D1.1 Refined scenarios and requirements, consolidated use cases, and qualitative techno-economic feasibility assessment

Mobile and wi eless communica ions Enable s o he Twen y- wen y In o ma ion Socie y-II Deli e able D1.1 Re ined scena ios and equi emen s, consolida ed use cases, and quali a i e echno-economic easibili y assessmen Ve sion: 1.0 2016-01-31 2 Deli e able D1.1 Re ined scena ios and equi emen s, consolida ed use cases, and quali a i e echno-economic easibili y assessmen G an Ag eemen Numbe : 671680 P ojec Name: Mobile and wi eless communica ions Enable s o he Twen y- wen y In o ma ion Socie y-II P ojec Ac onym: METIS-II Documen Numbe : METIS-II/D1.1 Documen Ti le: Re ined scena ios and equi emen s, consolida ed use cases, and quali a i e echno-economic easibili y assessmen Ve sion: 1.0 Deli e y Da e: 2016-01-31 Edi o s: Salah Eddine El Ayoubi (O ange), F édé ic Pujol (IDATE), Mikael Fallg en (E icsson) Au ho s: Salah Eddine El Ayoubi, Sébas ien Jeux, F édé ic Ma ache (O ange), F édé ic Pujol (IDATE), Mikael Fallg en (E icsson), Panagio is Spapis (HWDU), Changqing Yang (HWHQ), Ash a Widaa, Jan Ma kendahl, Ami hossein Ghanba i (KTH), Rauno Ruismäki, Mikko A. Uusi alo (Nokia), Wol gang Koenig (ALU), Alessand o T ogolo (TI), Isabelle Ko hals, Thomas Rosowski, Ge d Zimme mann (DT), Luis Campoy (TID), Jose F. Monse a , Da id Ma ín- Sac is án (UPV), Hans Scho en (UKL), Yinan Qi (Samsung), Shubh anshu Singh (ITRI), Pa ick Agyapong (DCM) Keywo ds: 5G use cases, spec um scena ios, 5G RAN business models S a us: Final 3 Dissemina ion le el: Public Abs ac This documen desc ibes scena ios, consolida ed use cases and associa ed equi emen s o wi eless access ne wo ks in he 2020-2030 ime ame. These a e based on METIS p ojec and also aking in o accoun wo k done in o he 5G p ojec s and o ums such as ITU-R and NGMN. The documen in oduces spec um au ho iza ion modes and desc ibes spec um usages scena ios, spec um bands and spec um demand o 5G se ices. Finally, his documen p o ides quali a i e echno-economic easibili y assessmen by analyzing main playe s in ol ed in se ice deli e y, om he adio access ne wo k poin o iew, and desc ibing hei mu ual posi ions and ela ionships. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 4 Execu i e summa y One objec i e o he METIS-II is o acili a e he discussion on scena ios, use cases, KPIs and equi emen s o 5G, building upon he comp ehensi e wo k conduc ed in he METIS p ojec [MET13-D11] and aking he wo k o o he Eu opean p ojec s and o he bodies such as ITU-R, NGMN e c. in o accoun . This documen iden i ies i e 5G use cases ha co e he h ee main se ices (xMBB, mMTC and uMTC), ha e s ingen equi emen s and whose echnical solu ions a e expec ed o se e also o o he simila use cases, as ollows: - he “Dense u ban in o ma ion socie y” use case is conce ned wi h he connec i i y equi ed a any place and a any ime by humans in dense u ban en i onmen s, - he “Vi ual eali y o ice” use case is ela ed o he e olu ion o oday‟s ele-p esence se ices in o high- esolu ion 3D e sions, which will allow people o ha e he amazing expe ience “as i you we e he e”, - he “B oadband access e e ywhe e” use case is ela ed o he cons an inc ease o he demand o e y high da a a e In e ne access a any ime and a any place and o he challenge o sa is ying he ubiqui ous capaci y demands o u u e use s in a eas wi h spa se ne wo k in as uc u e, such as sca cely popula ed a eas, u al and e en subu ban a eas, - he “Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s” use case co e s he massi e deploymen o low cos and low ene gy consump ion de ices ha need o communica e wi h o he de ices and wi h he ne wo k, - he “Connec ed ca s” use case add esses in o ma ion exchange among ehicles and wi h he in as uc u e o enable he p o ision o sa e y hin s o he d i e o wa nings abou he oad s a us. I also add esses xMBB se ices on-boa d o ca s. Ha ing de ined hese use cases, his documen add esses he analysis o he use cases and echnical solu ions de eloped in METIS-II om a quali a i e echno-economic easibili y poin o iew. This quali a i e assessmen consis s in explo ing he mobile access ne wo k ecosys em e olu ions, based on he spec um scena ios and he i s 5G RAN design conside a ions de eloped in METIS-II. We iden i ied he main cu en playe s in he Radio Access Ne wo k and p esen ed he possible e olu ions o hei posi ioning in he alue chain in he 5G e a. We also iden i ied new playe s ha may play impo an oles in 5G and iden i ied hei ela ionships wi h he classical playe s. These ecosys em e olu ions a e also highligh ed by a alue ne analysis, whe e mobile ope a o s occupy he cen e o he scene and he cu en and new playe s su ound hem wi hin ou ca ego ies: cus ome s, supplie s, compe i o s and complemen o s. In o de o be mo e speci ic, we end he documen wi h a de ailed analysis o he dense u ban in o ma ion socie y use case, whe e he oles o he key playe s a e p esen ed o di e en possible 5G ne wo k deploymen s a egies. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 5 Con en s Glossa y....................................................................................................................................10 1 In oduc ion ........................................................................................................................12 1.1 Objec i e o he documen ..........................................................................................12 1.2 S uc u e o he documen ...........................................................................................12 2 METIS-II 5G use cases ......................................................................................................13 2.1 Consolida ed use cases ..............................................................................................15 2.1.1 UC1: Dense u ban in o ma ion socie y .................................................................15 2.1.2 UC2: Vi ual eali y o ice .....................................................................................15 2.1.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e ...................................................................16 2.1.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s .............................................16 2.1.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s ...........................................................................................17 2.2 Re ined equi emen s ..................................................................................................17 3 5G spec um scena ios ......................................................................................................19 3.1 Spec um au ho iza ion modes and usage scena ios ..................................................19 3.2 Spec um bands o 5G gene ic se ices ....................................................................22 3.3 Spec um demand.......................................................................................................22 3.3.1 Spec um below 6 GHz ........................................................................................23 3.3.2 Resul o WRC-15 on bands abo e 6 GHz ...........................................................24 4 Ecosys em e olu ions ........................................................................................................25 4.1 Cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o ...................................................................25 4.1.1 Iden i ica ion o he main playe s and hei espec i e oles .................................25 4.1.2 P esen a ion o he cu en alue chains ..............................................................26 4.2 Gene al ends o he e olu ion o he alue chains ....................................................30 4.2.1 Assump ions on 5G a chi ec u e ..........................................................................30 4.2.2 E olu ions o he posi ioning o cu en playe s wi h 5G .......................................36 4.2.3 Iden i ica ion o new playe s in he 5G ield ..........................................................41 4.2.4 New alue chains .................................................................................................44 4.2.5 MTC Ac o s in Sma Ci y and he co esponding Value Ne wo k .........................48 4.2.6 E olu ions o he MNO-cen ic alue Ne ..............................................................50 4.3 Focus on he dense u ban in o ma ion socie y use case .............................................55 Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 6 4.3.1 E olu ion in RAN a chi ec u e and deploymen op ions ........................................55 4.3.2 Mapping ac o s o he oles: xMBB alue ne wo k ................................................57 5 Summa y ...........................................................................................................................61 6 Re e ences ........................................................................................................................62 A Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) ....................................................................................66 A.1 T a ic olume densi y .................................................................................................66 A.2 Expe ienced use h oughpu ......................................................................................68 A.3 La ency .......................................................................................................................69 A.4 Reliabili y ....................................................................................................................70 A.5 A ailabili y and e ainabili y .........................................................................................71 A.6 Ene gy consump ion/e iciency....................................................................................71 A.7 Cos ............................................................................................................................73 B Analysis o SOTA 5G use cases ........................................................................................75 B.1 Analysis o METIS-I use cases....................................................................................75 B.2 Analysis o EU p ojec s use cases ..............................................................................78 B.3 Analysis o NGMN use cases ......................................................................................81 B.4 Analysis o ITU-R usage scena ios .............................................................................83 B.5 3GPP S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s ..............................87 C METIS-II 5G use cases ......................................................................................................90 C.1 UC1: Dense u ban in o ma ion socie y ........................................................................90 C.1.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................90 C.1.2 KPIs and equi emen s ........................................................................................91 C.2 UC2: Vi ual eali y o ice.............................................................................................93 C.2.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................93 C.2.2 KPIs and equi emen s ........................................................................................94 C.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e ..........................................................................96 C.3.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................96 C.3.2 KPIs and equi emen s ........................................................................................96 C.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s ....................................................99 C.4.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ..................................................................................99 C.4.2 KPIs and equi emen s ...................................................................................... 100 Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 7 C.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s ................................................................................................ 102 C.5.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion ................................................................................ 102 C.5.2 KPIs and equi emen s ...................................................................................... 102 D De ailed analysis o he cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o .................................... 108 D.1.1 Iden i ica ion o he main playe s & desc ip ion o hei espec i e oles ............. 108 D.1.2 De ailed alue chains in he mobile sec o ......................................................... 121 Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 8 Lis o abb e ia ions and ac onyms 2G Second Gene a ion 3D Th ee Dimensions 3GPP Thi d Gene a ion Pa ne ship P ojec 4K e e s o a esolu ion o 4000 pixels 5G Fi h Gene a ion 5G-PPP 5G P i a e Public Pa ne ship ADSL Asymme ic Digi al Subsc ibe Line AEP Applica ion Enablemen Pla o m API Applica ion P og amming In e ace ARPU A e age Re enue Pe Use ATG Ai - o-G ound B2B Business- o-Business B2B2C Business- o-Business o-Cus ome B2C Business- o-Cus ome BB Base Band BBU Base band Uni C-RAN Cen alized/Cloud-Radio Access Ne wo k CAPEX CAPi al EXpendi u es CBRS Ci izens B oadband Radio Se ice CDN Con en Deli e y Ne wo k CDP Connec ed De ice Pla o m CEPT Eu opean Con e ence o Pos al and Telecommunica ions Adminis a ions CN Co e Ne wo k CP Con ol Plane CRM Cus ome Rela ionship Managemen D2D De ice- o-De ice DAS Dis ibu ed An enna Sys em dB decibel DL DownLink E2E End- o-End ECU Elec onic Con ol Uni FCC Fede al Communica ions Commission FM Facili y Manage GAA Gene alized Au ho ized Access GEO Geos a iona y Ea h O bi GPRS Gene al Packe Radio Se ice HARQ Hyb id Au oma ic Repea eQues HTHP High Towe High Powe HW Ha dwa e IaaS In as uc u e as a Se ice ICT In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology IEEE Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee s IMT In e na ional Mobile Telecommunica ions IMT-2000 e m used by ITU o a globally ha monized s anda ds o 3G IoO In e ne o Objec s IoT In e ne o Things ISP In e ne Se ice P o ide ITU In e na ional Telecommunica ion Union ITU-R ITU Radiocommunica ion Sec o ITS In elligen T anspo Sys ems KPI Key Pe o mance Indica o LAA Licensed-Assis ed Access LEO Low Ea h O bi LTLP Low Towe Low Powe LPWA Low Powe Wide A ea LSA Licensed Sha ed Access M2M Machine- o-Machine MAC Medium Access Con ol MBB Mobile B oadBand METIS Mobile and wi eless communica ions Enable s o he Twen y- wen y In o ma ion Socie y Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 9 MFCN Mobile/Fixed Communica ions Ne wo k MMC Massi e Machine Communica ion MNO Mobile Ne wo k Ope a o mMTC Massi e Machine-Type Communica ions MSP Managed Se ice P o ide MTC Machine Type Communica ion MVNO Mobile Vi ual Ne wo k Ope a o NaaS Ne wo k as a Se ice NEP Ne wo k Equipmen P o ide NF Ne wo k Func ion NFV Ne wo k Func ion Vi ualiza ion NGMN Nex Gene a ion Mobile Ne wo k NRA Na ional Regula o y Au ho i y NW Ne Wo k OPEX Ope a ional EXpendi u es OSS Ope a ional Suppo Sys em OTT O e The Top One T ip Time PaaS Pla o m as a Se ice PAL P io i y Access License PDCP Packe Da a Con e gence P o ocol PPDR Public P o ec ion and Disas e Relie PVNO P i a e Vi ual Ne wo k Ope a o QoE Quali y o Expe ience QoS Quali y o Se ice RAN Radio Access Ne wo k RAT Radio Access Technology RF Radio F equency RLC Radio Link Con ol RRC Radio Resou ce Con ol RTT Round T ip Time SCaaS Small Cell as a Se ice SCells Seconda y Cells SDN So wa e De ined Ne wo k SINR Signal- o-In e e ence-plus-Noise Ra io SMS Sho Message Se ice SON Sel -O ganising Ne wo k SW So wa e TC Tes Case Towe Company TOo5G Towe O e lay o e 5G UAV Unmanned Ae ial Vehicle UC Use Case UE Use Equipmen UHD Ul a-High De ini ion UL UpLink uMTC Ul a- eliable Machine-Type Communica ions UP Use Plane V2D Vehicle- o-De ice V2V Vehicle- o-Vehicle V2X Vehicle- o-Any hing Wi-Fi Wi eless local access ne wo k echnologies acco ding IEEE 802.11 speci ica ions and ce i ied by he Wi-Fi Alliance WRC-15 Wo ld Radiocommunica ion Con e ence 2015 WRC-19 Wo ld Radiocommunica ion Con e ence 2019 XaaS Any hing as a Se ice xMBB Ex eme Mobile B oadBand Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 16 2.1.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e The demand o e y high expe ienced use h oughpu In e ne access a any ime and a any place is cons an ly inc easing. The ubiqui ous capaci y demands o u u e use s will be challenging o sa is y in a eas wi h spa se ne wo k in as uc u e, such as sca cely popula ed a eas, u al and e en subu ban a eas. A consis en use expe ience wi h espec o h oughpu , needs a minimum expe ienced use h oughpu gua an eed e e ywhe e. The a ge alue o 50 Mbps e e ywhe e should be unde s ood as he minimum expe ienced use h oughpu and no a single use ‟s heo e ical peak a e. Fu he mo e, i is emphasized ha his use a e has o be deli e ed consis en ly ac oss he co e age a ea (i.e. e en a cell edges). Fu he mo e, he ba e y consump ion o sma phones and able e minals in a eas wi h low co e age inc eases signi ican ly due o highe p opaga ion losses. A a ge o 50% ene gy consump ion educ ion compa ed wi h legacy ne wo k should be achie ed bo h a ne wo k in as uc u e and a end use le el. While cell densi ica ion is p omising o boos ing capaci y in u u e u ban en i onmen , wide co e age solu ions as well as lexible, ene gy and cos e icien solu ions mus be de eloped in u u e wi eless communica ion sys ems o p o ide ubiqui ous co e age in subu ban and mo e o less emo e u al a eas. This is a new METIS use case buil on elemen s o a NGMN use case [NGM15] combined wi h some aspec s om he METIS-I es case se en (Blind spo s) in [MET13-D11]. This use case mainly add esses he use case amily xMBB. 2.1.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s The impo ance o his use case will g ow oge he wi h he massi e deploymen o low cos and o low ene gy consump ion de ices. In o de o ge he maximum o in o ma ion om hese de ices, o inc ease en i onmen al awa eness and be e use expe ience, he e is a need o hese de ices o be able o communica e wi h o he de ices, he ne wo k, o wi h o he mobile phones. People communica ing and exchanging con en can ake place in combina ion wi h ecei ing wind, i e and humidi y upda es om senso s. This use case is based on a es case ele en in [MET13- D11]. I mainly add esses he use case amily mMTC. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 17 2.1.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s The use o emo e se ices is also applicable a highe use mobili y, e.g. while d i ing ca s o using public anspo a ion, and no me ely aking place in slow mobili y o s a iona y se ings. Wi h highe use mobili y enabled on- he-way wo ke s as well as a leisu ed people can enjoy he bene i s o eal- ime emo e compu ing o mobile e minals. A he same ime he connec ed ca also p o ides a sa e and e icien jou ney ia he communica ion o i s su ounding. This communica ion enables he ca o a oid acciden s, bu i also enables o he ypes o a ic planning such as a oiding a ic jam queues and minimizing uel consump ion. The eby he connec ed ca enables a ic sa e y, e iciency and eal- ime emo e se ices. This use case is based on es cases eigh and wel e o METIS-I [MET13-D11]. I mainly add esses he use case amilies uMTC and xMBB. 2.2 Re ined equi emen s The main KPIs and equi emen s o he METIS-II use cases a e gi en in Table 2-1. The de ailed equi emen s a e gi en in Appendix C. Table 2-1: Summa y o main KPIs and equi emen s o each METIS-II use case. Use Case (UC) Key Pe o mance Indica o (KPI) Requi emen UC1 Dense u ban in o ma ion socie y Expe ienced use h oughpu 300 Mbps in DL and 50 Mbps in UL a 95% a ailabili y and 95% eliabili y E2E RTT la ency Less han 5 ms (augmen ed eali y applica ions) UC2 Vi ual eali y o ice Expe ienced use h oughpu 5 (1) Gbps wi h 20% (95%) a ailabili y in DL 5 (1) Gbps wi h 20% (95%) a ailabili y in UL bo h wi h 99% eliabili y UC3 B oadband access e e ywhe e Expe ienced use h oughpu 50 Mbps in DL and 25 Mbps in UL a 99% a ailabili y and 95% e ainabili y UC4 Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s A ailabili y 99.9% De ice densi y T a ic olume pe de ice 1 000 000 de ices/km2 F om ew by es pe day o 125 by es pe second UC5 Connec ed ca s E2E one-way la ency 5 ms ( a ic sa e y applica ions) Expe ienced use h oughpu 100 Mbps in DL and 20 Mbps in UL (se ice applica ions) a 99% a ailabili y and 95% eliabili y Vehicle eloci y Up o 250 km/h Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 18 These use cases, along wi h hei key equi emen s, a e illus a ed in Figu e 2-2. Figu e 2-2: The METIS-II 5G use cases and hei mapping o he 5G se ices. