X
The mal map o u ban space, www.ped obo jamunoz-a qui ec o.es, modi ica ion: cu
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ABSTRACT
1 Uni e si à degli S udi “G. d’Annunzio” di Chie i-Pesca a, Dipa imen o di A chi e u a
Today, he ci ies need o inc ease ene gy e iciency, educe pollu ing emissions and achie e a su icien le el
o sus ainabili y. The u ban mic oclima e plays an impo an ole on he buildings ene gy consump ion and he
eeling o com o in he spaces. The mic oclima e pa ame e s a e o cen al impo ance o he ac i i ies ha
a e ca ied ou in he open spaces and o a la ge ex en de e mine he use. The esponses o he mic oclima e
may be unconscious bu e y o en esul in a di e en ia ed use o open spaces jus as unc ion o he di e en
clima ic condi ions. Fo his eason, he aim o his wo k is ocused on he en i onmen al pa ame e s and on
he me hodology o analysis aiming a he es ablishmen o bioclima ic s a egies o buildings on he basis o
mo pho- ype o he componen s o he geome ies and su ace quali y o he ma e ials used in u ban spaces and
in unc ion o he consequen mic oclima ic condi ions ob ained.
KEYWORDS
u ban mic oclima e, com o , ene gy e iciency, bioclima ic design
U ban mic oclima e pa ame e s o
buildings ene gy s a egies
Michele Lepo e1
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2016.6944
2
1. ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
IN URBAN CONTEXT
The en i onmen al pa ame e s ha a ec he ou side
com o he mal condi ions, al hough simila o hose
ela ing o he in e io spaces, a e cha ac e ized by
a g ea e and mo e complex a iabili y. The e o e,
because o his a iabili y and he b oad di e si ica ion
o ac i i ies in which people a e in ol ed, he e
ha e been so a ew a emp s o unde s and he
com o condi ions on he ou side bu especially
as he clima ic e ec s ou side could ha e an impac
on he echnologies o he building en elop and
consequen ly on he condi ions o com o wi hin he
con ined spaces.
One o he objec i es o en i onmen al design in u ban
con ex s is he c ea ion o dis ic s wi h com o able
open spaces. The mic oclima e pa ame e s a e
he e o e o cen al impo ance o he ac i i ies ha
a e ca ied ou in he open and o a la ge ex en
de e mine he use. Fo his eason, unde s and he
ichness o he mic oclima ic ea u es in o u ban
spaces ou side, and he implica ions in e ms o
com o o he people who use hem, opens up new
possibili ies o he design o hese spaces bo h in
e ms o new in e en ions, bo h in he e aining o
exis ing agglome a ions.
The s udy o he dis ic s mus be con igu ed h ough
a se ies o analysis de eloped in successi e s ages o
deepening he spa ial cha ac e is ics, echnological
and en i onmen al conce ns bo h he se lemen s
scale, is a ypological bo h echnological.
In pa icula :
sȩ analysis o geog aphical con ex and clima e;
sȩ analysis o he mo phological cha ac e is ics o
he building scale;
sȩ analysis o he condi ions o com o ou side in
he esiden ial se lemen s;
sȩ analysis o he echnological cha ac e is ics o he
building en elop;
sȩ he sys em building-plan .
1.1
METHODOLOGY
The me hodology is based on an e alua ion o
he clima ic condi ions and he he mal com o in
di e en condi ions. The clima ic pa ame e s a e
ob ained by pa ame ic e alua ions and compu e
simula ions based on luid dynamics, he modynamics
and i adia ion in an u ban en i onmen using
nume ic app oach. The g ea ad an age in he use o
compu ing sys ems is he abili y o e alua e di e en
scena ios.
F om a ca e ul analysis on he ex e nal clima e
condi ions and he mal com o in he immedia e
neighbo hood o he esiden ial se lemen s, you
wan o loca e he app op ia e echnologies o he
ede elopmen o he indi idual uni s by imp o ing he
pa ame e s o he mal com o inside o he dwellings
hemsel es.
P ima y objec i e, he e o e, is he sea ch o a
me hodology o assess he quali y o he mic oclima ic
public space, ha is epea able in cases and di e en
places wi h e i ying he possible in luences o he
ex e nal clima e on he o e all ene gy e iciency o
he se lemen and he consequen iden i ica ion o
app op ia e echnologies ha a e no based only on
clima e class e e ing o he locali y.
