Ma e a, modi ica ion: cu
Example o a se ices cupboa d design o he building model “M” Size.
The isome ic iews show he en elope o he each se ices and hei combina ion in o he cupboa d.
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ABSTRACT
The a ge s se ou by Eu opean Di ec i es conce ning he ene gy sa ings in he cons uc ion sec o e e bo h
o building en elope and o i s se ices. Wi h ega d o building se ices i is manda o y mee ing equi emen s
ela ed o hea ing, cooling, ligh ing and en ila ion.
Building se ices ake up a a iable space in he buildings ha canno be conside ed anymo e negligible and
hey would always be ully in eg a ed in o buildings.
Equipped and Eco-e icien Technological Module (MOTE2) is a esea ch p ojec aimed a implemen ing he
in eg a ion in a unique se ices cupboa d o some building se ices: hea ing and cooling; domes ic ho wa e ;
mechanical en ila ion.
The p ojec was o ganized acco ding o ou main phases. In phase 1 a se o ules was de ined ma ching
equi emen s ela ed o he ene gy e iciency o en i onmen al building design s anda ds. Du ing he phase 2 six
building models we e s udied in o de o size he co esponding building se ices acco ding o scena io analysis
se down o exis ing buildings. In phase 3 he p ojec was ocused on designing he assembly among se ices.
The cupboa d design is like a Te is® game h ough he planning o he bes combina ion among se ices shape.
Based on he d awings de eloped a i s mock-up was buil up and moni o ed. Finally, in phase 4 he pape deals
wi h he MOTE2’s expec ed pe o mances.
Ou look and some conclusions poin ou he u u e s eps o he esea ch ac i i ies.
KEYWORDS
echnological in eg a ion o building se ices, se ices cupboa d o building
The in eg a ed design o building se ices by an equipped
and eco-e icien module (MOTE2)
1 Poli ecnico di To ino, Depa men o A chi ec u e and Design
2 Sa o o G oup S. .l., Ecodesign consul an
Robe o Gio dano1, C is ina Allione2, And é Clos1, Elena Mon acchini1, Sil ia Tedesco1
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2016.6795
14
1. INTRODUCTION
In ecen yea s a consis en legisla i e amewo k
aimed a signi ican ly imp o ing he ene gy e iciency
o Eu opean buildings s ock ha e been laid down,
i.e. he Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings Di ec i e
(Di ec i e 2010/31/EU), he Ene gy E iciency
Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2012/27/EU) and he Renewable
Ene gy Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2009/28/EU).
Pa icula ly ele an is he EPBD ecas s a ing ha
new buildings occupied by public au ho i ies and
p ope ies ha e o be Nea ly Ze o Ene gy Buildings
(NZEBs) by Decembe 31, 2018 and ha new
buildings ha e o be NZEBs by Decembe 31, 2020.
Acco ding o he EPBD a NZEB is a building ha has
a e y high-ene gy pe o mance wi h nea ly ze o o
e y low amoun o ene gy equi ed o be co e ed by
ene gy om enewable sou ces, including enewable
ene gy p oduced on-si e o nea by.
Based on hese p emises in he las yea s se e al
Eu opean Coun ies, including I aly, ha e been
adop ing se e al measu es and incen i es o ge
ene gy sa ings in he cons uc ion sec o .
The se ou a ge s e e bo h o building en elope,
by means an imp o emen o building sys ems
pe o mances in e m o he mal insula ion, con ol
o ai leakages and he mal ine ia, and o building
se ices, since i is manda o y mee ing equi emen s
ela ed o hea ing, cooling, ligh ing and en ila ion
(Pe ago e . al., 2009).
Nowadays building se ices ake up a a iable space
in he buildings - acco ding o hei uses - ha canno
be conside ed anymo e negligible (e.g. hospi als o
some ac o ies equi e sophis ica ed ins alla ions).
Only in ecen imes i g ows he awa ness abou he
impac o se icing sys ems and subsys ems on he
building. Un il ew yea s ago he design and ins alla ion
o se ices was conside ed ela i ely unimpo an . The
buildings we e simple ; ea u ed wi h boile s and ai
hea ing, pipewo ks, adia o s and con ec o s as well
as wi h a ume cupboa d in he ki chens and in he
ba h ooms. No hing mo e han ha . A agmen ed
app oach in planning and cons uc ion o en ook
place (Ha ison e . al., 2000).
Unpleasan l y he lack o a p ope in eg a ion is
equen ly no iceable e en in newly cons uc ed
buildings.
Sys ems, pipes and duc s a e ung ace ully leaned on
he buildings oo and on he walls (Figu e 1).
On he whole a gene al building design e hinking
is equi ed. A chi ec s, ci il enginee s and o he
s akeholde s in ol ed in he design and cons uc ion
p ocesses ha e o be conscious on he ele ancy
conce ning he building se ices “accommoda ion” as
well as he impo ance o hei suppo and enclosu e.
The pape deals wi h a ese ch p ojec whe e he
building se ices we e sized o p o iding occupan s
com o bu – abo e all - hey a e designed o be ully
in eg a ed in o he building.
Figu e 1.
Reale Mu ua Insu ance
Headqua e (Tu in). Example
o lack o in eg a ion be ween
building design and i s se ices.