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 19 3 5G spec um scena ios In his sec ion he p elimina y 5G spec um scena ios a e in oduced. Spec um au ho iza ion modes and usage scena ios, spec um bands o he 5G gene ic se ices xMBB, mMTC and uMTC, and spec um demand a e conside ed. Globally ha monized equency bands below 6 GHz, as well as bands be ween 24 - 86 GHz unde s udy in ITU-R o IMT sys ems a e b ie ly e lec ed. 3.1 Spec um au ho iza ion modes and usage scena ios In gene al he use o adio spec um can be au ho ized in wo ways: Indi idual Au ho iza ion (Licensed) and Gene al Au ho iza ion (License Exemp / Unlicensed). Au ho iza ion modes ecognized as ele an o wi eless communica ions a e P ima y use mode, LSA (Licensed Sha ed Access) mode and Unlicensed mode. Fi e basic spec um usage scena ios can be iden i ied o hese au ho iza ion modes: dedica ed licensed spec um, limi ed spec um pool, mu ual en ing, e ical sha ing and unlicensed ho izon al sha ing (see Figu e 3-1, depic ing he ela ions be ween pa s o he domains which a e ei he necessa y (manda o y: con inuous lines) o supplemen a y (op ional: do ed lines)). Figu e 3-1: Spec um usage/sha ing scena ios [MET15-D54]. The gene al conclusion wi h ega d o spec um au ho iza ion o 5G is ha : Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 20  exclusi e licensed spec um is essen ial o he success o 5G o p o ide he expec ed QoS and o secu e in es men s,  sha ed spec um can be conside ed in addi ion, p o ided ha p edic able QoS condi ions a e main ained, e.g. by LSA egime,  license-exemp spec um migh be sui able as a supplemen a y op ion o ce ain applica ions, o ins ance using he LAA (License-Assis ed Access) scheme explained below. In Eu ope LSA is he ecognized app oach by CEPT (Eu opean Con e ence o Pos al and Telecommunica ions Adminis a ions) o adminis a ions wishing o in oduce Mobile/Fixed Communica ions Ne wo ks (MFCN) in he band 2300-2400 MHz while main aining he cu en incumben use [ECC14-DEC02], [ECC14-REP205]. Di e en LSA ials a e cu en ly on-going in Eu ope. In he US, he FCC has announced he i s se o ules o he band 3550-3700 MHz, e med Ci izens B oadband Radio Se ice (CBRS), o enable deploymen o ela i ely low powe ed ne wo k echnologies like small cells [FCC15-47]. The ules equi e a Spec um Access Sys em (SAS) based on exclusion/p o ec ion zones and sensing o implemen a h ee- ie ed egula o y amewo k in which incumben s ope a e in he op ie , P io i y Access License (PAL) use s ope a e in he second ie and Gene alized Au ho ized Access (GAA) use s ope a e in he hi d ie (Figu e 3-2). Figu e 3-2: FCC Te minology a 3.5 GHz [KRB15]. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 21 The incumben s which ha e he highes p io i y spec um access can equi e all seconda y sys ems in a spa ial egion o elinquish all o po ions o spec um a any ime. To he seconda y de ices om he PAL ie exclusi e channels a e alloca ed ha p o ide gua an eed in e e ence p o ec ion, simila o adi ional long e m licenses. The GAA ie p o ides no in e e ence p o ec ion and he e o e, allows mul iple independen ne wo ks o use a gi en channel no used by incumben o PAL use s. LAA is an inno a i e app oach o unlicensed ho izon al sha ing in he Unlicensed mode ha aims a enabling he ope a ion o LTE in he 5 GHz unlicensed spec um o low powe Seconda y Cells (SCells). 3GPP has conduc ed a co esponding s udy [3GPP14-LAA], summa izing he necessa y modi ica ions o LTE and he ele an egula o y equi emen s (e.g. o achie e co-exis ence wi h Wi-Fi). LAA a ge s ca ie agg ega ion ope a ion in which one o mo e low powe SCells a e ope a ing in unlicensed spec um. LAA deploymen s encompass scena ios wi h and wi hou mac o co e age, bo h ou doo and indoo small cell deploymen s, and bo h co-loca ion and non-co- loca ion (wi h ideal backhaul) be ween licensed and unlicensed ca ie s. Figu e 3-3 shows ou LAA deploymen scena ios, whe e he numbe o licensed ca ie s and he numbe o unlicensed ca ie s can be one o mo e. Figu e 3-3: LAA deploymen scena ios [3GPP14-LAA]. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 22 Based on he s udy esul s, 3GPP adop ed a wo k i em o speci y suppo o DL ansmissions o LAA SCells o Release 13. Speci ica ion o suppo o UL ansmissions o LAA SCells is planned o be added in u u e eleases, wi hou modi ica ions o he DL design. 3.2 Spec um bands o 5G gene ic se ices The ollowing gene al conclusions on he sui abili y o spec um bands o he 5G gene ic se ices as de ined by METIS – xMBB, mMTC and uMTC - can be d awn:  Fo xMBB, a mix u e o equency spec um comp ising lowe bands o bo h co e age pu poses and da a a ic, and highe bands wi h la ge con iguous bandwid h o cope wi h he e e -inc easing a ic demand, including wi eless backhaul solu ions, is equi ed. Exclusi e licensed spec um is essen ial o gua an ee he co e age obliga ion and QoS, supplemen ed by spec um au ho ized by o he licensing egimes, e.g. LSA o unlicensed access (e.g. Wi-Fi o load) o new enhanced unlicensed access schemes (e.g. LAA) o inc ease o e all spec um a ailabili y.  Fo some mMTC applica ions, equency spec um below 6 GHz is mos sui able and spec um below 1 GHz is needed in pa icula when la ge co e age a eas and good pene a ion a e needed. Exclusi e licensed spec um is he p e e ed op ion. Howe e , o he licensing egimes migh be conside ed depending on speci ic applica ion equi emen s.  Licensed spec um is conside ed mos app op ia e o uMTC. Fo sa e y V2V and V2X communica ion he equency band 5875-5925 MHz ha monized o In elligen T anspo Sys ems (ITS) [ECC08-DEC01] is an op ion. Ano he op ion is he sub-1GHz spec um, pa icula ly well-sui ed o high-speed applica ions and u al en i onmen s. 3.3 Spec um demand The a ie y o 5G se ices, scena ios and use cases pu s high demands on u u e mobile ne wo ks wi h ega d o co e age, capaci y and eliabili y, o which he a ailabili y o a spec um amoun o se e al GHz is equi ed, o be sough in a combina ion o sui able equency bands alloca ed o he mobile se ice. An example in [MET15-R31] wi h an assumed a ic inc ease o xMBB applica ion 4K ideo up o 70 Gbps/km2 in he yea 2025 shows ha addi ional bandwid h o se e al hund eds o MHz pe ope a o will be needed. Ano he example in [MET15-R31] shows ha uMTC also needs simila bandwid hs as xMBB, i.e. in he o de o se e al hund eds o MHz, due o he o e all impac o la ency and eliabili y equi emen s and he amoun o de ices a he same ime. The use case “Vi ual eali y o ice” has been de ec ed as he mos bandwid h demanding scena io e alua ed in he METIS p ojec [MET14-D53]. The assump ions conside ed o ca y Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 23 ou he analysis we e spec um agnos ic, bu depending on he ac ual SINR dis ibu ions achie able (which a he end will depend on he echnology componen s pe o mance in he selec ed scena io), leading o he ou comes summa ized in Table 3-1. These e alua ions ha e been ocused on he spec um needs, independen o a speci ic equency ange, and he e o e ep esen a good s a ing poin o balance he bandwid h equi emen wi h he echnology componen s pe o mance, and wi h he ne wo k deploymen . Table 3-1: Bandwi h demand o “Vi ual eali yo ice” [MET14-D53]. A ailable bandwid h Mean alues o SINR dis ibu ion needed in he ne wo k 4500 MHz 5 - 10 dB 3000 MHz 10 - 15 dB 1500 MHz ˃ 20 dB The alues p esen ed in Table 3-1 a e om he METIS-I p ojec and migh be e isi ed du ing he METIS-II p ojec . 3.3.1 Spec um below 6 GHz Spec um equi emen s o he yea 2020 ha e been calcula ed o p e-IMT sys ems, IMT-2000, and i s enhancemen s, and IMT-Ad anced [ITU-2290]. Due o di e ences in ma ke s, deploymen s, and imings o he mobile da a g ow h in di e en coun ies, wo se ings ha e been e alua ed o cha ac e ize lowe and highe use densi y se ings. The esul s a e p esen ed in Table 3-2. Table 3-2: To al spec um demand calcula ion o he yea 2020. To alspec um equi emen s o “P e-IMT sys ems, IMT-2000 and i s enhancemen s, and IMT-ad anced”in heyea 2020 Lowe use densi y se ings 1340 MHz Highe use densi y se ings 1960 MHz Spec um bands cu en ly iden i ied o IMT in he ITU-R Radio Regula ions will ha e o cope wi h he mobile a ic demand un il he yea 2020. In Eu ope, o example, he o e all amoun o spec um iden i ied o IMT is 1232 MHz, howe e , no all o hose IMT iden i ied bands a e a ailable o mobile communica ions in e e y coun y. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 24 3.3.2 Resul o WRC-15 on bands abo e 6 GHz WRC-15 has ag eed ha ITU-R will conduc and comple e in ime o WRC-19 he app op ia e sha ing and compa ibili y s udies by 31 Ma ch 2017, o he equency bands:  24.25-27.5 GHz, 37-40.5 GHz, 42.5-43.5 GHz, 45.5-47 GHz, 47.2-50.2 GHz, 50.4-52.6 GHz, 66-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz, which ha e alloca ions o he mobile se ice on a p ima y basis; and  31.8-33.4 GHz, 40.5-42.5 GHz and 47-47.2 GHz, which may equi e addi ional alloca ions o he mobile se ice on a p ima y basis. Some o hese equency bands enable wide con iguous bandwid hs which would enable o cope wi h he spec um equi emen s o high bandwid h demanding xMBB applica ions. Fo he s udy in ime o WRC-19, de elopmen o new me hodology o he spec um equi emen es ima e should be he p io i y, conside ing he 5G en i onmen . Mo eo e , he new me hodology should ake in o accoun 5G sys em equi emen s and i s applica ions om he use cases o ocus on 5G ha can make people enjoy new se ices in e ms o highe da a a e, so called „applica ion-based app oach‟. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 25 4 Ecosys em e olu ions This sec ion builds on he 5G use cases and spec um scena ios desc ibed abo e and on RAN a chi ec u al conside a ions o cons uc p elimina y business models. Sec ion 4.1 s a s by desc ibing he cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o . Sec ion 4.2 p esen s he gene al ends o he e olu ion o he alue chains by iden i ying new ac o s and hei ela ionships. Sec ion 4.3 ocuses on business models o he dense u ban in o ma ion socie y use case. 4.1 Cu en alue chains in he mobile sec o 4.1.1 Iden i ica ion o he main playe s and hei espec i e oles This sec ion p esen s he main exis ing playe s h ough he RAN, which a e in ol ed in he mobile se ice alue chain and hei espec i e oles. De ails a e gi en in Appendix D.1.1. Figu e 4-1 p o ides an o e iew o cu en main playe s in ol ed in adio connec i i y se ices. The oles o MNOs, MVNOs, ou sou cing playe s, de ice manu ac u e s and OTTs/con en owne s a e de ailed in Sec ion 4.1.2 as hey a e di ec ly p esen in he mobile ne wo ks alue chain. O he playe s a e also p esen ed in Figu e 4-1, whose oles a e mo e ela ed o speci ic se ices like in- ligh connec i i y, M2M and IoT and Public sa e y and public p o ec ion playe s; hei alue chains a e de ailed in Appendix D. Figu e 4-1: An illus a ion he main exis ing playe s ha e ol e a ound he RAN. Radio Access Ne wo k MNOs and MVNOs playe s Ou sou cing playe s Public Sa e y and Public P o ec ion and Disas e Relie s playe s IoT/MTC playe s Con en owne s & OTTs playe s De ice manu ac u e s, In- ligh connec i i y Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 32 F om an end cus ome pe spec i e a NW slice is seen as an independen ne wo k. Howe e , in con as o deploying independen ne wo k in as uc u es as i was he case in o me mobile adio gene a ions, i will be ealized oge he wi h o he slices on a common in as uc u e laye (also e e ed o as “ i ual ne wo k”), also including asse s such as spec um. In his way, he in as uc u e and asse s u iliza ion is likely o be much mo e cos and ene gy e icien . The slicing concep is en isioned o u he allow o a much as e se -up o new se ices and applica ions o modi ica ion o exis ing ones. Gene ally, a slice is an abs ac ne wo k ha has o be ins an ia ed o add ess he in as uc u e esou ces. Se e al ins ances o he same slice a e possible, each o hem being cus omized ia a sui able alloca ion o NFs and/o hei pa ame e iza ion ou o a numbe o po en ial al e na i e NFs. No e ha a slice may be s a ically con igu ed, o dynamically ins an ia ed o e-con igu ed o e ime. A slice inally desc ibes an end- o-end ela ion, i.e. i s unc ionali ies also co e he 5G de ice pa . In p inciple, hi d pa ies (e.g. e icals, MVNOs, OTT se ice p o ide s) can c ea e and manage hei own ne wo ks ia he co esponding APIs (known as “any hing as a se ice”, XaaS). Figu e 4-6: Examples o 5G ne wo k slices [NGM15]. E en i NW slices a e seen as sepa a ed NWs (only on logical le el) i is s ill equi ed o e icien ly use common esou ces such as adio spec um, adio in as uc u e, and anspo be ween he slices. Only in special cases (based e.g. on egula o y and/o legal equi emen s) i is assumed ha dedica ed esou ces a e s a ically assigned o a single slice. The de ailed ealiza ion o he NW slicing concep in he 5G RAN is one o he esea ch ields in METIS-II ( isibili y o “ adio slices”, esou ce and QoS managemen , slice isola ion e.g. o secu i y pu poses, e c.). Acco ding o Figu e 4-6, CP and UP NFs o a slice can be lexibly placed acco ding o he needs o se ice cha ac e is ics (la ency, h oughpu , QoS, e c.) on he unde lying in as uc u e laye nodes conside ing he capabili ies o hose nodes w. . . anspo , p ocessing and s o age capaci y. One example is he suppo o low-la ency applica ions whe e some NFs may be Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 33 placed a he mobile edge, e.g. di ec ly on access nodes o al e na i ely in a Cloud-RAN node (see also [MET15-64]). E en i he SDN/NFV concep is so ening he sepa a ion be ween RAN and CN in a u u e 5G sys em, METIS-II s ill assumes a logical spli be ween he 2 pa s as a s a ing poin (see Figu e 4-7). Figu e 4-7: Possible logical 5G RAN a chi ec u e (se es as s a ing poin o he in es iga ions in METIS-II). This logical spli is seen as bene icial o he ollowing easons:  I allows o an independen e olu ion o RAN and CN unc ionali y;  I enables o make he CN unc ions o a leas a subse o hem access agnos ic (e.g. common UP p ocessing);  I acili a es mobili y since some CN unc ions (CP and/o UP) can be kep (ancho ed) when UEs mo e o a new RAN node;  A logical sepa a ion does no o bid c oss-laye op imiza ions in some deploymen s when he unc ions a e co-deployed;  A logical sepa a ion also allows mul i- endo CN/RAN in e ope abili y. METIS-II ini ially assumes ha he new CN/RAN in e ace, called he ein S1*, will ha e he S1 in e ace [3GPP15-36300] as s a ing poin bu wi hou necessa ily backwa d compa ibili y equi emen s. W. . . he CN, he ollowing unc ionali ies a e assumed o be co e ed:  Mobili y ancho ing (e.g. o in e -RAN node mobili y, including in e -RAT mobili y), add essing, oaming unc ionali y; Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 34  QoS con ol, cha ging, policy en o cemen , con ex awa eness;  A ach and au hen ica ion signaling including secu i y key gene a ion. An impo an aspec in 5G will be he enhanced in eg a ion o access echnologies on lowe laye s o he adio p o ocol s ack esul ing in op imized join esou ce managemen and inc eased pe o mance and eliabili y e.g. by applying mul i-connec i i y links on UP and/o CP ac oss di e en 5G ai in e ace a ian s. Whe eas he in eg a ion o e ol ed LTE-A (which is seen as pa o he 5G ai in e ace amily) wi h no el 5G ai in e ace a ian s is expec ed o happen on PDCP/RRC laye (o 5G equi alen ), a igh in eg a ion o no el a ian s may go down o he MAC laye . The inally achie able pe o mance will be also s ongly dependen on he de ice capabili ies, as e.g. mMTC de ices like senso s will – in con as o u u e-p oo ed sma phones o xMBB pu poses – p obably only suppo single ai in e ace a ian s due o cos easons (pa ly also addi ional es ic ion o a single equency band). Mo e sophis ica ed 5G de ices will be able o lexibly ac as an in as uc u e ne wo k node as well, e.g. a sel -backhauled, possibly nomadic access node [MET15-64]). W. . . in as uc u e deploymen aspec s, he key assump ions on he physical RAN a chi ec u e a e s a ed in he o m o ou ep esen a i e scena ios depic ed in Figu e 4-8. These scena ios ha e been chosen and de ined such ha hey e lec in a simpli ied o m he co ne cases o deploymen ha can be expec ed in he 5G ime ame (e.g. deploymen o no el 5G adio si es in addi ion o exis ing LTE-A si es, co-deploymen o LTE-A and no el 5G adio, wide-sp ead usage o sel -backhauling, s and-alone si es and baseband (BB) hos elling e c.) Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 35 Figu e 4-8: Physical RAN a chi ec u e scena ios conside ed. The scena ios a e de ailed in he ollowing:  Scena io 1 depic s a case whe e he same o di e en ai in e ace a ian s a e se ed om wo geog aphically sepa a ed si es, and whe e he connec ion be ween he si es and om he si es o he nex agg ega ion poin a e p one o non-ideal backhaul, which could o ins ance be modeled as in [3GPP14-36932]. Fo simplici y, i is assumed ha CN unc ionali y also esides a he agg ega ion poin , hence he e is no u he la ency in ol ed beyond he agg ega ion poin . As an op ion, mul iple ai in e ace a ian s (e.g. LTE-A and a no el 5G ai in e ace a ian ) could be se ed in a co-loca ed way.  Scena io 2 depic s he case whe e cen alized p ocessing is applied o all cells, and di e en spa ially sepa a ed access nodes a e se ed wi h ideal o non-ideal on haul, depending on he RAN unc ional spli ha is deployed.  Scena io 3 is simila o Scena io 2, bu conside s mul iple clus e s o cen alized p ocessing, each se ing mul iple adio si es ha a e assumed o be connec ed ia ideal on haul. The connec ions be ween he cen alized p ocessing clus e s, howe e , a e assumed o be p one o non-ideal backhaul. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 36  Scena io 4 builds upon Scena ios 1-3, bu now depic s a case whe e wo addi ional access nodes es ablish wi eless backhaul links o si es wi h wi ed backhaul. 4.2.2 E olu ions o he posi ioning o cu en playe s wi h 5G MNOs & MVNOs playe s:  Bo h playe s a e adi ional mobile ope a o s. They cu en ly p o ide a mobile se ice o cus ome s and manage his end cus ome ela ionship.  A mobile i ual ne wo k ope a o (MVNO) does no possess any spec um alloca ion o mobile access in as uc u e, wha e e he echnology used. MVNOs sign a con ac wi h a mobile ne wo k ope a o (MNO) ha holds a equency license and a mobile ne wo k in as uc u e. Table 4-1: Mobile ope a o s & MVNOs posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion MNO Builds and ope a es he mobile ne wo k Manages subsc ibe ela ionships o bo h e ail and wholesale ma ke s Con en p o ision Gene aliza ion o he ixed adio access p o ision Mo e ocus on IoT and e ical ma ke s ( o coun e declining e enues on he consume ma ke ) Ge ing highe in he alue chain by p oposing IT / big da a se ices MVNO Buys capaci y o MNOs and manages subsc ibe ela ionships. In some cases MVNO ope a es pa o co e ne wo k May own SIM ca ds May ope a e mo e elemen s o he co e ne wo k O he access ne wo ks:  WiFi access p o ide s use unlicensed spec um and a e usually loca ed in la ge-scale enues whe e people a e likely o use high-speed in e ne (ai po s, co ee shops, ho els, uni e si ies...).Fo a mobile ope a o , a highe densi y o WiFi ho spo s also means mo e possibili ies o o load a ic on he ixed ne wo k and hus educe he a ic load on he adio access ne wo k.  LPWA (Low Powe Wide A ea) playe s use dedica ed echnology o low powe and low expe ienced use h oughpu in unlicensed spec um. Unsu p isingly, many di e en playe s a e s epping in he Low Powe Wide A ea/IoT ield. LPWA pu e p o ide s a e Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 37 ope a o s managing a ne wo k in as uc u e (SigFox). O he playe s (LoRa, Neul) p o ide access connec i i y (no he backhaul connec i i y as a adi ional playe ).  Sa elli e ope a o s use elecommunica ions sa elli es which a e usually placed in Geos a iona y Ea h O bi and Low Ea h O bi wi h a numbe o speci ic echnical equi emen s o elecom sys ems o ope a e (no ably la ge cons ella ions o small sa elli es, equency coo dina ion). Table 4-2: WiFi, LPWA, sa elli e playe s ole. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion WiFi access p o ide Ope a e WiFi access poin s Sells wholesale and e ail se ices Manages subsc ibe ela ionships Small cells ope a ion mainly on unlicenced spec um, wi h possible in eg a ion wi h 5G ne wo ks. Small cell as a se ice (SCaaS) LPWA (Low Powe Wide A ea) ope a o s Deploy and ope a e dedica ed ne wo ks o IoT Possible in eg a ion wi h 5G ne wo ks (cell si e sha ing, RAN in eg a ion? in eg a ion o unlicensed bands?) Sa elli e ope a o Limi ed p o ision o na owband mobile se ices wi h LEO cons ella ions (e.g. I idium, Inma sa ) Possible o e ing in on haul/backhaul in eg a ion wi h e es ial ne wo ks. Use o non-GEO cons ella ions wi h educed la ency. Mul icas app oach in combina ion wi h e es ial ne wo ks. Use o MTC in u al a eas RAN Ou sou cing playe s:  Towe companies a e in posi ion o go u he han hei cu en ole o en ing space o MNOs‟ base s a ions and could ope a e pa o he RAN.  Facili y manage s such as building o s adium manage s a e gene ally in ol ed in mobile co e age/capaci y h ough DAS (Dis ibu ed An enna Sys ems) ope a ion. They usually pay a specialized company o DAS ins alla ion.  U ban u ni u e manage s: Today, small cells a e being deployed on u ban s ee u ni u e such as s ee lamps, u ili y poles, bus s ops, benches o billboa ds h ough Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 38 pa ne ships be ween equipmen endo s and ad e ising companies. Deploymen o small cells in s ee u ni u e is expec ed o enhance co e age and ne wo k capaci y in highly popula ed a eas o mee he u u e cus ome demand.  Equipmen manu ac u e s: A ew yea s ago, elecom ope a o s acknowledged ha hey could no be p esen in e e y segmen o he alue chain and c ea e mo e alue by se ing up pa ne ships wi h la ge-scale playe s. This leads o inno a ions o changes in model o managemen such as, o example, ou sou cing passi e o ac i e in as uc u e o sha ing ixed o mobile ne wo ks. Equipmen manu ac u e s a e well posi ioned o he RAN ou sou cing ole due o hei expe ise in ha domain. Table 4-3: RAN Ou sou cing playe s ole. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion Towe company Build, own, ope a e, main ain owe asse s Build cus omized/g een si es Ren owe s o MNO ( ixed powe and uel cos / adi ional pass- h ough cos ) Could ope a e he RAN / pa s o RANs Facili y manage Ope a e DAS (mainly indoo en i onmen ) Could ope a e small cells (SCaaS) Could o e elecoms access in a building using mobile in as uc u e wi h backhauling ia a ibe op ic a he bo om o he building U ban u ni u e manage Build, own and ope a e u ban u ni u e Ren esou ces on a pay-as-you-go model Could ins all base s a ions, ope a e pa s o RAN (small cells) Equipmen manu ac u e s Ou sou cing and se ice managemen Ope a ion o wholesale mobile ne wo k IoT/MTC playe s:  In eg a o s & IT companies: Sys em in eg a o s o so wa e companies ha e s ong capabili ies in da a and in so wa e, especially in analy ics. As he alue chain is disassembling in many ma ke s and as ha dwa e is now commodi ized, in eg a o s e- assemble ce ain unc ions and p o ide packaged se ices in a “so wa iza ion” mo e. IT Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 39 companies a e mainly posi ioned on he p o essional ma ke s (Machine- o-Machine (M2M) and In e ne o Objec s) on he IT side and da a managemen h ough hei cloud se ices (based on hei da a cen e a ms).  Ve ical ma ke playe s encompass ca manu ac u e s in he au omo i e business, hospi als/doc o s in he heal h indus y…, ha will be pa o he enla ged elecom ecosys em in he nea e m as elecom is sp eading in many e icals. The e icals will de elop new se ices, new p ocesses and new business models, hanks o o e ed obus , a o dable ansmission and au oma ed collec ion o da a. Table 4-4: IoT/MTC playe s posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion In eg a o s S ong capabili ies in da a and so wa e Connec i i y p o ision IT companies P o ide Cloud se ices Le e age on da a o p o ide be e se ices and solu ions Ve ical ma ke playe s Buy connec i i y om MNOs Play a ole in se ice c ea ion & ope a ion Public Sa e y and Public P o ec ion and Disas e Relie playe s (PPDR):  Cu en non-b oadband dedica ed public sa e y sys ems mainly use he 400 MHz and he 700-800 MHz bands wo ldwide. Spec um abo e 1 GHz suppo s also a a ie y o PPDR ope a ions o empo a y use only. A numbe o hese PPDR ne wo ks ha e been deployed all o e he wo ld. Table 4-5: Public sa e y playe s posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion Dedica ed Public Sa e y Build, own and ope a e Public Sa e y / PPDR ne wo ks P o ide unused capaci y du ing non-c i ical hou s o ope a ion o 5G ope a o s Public Sa e y MVNO Sell mobile se ices o end-use s Ren capaci y o 5G ope a o s Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 40 Con en owne s, OTTs:  Con en owne s a e speci ically in ol ed in con en c ea ion and adap a ion o mobile de ices. They a e esponsible o he accu acy o he con en . The consump ion o con en has g adually e ol ed om a model mainly based on owne ship o con en (physical media o a digi al copy) o a model based on access o a ee (ad-suppo ed) and/o subsc ip ion se ice.  The well-known O e -The-Top (OTT) playe s a e se ing hei cus ome s o e he In e ne ( oice h ough VoIP and messaging a e he wo i s se ices p o ided). They a e p o iding an in eg a ed p oduc o e he In e ne and bypassing adi ional dis ibu ion. Se ices ha come o e he op a e, i no always, lowe in cos han he adi ional me hod o deli e y. Howe e , hey ha e lowe QoS han se ices p o ided by MNOs. Table 4-6: Con en owne s and OTT posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion Con en owne s C ea ion o he con en , adap a ion o mul iple de ices No ole expec ed in adio access OTTs P o ision o se ices h ough he in e ne ee o cha ge MVNO p o iding mobile communica ions se ices O he playe s  Ob iously, de ice manu ac u e s a e designing and ma ke ing de ices di ec ly o use s and o elecom ope a o s. De ices a e s ill cen al o he elecom ma ke and a e con inuing o de elop in e m o be e pe o mances.  Today, in- ligh connec i i y on comme cial ai lines is p o ided h ough ai - o-g ound and sa elli e ne wo ks. In- ligh connec i i y is p o ided on a wholesale basis and on a e ail basis. Table 4-7: O he playe s posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion De ice manu ac u e s Sell handse s o cus ome s and mobile ope a o s Wi h i ualized SIM ca d, de ice manu ac u e s could manage cus ome s ela ionship In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s Sell in- ligh connec i i y di ec ly o he use o h ough he ai line In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s could manage he use ela ionship widely Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 41 4.2.3 Iden i ica ion o new playe s in he 5G ield In i s 5G Whi e Pape [NGM15], NGMN desc ibes new business models expec ed wi h 5G. New business oles desc ibed in his documen make e e ence o asse p o ide , connec i i y p o ide and pa ne se ice p o ide . In his sec ion, we use he p e ious sec ion on he iden i ica ion o he cu en playe s and NGMN‟s inpu as a basis o iden i y new playe s/ oles in he 5G ield. Connec i i y p o ide s The business models associa ed o connec i i y p o ide s can be di e en ia ed be ween “basic” and “en iched” models and a e he ollowing:  Basic connec i i y p o ide s: in his model, only bes e o IP connec i i y is p o ided. This is he « dumb pipe » model o mobile ope a o and we can include WiFi access p o ide s in he same model. In he yea s o come, we migh see new playe s such as sa elli e se ice p o ide s, LPWA playe s, loons‟ playe s… Wi-Fi i s playe s such as Google wi h i s Google-Fi o e , which use WiFi as he p ima y connec ion op ion and swi ch o mobile ne wo k only as a “backup solu ion” could play a bigge ole in bundling o he access ne wo ks as well (sa elli e, LPWA, loons…). In he ene gy sec o , an example o basic connec i i y p o ide is an e olu ion o he MVNO concep called PVNO (P i a e Vi ual Ne wo k Ope a o ). The ene gy g ids long- e m needs a e no ul illed by exis ing mobile ne wo ks leading he playe s o his sec o o become MVNOs and o ake ull o pa ial con ol o a wi eless ne wo k. The PVNO could con ol elemen s o he co e ne wo k such as cus ome da abase and he SIM ca ds. In coun ies like he Ne he lands and F ance, u ili ies ha e buil cellula ne wo ks and we e awa ded spec um (in he 450 MHz band) o hei own needs.  Enhanced connec i i y p o ide s could inc ease ope a o di e en ia ion h ough ne wo k quali y/ eliabili y/mobili y/con igu abili y. Public Sa e y playe s, new MVNOs p o iding M2M en iched se ices ( o e ical sec o s, o secu i y pu poses…) could appea in his ield. The b oadcas ing sec o could also p opose a new model called TOo5G o „Towe O e lay o e 5G‟ in which he b oadcas ope a o would use i s HTHP (high owe high powe ) in as uc u e; he la e being al eady in place and se es o digi al e es ial ele ision (DTT) se ices. This dedica ed b oadcas ing in as uc u e would p o ide b oadcas and mul icas se ices (such as ideo s eaming) wi h lowe ansmission cos s han in unicas mode, bu he iabili y o his solu ion will depend on he 5G design choices (in eg a ion o DVB-like ai in e aces in 5G) and on he de elopmen o e ol ed MBMS (Mul imedia B oadcas Mul icas Se ices) solu ions. Asse p o ide s The asse p o ide ole co e s bo h ne wo k sha ing models and XaaS models. As explained in Sec ion 4.2.1, XaaS is a collec i e e m ha e e s o e e y hing as a se ice (o any hing as a se ice). Wi h XaaS, e e y hing can be accessed on demand ia he cloud. XaaS gi es a i s Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 48 Figu e 4-12: Pa ne se ice p o ide alue chain. 4.2.5 MTC Ac o s in Sma Ci y and he co esponding Value Ne wo k A sus ainable Sma Ci y is o en de ined as an inno a i e ci y ha uses In o ma ion and Communica ion Technology (ICT) and o he means o imp o e quali y o li e, e iciency o u ban ope a ion and se ices, and compe i i eness, while ensu ing ha i mee s he needs o p esen and u u e gene a ions wi h espec o economic, social and en i onmen al aspec s [ITU- FGSSC-15]. Focusing on he communica ion pa , he ole o ICT on one hand is o collec in o ma ion om he machines and send hem o he applica ions; and on he o he hand i should ans e he “sma ness” om applica ions o machines. Conside ing 5G as he pa adigm shi in ICT ha is supposed o enable Sma Ci ies, his sys em should include many high echnical equi emen s ha a e highly in eg a i e wi h o he indus ies. This in eg a ion hen happens ia Machine o Machine (M2M) communica ion solu ions. The ole o M2M solu ions is hen o sense, analyze and in eg a e he key in o ma ion o co e sys ems in ci ies. As a esul , he ele ance o ICT in Sma Ci ies is wo old: i s , how o enable a Ho izon aliza ion pla o m o o he indus y e icals and second, in eg a ing ICT in as uc u e in o he indus ies in ol ed. Looking in o he Sma Ci y ecosys em, he ne wo k o supplie s [LGM-15] includes ICT p o ide s and subsequen ly M2M p o ide s. Conside ing M2M echnologies as he enabling ICT Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 49 ool o ci ies o become sma , hen MTC would be he pa whe e Cellula Telecommunica ion Ne wo ks come in o he play. This highligh s he ole o Telecom ac o s in Sma Ci ies. A he same ime, hese changes may no occu unless he new alue chain and alue ne wo k can hos speci ic demands and new ac o s o Sma Ci y [GAM-15]. Since MTC co esponds o u ilizing cellula echnologies as he access ne wo k o M2M se ices, adi ional ac o s in he mobile elephony alue ne wo k a e iably ac i e he e as well. Mobile Ne wo k Ope a o s (MNO) as he ypical ca ie s ha con ol and ope a e cellula ne wo ks a e capable o ope a ing he MTC ne wo k. Telecom Equipmen Vendo s (TEV) as he adi ional manu ac u e s o he elecommunica ion equipmen , ypically p o ision he echnical p ocu emen o he MNOs. Bu , acco ding o he shi in he alue chain, he TEVs ha e ecen ly pa icipa ed in di e en oles ha his o ically ha e been assigned o aken ca e o by o he s; such as MNOs. E en oles like p o isioning new demands such as Connec i i y Pla o ms a e now being p o isioned by some TEVs. Figu e 4-13 illus a es he majo business ela ions o MNOs and TEVs in he Mobile Telephony case. A Managed Se ice P o ide (MSP) is ypically an en i y ha o e s end- o-end solu ions; such as ne wo k ope a ion managemen in his case. Based on p oposed MTC Ac i i ies, Resou ces, Ac o s, and mos impo an ly he amewo k in oduced in Figu e D-10 (in Appendix D1.2), i e majo g oups o ac o s can be iden i ied in he MTC alue ne wo k. Besides he End Use s (EU), hese ac o s a e he mos likely en i ies who can own ei he o he esou ces men ioned ea lie in o de o pe o m MTC ac i i ies. These ac o s a e: a) End Use , b) Se ice P o ide , c) MTC ne wo k ope a o , d) De ice P o ide , and e) MSP. Figu e 4-13 Two adi ional Value Ne wo ks o Mobile Telephony. Acco ding o he cases s udied ea lie , we showed ha a he han adi ional Telecom ac o s (i.e. MNOs and TEVs), he e a e o he ac o s who migh be e en mo e compe en in p o isioning any o he ac i i y blocks o MTC. Fo ins ance, a specialized M2M cellula ne wo k ope a o (MTC ne wo k ope a o ) can be conside ed a be e op ion o p o ision MTC ne wo k. Se ice P o ide s o M2M solu ions also in some cases ake con ol o he en i e alue chain by handling he EU; a p e iously dominan posi ion o MNOs in Mobile Telephony (Figu e 4-13 - Righ ). On he o he hand, TEVs and MNOs ha e shown in e es in di e en ac i i y blocks. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 50 Ano he majo ac o in his se up is hen an en i y which pe o ms he ole o p o isioning CDP. I can be seen ha his ac i i y is mainly pe o med by he i ms who ha e a his o y in p o isioning connec i i y in he sense o au oma ing connec ed de ices. Some examples can be ei he ou sou cees o ne wo k ope a ions o MNOs (MSPs) o he ones which ha e been ac i e in au oma ion o indus y e icals (e.g. Gene al Elec ics, Siemens, e c.). Figu e 4-14 Two majo se ups o MTC Value Ne wo k. Figu e 4-14 illus a es wo majo se ups o he MTC alue ne wo k in Sma Ci ies. Acco ding o ou desc ip ion o he MTC ac i i ies, elecom ac o s a e capable o pe o ming mul i ude o ac i i ies in MTC alue ne wo k in Sma Ci ies, bu based on hei esou ces. This di ec ly conce ns he compe ences hey can acqui e and/o ha e. Conside ing “connec i i y domain” as hei main playg ound, p o isioning AEP is also an ac i i y being pe o med by some TEVs in ecen yea s. This way, elecom ac o s mainly co espond o ei he MTC ne wo k ope a o s and/o MSPs (suppo ing ole o p o isioning AEP, CDP). An in e es ing obse a ion he e is he absence o MNOs on “owning” he End Use . In e ms o esou ces, i is impo an o conside ha he ac o /s who owns he end use -as a esou ce- is he mos likely o ha e con ol o e his alue ne wo k. This alue ne wo k should be conside ed when deploying and de eloping 5G sys ems, as i should allow collabo a i e se ups o happen. Finally, i could be concluded ha 5G and ICT will play he enable -suppo ole o making Sma Ci ies happen and no much mo e; so would he elecom ac o s. 4.2.6 E olu ions o he MNO-cen ic alue Ne Ha ing iden i ied, in he p e ious sec ion, he main ac o s and he in e ac ions be ween hem, we ocus in his sec ion on he MNOs. We cons uc he alue ne o hese MNOs and i s e olu ion wi h 5G; he aim being o iden i y hei coope i ion ela ions wi h he o he ac o s. The alue ne model has been elabo a ed by [BRAN96]. This model is a complemen a y app oach o he alue chain amewo k. The objec i e o alue chain and alue ne models is nea ly he same, i.e. iden i y he main playe s on ma ke and he main ac i i ies hey conduc . Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 51 They gi e a gene al o e iew o an indus y du ing a speci ic pe iod o ime. Bu he logic is qui e di e en be ween he wo models. In he case o alue ne , he analysis is mo e comp ehensi e as he main playe s ha e o be in eg a ed in ou ca ego ies: cus ome s, supplie s, compe i o s and complemen o s ollowing a e ical and ho izon al dimension. The ho izon al axis is ela ed o compe i ion and coope a ion issues. Figu e 4-15 shows a gene ic alue chain cen e ed on a gi en company. No e ha playe s can co e – and o en do co e - mo e han one ole in he alue ne . Figu e 4-15: A gene ic alue ne . Figu e 4-16 gi es he cu en alue ne o MNOs. We i s begin by de ining cus ome s as his will gi e us a clea iew abou he posi ioning o he MNO. Two kinds o cus ome s a e iden i ied:  End use s, be hey in he mass ma ke (indi iduals), o o he business cus ome s (p i a e companies o public adminis a ions). Clea ly, hese cus ome s a e con ac ing wi h he MNO as a se ice p o ide .  MVNOs: hey a e cus ome s o he MNO as hey buy he igh o use his ne wo k in o de o se e hei cus ome s. When he MNO sells ne wo k access igh s o MVNOs, he is beha ing as a ne wo k ope a o . Based on his analysis, we can see ha cus ome s g oups can be classi ied in o wo g oups: cus ome s o he MNO as a se ice p o ide and cus ome s o he MNO as a ne wo k ope a o . We will keep his classi ica ion o he es o ou analysis o he alue ne . Nex , we s ay in he e ical dimension and iden i y supplie s. As a ne wo k ope a o , he MNO has he ollowing supplie s:  In as uc u e endo s ha supply him wi h base s a ions, ne wo k con olle s, e c. Examples o such endo s a e E icsson, Alca el Lucen , Huawei, e c. Cus ome s Company Supplie s Complemen o s Compe i o s Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 52  In as uc u e supplie s ha p o ide access o owe s, backhaul capaci y and o he esou ces equi ed o ne wo k ope a ion. These esou ces a e o en sha ed esou ces and en ed o e en p o ided “as a Se ice”.  Ne wo k ope a ion & managemen so wa e make s om whom he MNO can buy ne wo k moni o ing and managemen ools allowing him o p ese e quali y o i s ne wo k. No e ha in as uc u e endo s ha e also hei own so wa e solu ions, bu ope a o s whose ne wo ks a e mul i- endo need hi d pa y so wa e solu ions. On he o he hand, as a se ice p o ide , he MNO has as supplie s de ice manu ac u e s (Apple, Samsung, Nokia, e c.). Indeed, se ice p o ide s usually buy de ices om manu ac u e s and sell hem a lowe p ices o end use s. Le us now mo e o he ho izon al dimension and iden i y compe i o s. As a se ice p o ide , each MNO has as ob ious compe i o s all o he se ice p o ide s, be hey MNOs o MVNOs. O e he op (OTT) playe s, like Skype and Vibe , a e also seen as compe i o s o he MNO as a se ice p o ide as hey p opose subs i u ion se ices ( oice, ideo con e ences). As a ne wo k ope a o , he conside ed MNO has as compe i o s he o he MNOs as hey o e he same se ices o MVNOs. The mos di icul ask is o iden i y complemen o s whose p esence inci es cus ome s o buy mo e se ices om he MNO. Ob iously, con en p o ide s (online game de elope s, Google maps, TV channels) ac as complemen o s as people a e willing mo e o buy mobile da a access in o de o bene i om hei a o i e con en s e e ywhe e. De ice manu ac u e s a e also complemen o s as end use s conside sma phones and able s as aluable de ices by hemsel es, and a sma phone o a able will be mo e use ul wi h a wi eless In e ne connec ion. De ice applica ion de eloping indus y is also a complemen o as he mul i ude o sma phone applica ions inci es use s o buy a sma phone and o subsc ibe o a mobile da a connec ion. No e ha we do no make a dis inc ion be ween complemen o s o he MNO as se ice p o ide o as ne wo k ope a o as hey a e gene ally he same ( hey s imula e he need o a ne wo k access). Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 53 Figu e 4-16: Cu en alue ne o MNOs. Figu e 4-17 shows he e olu ion o he alue ne o MNOs wi h 5G, based on he 5G playe s iden i ica ion in he p e ious sec ions. We s a wi h he e olu ion o he g oup o cus ome s whe e PVNOs join MVNOs as cus ome s o he MNO as a ne wo k ope a o , and whe e e icals, when hey buy di ec ly connec i i y o hei cus ome s, become cus ome s o he MNO as a se ice p o ide . The same e icals become complemen o s as, by mo ing owa ds mo e connec i i y, hey p o ide needs o people (indi iduals and p o essionals) o 5G se ices. As o he supplie s o he MNO, he inc eased he e ogenei y and he i ualiza ion o ne wo ks a e expec ed o di e si y hei lis . The lis s o equipmen endo s and o ne wo k ope a ion and managemen so wa e supplie s a e joined by classical IT companies like IBM, HP, e c., which p o ide p ocessing se e s and i ual ne wo k so wa e (e.g. based on SDN/NFV). Da a cen e playe s may play a ole in managing hos els o BBUs in his con ex , especially o Cloud-RAN a chi ec u es. Asse p o ide s like acili y manage s, u ban u ni u e manage s and owe companies a e expec ed o ha e a la ge ole in he deploymen and he managemen o pa s o he access ne wo k, ein o cing hei posi ion as supplie s o he MNO as a ne wo k ope a o . Wi h he e olu ion o spec um egula ion and he alloca ion o new bands unde inno a i e au ho iza ion schemes (e.g. LSA and LAA), spec um b oke s could play a ole in he u u e and manage spec um esou ces on behal o mobile ne wo k ope a o s in o de o allow eal- ime managemen o he spec um. Finally, as a se ice p o ide , he MNO can make deals wi h Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 54 CDN playe s o con en hos ing nea end use s a he ne wo k edge, making hem supplie s wi h ega ds o his ole as a se ice p o ide . Finally, in he g oup o compe i o s, he ad en o new LPWA ne wo ks and o a ious access ne wo ks based on sa elli es and loons in addi ion o he inc eased in eg a ion o WiFi e olu ions wi hin he 5G ne wo k in oduce a a ie y o playe s as compe i o s o he MNO in he RAN. A possible scena io, as discussed p e iously, is he eme gence o la ge WiFi playe s in he bundling o hese a ious access ne wo ks. Rega ding he se ice p o ide ole o he MNO, PVNOs and MTC ope a o s join MVNOs as compe i o s o o e ing se ices o end use s. 5G is a ge ing o open up he ecosys ems. One o he main ools allowing o suppo PVNOs is he concep o Ne wo k Slicing b ough o wa d by NGMN. I allows PVNOs o ope a e and manage a “ne wo k slice” as an independen i ual ne wo k allowing hem o in oduce hei domain speci ic business cases and o ollow domain speci ic egula ion. Figu e 4-17: E olu ion o he alue ne o MNOs wi h 5G. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 55 4.3 Focus on he dense u ban in o ma ion socie y use case The aim in his sec ion is o iden i y he possible alue ne wo ks o he p o isioning o he a ge ed mobile se ices in he u u e dense u ban in o ma ion socie y, as desc ibed in Sec ion 2.1.1. In he i s pa we will ocus on decons uc ing mobile se ices p o isioning in o a numbe o business oles in iew o he discussed e olu ion pa h o he adio access ne wo k (RAN) A chi ec u e in sec ion 4.2.1, while he second pa is dedica ed o iden i y he possible business ela ionships and coope a ion models be ween he ac o s in he xMBB ecosys em. 4.3.1 E olu ion in RAN a chi ec u e and deploymen op ions The Radio Access Ne wo k (RAN) a chi ec u e is he shi owa ds mo e lexible, dynamic and he e ogeneous a chi ec u e as desc ibed scena ios in Sec ion 4.2.1 and Figu e 4-8. In hese scena ios, he p o ision s a egy o he u u e mobile se ice can be based as a se o ela i ely au onomous esou ces ha can be owned by di e en ac o s. In his con ex , numbe deploymen s a egies a e o be conside ed o he p o isioning o he mobile se ices in u u e dense u ban in o ma ion socie y. In his sec ion, ou deploymen s a egies ha e been chosen based on he RAN a chi ec u e scena ios in Figu e 4-8 and conside ing di e en combina ions o ou doo and indoo ne wo ks deploymen s as ollows:  S a egy A (mac ocells wi h no o limi ed numbe o ou doo small cells): he deploymen o a dense laye o adi ional mac o cell si es and ou doo small cells based on exclusi e spec um use below 6 GHz along wi h use o sha ed spec um esou ces below 6 GHz (i.e. based on di e en au ho iza ion and access op ions such as LSA and/o common au ho iza ion). In o he wo ds, he RAN a chi ec u e can be depic ed as numbe o s andalone mac ocell adio si es ha may be complemen ed by a numbe o ou doo small cells o co e age and capaci y - As an op ion, mul iple adio ai in e ace a ian s (e.g. LTE-A and a no el 5G ai in e ace a ian ) could be se ed in a co-loca ed way. Re e ing o Sec ion 4.2.1, all physical RAN a chi ec u e scena ios (1 o 4) a e sui able o his deploymen s a egy. -  S a egy B (mac ocells wi h massi e deploymen o indoo small cells): he deploymen o he e ogeneous RAN a chi ec u e based on he desc ibed mac ocell in as uc u e in S a egy A along wi h massi e numbe o indoo small cells in public a eas. These indoo small cells may be ope a ed in he sha ed spec um esou ces below 6 GHz (i.e. based on di e en au ho iza ion and access op ion such as LSA and/o common au ho iza ion).  S a egy C (massi e deploymen o ou doo small cells): he deploymen o a dense laye o ou doo small cell si es based in mul iple equency bands and au ho iza ion op ions. In o he wo ds, he ou doo small cells may be ope a ed based on exclusi e and sha ed spec um use conside ing equency bands below and abo e 6 GHz. He e, he Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 56 RAN a chi ec u e can be depic ed as massi e numbe o low-cos and low-powe nodes ha a e suppo ed wi h a cen alized p ocessing capabili y in he cloud. In o he wo ds, all he signals a e sen back ia ideal o non-ideal backhaul links om hese ou doo small cells o he cloud.  S a egy D (massi e deploymen o indoo and ou doo small cells): he deploymen o a dense laye o small cell si es e e ywhe e (bo h indoo and ou doo in public a eas). In o he wo ds, he RAN a chi ec u e can be depic ed as massi e numbe o s andalone ou doo small cell si es as desc ibed in S a egy C along wi h he deploymen o massi e numbe o indoo small cells. He e, he ou doo and indoo small cells may be ope a ed based on exclusi e and sha ed spec um use conside ing highe equency bands abo e 6 GHz. Wi h mo e owa ds mo e lexible, dynamic and he e ogeneous RAN a chi ec u es, he p o isioning o he mobile se ices is g adually sepa a ed om he owne ship o he physical ne wo k in as uc u e as well as om he necessa y ac i i ies o ope a e and main ain he di e en ne wo k elemen s. Hence, he u u e RAN a chi ec u es can be depic ed as a se o ela i ely au onomous oles ha can be pe o med by di e en ac o s. Ye , hese au onomous oles need o be managed based on a amewo k o common p inciples and SLAs o p o ision he a ge ed mobile se ice which open he doo o new business ole. In his espec , i e key business oles can be iden i ied in he u u e mobile se ices ecosys em conside ing he discussed e olu ion pa h o he adio access ne wo k (RAN) A chi ec u e in sec ions 4.2.2 and 4.2.3; namely:  Se ice P o ide : example MVNO can use sub-se o he connec i i y p o ide ne wo k capabili ies based on ce ain SLA o p o ision o e op se ices. He e he se ice p o ide can con ol and manage he ela ionship wi h end-cus ome s.  Connec i i y P o ide : o e ing only B2C connec i i y: Basic connec i i y in ol es bes e o IP connec i i y o B2B capaci y wholesale. He e he connec i i y p o ide can con ol and manage he ela ionship wi h end-cus ome s (B2C).  Asse P o ide s: Ren esou ces on a pay-as-you-go model, In as uc u e as se ices (indoo o ou doo adio base s a ion, agg ega ion node, backhaul link e c.), Spec um as a Se ice e c.  Resou ces B oke : Suppo secu e and seamless esou ces sha ing among di e en Se ice p o ide s, connec i i y Se ice P o ide s, Asse P o ide s. In his con ex , he esou ces de ini ions can be ex ended o include di e en passi e in as uc u e along wi h di e en ac i e ha dwa e and so wa e‟s esou ces. This may include he wi eless ne wo k in as uc u es such as ixed and nomadic adio access nodes and he p ocessing capabili y o hese nodes, backhauling links and he essen ial spec um esou ces. Mo eo e , ce ain co e and anspo ne wo k ope a ion and managemen unc ionali ies can in a simila way be abs ac ed o a esou ce. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 57  Managed Se ice P o ide (MSP): Wi eless ne wo k planning, deploymen and O&M ac i i ies. A hi d pa y such as an in as uc u e endo willing o o e addi ional managed se ices o ei he MNOs o MVNO. E icsson no ably made an announcemen a he Mobile Wo ld Cong ess ela ed o i s own SCaaS p oposi ion. O he playe s such as municipali ies o eal es a e owne s could as well decide o make he in es men o os e be e capaci y while mone izing he in es men . This playe is expec ed o play a ole in public a eas ypically, like shopping malls and ai po s. 4.3.2 Mapping ac o s o he oles: xMBB alue ne wo k Conside ing he iden i ied deploymen scena ios and business oles in sec ion 4.3.1.1, an ac o can play speci ic business oles based on his abili y o con ol o e asse s and con ol o e end- cus ome s. Mo eo e , a playe can pe o m mo e han one business ole i clea s a egic bene i s can be iden i ied as shown in Table 4-9. In his con ex , asse s such as he wi eless ne wo k in as uc u es and he essen ial spec um esou ces can be owned wi h di e en playe s wi h di e en business adi ions. Table 4-9: Mapping ac o s o he oles. Mobile Ne wo k Ope a o (MNO) S a egy A S a egy B S a egy C S a egy D Op ion 1: Ac as Connec i i y and Se ice P o ide by building and ope a ing he mobile ne wo k in as uc u e. He e, he MNO will con ol all he business ela ionships wi h he end-subsc ibe s (B2C). Mo eo e , he MNO may ou sou ce he ne wo k O&M ac i i ies o a MSP. Op ion 2: Ac as Connec i i y P o ide and Asse s P o ide s by selling he ne wo k capaci y o i ual Ope a o s such as MVNOs and PVNOs. Op ion 1: Ac as Connec i i y and Se ice P o ide by building and ope a ing he mobile ne wo k in bo h indoo and ou doo loca ions. He e, he MNO may ou sou ce he ne wo k O&M ac i i ies o a MSP. Op ion 2: Ac as Se ice P o ide only in ce ain indoo loca ions and pu chase ne wo k capaci y om an Asse s P o ide who owns indoo ne wo k in as uc u e. Op ion 1: Ac as Connec i i y and Se ice P o ide by building and ope a ing he mobile ne wo k in as uc u e. He e, he MNO will con ol all he business ela ionships wi h he end-subsc ibe s (B2C). He e, he MNO may ou sou ce he ne wo k O&M ac i i ies o a MSP. Op ion 2: Ac as Connec i i y P o ide and Asse s P o ide s by selling he ne wo k capaci y o i ual Ope a o s such as MVNOs. He e he MNO can ha e a B2B Op ion 1: Ac as Connec i i y and Se ice P o ide by building and ope a ing he mobile ne wo k in bo h public indoo a eas and ou doo loca ions. He e, he MNO may ou sou ce he ne wo k O&M ac i i ies o a MSP. Op ion 2: Ac as Se ice p o ide only in ce ain indoo loca ions and pu chase ne wo k capaci y om an Asse s P o ide who owns indoo ne wo k in as uc u e. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 64 [iJo14-D52] ICT-317941 iJOIN, “Final De ini ion o iJOIN Requi emen s and Scena ios”, No embe 2014. [ITU11] In e na ional Telecommunica ion Union – Radio (ITU-R), “Assessmen o he global mobile b oadband deploymen s and o ecas s o In e na ional Mobile Telecommunica ions”, ITU-R epo M.2243, 2011. [ITU11b] In e na ional Telecommunica ion Union – Radio (ITU-R), “The ou come o he e alua ion, consensus building and decision o he IMT-Ad anced p ocess (S eps 4 o 7), including cha ac e is ics o IMT-Ad anced adio in e aces”, ITU-R Repo M.2198, No embe 2011. [ITU15] In e na ional Telecommunica ion Union – Radio (ITU-R) Wo king Pa y WP 5D: D a New Recommenda ion “IMT Vision - F amewo k and o e all objec i es o he u u e de elopmen o IMT o 2020 and beyond”, Doc. R12-SG05-C-0199 (app o ed by S udy G oup SG5), June 2015. [ITU-2083] Recommenda ion ITU-R M.2083-0, IMT ision – amewo k and o e all objec i es o he u u e de elopmen o IMT o 2020 and beyond, Sep . 2015. [ITU-2290] Repo ITU-R M.2290, Fu u e spec um equi emen s es ima e o e es ial IMT, Dec. 2013. [ITU-2730] Repo ITU-R M.2730, “IMT a ic es ima es o he yea s 2020 o 2030”, July 2015. [ITU-FGSSC-15] ITU-T Focus G oup on Sma Sus ainable Ci ies, “Se ing he s age o s akeholde s‟ engagemen in sma sus ainable ci ies” Ma ch 2015. [KRB15] Chang Wook Kim, Jihoon Ryoo and Milind Madha Buddhiko , “Design and Implemen a ion o an End- o-End A chi ec u e o 3.5 GHz Sha ed Spec um,” 7 h IEEE Dynamic Spec um Access Ne wo ks (DySPAN), S ockholm, Sweden, Sep29-Oc 02 2015. [LGM-15] And es Laya, Ami hossein Ghanba i and Jan Ma kendahl “Tele-Economics in MTC: wha numbe s would no show” EAI Endo sed T ansac ions on IoT, Oc obe 2015. [MAM15-D11] ICT- 619086, “Sys em scena ios and equi emen s speci ica ions”, Janua y 2015. [MCN13-D21] ICT – 318109, “Re e ence Scena ios and Technical Sys em Requi emen s De ini ion”, Ap il 2013. [MM14] S.-S. Man ed and N. Dmi y, “On m2m so wa e pla o ms”, In e na ional Jou nal o Open In o ma ion Technologies, ol. 2, no. 8, 2014. [MET13-D11] ICT-317669 METIS, Deli e able 1.1 Ve sion 1, “Scena ios, equi emen s and KPIs o 5G mobile and wi eless sys em”, Ap il 2013. [MET15-D15] ICT-317669 METIS, Deli e able 1.5 Ve sion 1, “Upda ed scena ios, equi emen s and KPIs o 5G mobile and wi eless sys em wi h ecommenda ions o u u e in es iga ions”, Ap il 2015. [MET14-D53] ICT-317669 METIS, Deli e able 5.3 Ve sion 1, “Desc ip ion o he spec um needs and usage p inciples”, Augus 2014. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 65 [MET15-D54] ICT-317669 METIS, Deli e able 5.4 Ve sion 1, “Fu u e spec um sys em concep ”, Ap il 2015. [MET15-D64] ICT-317669 METIS, Deli e able 6.4 Ve sion 2, “Final epo on a chi ec u e”, Janua y 2015. [MET15-D66] ICT-317669 METIS, Deli e able 6.6 Ve sion 1, “Final epo on he METIS 5G sys em concep and echnology oadmap”, May 2015. [MET15-R31] ICT-671680 METIS-II, Repo 3.1 Ve sion 1, “P elimina y spec um scena ios and jus i ica ion o WRC Agenda I em o 5G bands abo e 6 GHz”, Oc obe 2015. [MiW15-WP] “MiWa eS Whi e Pape - He e ogeneous Wi eless Ne wo k wi h mmWa e Small Cell Access and Backhauling”, Janua y 2015. [MiW13-D11] ICT-608637, “De ini ion o Scena ios and Use Cases”, Decembe 2013. [MMK+11] C. F. Mecklenb äuke , A. F. Molisch, J. Ka edal, F. Tu esson, A. Paie , L. Be nado, T. Zemen, O. Klemp, and N. Czink., “Vehicula Channel Cha ac e iza ion and I s Implica ions o Wi eless Sys em Design and Pe o mance”, P oceedings o he IEEE, ol. 99, no. 7, pp. 1189-1212, July 2011. [MOT13-D21] ICT- 317959, “Use Cases and Requi emen s”, Feb ua y 2013. [NGM10] NGMN Alliance, “Use da a a es in mobile da a ne wo ks”, May 2010. [NGM15] NGMN Alliance, “NGMN 5G Whi e pape ”, Feb ua y 2015. [S 11] E. G. S öm, “On medium access and physical laye s anda ds o coope a i e in elligen anspo sys ems in Eu ope.”, P oceedings o he IEEE, ol. 99, no. 7, pp. 1183–1188, July 2011. [T o13-D21] ICT-318784, “Scena ios and Requi emen s”, July 2013. [We ne 08] M. We ne , P. Mobe g, and P. Skille ma k. “Cos assessmen o adio access ne wo k deploymen s wi h elay nodes”, In ICT-MobileSummi , 10-12 June, S ockholm, Sweden, 2008. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 66 A Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) This Appendix is based on [MET13-D11] and p o ides an o e iew o he Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) iden i ied o assess he pe o mance o he echnical solu ions de i ed wi hin METIS-II and he i e use cases de ined in Sec ion 2. Due o he wide a ia ion o he en i onmen al condi ions in he di e en use cases he e is also a co esponding sp ead o he KPI alues which has o be aken in o accoun , i.e. a single KPI alue does no usually i all use cases. The KPIs aken as basis o assessmen o he adio link ela ed equi emen s a e as ollows:  T a ic olume densi y,  Expe ienced end-use h oughpu ,  La ency,  Reliabili y,  A ailabili y and e ainabili y,  Ene gy consump ion (e iciency),  Cos (CAPEX, OPEX). The KPI de ini ions a e gi en wi hin his sec ion. Each KPI has a quali a i e de ini ion, mo i a ion, and ma hema ical de ini ion. The equi emen s on each o he QoS KPIs (e.g. expe ienced end-use h oughpu and la ency) ha e o be ensu ed in space and ime ollowing he a ailabili y and eliabili y equi emen s o he co esponding use case. A.1 T a ic olume densi y Quali a i e de ini ion: The a ic olume densi y desc ibes he o al use da a olume ans e ed o/ om end-use de ices (measu ed on he in e ace be ween Laye 2 and 3) du ing a p ede ined ime span di ided by he a ea size co e ed by he adio nodes belonging o he RAN(s). Fo mul i-hop solu ions each use da a is only coun ed once. Mo i a ion: This KPI is di ec ly ela ed o he gene al 5G goal o suppo a 1000 imes highe a ic olume densi y han oday‟s ne wo ks [MET13-D11] [5GPPP15]. This a ge igu e is expec ed due o s ongly inc easing numbe o mobile de ices wi h high da a a e capabili ies and a ic demand o mul imedia-based se ices wi h ising sha e o ul a-high- esolu ion ideo du ing nex decade [CISCO] [ITU11] [ITU-2730]. Figu e A-1 schema ically shows he expec ed exponen ial g ow h o he mobile a ic olume o e ime o a gi en a ea. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 67 Figu e A-1: Exempla y expec ed inc ease in a ic olume. Today‟s legacy adio ne wo ks in Eu ope, based on a mix u e o GSM, UMTS and LTE as well as o WiFi o ho spo scena ios, will no be able o cope wi h he expec ed a ic olume inc ease, e en hough u he adio echnology imp o emen s will come wi h la es eleases o 3GPP (known as LTE-Ad anced P o). The a ic olume densi y is mos ly in e es ing o he use cases which conside xMBB se ice ypes, i.e., aken in o accoun high use densi ies as well as loca ions wi h high use da a demands. Ma hema ical de ini ion: The a ic olume densi y in a ne wo k can be gene ally compu ed by he sum o a ic olumes each p oduced and consumed by an end-use de ice o e a p ede ined ime span, possibly di e en ia ed be ween downlink and uplink di ec ion, di ided by he ime span and by he o e all se ice a ea co e ed by he co esponding adio nodes. I has o be no ed ha he a ic olume densi y is usually s ongly co ela ed wi h he en i onmen and co esponding use densi ies. E.g. in dense u ban a eas wi h many la ge buildings and high use pene a ion he densi y will be much highe han in u al a eas, see g aphical illus a ion in Figu e A-2 (le diag am). In addi ion, he ins an aneous densi y will a y o e he day wi h he a ic busy pe iod being mos impo an ime slo o s a is ical e alua ion, illus a ed in Figu e A-2 ( igh diag am). The e o e he a ia ion in ime and space has been aken in o accoun a he de ini ion o he KPI alue o he di e en use cases. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 68 Figu e A-2: Exempla y dependency o a ic olume on en i onmen (le ) and day ime ( igh ). A.2 Expe ienced use h oughpu Quali a i e de ini ion: The expe ienced use h oughpu is he da a h oughpu an end-use de ice achie es on he in e ace be ween Laye 2 and 3 (use plane only) a e aged du ing a p ede ined ime span. This me ic is one possible measu e o he quali y o expe ience (QoE) le el a use expe iences o he se ice applied. Howe e , he da a a e o he se ice applica ion i sel is lowe han he expe ienced use h oughpu as addi ional p o ocol o e head and/o a ic con ol on highe laye s, e.g., IP, TCP/UDP/SCTP. The expe ienced use h oughpu depends on he use case en i onmen , bu also on he numbe o use s and he amoun o da a hey gene a e, because hey a ec he cell load and in e e ence om su ounding cells in a adio ne wo k. Mo i a ion: The KPI is di ec ly ela ed o he 5G goal o achie e a 10 o 100 imes highe ypical use da a a e compa ed wi h oday‟s sys ems [MET13-D11] [5GPPP15]. In p inciple i is ele an o all 5G use cases conside ing xMBB se ice ypes. Ma hema ical de ini ion: Le he - h packe (a he in e ace be ween Laye 2 and 3) o he - h use ha e a size bi s. I s dis ibu ion depends on he applica ion. Le be he E2E delay (one ip delay measu ed be ween he in e aces men ioned be o e) o deli e ing he packe s o he des ina ion. I depends on e.g. he RAN solu ion, use posi ion ( adio condi ions), and schedule load. The h oughpu o his packe is . Fo ins ance, i a packe o 1.25 Mby e is deli e ed in 1 s, hen he packe h oughpu is 10 Mbps. The expe ienced use h oughpu is compu ed as he expec ed packe h oughpu : , whe e he expec a ion is aken o e a ime span which is speci ic o he applica ion o use case. Fo ins ance, i could e e o all packe s belonging o a session o when he use is in a p ede ined loca ion. A dis ibu ion o he expe ienced use h oughpu can be de i ed o each use case, based on assumed a ic olume and e alua ed RAN solu ion (p obably di e en ia ed Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 69 be ween DL and UL). Depending on inal se ice a ailabili y (o co e age) de ined in he use cases, he KPI alue may be de ined, e.g. as he 5 h pe cen ile o his dis ibu ion, i.e. 95% co e age o a ce ain da a a e, o as he 1 h-pe cen ile, i.e. 99% co e age. The expe ienced use h oughpu de ined he e is di e en o alues known, e.g. om 3GPP and ITU-R e alua ions on LTE-Ad anced and IMT-Ad anced sys ems whe e use h oughpu cu es a e usually de i ed o homogeneous hexagonal mac o cell s uc u es wi h ixed numbe s o equally-dis ibu ed use s in each cell based on a ull bu e app oach o each use queue, i.e. 100% ne wo k load. In eal mobile adio ne wo k scena ios he expe ienced use h oughpu is di e en due o ypically lowe ne wo k load aken in o accoun he use ‟s andomized access o sha ed adio esou ces acco ding o hei se ice applica ions. NGMN p oposed in [NGM10] o apply ile ans e s as a basis o simula o e alua ions. 3GPP p oposed in [3GPP10-36814] a simila model o enable use h oughpu assessmen a a ious ne wo k loads. In con as o hose me hods he mo e gene al app oach applied in METIS-II can also be used in he e ogeneous ne wo ks wi h unequal dis ibu ion o si es, use s and a ic. A.3 La ency Quali a i e de ini ion: Di e en ypes o la ency a e ele an o di e en applica ions. E.g. he E2E la ency, o one ip ime (OTT) la ency, e e s o he ime i akes om when a da a packe is sen om he ansmi ing end o when i is ecei ed a he ecei ing end. Ano he la ency measu e is he ound ip ime (RTT) la ency which e e s o he ime om when a da a packe is sen om he ansmi ing end un il acknowledgemen s a e ecei ed om he ecei ing en i y, e.g. in e ne se e o o he de ice. The measu emen e e ence in bo h cases is he in e ace be ween Laye 2 and 3. Any p ocessing ime on highe laye s, e.g. o audio and ideo encoding and decoding, on he applica ion laye , is no conside ed he e. The en i e ne wo k ( adio, co e, and backhaul/agg ega ion) ypically a ec s he la ency, al hough his is use case dependen . Only he use da a plane is conside ed in he e alua ion. Mo i a ion: The KPI is di ec ly ela ed o he 5G goal o p o ide a 5 imes educed E2E la ency compa ed o p esen sys ems [MET13-D11] [5GPPP15]. In p inciple all use cases conside ed in METIS-II would bene i om a la ency educ ion, bu main challenges a e wi h espec o ul a- eliable and/o sa e y- ele an se ices o ype uMTC (e.g. o V2V communica ions) ha equi e as eac ions o he in ol ed pa ies. Wi h espec o he METIS-II goal i has o be no ed ha ne wo k en i ies like he mobile co e, backhaul/agg ega ion links as well as in e ne connec ions migh be included in he E2E ansmission chain which a e no in he main METIS-II ocus. La ency imp o emen s a e o be expec ed mainly in he RAN a ea up o he co e elemen s conside ing new ea u es like D2D communica ion, local b eak-ou s o con en deli e y ne wo k (CDN) unc ionali ies. Ma hema ical de ini ion: The RTT la ency TRTT is he ime span measu ed be ween he s a ime TS1 o he ansmission o a da a packe om an end-use de ice (pee 1) o a emo e Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 70 s a ion o de ice (pee 2) and he ime ins an TA1 when he acknowledgemen , sen by pee 2, a i es a pee 1: TRTT = TA1 - TS1. The OTT la ency is he ime span measu ed be ween he s a ime TS1 o he ansmission o a da a packe om an end-use de ice (pee 1) o a emo e s a ion o de ice (pee 2) and he ime ins an TA2 when pee 2 ecei es he message: TOTT = TA2 - TS1. In he use cases a di e en ia ion is equi ed o la ency KPI alues depending on he a ailabili y o an al eady es ablished adio communica ion da a link. Fo example, o mMTC wi h only low da a amoun s and ene gy-e iciency equi emen s he change be ween a non-ac i e o an ac i e s a e has o be as sho as possible, e.g. change om idle o connec ed mode in LTE, which equi es a minimized signaling o e head. A.4 Reliabili y Quali a i e de ini ion: The eliabili y is an assessmen c i e ion o desc ibe he quali y o a adio link connec ion o ul illing a ce ain se ice le el. Mo i a ion: The KPI is impo an o all conside ed use cases, bu main challenge is seen wi h espec o hose co e ing ul a- eliable se ices (uMTC), whe e e y high eliabili y alues a e eques ed, e.g. o sa e y- ele an applica ions. Ma hema ical de ini ion: Reliabili y can be de ined di e sely, i di e en laye s o he ne wo k o di e en applica ions a e conside ed. Gene ally, eliabili y is de ined as he p obabili y ha a ce ain amoun o da a om an end use de ice is success ully ansmi ed o ano he pee (e.g. In e ne se e , mobile de ice, senso ) wi hin a p ede ined ime ame, i.e. be o e a ce ain deadline expi es. The amoun o da a o be ansmi ed and he deadline a e dependen on he se ice cha ac e is ics in he unde lying use case. Typically, he deadline co esponds o he E2E la ency equi emen o he use case, as de ined in Sec ion A.3. Ma hema ically, he eliabili y can be exp essed as ollows: , whe e is he measu ed E2E la ency and is he deadline, which cha ac e izes he deg ee o eal- ime o he communica ion link. Speci ically, i no e ansmission is allowed o mee he deadline , he eliabili y, , is equi alen o p obabilis ic complemen o packe loss a e. Simila o he la ency KPI, a di e en ia ion o a second use case has o be equi ed du ing e alua ion dependen on he use case backg ound. I a low da a a e adio node, e.g. a senso , is usually swi ching o inac i e s a e a e ansmission o a small packe on he use plane due o ene gy sa ing easons, i has o a ach i s o he ne wo k on he con ol plane be o e he nex da a ansmission. The ime needed o a achmen and he co esponding success a e should be conside ed in he inal eliabili y. Ideally he inal METIS-II concep will p o ide a solu ion o minimize he a achmen ime and maximize he success a e. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 71 A.5 A ailabili y and e ainabili y Quali a i e de ini ion: When he eliabili y dec eases below an accep able le el QoE, hen he use may be so dissa is ied ha i may ega d he se ice as una ailable. The a ailabili y is an assessmen c i e ion o desc ibe inside a co e age a ea he pe cen age o places whe e a se ice is p o ided o he end use wi h he use ‟s eques ed QoE le el. Al e na i ely, a ailabili y is de ined as he pe cen age o use s o communica ion links o which he QoE equi emen s a e ul illed wi hin a ce ain geog aphical a ea, e.g. in e ms o eliabili y as de ined in Sec ion A.4. The la e de ini ion is be e sui ed o he case o D2D communica ions. Re ainabili y is a special aspec o he abo e, by which a se ice has been made a ailable as long as he use needs he se ice. The e is a s ong co ela ion o a ailabili y and e ainabili y o eliabili y in Sec ion A.4. Du ing inal e alua ion o bo h KPIs possible deg ada ions ha e o be aken in o accoun which migh occu du ing hando e p ocesses be ween neighbo ing cells when he end-use is mo ing and be ween di e en adio access laye s (di e en echnologies and/o equency laye s) i he end- use da a bea e is shi ed o a di e en laye . Mo i a ion: The KPI is impo an o all conside ed use cases in METIS-II as i will p o ide a measu e o iden i y he se ice a ailabili y o he end-use s in he in ended co e age a ea. Mo eo e , he KPI will con ibu e o he op imiza ion o he ne wo k layou . I inally depends on he se ice ypes and c i e ia unde lying he di e en use cases. Ma hema ical de ini ion: The a ailabili y in pe cen age is de ined as he numbe o places ( ela ed o a p ede ined a ea uni o pixel size) whe e he QoE le el eques ed by he end-use is achie ed di ided by he o al co e age a ea o a single adio cell o mul i-cell a ea (equal o he o al numbe o pixels) imes 100. Al e na i ely, a ailabili y can be de ined as he p obabili y ha he QoE equi emen s a e ul illed o a use o communica ion link wi hin he se ice a ea. Fo he case when he QoE is exp essed in eliabili y e ms, he a ailabili y is exp essed as ollows: , whe e is he measu ed eliabili y and is he QoE equi emen s in e ms o eliabili y o he unde lying use case. Re ainabili y can be de ined as he p obabili y o o emain la ge han he QoE- a ge , , gi en ha he se ice has al eady been made a ailable. Wi h o he wo ds, i is he p obabili y o a use o sa is ac o y comple e a session o a call, once i has been made a ailable. I is he complemen o d op- a e o a session, call o any o he se ice. A.6 Ene gy consump ion/e iciency Quali a i e de ini ion: In oduces an indica o o highligh he ene gy e iciency o any inno a ion in oduced in METIS-II, including he whole METIS-II sys em a chi ec u e. Mo i a ion: The explosion o a ic demand o eseen beyond he 2020 ho izon u u e and he in insic inc ease o esou ces o be deployed o ackle he METIS-II challenges cas s se e e Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 72 equi emen s in e ms o ene gy consump ion o he co esponding sys em. I is qui e s aigh o wa d and cu en ly widely accep ed ha hese demands ha e o be moni o ed no by me ics e e ing o ene gy consump ion only, bu a he o ene gy e iciency, i.e. including he inc eased p o isioning o capaci y ha he new sys em will ensu e. Ma hema ical de ini ion: An elabo a e desc ip ion o he me ics o be adop ed o ene gy e iciency has been p o ided in he Eu opean FP7 p ojec EARTH and i is aken as a e e ence also wi hin METIS-II. Besides, in ITU-R, ene gy e iciency is also iden i ied as one o he key capabili ies o IMT-2020. I s de ini ion is gi en in [ITU-2083]. The de ini ion should be applied o h ee di e en en i onmen s: componen le el ( o ha dwa e inno a i e solu ions), node le el ( o inno a i e solu ion in he ansmi ing nodes) and ne wo k le el ( o e iciency o he whole ne wo k). Mo e insigh is gi en he e on he la e me ic ( he ne wo k one) due o he speci ic METIS-II goals, bu all he de ails abou componen and node le el me ics can be ound in [EARTH12]. Rega ding ne wo k ene gy e iciency h ee me ics a e wo h men ioning:  Ene gy pe in o ma ion bi , exp essed as ollows     bpsWo bi Jin R P I E I//  ha is he mos widely accep ed me ic o ene gy e iciency, especially in u ban en i onmen s (E s ands o consumed ene gy in a gi en obse a ion pe iod T wi h consumed powe P, I is he in o ma ion olume wi h a e R, measu ed a MAC laye ).  In o ma ion bi pe ene gy, which e e s o he quan i y o in o ma ion bi s ansmi ed o and ecei ed om use s, pe uni o ene gy consump ion o he RAN (e.g. in bi /J).  Powe pe a ea uni   2 /mWin A P A  ypically applicable in subu ban o u al en i onmen s (P is he powe consumed and A he a ea co e age). In o de o e alua e he METIS-II goal, he ene gy consump ion mus be modeled and analyzed bo h o he in as uc u e and o he e minals. On he in as uc u e side, models o analyzing and imp o ing he ene gy e iciency o nowadays echnologies ha e been p oposed in he EARTH p ojec [EARTH12]. I is possible ha o many inno a ions in METIS-II no legacy e e ence will be a ailable. As an example, conside he ene gy consump ion o a ca ha could become a adio node in a u u e 5G ne wo k: o cou se he e is no legacy e e ence o his case and i is also qui e ques ionable i a e e ence o a ca wi hou any “mobile ne wo k ela ed” acili y could be easonable. Whene e new ne wo k elemen s a e in oduced in he METIS-II ne wo k, he only easonable Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 73 e e ence is o he o e all ne wo k ene gy e iciency, conside ing hese new elemen s as u he nodes in he ne wo k p o iding mo e capaci y o he whole sys em. So a no pa icula in es iga ions ha e been conside ed wi h he due a en ion ega ding ene gy e iciency o “de ices”, i.e. o D2D, and “machines”, i.e. o M2M, a leas wi hin he amewo k o a mobile ne wo k pe spec i e. I has o be analyzed case by case he e iciency o hese solu ions, making compa isons o he p e ious condi ions, whe e he inno a i e METIS-II unc ionali ies we e no applied o hese de ices o machines. A.7 Cos Quali a i e de ini ion: Unless o he wise s a ed in he use cases, he cos e e s o all he addi ional in es men s and expenses equi ed by he new METIS-II solu ion. Hence, i he METIS-II solu ion euses pa o he legacy in as uc u e o i is a complemen o i , hen he cos o he legacy ne wo k is no included in o he cos o he METIS-II solu ion. Fo a cellula ne wo k solu ion, he cos ypically includes a pa ela ed o in as uc u e, a pa ela ed o he end-use equipmen , and a pa ela ed o spec um licenses. Cos s ha a e no ela ed o he echnical solu ion, such as cus ome ca e and ma ke ing, a e no conside ed. The in as uc u e pa is ypically di ided in o he capi al in es men o acqui e and deploy he ne wo k, called capi al expendi u e (CAPEX), and he cos s o ope a e he ne wo k, called ope a ional expendi u e (OPEX). Fo ins ance, he CAPEX o a mac o si e co e s he si e acquisi ion and p epa a ion; he equipmen acquisi ion, ins alla ion, and con igu a ion; he backhaul ins alla ion; he an enna sys ems; he powe cables. Typically, CAPEX consis s o one- ime expendi u es. Howe e , o p ac ical easons hese expendi u es a e sp ead o e se e al yea s, i.e. annualized. The OPEX o such a si e co e s si e en al; powe consump ion; main enance, op imiza ion, epa a ions, and eplacemen s; backhaul ansmission cos s; so wa e and ope a ion se ices. The METIS-II ocus is on he adio access ne wo k and he e o e he cos s o he co e ne wo k and se ice pla o ms a e ypically no included, unless o he wise s a ed in he use cases. The cos s wi h he end-use equipmen may be signi ican oo. Some new echnical solu ions may equi e changes bo h in he in as uc u e and he end-use equipmen . Thus an in es men in he in as uc u e migh no b ing he expec ed bene i s unless a signi ican pa o he use equipmen has been eplaced. The e o e he ope a o (s) may ha e an incen i e o in es in speeding up he na u al p ocess o enewing he end-use equipmen . Fo new ypes o se ices, applica ions, and echnical solu ions, i migh be ha de o d aw he line be ween he in as uc u e and he end-use equipmen , as is he case wi h small mobile base s a ions, o elays, moun ed on ehicles. Bu simila p inciples may as well be applicable o mos o he use cases. Mo i a ion: METIS-II has an explici goal o p o iding solu ions whose cos s do no exceed he cos o oday‟s ne wo ks, al hough hei pe o mance is subs an ially be e . Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 80 (Augmen ed eali y applica ion in a c owded museum) Scena io 4: Da a dissemina ion wi h O loading in C owds o handle peak o da a a ic demands G oup 2 Scena io 5: Expanded Co e age and Cellula Ne wo k O loading G oup 2 Scena io 6: Con en dissemina ion based on paymen sys em G oup 2 Scena io 7: Vehicle Flee Managemen G oup 2 Scena io 8: Map-Based Ad anced D i e Assis ance Sys ems (ADAS) G oup 2 Scena io 9: Enhancing T a ic E iciency h ough Coope a i e V2X Communica ion Sys ems G oup 2 T opic Gene ic Use case o small cells cloud se ices: Top down scena io – da a dis ibu ion G oup 2 Gene ic Use case o small cells cloud se ices: Bo om up scena io – p ocessing/wo kload dis ibu ion G oup 1 Applica ion/ adio mixed use cases: Downlink ideo s eaming in in as uc u e a ea G oup 2 Applica ion/ adio mixed use cases: Downlink ideo s eaming in in as uc u e- less a ea G oup 2 Applica ion/ adio mixed use cases: Uplink ideo s eaming G oup 2 Co po a e applica ions o e a em o cloud G oup 2 Sma ai po G oup 2 Small cells cloud da a a i plans o mul ina ional co po a ions G oup 2 Co po a e Vi ual Desk op G oup 1 iJoin S adium G oup 2 Squa e G oup 2 Wide-a ea con inuous co e age G oup 2 Shopping Mall / Ai po G oup 2 Apa om he ones included in he able, he MiWa eS and he MCN p ojec ha e also been analyzed, hough, since hey do no ha e de ailed public desc ip ions o he conside ed UCs, hey ha e no been included in he Table B-3. Howe e , o MiWa eS, he de ined UCs a e adi ional xMBB UCs which a e ocusing on he small cell deploymen (in u ban and u al en i onmen s) and on he lexible spec um usage o he mmW equency bands a 57‒86 GHz and we could conside ha may be cap u ed by he “numbe o Use s and Mobili y, ocused on xMBB se ice” g oup (G oup 2) [MiW15-WP]. Rega ding MCN, he ocus is on equipmen sha ing, ne wo k i ualiza ion and con ex awa eness o load p edic ion in cloud enabled xMBB and MTC scena ios, wi hou ha ing de ailed desc ip ion o he iden i ied equi emen s [MCN13- D21]. The desc ip ion o he UCs o he analyzed Eu opean p ojec s is mainly based on he 5G se ice ype, he numbe o use s, hei mobili y, he la ency equi emen s, and he in as uc u e a ailabili y. The analysis o he UCs conside ed in he Eu opean p ojec s leads o he ollowing ou comes:  mainly xMBB scena ios a e being conside ed om he EU p ojec s, Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 81  in some EU p ojec s mMTC UCs ha e been conside ed,  no uMTC UC has been conside ed in he analyzed EU p ojec s apa om METIS-I. As a conclusion, i could be men ioned ha based on he analysis o he EU p ojec s, no addi ional UC g oup seems o be equi ed, since all he UCs could be included in he iden i ied UC g oups p esen ed in Sec ion B.1. B.3 Analysis o NGMN use cases Acco ding o NGMN, [NGM15], he business con ex beyond 2020 will be no ably di e en om oday since i will ha e o handle he new UCs and business models d i en by he cus ome s‟ and ope a o s‟ needs. 5G will ha e o suppo , based on he NGMN ision, apa om he suppo o he e olu ion o mobile b oadband, new UCs anging om delay-sensi i e ideo applica ions o ul a-low la ency, om high speed en e ainmen applica ions in a ehicle o mobili y o connec ed objec s, and om bes e o applica ions o eliable and ul a- eliable ones such as heal h and sa e y. Thus, NGNM has p oceeded in a ho ough analysis o cap u ing all he cus ome s‟ and ope a o s‟ needs. The analysis is based on wen y- i e UCs o 5G g ouped in o eigh UC amilies (Figu e B-1). The UCs and UC amilies se e as an inpu o s ipula ing equi emen s and de ining he building blocks o he 5G a chi ec u e. Figu e B-1: UC amilies conside ed by NGMN wi h ep esen a i e UCs [NGM15]. Acco ding o he NGMN 5G Whi e Pape [NGM15], he UC analysis is no exhaus i e, hough i p o ides a ho ough and comp ehensi e analysis o he equi emen s o 5G. Following he same analysis as in Sec ion B.1 o he METIS-I UCs, we iden i y in his sec ion he key equi emen s and cha ac e is ics o each UC p oposed by NGMN and we a emp o map i in he UC g oups iden i ied using as e e ence METIS-I. The UC desc ip ion p o ided in NGMN ollows simila Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 82 me hodology o ha o METIS-II, hus enabling a ha monized analysis (see Table B-4). The NGMN objec i e howe e is o inco po a e he business aspec s and he ope a o s‟ iews, hus cap u ing addi ional aspec s on he one hand and posing sligh ly ha de equi emen s o he ne wo k on he o he hand. Table B-4: NGMN UCs analysis by hei cha ac e is ics and he dominan 5G se ice. Use Case key cha ac e is ics 5G se ice ype UC numbe UC name Numbe o de ices Mobili y In as uc u e T a ic Type La ency Requi emen s Reliabili y A ailabili y xMBB uMTC mMTC UC1 Pe asi e Video High High Limi ed Yes Con inuous Low - Low X - - UC2 Sma O ice High High No Yes Con inuous Low - Low X - - UC3 Ope a o Cloud Se ices High High Yes Yes Con inuous Medium - Low X - - UC4 HD Video/Pho o Sha ing in S adium/Open- Ai Ga he ing High Medium No Yes Con inuous Medium - High X - - UC5 50+ Mbps e e ywhe e Low Medium High Limi ed Con inuous High - High X - - UC6 Ul a-low Cos Ne wo ks Low Low Medium Limi ed Con inuous Medium - Low X - - UC7 High Speed T ain Medium Medium High Medioc e All ypes Low - Low X - - UC8 Remo e Compu ing Low Medium High Medioc e Con inuous Low - Low X - - UC9 Mo ing Ho Spo s Low High High Medioc e Bu s y Low - High X - - UC10 3D Connec i i y - Ai c a Low Low High Medioc e High Low - High X - - UC11 Sma Wea ables High Low High All ypes Pe iodic Low - High - - X UC12 Senso Ne wo ks High Low Low All ypes Pe iodic Low - High - - X UC13 Mobile Video Su eillance High Medium High High Con inuous Low - High X - X UC14 Tac ile In e ne High High High High Va ious ypes Low High High - X - UC15 Na u al Disas e High Low Low Limi ed Sho messages High High High - X X UC16 Au oma ed T a ic Con ol and D i ing Low High High High All ypes Low High High - X - UC17 Collabo a i e Robo s: A Con ol Ne wo k o Robo s Low Low No High Con inuous Low High High - X - UC18 eHeal h: Ex eme Li e C i ical High Low No/Low High Sho messages Low High High - X - UC19 Remo e Objec Manipula ion: Remo e Su ge y Low Low Low High Con inuous Low High High - X - UC20 3D connec i i y: D ones Low Low High Limi ed Con inuous Low High High - X - UC21 Public Sa e y Low Low Low High Con inuous Low High High - X - UC22 News and In o ma ion High High High High All ypes High - - X - - UC23 Local B oadcas - High High Low High All ypes High - - X - - Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 83 like Se ices UC24 Regional B oadcas -like Se ices High High High High All ypes High - - X - - UC25 Na ional B oadcas -like Se ices High High High High All ypes High - - X - - Table B-5 maps he NGMN UC o he UC g oups, as hey came up in Sec ion B.1. As shown in Table B-5, he NGMN UCs can be g ouped in he conside ed ca ego ies. Howe e , some UCs ei he may no be included in he iden i ied g oups, o ex ensions a e equi ed. These iden i ied use cases a e he ollowing ones:  UC5: 50+ Mbps e e ywhe e, which conside s mobili y combined wi h xMBB se ice, wi h lack o in as uc u e. I hasbeendecided ha  he“50+Mbpse e ywhe e”usecase will be used o he e alua ion o he mechanisms o METIS-II.  