Speci ic objec i es:
sȩ Analyze u ban spaces acco ding o he physical
aspec s en i onmen al, h ough a sys em o
indica o s ha cha ac e ize s udy a eas.
sȩ De ine indica o s o analysis o he aspec s
o mic oclima ic space, able o pu in ela ion
he en i onmen al condi ions o he com o o
use s in o de o de ine ce ain minimum quali y
equi emen s.
sȩ The iden i ica ion o a me hodology o he
calcula ion capable o assessing he quali y
mic oclima es o public space in an objec i e
manne and eplicable in o he cases in o he
places, e alua ing speci ic so wa e o he
simula ion o he phenomena ha occu in he
u ban space ou side.
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2. URBAN MICROCLIMATE
U ban a eas ha e pa icula clima ic condi ion as
esul s o complex u ban mic oclima es, whe e many
ac o s come in o play. I is impo an o desc ibe how
and why he u ban clima e di e s om he clima ic
condi ion o he su ounding u al a eas.
U ban and indus ial g ow h has caused signi ican
changes in he adian balance o he u ban spaces,
he con ec i e hea exchange be ween he g ound
and i s buildings, he ai lowing abo e he u ban a ea
and he hea gene a ion wi hin he ci y.
The main consequence is di e ences in alue o ai
empe a u e and in wind condi ions be ween u ban
and u al a eas.
Ai empe a u e in dense u ban a eas a e highe hen
empe a u es in he su ounding coun yside.
This di e en is known as he “u ban hea -island e ec
and cha ac e ised almos e e y ci y o own in he
wo ld. The hea ha is abso bed du ing he day by
all u ban cons uc ions (buildings, oads, e c.) is e-
emi ed a e sunse , and he g ea es empe a u e
di e ences a e obse ed du ing he nigh .
Fu he mo e, addi ional hea is gi en by all human
hea sou ces.
U ban space c ea es unique clima ic condi ions called
he u ban mic oclima e.
The i s conside a ion is ha i is possible associa e
he u ban mo phology o mic oclima ic beha iou ,
o in o he wo ds, o de ine a mic oclima ic
pa e ns cha ac e is ic o each u ban ypology.
The second one, as men ioned be o e, is based on
he obse a ion ha he en i onmen al condi ions
in luence he use o u ban ou doo s spaces. I i is
possible o quan i y he he mal com o h ough he
s udy o clima ic pa ame e s, he modi ica ion o he
u ban mic oclima e will a ec s he he mal com o o
people.
The con i ma ion o he wo assump ions leads o
he de ini ion o he hi d hypo hesis: i is possible
o mi iga e he impac o he mic oclima e h ough
he modi ica ion o he cons uc ed u ban space,
and consequen ly, imp o e ci izens he mal com o
condi ions.
The speci ic objec i es o achie e his aims a e:
1. De ine a sys em o indica o s o cha ac e ize and
desc ibe he physical and en i onmen al aspec s
o s udy a eas. These indica o s should be able
o desc ibe he cu en si ua ion and guide
e u bishmen p ojec .
2. De ine indica o s o he analysis o mic oclima ic
aspec s o ou doo spaces, able o es ablish a
ela ionship wi h en i onmen condi ions and
com o sensa ion, in o de o ind a minimum
quali y a ge .
3. Es ablish a calcula ion me hodology able o
e alua e he mic oclima ic quali y and com o
o public space in an objec i e way and sui able
o he applica ion on o he cases and o he
loca ions.
4. Elabo a e he guidelines o he e u bishmen o
buil spaces om he pe spec i e o mic oclima ic
and en i onmen al imp o emen o u ban a eas.
5. E alua e speci ic so wa e o he simula ion o
clima ic phenomena which occu in ou doo
u ban space.
Figu e 1.
Hea island e ec
4
2.1
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL COMFORT
The en i onmen al pe o mance ela i e o he
u ban space in i s en i e y is he desc ip ion o he
he mohyg ome ic beha io mixed as a esul o he
combina ion o mo phological pa ame e s, ma e
and mic oclima e in ela ion o a speci ic use. This
ype o desc ip ion i is use ul o make i h ough he
use o he indica o o com o , because he indica o
con ains in i sel he mixe o he pa ame e s in he
game. I is impo an o use o com o indica o s in
ela ion o en i onmen al equi emen s, whe he hey
a e exp essed by use s o ha a e unawa e.
