5G …) and spec um bands. Fo m
ac o s will no doub be e y di e se, spanning om pe sonal de ices such as sma phones and
able s, machine de ices, wea ables…, mainly depend on usage.
Looking ahead, e-SIM ca ds buil in o he phone will become mains eam. Basically he p inciple
o he embedded SIM e e s o SIM ca ds welded in o he modules a manu ac u ing. The
possibili y o changing ope a o s in e-SIMs aises he ques ion o subsc ip ion managemen in
he de ice. The cus ome will no mo e be ied o a single elecom ope a o and will be able o
easily swi ch p o ide s. Telecom ope a o s a e hus expec ed o ha e mino con ol o e he
end-use .
De ice manu ac u e s could di ec ly sell a package wi h bo h de ice and connec i i y, and as a
consequence manage he cus ome ela ionship. Connec i i y could be included pa ly (gi en
da a olume included in a pe iod o ime) o en i ely (da a olume is o e ed ee o cha ge
du ing he de ice li e ime).
F om he elecom ope a o poin o iew, inno a i e da a p icing schemes should also become
popula in a nea u u e, such as he on-demand connec i i y based on embedded SIM
echnology, ideal o sho - ime jou neys, weekending o aca ioning ab oad, o ins ance.
In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s (on comme cial ai lines)
Today, in- ligh connec i i y is p o ided h ough ai - o-g ound and sa elli e ne wo ks. In- ligh
connec i i y is p o ided on a wholesale basis ( he ai line cha ges o no passenge s o he
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se ice and he se ice p o ide cha ges a se p ice pe plane and a gi en numbe o
connec ions), on a e ail basis (bo h he se ice p o ide and he ai line decide on he p ice o
cha ge o he passenge and sha e e enues.), o on he Gogo model, an hyb id ATG/Ku in-
ligh connec i i y p o ide .
Gogo ins alls equipmen (and suppo s all ins alla ion cha ges) and he ai line pays o he
connec i i y se ice (no up- on in es men s). Re enues a e sha ed bu Gogo ge s he la ge
pa .
CAPEX and OPEX o in- ligh connec i i y p o ide s a e he ollowing:
 CAPEX o ins all equipmen and build he ne wo k;
 CAPEX o upg ade de ices (equipmen on-boa d ai c a s);
 OPEX o adap o e ol ing needs;
 OPEX o pay sa elli e connec i i y and ATG segmen ;
 OPEX o manage cus ome ela ionship (in he Gogo example).
In he u u e, in- ligh connec i i y p o ide s migh manage he cus ome ela ionship o he
se ice du ing he ligh and migh e ol e owa ds managing i on he g ound.
Table D-7: O he playe s posi ioning.
Playe
Cu en posi ioning
Possible e olu ion
De ice
manu ac u e s
Sell handse s o cus ome s and
mobile ope a o s
Wi h i ualized SIM ca d, de ice
manu ac u e s could manage
cus ome s ela ionship
In- ligh
connec i i y
p o ide s
Sell in- ligh connec i i y di ec ly o he
use o h ough he ai line
In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s could
manage he use ela ionship widely
 Na ional Regula o y Au ho i y (NRA). Public au ho i y o go e nmen dealing wi h
adminis a i e law, egula ion ulemaking, in he con ex o his documen in he a ea o
adio communica ions.
D.1.2 De ailed alue chains in he mobile sec o
The u ban s ee u ni u e alue chain
Today, small cells a e being deployed on u ban s ee u ni u e such as s ee lamps, u ili y
poles, bus s ops, benches o billboa ds h ough pa ne ships be ween equipmen endo s and
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MTC Resou ces in he con ex o Sma Ci y
When i comes o he ole o ICT in Sma Ci y, a se o esou ces enables he MTC ac o s o
pa icipa e and pe o m di e en se s o ac i i ies. The impo ance o hese esou ces lies in he
ac ha possession o any o hese esou ces enables playe s o pe o m a speci ic ac i i y. By
a esou ce i is mean any hing which could be hough o as a s eng h o weakness o a gi en
i m. Mo e o mally, a i m‟s esou ces a a gi en ime could be de ined as hose ( angible and
in angible) asse s which a e ied semi pe manen ly o he i m. Examples o esou ces a e:
b and names, in-house knowledge o echnology, employmen o skilled pe sonnel, ade
con ac s, machine y, e icien p ocedu es, capi al, e c. De ined pedagogically, esou ces can be
ca ego ized in o six majo ca ego ies: inancial, physical, human, echnological, o ganiza ional,
and epu a ion.
 MTC In as uc u e
When p o iding communica ion se ices, he need o communica ions ne wo ks appea s
na u ally. Wi hin communica ion ne wo ks wo di e en ypes can be iden i ied: Co e Ne wo k
and Cellula Access Ne wo k. The co e ne wo k is he cen al pa o he communica ions
ne wo k, acili a ing he connec ion be ween di e en sub-ne wo ks. The cellula access ne wo k
(also de ined as adio access ne wo k) is he in e ace be ween he end-use and he co e
ne wo k, basically using wi eless echnology. The MTC In as uc u e is adi ionally owned by a
MNO, since i is he same as he mobile elephony cellula in as uc u e. In he in oduced
cases, we also ha e seen eme ging playe s who a e specialized MTC Ne wo k Ope a o s who
own hei own in as uc u e.