UC16: Au oma ed T a ic Con ol and D i ing, which conside s hea y mo ing use s (i.e., ca s) which ha e o exchange (a) in o ma ion ans e wi h high eliabili y and wi h e y low la ency, and, (b) xMBB se ice among he ca s. This use case may be seen as a mix u e o METIS-I UCs 8 (Real- ime emo e compu ing o mobile e minals) and 12 (T a ic e iciency and sa e y). Howe e , i ocuses on he ul a- eliabili y na u e, since i e e s o au oma ed d i ing, whe eas METIS-I UC8 is ela ed o emo e compu ing, ocusing on he xMBB na u e. I has been hen decided ha METIS-I UC “T a ic Sa e y and E iciency” will be upda ed acco dingly so as o inco po a e he co esponding equi emen s. Table B-5: NGMN UCs g ouping. UC g oup desc ip ion NGMN UCs in he espec i e g oup G oup 1 S a ic use s wi h high da a a e equi emen s and xMBB se ice. UC2, UC4 G oup 2 Mo ing use s, indoo / ou doo en i onmen s, wi h high o ela i ely high use densi y, and xMBB se ice. UC1, UC3, UC6, UC7, UC8, UC9, UC10, UC22, UC23, UC24, UC25 G oup 3 Rela i ely low use densi y wi h high a ailabili y equi emen s, and uMTC se ice. UC14, UC15, UC16, UC17, UC18, UC19, UC20, UC21 G oup 4 High o ela i ely high use densi y and mMTC se ice. UC11, UC12, UC13 B.4 Analysis o ITU-R usage scena ios In i s D a New Recommenda ion “IMT Vision - F amewo k and o e all objec i es o he u u e de elopmen o IMT o 2020 and beyond” [ITU15], he ITU-R WP 5D de ined he amewo k and o e all objec i es o he u u e de elopmen o In e na ional Mobile Telecommunica ions (IMT) o 2020 and beyond in ligh o he oles ha IMT could play o be e se e he needs o he ne wo ked socie y, o bo h de eloped and de eloping coun ies, in he u u e. IMT o 2020 Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 84 and beyond is en isaged o expand and suppo di e se usage scena ios and applica ions ha will con inue beyond he cu en IMT:  Enhanced Mobile B oadband: Human-cen ic use cases o enhanced access o mul i- media con en , se ices and da a wi h imp o ed pe o mance and inc easingly seamless use expe ience. This usage scena io co e s a ange o cases wi h di e en equi emen s, e.g., he ho spo case wi h high use densi y, e y high a ic capaci y and low use mobili y, as well as he wide a ea co e age case wi h seamless adio co e age p o iding much imp o ed use da a a e compa ed o exis ing da a a es wi h medium o high use mobili y.  Ul a- eliable and low la ency communica ions: S ingen equi emen s o capabili ies such as h oughpu , la ency and a ailabili y. Examples: Wi eless con ol o indus ial manu ac u ing o p oduc ion p ocesses, emo e medical su ge y, dis ibu ion au oma ion in a sma g id, anspo a ion sa e y, e c.  Massi e machine ype communica ions: Cha ac e ized by a e y la ge numbe o connec ed de ices ypically ansmi ing a ela i ely low olume o non-delay-sensi i e da a. De ices a e equi ed o be low cos , and ha e a e y long ba e y li e. These usage scena ios illus a ed by some examples in Figu e B-2 a e in p inciple a one- o-one mapping o he 3 so-called gene ic 5G se ices xMBB, uMTC and mMTC s a ed in he METIS-I p ojec [MET15-D66]. Due o ha consensus he e is no need in METIS-II o make any changes w. . . se ice ypes which a e he basis o he inal use case de ini ion. Figu e B-2: Examples o usage scena ios conside ed by ITU-R o IMT beyond 2020 [ITU15]. The ITU-R has conside ed 8 pa ame e s o be key capabili ies o IMT-2020:  Peak da a a e (i.e., maximum achie able da a a e unde ideal condi ions pe use /de ice). Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 85  Use expe ienced da a a e (i.e., achie able da a a e ha is a ailable ubiqui ously ac oss he co e age a ea o a mobile use /de ice).  La ency (i.e., he con ibu ion by he adio ne wo k o he ime om when he sou ce sends a packe o when he des ina ion ecei es i ).  Mobili y (i.e., maximum speed a which a de ined QoS and seamless ans e be ween adio nodes which may belong o di e en laye s and/o adio access echnologies (mul i-laye /-RAT) can be achie ed).  Connec ion densi y (i.e., o al numbe o connec ed and/o accessible de ices pe uni a ea).  Ene gy e iciency ( e e s on he ne wo k side o he quan i y o in o ma ion bi s ansmi ed o / ecei ed om use s, pe uni o ene gy consump ion o he RAN, and on he de ice side o he quan i y o in o ma ion bi s pe uni o ene gy consump ion o he communica ion module (in bi /Joule in bo h cases)).  Spec um e iciency (i.e., a e age da a h oughpu pe uni o spec um esou ce and pe cell (bi /s/Hz)).  A ea a ic capaci y (i.e., o al a ic h oughpu se ed pe geog aphic a ea (in bi /s/m2)). The key capabili ies expec ed o IMT-2020 a e shown in Figu e B-3(a) compa ed wi h hose o IMT-Ad anced, bu due o di e en equi emen s he impo ance o he achie ed capabili y alues is no he same o all h ee usage scena ios. This is shown in Figu e B-3(b). Ne e heless, dependen on he dedica ed se ice o en i onmen , he impo ance may also a y wi hin one usage scena io (e.g. di e en mobili y equi emen s o he ho spo and he wide a ea co e age case as men ioned be o e o enhanced MBB). Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 86 a) Expec ed enhancemen s e sus IMT-Ad anced. b) Impo ance o di e en usage scena ios. Figu e B-3: Key capabili ies o IMT beyond 2020 [ITU15]. The ITU-R no ed also o he capabili ies wi h impo ance o he u u e IMT-2020 sys em: Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 87  Spec um and bandwid h lexibili y (i.e., lexibili y o he sys em design o handle di e en scena ios and in pa icula o he capabili y o ope a e a di e en equency anges, including highe equencies and wide channel bandwid hs han oday).  Reliabili y (i.e., capabili y o p o ide a gi en se ice wi h a e y high le el o a ailabili y).  Resilience (i.e., abili y o he ne wo k o con inue ope a ing co ec ly du ing and a e a na u al o man-made dis u bance, such as he loss o mains powe sys em).  Secu i y and p i acy ( e e s o se e al a eas such as enc yp ion and in eg i y p o ec ion o use da a and signaling, as well as end use p i acy p e en ing unau ho ized use acking, and p o ec ion o ne wo k agains hacking, aud, denial o se ice, man in he middle a acks e c.).  Ope a ional li e ime (i.e., ope a ion ime pe s o ed ene gy capaci y which is pa icula ly impo an o machine- ype de ices equi ing a e y long ba e y li e (e.g., mo e han 10 yea s) whose egula main enance is di icul due o physical o economic easons). In he use cases o he METIS-II p ojec – and o he o he 5G PPP p ojec s as well – he capabili ies ecommended by ITU-R should be e e enced as KPIs. B.5 3GPP S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s 3GPP SA1 s a ed in Ma ch 2015 a new S udy I em called “S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s” (FS_SMARTER) [3GPP15-SMARTER]. The objec i e o his s udy is o iden i y new ma ke segmen s and e icals he 3GPP sys em needs o add ess in he u u e o enable new business models and a ying ope a ional schemes o op imize he use o he ope a o s' ne wo ks (e.g., as e ne wo k and se ice deploymen , lowe ope a ional complexi y and cos ). The wo k will ocus on use cases and equi emen s ha canno be me wi h oday‟s E ol ed Packe Sys em. In a i s s ep SA1 is de eloping use cases o a ious scena ios and iden i ying ela ed high- le el po en ial equi emen s. As second s ep/phase, i is wo king o g oup oge he use cases wi h common cha ac e is ics and ag eed o g oup he di e en use cases in TR 22.891 in o ou building blocks. In o de o accele a e his wo k, i held a dedica ed ad-hoc mee ing du ing 19-21 Oc obe , 2015. The cu en s a us o he FS_SMARTER ou pu wi h desc ip ions o 74 di e en use cases is e lec ed in he D a Technical Repo TR 22.891 [3GPP15-22891] which was p esen ed du ing SA mee ing held in Dec 2015. In he ollowing mee ings, SA1 will con inue o wo k on he indi idual building block s udy i ems o u he de elop each selec ed use case (o g oup o use cases) and o cap u e desi ed sys em equi emen s and capabili ies ha apply ac oss he di e en e icals. This essen ially e lec s a ho izon al iew on po en ial equi emen s o complemen he e ical use cases. The a ge da e o his inal s ep wi h inaliza ion o indi idual TRs is Ma ch 2016. The ou ag eed building block s udies a e: S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s – massi e In e ne o Things o FS_SMARTER-mIoT, S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s – C i ical Communica ions o FS_SMARTER-CRIC, S udy on New Se ices and Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 88 Ma ke s Technology Enable s – enhanced Mobile B oadband o FS_SMARTER-eMBB and S udy on New Se ices and Ma ke s Technology Enable s – Ne wo k Ope a ion o FS_SMARTER-NEO. The lis o use cases in cu en D a TR 22.891 co e s no only se ice- ela ed use cases, bu also use cases which a e mo e ela ed o u u e ne wo k se -up and ope a ion. Examples o ha a e:  Ne wo k slicing;  On-demand ne wo king;  Mul i-RAT connec i i y incl. selec ion o bes connec i i y pe a ic ype;  Coexis ence wi h legacy sys ems;  Flexible applica ion a ic ou ing including op imiza ions in case o se e changes;  Ne wo k enhancemen s o suppo lexibili y, scalabili y, and au oma ion;  Wi eless backhauling. Such kind o use cases we e no e lec ed by he wo k in METIS-I and a e also no in ended in METIS-II, as he ocus is a de ini ion o end use se ice- ela ed use cases. The se ice- ela ed use cases co e di e en xMBB usage scena ios, e.g. o indoo and ho spo scena ios (incl. i ual p esence) as well as seamless wide-a ea co e age. In addi ion, use cases o low mobili y as well as high mobili y including connec i i y o ca s a e lis ed. Also b oadcas ing is highligh ed by use cases. The ypical mMTC se ice is e lec ed e.g. by “Wide a ea senso moni o ing and e en d i en ala ms” as well as by use cases add essing he con igu a ion o such low-cos de ices. Se e al use cases lis ed a e ela ed o uMTC scena ios, e.g.  Tac ile in e ne ;  Indus ial con ol and ac o y/p ocess au oma ion;  Robo ics;  Localized as well as wide-a ea emo e con ol (e.g. connec i i y o d ones). Fu he examples a e on eme gency and li eline communica ions as well as on highly accu a e use /de ice posi ioning and acking. These se ice- ela ed use cases in D a TR 22.891 a e al eady conside ed o a la ge ex en by he co esponding desc ip ions o METIS-I scena ios and es /use cases [MET13-D11] [MET15- D15], a leas w. . . hei challenging equi emen s. Ne e heless, as TR 22.891 is no inally app o ed, a c oss-check wi h he equi emen s and KPIs aken o he selec ed use cases in METIS-II should be pe o med o achie e consis ency be ween di e en ac i i ies. Excep o he easibili y s udy SMARTER 3GPP SA1 has also ini ia ed 3 o he S udy I ems which ha e some ele ance o 5G, e en i hey a e ocused on LTE echnology: he i s one is Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 89 on V2X use cases (FS_V2XLTE) [3GPP15-V2XLTE], he o he s on mission c i ical communica ions (FC_MCVIDEO [3GPP15-MCVIDEO] and FC_MCDATA [3GPP15-MCDATA]). The D a TR 22.885 o FS_V2XLTE [3GPP15-22885] is in ended o be comple ed in No 2015. I desc ibes use cases in a ehicula en i onmen o V2V, V2I and V2P in he con ex o bo h sa e y and non-sa e y se ices. Acco ding o s udies in METIS-I pe o med e.g. by BMW no all equi emen s especially o sa e y se ices can be e icien ly ul illed by cu en LTE eleases. The wo k in METIS-I on 5G echnology componen s al eady conside ed he mos challenging pa s o he FS_V2XLTE use cases ia UC12 “T a ic e iciency and sa e y” (see Sec ion 3.2 and [MET13-D11]), so i is no explici ly equi ed o conside all lis ed use cases in de ail o he wo k in METIS-II. The wo k on mission c i ical ideo and da a communica ion by SA1 is ela ed e.g. o g oup communica ions sys ems, p oximi y based se ices, o isola ed LTE ope a ion o public sa e y. Di e en use cases which can be cha ac e ized o belong o he 5G uMTC scena io a e lis ed in cu en D a s TR 22.879 [3GPP15-22879] and TR 22.880 [3GPP15-22879] (in ended o be app o ed by No 2015). In mos cases he use cases do no p o ide dedica ed alues o KPIs which can be ans e ed o 5G, bu unc ional equi emen s he wi eless sys em has o ul ill. The main impac on 5G is ha i is assumed ha hose mission c i ical se ices should un on a common pla o m (incl. he de ices) oge he wi h o he comme cial se ices. The use cases a e mainly ela ed o g oup communica ions wi h di e en se ice ypes wi h and also wi hou suppo o he ne wo k in as uc u e, so e.g. ex ensions o D2D communica ion conside ed in METIS-I is equi ed. O he se ice ypes, e.g. emo e con ol ea u es as well as ideo su eillance, a e al eady co e ed by co esponding use cases in SMARTER. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 96 km/h) C.3 UC3: B oadband access e e ywhe e This is a new METIS use case buil on elemen s o a NGMN use case [NGM15] combined wi h some aspec s om he METIS-I es case se en (Blind spo s) in [MET13-D11]. This use case mainly add esses he use case amily xMBB. C.3.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion The demand o e y high expe ienced use h oughpu In e ne access a any ime and a any place is cons an ly inc easing. The ubiqui ous capaci y demands o u u e use s will be challenging o sa is y in a eas wi h spa se ne wo k in as uc u e, such as sca cely popula ed a eas, u al and e en subu ban a eas. A consis en use expe ience wi h espec o h oughpu , needs a minimum expe ienced use h oughpu gua an eed e e ywhe e. The a ge alue o 50 Mbps e e ywhe e should be unde s ood as he minimum expe ienced use h oughpu and no a single use ‟s heo e ical peak a e. Fu he mo e, i is emphasized ha his use a e has o be deli e ed consis en ly ac oss he co e age a ea (i.e. e en a cell edges). Fu he mo e, he ba e y consump ion o sma phones and able e minals in a eas wi h low co e age inc eases signi ican ly due o highe p opaga ion losses. A a ge o 50% ene gy consomp ion educ ion compa ed wi h legacy ne wo k should be achie ed bo h a ne wo k in as uc u e and a end use le el. While cell densi ica ion is p omising o boos ing capaci y in u u e u ban en i onmen , wide co e age solu ions as well as lexible, ene gy and cos e icien solu ions mus be de eloped in u u e wi eless communica ion sys ems o p o ide ubiqui ous co e age in subu ban and mo e o less emo e u al a eas. C.3.2 KPIs and equi emen s The equi emen s and he key pe o mance indica o s a e summa ized in Table C-8, based on [NGM15]. High expe ienced use h oughpu co e age is expec ed a e e y loca ion o he se ice a ea, e en in emo e u al a eas. Mos ly, ideo s eaming and ile downloads a e equi ed, co esponding o a high expe ienced h oughpu pe use . In pa icula , each use should be able o expe ience a h oughpu o a leas 50 Mbps in downlink and 25 Mbps in uplink. Use densi y and a ic olume densi y will a y acco ding o en i onmen ypes. In u al a eas we assume a use densi y o 100 use s pe km2, which esul s in a o al a ic olume o 7.5 Gbps/km2. Lowe densi y alues o mo e emo e u al en i onmen s, ep esen a i e o mo e sca cely popula ed a eas, a e p o ided. Subu ban en i onmen s, ep esen a i e o a eas close o u ban ci ies a e also add essed. The end- o-end (one ip) RAN la ency has o be main ained below 10 ms. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 97 The se ice a ailabili y mus be a leas 99% (space domain). In addi ion, 50 Mbps DL and 25 Mbps UL should be achie ed wi h 95% e ainabili y whe e he se ice is a ailable ( ime domain). Reliabili y is no in he ocus o his use case. Ne e heless, some le el o eliabili y is equi ed in o de o ensu e a seamless consump ion o ideo se ices oge he wi h imely ile deli e y. Fo example, low eliabili y le els can lowe he QoE o ideo se ices due o he p esence o isual e o s and can also delay he download ime o ile deli e y se ices. As a esul , a eliabili y alue o 95% is assumed. Bo h in as uc u al and end use ene gy consump ion should be minimized. In his ega ding, ope a o s associa ed in as uc u e should ha e an ene gy consump ion educed by 50%, whe eas he use s need o spend less han hal he ene gy hey consume in legacy ne wo k. Ne wo k cos including in as uc u al equipmen , si e en al, ene gy consump ion e c., is expec ed o be educed by 50%. Solu ions o low cos backhauling a e hus o be de eloped. Human use s a e gene ally he main a ge o his use case, while a la ge di e si y o se ices should be suppo ed, such as ile downloading and ideo s eaming. Table C-8: KPIs and equi emen s o UC3. Va iable/pa ame e Value (u ban/ u al/highway) Pe o mance a ge s Expe ienced use h oughpu 50 Mbps Mbps (DL) and 25 Mbps (UL) T a ic olume densi y (busy hou ) Fa emo e u al : DL : 0.5 Gbps/km2 Fa emo e u al : UL : 0.25 Gbps/km2 Ru al : DL : 5 Gbps/km2 Ru al : UL : 2.5 Gbps/km2 Subu ban : DL : 20 Gbps/km2 Subu ban : UL : 10 Gbps/km2 End- o-end RAN la ency (including connec ion se up and de ec ion delay) o ecei e s wi hin he a ge ange Less han 10 ms A ailabili y: pe cen age o a ea whe e ansmissions mee he expe ienced use 99% Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 98 da a a e equi emen Re ainabili y : pe cen age o ime whe e ansmissions mee he expe ienced use da a a e 95% Cons ain s Ene gy consump ion (in as uc u e) Low-ene gy ope a ions a e p e e ed mainly o cos and sus ainabili y easons. When no ansmi ing use da a he consumed ene gy should be e y low. Gene ally he ne wo k ene gy consump ion should be compa able o he ene gy consump ion o oday‟s me opoli an deploymen s, despi e he d as ically inc eased amoun o a ic Ene gy consump ion (UE o o he de ices) UE should be able o ope a e on ba e y o se e al hou s Cos (in as uc u e) Ne wo k in as uc u e should be cheap bo h in e ms o ha dwa e cos as well as ins alla ion and main enance cos s Cos (UE o o he de ices) UE cos should be simila o oday‟s sma phones o 3G/4G modems Use case de ini ion Use /de ice densi y Fa emo e u al: 11 use s pe km2 Ru al: 100 use pe km2 Subu ban: 400 use pe km2 Use ype Human Use mobili y A mix o s a ic use s and use s in ehicles wi h eloci y up o 120 km/h Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 99 C.4 UC4: Massi e dis ibu ion o senso s and ac ua o s This use case is based on a es case ele en in [MET13-D11]. I mainly add esses he use case amily mMTC. C.4.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion The impo ance o his use case will g ow oge he wi h he massi e deploymen o hese low cos and o low ene gy consump ion de ices. In o de o ge he maximum o in o ma ion om hese de ices, so as o inc ease en i onmen al awa eness and be e use expe ience, he e is a need o hese de ices o be able o communica e wi h o he de ices and/o wi h he ne wo k. A ange o examples a e p esen ed below. Some examples o cases o he acking o po able objec s a e lis ed in he sequel:  Tools (e.g. d ills), whe e he pu pose o he communica ion node in each ool is o measu e in which en i onmen and how he ool is used (e.g. in o de o no i y he use ha he should a he be using a di e en ool o o de elop ools which a e be e sui ed o hei usage) and de ec ea ly signs o p oduc ailu e.  O he p oduc s whe e he p oduce is in e es ed in imp o ing usabili y. An example could be books (such as manuals), whe e senso s de ec which pages a e opened when and in which o de . Ano he example could be ela ed o a es au an whe e i is measu ed which ables and chai s a e occupied.  P oduc s which equi e ca e (e.g. lowe po s), whe e he communica ion senso /node would send a wa ning i wa e ing o e iliza ion is needed.  F agile p oduc s, whe e he communica ion node could measu e whe he he p oduc is handled wi h su icien ca e (e.g. no oo much accele a ion, and igh empe a u e), and send an ala m i his is no he case.  Po en ially dange ous p oduc s, such as kni es, chemicals (o weapons), whe e he communica ion node could send an ala m i somebody unau ho ized uses o mo es hese p oduc s.  P oduc s ha expi e, such as g oce ies and spices, whe e an ala m could be sen i p oduc p ope ies c oss a ce ain h eshold.  P oduc s whe e s a is ics on he mo emen a e o be collec ed. Fo ins ance, a company may wan o moni o a lee o , e.g. bicycles. In an ex eme case, one could imagine he Eu opean Cen al Bank agging Eu o no es in o de o obse e he low o ha d cu ency.  