To assess he en i onmen al pe o mance o an
u ban space as a whole he e can be no limi o he
analysis o he mic oclima ic condi ions in poin , as i
canno be limi ed o e alua e he a ious pa ame e s
indi idually. A good esul is ob ained by p o iding
he a eal dis ibu ion o he com o condi ions
h oughou he a ea. The maps o com o ep esen
an e alua ion o he exis ing condi ions o a check o
he design choices.
F om he obse a ion o hese maps you can ge
u he in o ma ion on he p ojec , which ela e in
pa icula o he placemen o he u ban equipmen
ha allow he ca ying ou o ac i i ies compa ible
wi h he en i onmen al pe o mance in he gi en ime
in e al.
F om he e alua ion o he pe o mance in he
momen in which hey we e no cong uen wi h he
en i onmen al equi emen s o use s, we de i e
guidance on speci ic equi emen s ha de ine he
p ojec and cha ac e ize i .
2.2 THE ANALYTIC INDICATORS
The analy ic indica o s a e calcula ed by ollowing he
pa h o he hea low om he human me abolism o
he en i onmen ice e sa whe eas he a ia ions o
his low in ela ion o he a ia ion o en i onmen al
ac o s. They de i e om he equa ion o ene gy
balance based on models which conside all he
clima ic pa ame e s signi ican .
These models use a balance equa ion o hea wi h a
models mo e o less simpli ied o e alua e he mean
adian empe a u e.
The he mal com o can be desc ibed wi h he use o
ce ain indices:
sȩ WBGT akes only clima ic da a in o accoun such
as ai empe a u e, adian hea , sola adia ion,
ai mo emen .
sȩ PMV has solid base in he indoo en i onmen bu
akes in o accoun ele an ac o s and he a ec
he mal sensa ion.
sȩ PET and ou SET a e o ou doo en i onmen s.
PET does no calcula e indi idual pa ame e s and ou
SET akes pe sonal pa ame e s o one s anda d ype
o pe son.
The ISO 7730 de ines he mal condi ions o ou doo
en i onmen in which he p obabili y o nega i e o e
is minimised.
The index “P edic ed Mean Vo e - PMV” and he index
“P edic ed Pe cen age Dissa is ied - PPD” a e based
on ISO 7730 and a e aking in o accoun he clima ic
pa ame e s in conjunc ion wi h he ele an ac o s
a ec ing he he mal sensa ion o each esponden
(clo hing, me abolic a e, ea ing o d inking).
The PMV-index desc ibes he com o le els wi h he
p edic ion o he possible o es aking in o accoun
me eo ological ac o in combina ion wi h human
biome eo ology alues. The alue o he index is
be ween -7 which means oo cold and +7 wi h means
ho and he alue o ze o ep esen he com o
o e. Wi h his scale he close s he alue o he PMV
index is o 0 he be e a e he com o le els o he
human. S ill his index canno ake in o accoun he
psychological ac o s desc ibed and ha is he why
he e a e ce ain di e ences o he alue o he PMV
and he eal o es on he ield su eys (Fange , 1992).
Common mic oclima ic da a wi h he PMV (P edic ed
Mean Vo e) equi e wo o he indexes: PET
(Physiologically Equi alen Tempe a u e) and ou SET
(S anda d E ec i e Tempe a u e). All hose he mal
indices a e well documen ed and include impo an
me eo ological and he mo-physiological pa ame e s
so as o de ine he o al com o .
The scale ha a e measu ed is in °C bu he

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pa ame e s equi ed in he model a e bo h clima ic (ai
empe a u e, humidi y, adia ion en i onmen , wind
speed and di ec ion) bu also physical cha ac e is ics
o e e y in e iewee (age, sex, weigh , heigh , clo hes,
me abolism a e).
A ull applica ion o hese he mal indices on he ene gy
balance o he human body gi es de ailed in o ma ion
abou he e ec o he he mal en i onmen on e e y
human (Van Hoo , 2010).
In he case o a eas wi h a g ea a ie y o spaces,
anging om dense ege a ion and ex ensi e
shading, o a eas comple ely exposed o he sun and
wind, he da a om he me eo ological s a ion canno
adequa ely ep esen he mic oclima ic condi ions in
he si e. Com o models should be able o app oach
he mic oscale o design pu poses, dis inguishing
Figu e 2.
Rela ion be ween PMV and
PPD, and o he sensa ion
he mal indices, as ound by
Fange
be ween sunny and shaded a eas, o a eas p o ec ed
and exposed o he wind, which ul ima ely di ec ly
a ec s he mal com o condi ions in a gi en space. I
is he e o e o alue o de ise a way o include design
ela ed pa ame e s in o en i onmen al da a.