 Connec ed De ice Pla o m
CDPs a e so wa e elemen s ha acili a e he deploymen and managemen o connec ed
de ices o M2M applica ions o e cellula ne wo ks. CDP allows de ices o connec o Cloud
and should be compa ible wi h di e en so wa e pla o ms (e.g. Ja a, And oid, e c.) in o de o
include as many de ices as possible. CDP is usually a se ice po al, which should co e billing
and policy con ol, bea e se ice, se ice o de ing and subsc ip ion, and SIM-ca d
managemen .
 Applica ion Enablemen Pla o m
A so wa e pla o m ha ac s as a common g ound o de elopmen o se ices and applica ions
on op o he physical in as uc u e. AEP can also p o ide an open en i onmen o
collabo a ion be ween indus ies and suppo inno a ion in he con ex o sma sus ainable
ci ies.
 M2M Da a
One e y impo an esou ce when in oducing Sma Ci y and M2M se ices is he da a
o igina ed o he End Use s on he ci y. Da a can be de ined as all he in o ma ion ob ained
om he usage o a numbe o se ices in he ci y en i onmen ; communica ion/In e ne
se ices, anspo a ion se ices, ene gy consump ion, ca -sha ing, pa king o logis ics. The

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added alue in Sma Ci y comes om ob aining a big amoun o da a, p ocess he da a and
ex ac use ul in o ma ion o decision making in he ci y.
 End Use
The inal goal o hese se ices is o p o ide use ul in o ma ion and se ices o he End Use ,
which will be able o make be e decisions on how o in e ac wi h he ci y. In he p o isioning o
se ices, a numbe o playe s a e in ol ed and i is no easible ha he End Use has ela ion
wi h hem all. The usual ela ions wi h he use a e wi h ei he he se ice p o ide o he M2M
de ice p o ide (in some cases). In his sense, he di e en s akeholde s a e sha ing his
esou ce e en hough no all o hem ha e di ec ela ion wi h i . I could be concluded ha
cus ome s a e he economic esou ce which a e subjec o be cul i a ed by he p oduce
MTC playe s in Sma Ci y
Since MTC e e s o u ilizing cellula echnologies as he access ne wo k o M2M se ices,
adi ional playe s in he mobile elephony alue ne wo k a e s ill ha e key ole in MTC alue
ne wo k. In his ega d, he MNOs as he ypical ca ie s ha con ol and ope a e cellula
ne wo ks a e capable o ope a ing he MTC ne wo k. Ne wo k Equipmen P o ide (NEP as he
adi ional manu ac u e s o he elecommunica ion equipmen , ypically p o ision he echnical
p ocu emen o he MNOs. Bu , acco ding o he shi in he alue chain, he NEPs ha e
ecen ly pa icipa ed in di e en oles ha his o ically ha e been assigned o aken ca e o by
o he s, such as MNOs. O e en oles like p o isioning new demands such as Connec i i y
Pla o ms. Based on p oposed desc ip ions o he cases and he gene al se up o o e ing any
se ice o he End Use (cus ome ), i e majo g oups o playe s can be iden i ied in he MTC
alue ne wo k. Besides he End Use s- hese playe s a e he mos likely en i ies who can own
ei he o he esou ces men ioned ea lie in o de o pe o m he ac i i ies. These playe s hen
a e:
a) End Use ,
b) Se ice P o ide ,
c) MTC Ne wo k Ope a o ,
d) Se ice P o ide , and
e) Managed Se ice P o ide .
Acco ding o he cases s udied, we showed ha he e a e o he playe s a he han adi ional
Telecom playe s who migh be e en mo e compe en in p o isioning any o he ac i i y blocks o
MTC (besides MNOs and TEVs). Fo ins ance, a specialized M2M cellula ne wo k ope a o
(MTC Ne wo k Ope a o ) can be conside ed a be e op ion o p o ision MTC ne wo k. Se ice
P o ide s o M2M solu ions also in some cases ake con ol o he en i e alue chain by
handling he End Use s; a p e iously dominan posi ion o MNOs (in Mobile Telephony). On he
o he hand, TEVs and MNOs ha e shown in e es in di e en ac i i y blocks. Ano he majo
playe in his se up is hen an en i y which pe o ms he ole o p o isioning CDPs. I can be
seen ha his ac i i y is mainly pe o med by he i ms who ha e a his o ic backg ound in
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p o isioning connec i i y in he sense o au oma ing connec ed de ices. Some examples can be
ei he ou sou cees o ne wo k ope a ions o MNOs o he ones which ha e been ac i e in
au oma ion o indus y e icals (e.g. Gene al Elec ics, Siemens, e c.).