P oduc s o en subjec o he , such as hand-bags o jewel y, whe e communica ion nodes could aise an ala m in case o unau ho ized mo emen . Simila ly i he cus ome places he p oduc s o a w ong loca ion (shel ), he communica ion node can wa n he cus ome and p obably cus ome se ice. Some o he examples o cases o he moni o ing o , e.g. en i onmen , ma e ials, may include: Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 100  Ag icul u al applica ion: A la ge numbe o senso s sp ead ou o e la ge ag icul u al a eas o measu e, e.g. e ili y and humidi y, o help he a me op imize he igh ime o ha es ing and e ilizing (app oxima ely 10 senso s pe km2, i is accep able i 50% o senso s manage o ge a 20 by e uplink ne payload h ough o he in as uc u e once pe day). I could also be imagined ha such senso s a e used indoo s in, e.g. g eenhouses.  Ma e ial moni o ing (pa icula example: wind mill): Senso s a e placed e e y 5 m on he su ace o he s uc u e o a mode n powe -gene a ing wind mill, epo ing ib a ions and o he measu es ha may gi e an ea ly indica ion o ma e ial damage o subop imal usage (50 senso s pe wind mill, all senso s should be able o ge a 20 by e ne uplink payload h ough o he in as uc u e once pe day). No e ha in his pa icula case he senso s a e mo ing, hough his mo emen is highly p edic able.  Ma e ial moni o ing (pa icula example: high-speed ain): Senso s a e placed in each wheel o he ain and a e able o measu e ib a ions and ea ly indica ions o ack o wheel damage (4 senso s pe ca iage, all senso s should be able o ge a 20 by e ne payload h ough o he in as uc u e pe day). Such senso s – e en a such a low du y cycle - would be able o p e en dange ous ain acciden s ha ha e happened in he pas due o unno iced ma e ial aul s.  Ma e ial moni o ing (pa icula example: building): Senso s a e placed in a building o on he su ace o a building, again o moni o ib a ions and o he ea ly indica ions o po en ial ma e ial ailu e. These senso s will also be use ul o quickly assess he s a e o a building a e a na u al disas e , such as an ea hquake o a hu icane (all senso s should be able o ge a 20 by e ne payload h ough o he In e ne once pe day). C.4.2 KPIs and equi emen s This use case a ge s he 5G goals ela ed o he numbe o connec ed de ices, ene gy consump ion pe de ice by main aining he same ene gy consump ion and cos a he ne wo k side. The cu en s a e o equi emen s o hese uses cases is e lec ed in [3GPP15-45820], o which he pe o mance objec i es a e:  Maximum Coupling Loss o 164.0 dB (wi h a leas 160 bps da a a e on bo h he uplink and downlink)  52547 de ices wi hin a cell si e sec o , based on: 40 de ices pe household, wi h 1517 household pe km2, and a In e Si e Dis ance o 1732 m  10 yea s du abili y o a 5Wh ba e y, o a ic based on 50 by es TX wi h a 24 hou s epo ing in e al in a 164.0 dB coupling loss scena io  Reduced complexi y (wi h e e ence on cu en GPRS modems) in o de o enable cheape de ices, being measu ed based on: o Silicon a ea es ima e, including on-chip memo y. o Indica ion o equi ed ga e densi y should be gi en. o Rela i e a ea o RF and baseband unc ions. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 101 o Lis o ex e nal componen s. o Any special cha ac e is ics o ex e nal componen s speci ic o a sys em p oposal. o DSP cycles / second. Howe e , o 5G on 2020, i is o eseen ha mo e ambi ious a ge s a e needs, as:  Numbe o de ices suppo ed in he sys em 1 000 000 de ices pe km2.  Payload size is assumed o be e y small, om 20 o 125 by es pe message, wi h a e y la ge ansmission cycle, which will depend on he speci ic applica ion. As a e e ence, an expe ienced use h oughpu o 1 kbps is o eseen pe de ice, which is equi alen o 1 message o 125 by es pe second.  Long ba e y li e (on he o de o 10+ yea s) o he wi eless de ice, implying he need o high ene gy e iciency. Ba e y li e is di ec ly ela ed o ene gy e iciency.  Minimum possible signaling o e head.  Keeping he UE complexi y in o de o gua an ee ul a-low cos de ices.  99.9% a ailabili y. Simila ene gy consump ion and cos o he in as uc u e as o he base sys ems o oday. The equi emen s and he key pe o mance indica o s a e summa ized in Table C-9. Table C-9: KPIs and equi emen s o UC4. Va iable/pa ame e Value Pe o mance a ge s Ba e y li e A leas 10 yea s (assuming 5 Wa s-hou ba e y) De ice densi y 1 000 000 de ices pe km2 A ailabili y 99.9% T a ic olume pe de ice F om ew by es pe day o 125 by es pe second Cons ain s Ene gy e iciency (in as uc u e) In p inciple no speci ic cons ain s o he in as uc u e Ene gy e iciency (UE o o he de ices) The powe supply a ailabili y is limi ed, so low-ene gy ope a ion is equi ed. Fo senso ype de ices wi h ba e y powe supply only, he ene gy-op imized Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 102 ope a ion is equi ed. Cos (in as uc u e) In as uc u e cos should be kep on he same le el pe a ea as oday. Cos (UE o o he de ices) Fo senso ype de ices a signi ican cos educ ion compa ed o no mal handse de ices is needed. C.5 UC5: Connec ed ca s This use case is based on es cases eigh and wel e o METIS-I [MET13-D11]. I mainly add esses he use case amilies uMTC and xMBB. C.5.1 Backg ound and mo i a ion The use o emo e se ices is also applicable a highe use mobili y, e.g. while d i ing ca s o using public anspo a ion, and no me ely aking place in slow mobili y o s a iona y se ings. Wi h highe use mobili y enabled on- he-way wo ke s as well as a leisu ed people can enjoy he bene i s o eal- ime emo e compu ing o mobile e minals. A he same ime he connec ed ca also p o ides a sa e and e icien jou ney ia he communica ion o i s su ounding. This communica ion enables he ca o a oid acciden s, bu i also enables o he ypes o a ic planning such as a oiding a ic jam queues and minimizing uel consump ion. The eby he connec ed ca enables a ic sa e y, e iciency and eal- ime emo e se ices. C.5.2 KPIs and equi emen s The connec ed ca needs o be a ic e icien and ale in e ms o sa e y as well as able o p o ide good eal- ime emo e compu ing expe ience o he end-use s. T a ic e iciency and sa e y The main challenges o his use case, when i comes o “ a ic e iciency and sa e y” lie in he equi ed eliabili y, a ailabili y, and la ency o au omo i e sa e y se ices. The equi emen s a e desc ibed below and he key pe o mance indica o s and cons ain s a e summa ized in Table C-10. A maximum wi eless ne wo k end- o-end delay (including wi eless de ice de ec ion, connec ion se up and adio ansmission bu excluding he ime needed om he ehicle o p ocess and gene a e he in o ma ion message) o 5 ms, wi h ansmission eliabili y o 99.999% should be gua an eed o deli e he d i e sa e y se ice. This is a majo challenge.  V2X communica ion needs o be es ablished ac oss di e en ne wo k ope a o s wi h he same equi emen s in e ms o la ency and se ice gua an ee as wi hin a single ne wo k ope a o .  ≈100% a ailabili y equi ed such ha he se ices a e p esen a e e y poin on he oad. Addi ional KPIs and cons ain s a e he ollowing: Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 103  Rela i e posi ioning accu acy below 0.5 m is needed. GPS may no always be a ailable and su icien , and hence cellula based posi ioning echniques could be use ul.  Da a a ic (inspi ed by cu en ETSI Technical Commi ee ITS and IEEE s anda diza ion wo k [MMK+11], [S 11], hough, he pa ame e alues a e mo e challenging han wha is discussed o oday‟s sys ems): o Pe iodic b oadcas a ic consis ing o a leas 1600 payload by e ( o ansmission o in o ma ion ela ed o 10 de ec ed objec s esul ing om local en i onmen pe cep ion and he in o ma ion ela ed o he ac ual ehicle) wi h epe i ion a e o a leas 5-10 Hz. The upda e a e is chosen high enough such ha he ehicle eloci y ec o does no change oo much be ween upda es. The a ic gene a ed by each ehicle has o be deli e ed o all he neighbo ing ehicles wi hin he speci ied ange. o E en -d i en b oadcas a ic consis ing o a leas 1600 payload by e wi h epe i ion a e o a leas 5-10 Hz ( o ansmission o in o ma ion ela ed o 10 de ec ed objec s esul ing om local en i onmen pe cep ion and he in o ma ion ela ed o he ac ual ehicle). o Bo h a ic ypes (pe iodic and e en d i en) can exis a he same ime. No e ha he epe i ion a e o bo h a ic ypes is de e mined by he need o ack changes in he en i onmen . o Fo communica ion be ween ehicles and o he de ices (e.g., sma phones) a payload o 500 by e may be su icien ( o ansmission o he in o ma ion om he ac ual consume elec onics de ice, such as cu en posi ion and addi ional da a om he de ice senso s).  Fou di e en mobili y en i onmen s need o be dis inguished: U ban, u al, and highway. o U ban: maximum absolu e eloci y o 60 km/h and 120 km/h ela i e eloci y be ween ehicles. o Ru al: maximum absolu e eloci y o 120 km/h and 240 km/h ela i e eloci y be ween ehicles. o Highway: maximum absolu e eloci y o 250 km/h and 500 km/h ela i e eloci y be ween ehicles. o Vulne able oad use eloci ies anging om 3 km/h (pedes ian) up o 30 km/h (bicycle).  Use and de ice densi ies depend on he en i onmen and scena io: o Vehicula de ices:  In u ban en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 1000 use s pe km2  In u al and highway en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 100 use s pe km2 o Vulne able oad use de ices:  In u al and highway en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 150 ele an use s pe km2. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 104  In u ban en i onmen s he use densi y can be up o 5000 ele an use s pe km2.  The equi ed communica ion ange is di e en o he a ious en i onmen s: o Up o 1 km in highway scena ios. o Up o 500 m in u al scena ios. o Up o 50 m in u ban scena ios.  Addi ional spec um cons ain s a e: o Use o dedica ed spec um i a ailable, o p e e able equencies below 5 GHz. Real- ime emo e compu ing o mobile e minals The main KPIs o his use case co esponding o xMBB aspec s a e  High a ailabili y o 99%  Low E2E la encies o less han 10 ms. The equi emen s and key pe o mance indica o s o his use case a e summa ized in Table C- 10 and desc ibed in mo e de ail as ollows:  High da a a e connec i i y is expec ed o ehicles (o speci ically, he on-boa d de ices) and also o use de ices inside o ehicles. Real- ime in e ac i e se ices (such as augmen ed eali y and i ual o ice applica ions), loca ion based se ices, and any se ice ha equi es o shi ce ain complex p ocessing asks (usually pe o med locally) o a emo e se e co espond o high da a a e demands wi h eal- ime equi emen s. As a esul we assume ha e e y ac i e de ice in he ehicle equi es a da a a e o 100 Mbps in downlink and 20 Mbps in uplink. Assuming a mos 5 simul aneously ac i e de ices pe ehicle (including he on-boa d de ices) and a ehicle densi y o 100 ehicles pe km2 in mo o ways, his leads o a o al a ic olume o 60 Gbps/km2.  Mul i-ope a o solu ions a e equi ed in o de o se e use s wi h di e en ne wo k ope a o con ac s and hus make his KPIs a ailable.  The conside ed applica ions ha e eal- ime equi emen s. The e o e, E2E la encies lowe han 10 [ms] wi h high eliabili y (i.e. 95% o he packe s should be success ully ansmi ed wi hin his ime) needs o be achie ed.  The ene gy e iciency o he de ices used in he ehicles and o Elec onic Con ol Uni s (ECUs) using emo e p ocessing se ices should be high. Powe consump ion should be minimized in o de ex end he ba e y ime and allow o high p oduc i i y o he use s inside he ehicles.  De ice densi ies depend mainly on he means o anspo a ion sys em. By 2020 and beyond people a e expec ed o ca y mo e han one cellula de ice. Mo eo e , he ehicle i sel ( h ough in- ehicle ECUs) may shi complex p ocessing asks o a emo e Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 105 se e in eal- ime. The numbe o ac i e de ices (passenge de ices plus ehicle on- boa d de ices) scales wi h he size o he ehicle: o A mos 5 simul aneously ac i e de ices pe ca o Up o 50 use de ices simul aneously ac i e pe bus o Up o 300 use de ices simul aneously ac i e pe ain  The use case conside s human- o-machine and machine- o-machine ype communica ion wi h high mobili y making use o eal- ime emo e p ocessing.  Use mobili y equals he ehicle speed. The ca - o-ca communica ion becomes highly ele an in e.g. au oma ed d i ing. Table C-10: KPIs and equi emen s o UC5. Va iable/pa ame e Value (u ban/ u al/highway) Pe o mance a ge s o a ic e iciency and sa e y Expe ienced use h oughpu 1600 by e x 10 Hz, i.e., 128 kbps T a ic olume densi y 0.1 / 0.01 / 0.01 Gbps/km2 End- o-end la ency (including connec ion se up and de ec ion delay) o ecei e s wi hin he a ge ange 5 ms A ailabili y ≈ 100% Reliabili y 99.999% Numbe o deli e ed message To be maximized V2X Range 50 m, 500 m, 1 km Posi ioning accu acy Rela i e accu acy less han 0.5 m Pe o mance a ge s o eal- ime emo e compu ing Expe ienced use h oughpu 100 [Mbps] in downlink 20 [Mbps] in uplink T a ic olume densi y 60 [Gbps/km2] ( o ca s on a highway) La ency Less han 10 [ms] E2E la ency Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 112  OPEX wi h high e ansmission ees. In he u u e, sa elli e ope a o s migh e ol e owa ds p o iding backhaul/ on haul se ices o e es ial ne wo ks o b oadband se ices. The backhaul o mobile ne wo ks is cu en ly mos ly achie ed h ough ibe , e es ial and mic owa e solu ions. As mo e and mo e backhaul op imiza ion echnologies a e equi ed o suppo he g owing a ic, sa elli e becomes mo e and mo e a iable op ion. Wi h new sa elli es, he cos o sa elli e backhaul is expec ed o dec ease signi ican ly. The ela i ely high la ency expe ienced in GEO sa elli e communica ions could also be educed wi h LEO sys ems as his is a basic equi emen o 5G. O he wise he 5G la ency a ge s canno be achie ed. The e o e he e may be a di e en ia ion in he business model (xMBB o emo e a eas wi hou o he in as uc u e (p obably no in main pa s o Eu ope), bu wi h limi ed se o all 5G ea u es). In addi ion, a ailabili y could also be enhanced wi h hese new LEO sa elli es. Sa elli e ope a o s could also mo e owa ds he igh side o he sa elli e alue chain and adop a mul icas app oach in combina ion wi h e es ial mobile ne wo ks. Sa elli e ne wo ks (MEO, GEO and LEO) can be eally help ul d i e he ma ke o MTC in emo e, widesp ead, hos ile o global a eas ( hings can be ae onau ical pla o ms including ai c a s, ma i ime pla o ms, essels…). Table D-2: WiFi, LPWA, sa elli e playe s ole. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion WiFi access p o ide Ope a e WiFi access poin s Sells wholesale and e ail se ices Manages subsc ibe ela ionships Small cells ope a ion mainly on unlicensed spec um, wi h possible in eg a ion wi h 5G ne wo ks Small cell as a se ice (SCaaS) LPWA (Low Powe Wide A ea) ope a o s Deploy and ope a e dedica ed ne wo ks o IoT Possible in eg a ion wi h 5G ne wo ks (cell si e sha ing, RAN in eg a ion? in eg a ion o unlicensed bands?) Sa elli e ope a o Limi ed p o ision o na owband mobile se ices wi h LEO cons ella ions (e.g. I idium, Inma sa ) Possible o e ing in on haul/backhaul in eg a ion wi h e es ial ne wo ks. Use o non- GEO cons ella ions wi h educed la ency. Mul icas app oach in combina ion wi h e es ial ne wo ks. Use o MTC in u al a eas Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 113  P i a e wi eless ne wo k owne . This playe is a co po a e unning a close subsc ibe g oup (CSG) adio ne wo k, p o iding p op ie a y connec i i y, se ices and applica ions, usually wi h addi ional access o public ne wo ks. Towe companies, acili y manage s, u ban u ni u e manage s, equipmen manu ac u e s ( o RAN ou sou cing) In his sec ion, we analyze playe s owning asse s which can be use ul o mobile ne wo k co e age and capaci y ex ensions. Towe companies, acili y manage s, u ban u ni u e manage s and equipmen manu ac u e s all in o his g oup. Towe companies Towe companies such as Ame ican Towe (USA), C own Cas le (USA), AT&T Towe s (USA), China Towe Company (China) o A qi a (Uni ed Kingdom) a e in posi ion o go u he han hei cu en ole o en ing space o MNOs‟ base s a ions and could ope a e pa o he RAN. In he Uni ed Kingdom, A qi a is able o p o ide MNOs wi h access o o e 400,000 s ee asse s, including lamppos s and CCTV came as. CAPEX and OPEX o owe companies a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o acqui e si es, build owe s;  Minimal CAPEX o ope a e (ligh ing sys em and ence epai …), inc ease numbe o clien s (heigh ex ension, mul iple an ennas in eg a ion, sha ed gene a o , s eng hened ounda ion…);  OPEX o main ain and ope a e owe s (g ound en , insu ance, eal es a e axes…); On he o he hand, owe companies en owe s o MNO wi h long- e m con ac s ( ixed powe and uel cos / adi ional pass- h ough cos ). Cha ges a e based on loca ion, e ical space, weigh placed on owe … In he u u e, some owe companies migh conside ope a ing he RAN o a MNO h ough an ou sou cing a angemen in compe i ion wi h equipmen manu ac u e s. Towe companies could also bid o spec um du ing o hcoming auc ions and build RANs ei he o co e u al a eas wi h low equency bands o in o de o p o ide capaci y wi h highe equency bands in u ban a eas. Facili y manage s Facili y manage s such as building o s adium manage s a e gene ally in ol ed in mobile co e age/capaci y h ough DAS (Dis ibu ed An enna Sys ems) indoo ope a ion. They usually pay a specialized company o DAS ins alla ion. Capaci y is sold o elecom playe s. DAS allows ope a o s and acili y manage s o wo k closely. Facili y manage s will no doub inc ease expe ise and expe ience in dealing wi h DAS. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 114 In he u u e, expe ienced and skilled acili y manage s migh e ol e owa ds deploying DAS ne wo ks and ins alling DAS in o he acili ies and enues. They can also ope a e small cells o o e access in a building using mobile in as uc u e wi h backhauling ia a ibe op ic a he bo om o he building. CAPEX and OPEX o acili ies manage s a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o buy buildings;  Minimal CAPEX o ope a e;  OPEX o main ain buildings and p ope ies and ope a e owe s (g ound en , insu ance, eal es a e axes…). In he u u e, acili y manage s can bene i om hei s a egic posi ion and mo e om he p o ision o DAS o p o ision o small cell based connec i i y. Facili y manage s a e expec ed o be willing o expand hei business and u he mone ize p ope ies (p o ision o a dedica ed mobile in as uc u e in he building wi h comple e backhauling ne wo k). U ban u ni u e manage s Today, small cells a e being deployed on u ban s ee u ni u e such as s ee lamps, u ili y poles, bus s ops, benches o billboa ds h ough pa ne ships be ween equipmen endo s and ad e ising companies. Deploymen o small cells in s ee u ni u e is expec ed o enhance co e age and ne wo k capaci y in highly popula ed a eas o mee he u u e cus ome demand. U ban u ni u e manage s build, own and ope a e s ee u ni u e. They p o ide u nkey solu ions o MNOs and ope a ion & main enance se ices. A numbe o ag eemen s we e signed in he las mon hs 2015 be ween s ee u ni u e p o ide s and small cells endo s and MNOs. JCDecaux is one o he i s o in es in he small cell echnology. I leases i s s ee u ni u e o small cell manu ac u e s. CAPEX and OPEX o u ban u ni u e manage s a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o build s ee u ni u e;  Minimal CAPEX o ope a e;  OPEX o main ain and upg ade s ee u ni u e;  OPEX o ope a e (change ads, clean…). In he u u e, u ban s ee u ni u e manage s migh be willing o mo e up in he alue chain. They migh e ol e owa ds p o iding and ope a ing base s a ions and small cells hemsel es. Equipmen manu ac u e s A ew yea s ago, elecom ope a o s acknowledged ha hey could no be p esen in e e y segmen o he alue chain and c ea e mo e alue by se ing up pa ne ships wi h la ge-scale playe s. This leads o inno a ions o changes in model o managemen such as, o example, ou sou cing passi e o ac i e in as uc u e o sha ing ixed o mobile ne wo ks. I was abou inding he bes way o op imizing and secu ing a e u n on hei asse s and, in pa icula , he ne wo k. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 115 Ope a o s con inue oday o ou sou ce hei ne wo k and ield ope a ions also known as managed se ices, o la ge elecom equipmen manu ac u e s. As compe i ion among elecom playe s is s ill inc easing, ope a o s may be emp ed o ou sou ce mo e pa s o hei ne wo ks o e en ually o le equipmen manu ac u e s ope a e hei ne wo ks. CAPEX and OPEX o equipmen manu ac u e s a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o de elop, design and build equipmen on a la ge scale;  OPEX o main ain equipmen ;  OPEX o p o ide managed se ices;  OPEX o manage elecom ne wo ks;  CAPEX o p o ide managed se ices. In he u u e, equipmen manu ac u e s could be in a posi ion o ully ope a e mobile ne wo ks. They could be emp ed o inc ease hei alue p oposi ion and p o ide mobile se ices on a wholesale basis (MVNOs). Table D-3: O he RAN playe s ole. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion Towe company Build, own, ope a e, main ain owe asse s Build cus omized/g een si es Ren owe s o MNO ( ixed powe and uel cos / adi ional pass- h ough cos ) Could ope a e he RAN/ pa s o RANs Facili y manage Ope a e DAS (mainly indoo en i onmen ) Could ope a e small cells (SCaaS) Could o e elecoms access in a building using mobile in as uc u e wi h backhauling ia a ibe op ic a he bo om o he building U ban u ni u e manage Build, own and ope a e u ban u ni u e Ren esou ces on a pay-as-you-go model Could ins all base s a ions, ope a e pa s o RAN (small cells) Equipmen manu ac u e s Ou sou cing and se ice managemen Ope a ion o wholesale mobile ne wo k IoT/MTC playe s IoT (In e ne o Things)/MTC (Machine Type Communica ions) playe s co e ed in his sec ion a e in eg a o s, IT companies and e ical ma ke playe s. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 116 In eg a o s & IT companies Sys em in eg a o s o so wa e companies including SAP o IBM, ha e s ong capabili ies in da a and in so wa e, especially in analy ics. As he alue chain is disassembling in many ma ke s and as ha dwa e is now commodi ized (mo e powe ul and cheape ), in eg a o s e- assemble ce ain unc ions and p o ide packaged se ices in a “so wa iza ion” mo e. IT companies a e mainly posi ioned on he p o essional ma ke s (M2M and In e ne o Objec s) on he IT side and da a managemen h ough hei cloud se ices (based on hei da a cen e a ms). They aim o apply hei expe ise in cloud and big da a o he di e en IoT ma ke s hey wan o add ess. They also wan o le e age hei adi ional indus ial clien ele o help hem o e ol e hei business ans o ma ion, made possible h ough connec ed de ices ollou . Ve ical ma ke playe s Ve ical ma ke playe s encompass ca manu ac u e s in he au omo i e business, hospi als/doc o s in he heal h indus y…, ha will be pa o he enla ged elecom ecosys em in he nea e m as elecom is sp eading in many e icals. The e icals will de elop new se ices, new p ocesses and new business models, hanks o obus , a o dable ansmission and au oma ed collec ion o da a. In he u u e, e ical ma ke playe s will ha e o adap o hese adical changes. They could jump in o he elecom business and p o ide speci ic connec i i y se ices associa ed wi h he e ical. In he ca indus y, he ca could be conside ed as an addi ional – la ge – de ice connec ed o he In e ne . Gene ally, p oduc s a e expec ed o lose hei place a he cen e o he alue chain. The p oduc will become a senso in a la ge alue chain. Table D-4: IoT/MTC playe s posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion In eg a o s S ong capabili ies in da a and so wa e Connec i i y p o ision IT companies P o ide Cloud se ices Le e age on da a o p o ide be e se ices and solu ions Ve ical ma ke playe s Buy connec i i y om MNOs Play a ole in se ice c ea ion & ope a ion Public Sa e y and PPDR (Public P o ec ion and Disas e Relie ) playe s Cu en non-b oadband dedica ed public sa e y sys ems mainly use he 400 MHz and he 700- 800 bands wo ldwide. Spec um abo e 1 GHz suppo s also a a ie y o PPDR ope a ions o empo a y use only. In e ms o usage, ha monized alloca ions and echnologies o exis ing Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 117 TETRA/TETRAPOL o simila sys ems (DMR, APCO 25) a e sui able and eliable o na owband da a, and echnical speci ica ions ha e been ex ended o enable wideband da a ansmission. A numbe o hese PPDR ne wo ks ha e been deployed all o e he wo ld. Vi e in Finland and Ai wa e in he UK a e among he oldes ones a Eu opean le el. BDBOS in Ge many is he wides public sa e y ne wo k in Eu ope and he newes one: i has been comple ed ea ly 2015. TETRA-like na owband echnologies ha e se ed PPDR issues h ough dedica ed PPDR ne wo ks using PPDR spec um ex emely well o e he pas decade. As hese ne wo ks a e by na u e na owband, hey only suppo low expe ienced use h oughpu s. They seem inadequa e o public sa e y wi h g owing high b oadband da a and ideo needs which equi e si ua ional awa eness and ideo li e s eaming. The e is now a clea global consensus ha LTE will be he baseline echnology o nex - gene a ion b oadband public sa e y ne wo ks. LTE s ill needs o be adap ed: as om Release 12 o 3GPP LTE s anda ds, LTE will be enhanced o mee public sa e y applica ions equi emen s. Release 12 includes basic PPDR ea u es. I s eeze, howe e , has been sligh ly pos poned and some PPDR ea u es o me ly scheduled in Release 12 will be deal wi h in Releases 13 and 14. A numbe o examples in he wo ld demons a e he end owa d LTE in public sa e y. In he USA, Fi s Ne will be a la ge-scale public sa e y ne wo k using dedica ed spec um in he 700 MHz band which is expec ed o agg ega e local public sa e y “Fi s Ne -compa ible” ne wo ks. Canada announces a qui e simila decision. In Eu ope, Belgium, Finland and he UK a e he i s ones o ein en public sa e y ne wo ks. Va ious o ms o co-ope a ion be ween MNOs and public sa e y can be conside ed: he use o comme cial ne wo ks, ad-hoc ne wo ks, secu e- MVNO (as he Belgian ASTRID i ual b oadband MVNO, Blue Ligh Mobile en s capaci y om he h ee na ional comme cial MNOs; p io i y is gi en by P oximus (a Belgian MNO) o Blue Ligh Mobile subsc ibe s o e p i a e subsc ibe s), and hyb id solu ions a a ious s ages. In e ms o spec um, he use o a dedica ed po ion o he 700 MHz band o he use o comme cial spec um has no been decided ye . CAPEX and OPEX o public sa e y ne wo k ope a o s a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o build a secu e ne wo k ha mee s high equi emen s o public sa e y;  OPEX o ope a e he ne wo k;  OPEX o en capaci y om o he ne wo ks;  OPEX o nego ia e speci ic condi ions (p io i y, SLA…). In he u u e, dedica ed public sa e y ne wo k ope a o s migh e ol e owa ds “de-specializa ion” o hei asse s. They could p o ide in-excess capaci y o comme cial playe s du ing non-c i ical hou s. Secu e-MVNO could also sell in-excess capaci y o comme cial mobile ope a o s. Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 118 Table 6D-5: Public sa e y playe s posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion Dedica ed Public Sa e y Build, own and ope a e Public Sa e y / PPDR ne wo ks P o ide unused capaci y du ing non- c i ical hou s o ope a ion o 5G ope a o s Public sa e y MVNO Sell mobile se ices o end-use s Ren capaci y o 5G ope a o s OTTs, Con en owne s OTTs The well-known OTT playe s a e se ing hei cus ome s o e he In e ne ( oice h ough VoIP and messaging a e he wo i s se ices p o ided). They a e p o iding an in eg a ed p oduc o e he In e ne and bypasses adi ional dis ibu ion. Se ices ha come o e he op a e, i no always, lowe in cos han he adi ional me hod o deli e y. QoS o e ed by OTTs is gene ally lowe han he one o e ed by MNOs. They a e also inc easingly elian on WiFi. Apple‟s iMessage can be ou ed o e WiFi ne wo ks – ee o he use and he company – while oice calls can be made o e he In e ne on WiFi da a connec ions using se ices such as Skype. In addi ion, Apple un eiled he iPhone 6 in Sep embe 2014 which ea u e WiFi calling. OTTs a e agg ega ing he sepa a e communica ion ma ke s, p o iding a ious ypes o communica ion h ough hei single pla o m. Such a end means ha in heo y, use s can subsc ibe o jus one IP communica ion p o ide o co e all communica ions. CAPEX and OPEX o OTTs a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o buy, design, build se e s. OTT in es men s a e ocused on se e s mainly a he han ne wo k in as uc u e.  CAPEX o design se ices in some cases;  OPEX o main ain se e s. Some OTTs, among hem Google and Facebook, a e clea ly conside ing an en y in o he cellula business. OTTs may e ol e owa ds p o iding mobile se ices. They ha e a key s eng h: hey do no ely on subsc ibe s o see e enues g ow. They a e able o d i e down p ices o consume s and adop p ac ices ha would be di icul o sus ain by o he ca ie s. Con i ming he announcemen s made du ing he MWC 2015, Google p esen ed on i s blog he “explo a o y” mobile es -se ice named “GoogleFi” in 2015. The new o e elies p ima ily on he a ailabili y o he +1m ho spo s e i ied and alida ed. The “GoogleFi” use is able o use he Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 119 +1million Google ho spo s e i ied and alida ed and ha e access o cellula se ices supplied by Sp in and T-Mobile. Looking sligh ly ahead, OTTs a e well posi ioned o ac as in e media ies o u u e se ices. By aking he pla o m app oach, allowing hi d pa ies o build hei inno a i e applica ions on op o hem, o h ough indi idual pa ne ships, hey can ac as he link be ween use s and u u e inno a ion. As an example, Apple's Si i applica ion combines speech ecogni ion echnologies wi h he use s' pe sonal in o ma ion, answe ing ques ions and making ecommenda ions sui able o he use s' ques ions. He e, Si i ac s as he in e media y be ween he use and o he playe s' con en s and se ices. Ano he example would be webRTC, enabling oice and ideo communica ion h ough any web b owse ; hi d pa ies will hen be able o build applica ions on op o webRTC. Con en owne s Con en owne s a e speci ically in ol ed in con en c ea ion and adap a ion o mobile de ices. They a e esponsible o he accu acy o he con en . The consump ion o con en has g adually e ol ed om a model mainly based on owne ship o con en (physical media o a digi al copy) o a model based on access o a ee (ad-suppo ed) and/o subsc ip ion se ice. Dema e ializa ion had he e ec o dec easing he uni p ice o con en . Wi h dema e ializa ion and i ualiza ion, he echnical building blocks o mul i-ne wo k, mul i- de ice dis ibu ion a e s eadily coming in o place, hanks o p og am pos -p oduc ion, ne wo k con ol and in e connec ion, in e ace managemen and con en s o age unc ions being mo ed o he cloud. This makes ope a ional managemen simple , inno a ion as e and dis ibu ion cos s ha a e be e adjus ed o a pay-as-you-go app oach. CAPEX and OPEX o con en owne s a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o c ea e, design con en and se ices associa ed wi h he con en ;  CAPEX o upg ade con en o new de ices/pla o ms;  CAPEX & OPEX o dis ibu e he con en ;  OPEX o manage he con en . In he u u e, con en owne s migh be emp ed o cash in by jumping in he access side. TV owne s a e al eady jumping in he In e ne side. Table D-6: Con en owne s and OTT posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion Con en owne s C ea ion o he con en , adap a ion o mul iple de ices No expec ed ole modi ica ion OTTs P o ision o se ices h ough he MVNO p o iding mobile Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 120 in e ne ee o cha ge communica ions se ices O he playe s De ice manu ac u e s Ob iously, de ice manu ac u e s a e designing and ma ke ing de ices di ec ly o use s and o elecom ope a o s. De ices a e s ill cen al o he elecom ma ke and a e con inuing o de elop in e ms o :  size and sc een esolu ion,  memo y capaci y o s o ing con en ,  chip in eg a ion o ne wo k sha ing. CAPEX and OPEX o de ice manu ac u e s a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o c ea e, design de ices and adap o speci ic needs;  CAPEX o upg ade de ices;  OPEX o adap o e ol ing needs;  OPEX o manage he de ice en i onmen (applica ions). In he u u e, de ices a e expec ed o e ol e in many aspec s (size, o m ac o , unc ion…) and will suppo many echnologies (WiFi, Blue oo h, 3G/4G/5G …) and spec um bands. Fo m ac o s will no doub be e y di e se, spanning om pe sonal de ices such as sma phones and able s, machine de ices, wea ables…, mainly depend on usage. Looking ahead, e-SIM ca ds buil in o he phone will become mains eam. Basically he p inciple o he embedded SIM e e s o SIM ca ds welded in o he modules a manu ac u ing. The possibili y o changing ope a o s in e-SIMs aises he ques ion o subsc ip ion managemen in he de ice. The cus ome will no mo e be ied o a single elecom ope a o and will be able o easily swi ch p o ide s. Telecom ope a o s a e hus expec ed o ha e mino con ol o e he end-use . De ice manu ac u e s could di ec ly sell a package wi h bo h de ice and connec i i y, and as a consequence manage he cus ome ela ionship. Connec i i y could be included pa ly (gi en da a olume included in a pe iod o ime) o en i ely (da a olume is o e ed ee o cha ge du ing he de ice li e ime). F om he elecom ope a o poin o iew, inno a i e da a p icing schemes should also become popula in a nea u u e, such as he on-demand connec i i y based on embedded SIM echnology, ideal o sho - ime jou neys, weekending o aca ioning ab oad, o ins ance. In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s (on comme cial ai lines) Today, in- ligh connec i i y is p o ided h ough ai - o-g ound and sa elli e ne wo ks. In- ligh connec i i y is p o ided on a wholesale basis ( he ai line cha ges o no passenge s o he Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 121 se ice and he se ice p o ide cha ges a se p ice pe plane and a gi en numbe o connec ions), on a e ail basis (bo h he se ice p o ide and he ai line decide on he p ice o cha ge o he passenge and sha e e enues.), o on he Gogo model, an hyb id ATG/Ku in- ligh connec i i y p o ide . Gogo ins alls equipmen (and suppo s all ins alla ion cha ges) and he ai line pays o he connec i i y se ice (no up- on in es men s). Re enues a e sha ed bu Gogo ge s he la ge pa . CAPEX and OPEX o in- ligh connec i i y p o ide s a e he ollowing:  CAPEX o ins all equipmen and build he ne wo k;  CAPEX o upg ade de ices (equipmen on-boa d ai c a s);  OPEX o adap o e ol ing needs;  OPEX o pay sa elli e connec i i y and ATG segmen ;  OPEX o manage cus ome ela ionship (in he Gogo example). In he u u e, in- ligh connec i i y p o ide s migh manage he cus ome ela ionship o he se ice du ing he ligh and migh e ol e owa ds managing i on he g ound. Table D-7: O he playe s posi ioning. Playe Cu en posi ioning Possible e olu ion De ice manu ac u e s Sell handse s o cus ome s and mobile ope a o s Wi h i ualized SIM ca d, de ice manu ac u e s could manage cus ome s ela ionship In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s Sell in- ligh connec i i y di ec ly o he use o h ough he ai line In- ligh connec i i y p o ide s could manage he use ela ionship widely  Na ional Regula o y Au ho i y (NRA). Public au ho i y o go e nmen dealing wi h adminis a i e law, egula ion ulemaking, in he con ex o his documen in he a ea o adio communica ions. D.1.2 De ailed alue chains in he mobile sec o The u ban s ee u ni u e alue chain Today, small cells a e being deployed on u ban s ee u ni u e such as s ee lamps, u ili y poles, bus s ops, benches o billboa ds h ough pa ne ships be ween equipmen endo s and Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 128 MTC Resou ces in he con ex o Sma Ci y When i comes o he ole o ICT in Sma Ci y, a se o esou ces enables he MTC ac o s o pa icipa e and pe o m di e en se s o ac i i ies. The impo ance o hese esou ces lies in he ac ha possession o any o hese esou ces enables playe s o pe o m a speci ic ac i i y. By a esou ce i is mean any hing which could be hough o as a s eng h o weakness o a gi en i m. Mo e o mally, a i m‟s esou ces a a gi en ime could be de ined as hose ( angible and in angible) asse s which a e ied semi pe manen ly o he i m. Examples o esou ces a e: b and names, in-house knowledge o echnology, employmen o skilled pe sonnel, ade con ac s, machine y, e icien p ocedu es, capi al, e c. De ined pedagogically, esou ces can be ca ego ized in o six majo ca ego ies: inancial, physical, human, echnological, o ganiza ional, and epu a ion.  MTC In as uc u e When p o iding communica ion se ices, he need o communica ions ne wo ks appea s na u ally. Wi hin communica ion ne wo ks wo di e en ypes can be iden i ied: Co e Ne wo k and Cellula Access Ne wo k. The co e ne wo k is he cen al pa o he communica ions ne wo k, acili a ing he connec ion be ween di e en sub-ne wo ks. The cellula access ne wo k (also de ined as adio access ne wo k) is he in e ace be ween he end-use and he co e ne wo k, basically using wi eless echnology. The MTC In as uc u e is adi ionally owned by a MNO, since i is he same as he mobile elephony cellula in as uc u e. In he in oduced cases, we also ha e seen eme ging playe s who a e specialized MTC Ne wo k Ope a o s who own hei own in as uc u e.  Connec ed De ice Pla o m CDPs a e so wa e elemen s ha acili a e he deploymen and managemen o connec ed de ices o M2M applica ions o e cellula ne wo ks. CDP allows de ices o connec o Cloud and should be compa ible wi h di e en so wa e pla o ms (e.g. Ja a, And oid, e c.) in o de o include as many de ices as possible. CDP is usually a se ice po al, which should co e billing and policy con ol, bea e se ice, se ice o de ing and subsc ip ion, and SIM-ca d managemen .  Applica ion Enablemen Pla o m A so wa e pla o m ha ac s as a common g ound o de elopmen o se ices and applica ions on op o he physical in as uc u e. AEP can also p o ide an open en i onmen o collabo a ion be ween indus ies and suppo inno a ion in he con ex o sma sus ainable ci ies.  M2M Da a One e y impo an esou ce when in oducing Sma Ci y and M2M se ices is he da a o igina ed o he End Use s on he ci y. Da a can be de ined as all he in o ma ion ob ained om he usage o a numbe o se ices in he ci y en i onmen ; communica ion/In e ne se ices, anspo a ion se ices, ene gy consump ion, ca -sha ing, pa king o logis ics. The Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 129 added alue in Sma Ci y comes om ob aining a big amoun o da a, p ocess he da a and ex ac use ul in o ma ion o decision making in he ci y.  End Use The inal goal o hese se ices is o p o ide use ul in o ma ion and se ices o he End Use , which will be able o make be e decisions on how o in e ac wi h he ci y. In he p o isioning o se ices, a numbe o playe s a e in ol ed and i is no easible ha he End Use has ela ion wi h hem all. The usual ela ions wi h he use a e wi h ei he he se ice p o ide o he M2M de ice p o ide (in some cases). In his sense, he di e en s akeholde s a e sha ing his esou ce e en hough no all o hem ha e di ec ela ion wi h i . I could be concluded ha cus ome s a e he economic esou ce which a e subjec o be cul i a ed by he p oduce MTC playe s in Sma Ci y Since MTC e e s o u ilizing cellula echnologies as he access ne wo k o M2M se ices, adi ional playe s in he mobile elephony alue ne wo k a e s ill ha e key ole in MTC alue ne wo k. In his ega d, he MNOs as he ypical ca ie s ha con ol and ope a e cellula ne wo ks a e capable o ope a ing he MTC ne wo k. Ne wo k Equipmen P o ide (NEP as he adi ional manu ac u e s o he elecommunica ion equipmen , ypically p o ision he echnical p ocu emen o he MNOs. Bu , acco ding o he shi in he alue chain, he NEPs ha e ecen ly pa icipa ed in di e en oles ha his o ically ha e been assigned o aken ca e o by o he s, such as MNOs. O e en oles like p o isioning new demands such as Connec i i y Pla o ms. Based on p oposed desc ip ions o he cases and he gene al se up o o e ing any se ice o he End Use (cus ome ), i e majo g oups o playe s can be iden i ied in he MTC alue ne wo k. Besides he End Use s- hese playe s a e he mos likely en i ies who can own ei he o he esou ces men ioned ea lie in o de o pe o m he ac i i ies. These playe s hen a e: a) End Use , b) Se ice P o ide , c) MTC Ne wo k Ope a o , d) Se ice P o ide , and e) Managed Se ice P o ide . Acco ding o he cases s udied, we showed ha he e a e o he playe s a he han adi ional Telecom playe s who migh be e en mo e compe en in p o isioning any o he ac i i y blocks o MTC (besides MNOs and TEVs). Fo ins ance, a specialized M2M cellula ne wo k ope a o (MTC Ne wo k Ope a o ) can be conside ed a be e op ion o p o ision MTC ne wo k. Se ice P o ide s o M2M solu ions also in some cases ake con ol o he en i e alue chain by handling he End Use s; a p e iously dominan posi ion o MNOs (in Mobile Telephony). On he o he hand, TEVs and MNOs ha e shown in e es in di e en ac i i y blocks. Ano he majo playe in his se up is hen an en i y which pe o ms he ole o p o isioning CDPs. I can be seen ha his ac i i y is mainly pe o med by he i ms who ha e a his o ic backg ound in Documen : METIS-II/D1.1 Ve sion: 1.0 Da e: 2016-01-31 S a us: Final Dissemina ion le el: Public 130 p o isioning connec i i y in he sense o au oma ing connec ed de ices. Some examples can be ei he ou sou cees o ne wo k ope a ions o MNOs o he ones which ha e been ac i e in au oma ion o indus y e icals (e.g. Gene al Elec ics, Siemens, e c.).