Iden i ying simpli ied co ec ion ac o s be ween
locally measu ed condi ions and hose o he nea by
me eo ological s a ion, du ing he ield su eys, can
e lec he modi ica ion o he mic oclima e.
Such co ec ion ac o s can be used as modi ica ion
pa ame e s o design o ien ed com o models,
e lec ing he mic oscale, hus o alue o designe s.
In his con ex , ege a ion can a ec he mic oclima e
in a numbe o ways, educing ai empe a u e
compa ed o ha d su aces, shading and p o iding
wind p o ec ion (C es, 2014).
6
Figu e 3.
Gi oni bioclima ic cha o
com o e alua ion
2.3
WIND
One o he mos impo an ac o s in luencing
pedes ian com o condi ions in ou doo open spaces
is he wind. Wind en i onmen is di icul o o esee
and con ol because i is in luenced by a numbe o
global, egional and local ac o s. On a global scale
wind comes om ai mo ing om high-p essu e
a eas o low-p essu e a eas. The wind eloci y and
di ec ion p oduced by he global wea he sys ems
a e subsequen ly in luenced by he egional and
local landscape ypology. I is he e o e impo an o
unde s and ha he e can be la ge di e ences in he
wind en i onmen om one pa o a ci y o ano he
o e en on mic o scale om one pa o a space o
ano he . Wind is no a cons an phenomenon. I
a ies momen ously in di ec ion and s eng h (wind
gus s) and a ia ions can be seasonal o annual.
The di ec e ec s o he wind can be di ided in o wo
main ca ego ies, mechanical and he mal e ec s:
sȩ mechanical e ec s o wind can be el wi h wind
eloci ies abo e 4-5 m.s-1. Abo e 10m.s-1 i will
be unpleasan o walk and abo e 15m.s-1 he e is
a di ec isk o acciden s;
sȩ o he mal e ec s he 5 m.s-1 com o c i e ia
used p esumed ha people will adap hei
beha iou and clo hing le el o he season.
I should be no ed ha depending on clima e a ce ain
le el o wind could be ega ded as undesi able o
desi able. In cold clima es wind will almos always
dec ease ou doo com o condi ions, whe eas he
opposi e is he case in ho clima es (Ghiaus, 2007).
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2.4
THE IMPACT OF MATERIALS
In o de o educe he hea island in ensi y, he i s
me hod is o design he ex e nal en i onmen in
o de o minimise sola hea gains. In gene al, his
can be achie ed by inc easing he sola e lec i i y
o cons uc ion ma e ial su aces and educing e
insula ion o suscep ible s uc u es. Du ing his
p ocedu e, he albedo o he a ious ma e ials and
su ace is a c ucial ac o (San amou is, 2006).
The albedo o a su ace is de ined as he e lec ed
sola adia ion di ided by he inciden sola adia ion.
U ban a eas and ci ies a e cha ac e ized, in gene al
by a ela i ely educed e ec i e albedo. This is due
o he g ea e abso p ion o sola adia ion by u ban
cons uc ion ma e ials and mul iple e lec ion inside
u ban canyons. Thus, he op ical cha ac e is ics o
used ma e ials ha e an impo an impac - hei
albedo- o-sola adia ion and emissi i y o long-
wa e adia ion being he key pa ame e s. High
albedo ma e ial educe he amoun o sola adia ion
abso bed h ough building en elopes and u ban
s uc u es, and in his way keep hei su aces coole .
Respec i ely, ma e ials wi h high emissi i y a e good
emi e s o long-wa e ene gy and elease he ene gy
ha has been abso bed as sho -wa e adia ion. In his
way hei su ace empe a u e is lowe and con ibu es
o he educ ion o ambien empe a u es h ough he
mechanism o hea con ec ion (San amou is, 2001).
Figu e 4.
In e ac ion be ween he wind
and buildings
3.
ENERGY AUDITS
TO SCALE SETTLEMENTS
The i s ac ion is cons i u ed by he s ipping " he mal"
o he isola e o assess sepa a ely he en i onmen al
quali y o he con ex bo h unde he p o ile o
he mo-hyg ome ic ( empe a u es, le els o ela i e
humidi y) and is epo ed o he clima e wellness,
e alua ing he le els o bo h he mal sensa ion ha
he index o eeling on he pa o he inhabi an s
o he se lemen building. These pa ame e s we e
e alua ed by compa ing wo calcula ion me hods:
he ASV (Guidelines Ru o s) and PMV (Fange ). The
main c i ical poin s ound o scale se lemen s a e o
ype "physiological", linked o he le els o he mal
sensa ion on he pa o he inhabi an s o he dis ic
e e s o he ou doo spaces. In he case o s udy
(Mon icchio in he p o ince o L'Aquila) o which
has been applied his me hodology, compa ing he
wo me hods o calcula ing he ASV and PMV show,
bo h coincidence o esul s bo h while nego ia ing
on clima ic condi ions in win e ha e highligh ed
de iciencies in he summe pe iod, gi ing as a esul a
eeling o "ho ", abno mal done in a moun ain eso .
Figu e 5.
G ound e lec ed i adiance
wi h a ying Albedo
8
3.1
6%2)&)#Ø4)/./&4(%35.Ø)2)-0Ø#4
A ca e ul analysis o he impac he sun-ai has
highligh ed he objec i e ela ionship be ween
se lemen and en i onmen al con ex and clima e.
In he p elimina y s ages, he quali y checks ha e he
aim o assess he ela ionship be ween clima e and
he mo phology o he se lemen wi h espec o he
o ien a ion o he compac ness o he in e en ion,
in addi ion o he clima ic pa ame e s speci ic o he
si e. In de ail disman ling “ he mal” o se lemen s
and iden i ica ion o ex e nal su aces deemed
mo e bu densome om he poin o iew o ene gy
consump ion and com o o he occupan s.
Fo e i ica ion o en i onmen al pe o mance ela ed
o he s a e o ac , he i s s ep was he “ he mal
decomposi ion” o he agglome a e, associa ing o
each elemen a he mal ole as o example:
sȩ buildings = he mal mass;
sȩ g een spaces p i a e loggias, e c. = mic oclima ic
niches;
sȩ spaces pa ed impe meable, pa ed, e c. = he mal
ampli ie s;
sȩ ga ages, ga ages, box, cella s, e c. = bu e space.
3.2
ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITIONS EXTERNAL
COMFORT IN RESIDENTIAL SETTLEMENTS.
The mic oclima e pa ame e s a e o cen al impo ance
o he ac i i ies ha a e ca ied ou in he open and o
a la ge ex en de e mine he use.
The esponses o he mic oclima e may be
unconscious bu e y o en esul in a di e en ia ed
use o open spaces acco ding o he di e en clima ic
condi ions. The ypological dimension, diagnosis
has ocused on pe o mance e i ica ion esidual
he mal building sys em-ins alla ions o buildings,
highligh ing he poo quali y o he he mal insula ion
and ene gy managemen in pe iod bo h win e and
summe in addi ion o an o e all ine iciency o he
sys em enginee ing. All homes a e in class G.
Also, e i ica ion o en i onmen al quali y inne is
consis en wi h ha ca ied ou he u ban scale o , in
summe le els a e ob ained signi ican discom o . The
i s esul s show ha a pu e physiological app oach is
inadequa e in cha ac e izing he condi ions o com o
ou doo s and an unde s anding o he dynamics o
he human pa ame e is equi ed in he design o
spaces o public use. The he mal en i onmen is o
undamen al impo ance because hey in luence he
pe sons o use hese spaces, bu he psychological
adap a ion (choice a ailable, en i onmen al
s imula ion, he mal his o y, expec a ions) is equally
impo an . The esponses induced by mic oclima e
may be unawa e, bu hey o en ansla e in o a
di e en use o he u ban space as he clima ic
condi ions a y. Bes mic oclima ic condi ions in u n
ha e impo an implica ions o he de elopmen
o he ci y. Th ough he con ol o he sou ces o
discom o , a e a o ed seden a y ac i i ies, as well
as he use o public anspo , mo emen on oo and
he use o he bicycle. The same image o he ci y can
bene i om he quali y o he ex e nal spaces.
In San F ancisco, he planning laws s ipula e ha
new buildings mus be placed in such a way as
no o p omo e ai mo ions o e 5 m/s, 90% o he
hou s o ligh , in a eas whe e people can si . The
shading o whole s ee s is achie able wi h he sha s
wi h he ad an age o ob ain a cooling h ough
e apo anspi a ion h ough he lea es. - always in
he case o Mon icchio, diagnosis has ocused on
pe o mance e i ica ion esidual he mal building
sys em-ins alla ions o buildings, highligh ing he
poo quali y o he he mal insula ion and o ene gy
managemen in he win e pe iod in addi ion o an
o e all ine iciency o he sys em enginee ing. All
homes a e in class G.