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2. THE RESEARCH PROJECT: MOTE2
Wi h he knowledge ha se ices would always be
in eg a ed in o he s uc u es and sys ems o he
buildings - since he ea lies s ages o he design
p ocess - i was de ined he main objec i e o a
esea ch p ojec en i led MOTE2 (Equipped and Eco-
e icien Technological Module) o in eg a ing in a
unique se ices cupboa d (o small s o e oom) he
main building en i onmen al se ices. Pa icula ly
he esea ch was ocused on he ollowing sys ems:
hea ing and cooling; Domes ic Ho Wa e (DHW);
mechanical en ila ion.
In he esea ch p ojec o he se ices, such as:
li ins alla ions, usually de ined as sel -con ained
elemen s, and sani a y accommoda ions, usually
de ined as u ili y se ices, we e no included.
As mo e in English means a small pa icle o a e y iny
pa o a subs ance, he p ojec laid down o use he
smalles olume in he apa men s wi h a cupboa d
whe e he en i onmen al se ices a e collec ed in
he closes space possible wi hou sca i ying sa e y,
main enance and epai s.
An in e disciplina y eam was in ol ed in he esea ch
p ojec : he Depa men o A chi ec u e and Design,
DAD (Poli ecnico di To ino) and a leading en e p ise
in p e ab ica ed buildings and p eassembled sys ems
(Sa o o G oup S. .l.).
The e u bishmen o he exis ing esiden ial
building and new semide ached houses a e he main
e e ence ma ke s o he Sa o o G oup. Acco ding
o such assump ions he esea ch was ocused mainly
on de eloping a se ices cupboa d i o housings
e o i , new houses wi h cen al hea ing sys em and
new houses wi h indipenden hea ing sys em o ou
amilies1.
Two I alian clima e zones (Figu e 2) we e conside ed
in he scena io analysis and in he ene gy assessmen :
Zone E (deg ee days a e age alue 2700) and Zone F
(deg ee days a e age alue 3500).
3. METHODOLOGY
The esea ch was o ganized acco ding o he phases
he ea e desc ibed:
sȩ phase 1: se ou o ene gy and en i onmen al
equi emen s;
sȩ phase 2: scena io analysis and ene gy assessmen ;
sȩ phase 3: design and p o o yping;
sȩ phase 4: alue p oposi ion de ini ion and
pe o mance e alua ion.
Figu e 2.
I aly Clima e Zones. Zone E
and Zone F we e chosen in
he building ene gy analysis.
16
3.1 SET OUT OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS
As men ioned en i onmen al building se ices
no mally include ins alla ions o mee ing indoo
com o equi emen s wi h ega ds o hea ing, cooling
and en ila ion.
In phase 1 a se o ules was de ined ma ching
manda o y equi emen s ela ed o he Eu opean
Di ec i es on ene gy e iciency o echnical s anda ds
and speci ica ions go e ning he en i onmen al
building design app oach.
Speci ically he ollowing en i onmen al s anda ds
we e analysed and adop ed:
sȩ UNI EN 15643-1 and 2: 2010 - Sus ainabili y o
cons uc ion wo ks;
sȩ UNI 11277:2008 - Sus ainabili y in buildings.
Such s anda ds enable o assess he en i onmen al
li e cycle o new buildings and he en i onmen al
pe o mances o he emaining se ice li e and he
end-o -li e o exis ing buildings.
Thus a b oade se o equi emen s was aken in o
accoun acco ding o he well-known li e cycle design
app oach.
On he whole ou li e cycle s ages we e conside ed:
p oduc ion s age; cons uc ion s age; use and
main enance s ages; end-o -li e s age.
Se en equi emen s we e associa ed o p oduc ion,
including mechanical s eng hs o ma e ials, weigh
o componen s and use o g een ma e ials. Two
equi emen s we e associa ed o cons uc ion,
comp ising assembling solu ions o easy epai s and
eplacing. Thi een equi emen s we e associa ed o
use s age, encompassing se ices main enance and
occupan com o . Th ee equi emen s we e inally
associa ed o end-o -li e, in ol ing ma e ials and
componen s li e-span and ecycling.
Fo each o he wen y- h ee equi emen s a ela ed
pe o mance assessmen (quan i a i e o quali a i e)
was p o ided, acco ding o he s anda ds and echnical
speci ica ions, o ad-hoc implemen ed, in cohe ence
wi h he s anda ds and echnical speci ica ions.
As shown in he ollowing pa ag aphs he equi emen s
se ou was meaning ul o he se ice cupboa d
design, o sizing he se ices and o he ma e ials
selec ion.
3.2 SCENARIO ANALYSIS AND ENERGY
ASSESSMENT
The scena io analysis ca ied ou e e s o a se o
heo e ical building models wi h same building ea u es,
en elope pe o mances and use s beha iou .
Th ee ini ial building models e e ence sizes we e
assumed in he analysis, wi h he ollowing condi ioend
(use ull) loo a ea: Small Size (S= 50 m2), Medium Size
(M=80 m2) and La ge Size (L = 120m2). A e wa ds he
e e ence Sizes we e u he spli in wo ca ego ies
acco ding o he ype o hea ing sys em. The building
models ha we e s udied wi h a cen al hea ing sys em
we e classi ied wi h he code X.
Thus h ee building models we e classi ied as: S, M,
L (independen hea ing sys em) and h ee building
Table 1.
Theo e ical building models
ea u es
Building
Models
Size
S;XsM;XML; XL
G oss Floo
a ea (m2)60 95 140
Condi ioned
loo a ea (m2)50 80 125
Condi ioned
olume (m3)150 240 375
Numbe o
s o ey abo e
loo s (n)
1 1 1
A e age loo -
o- loo heigh
(m)
3 3 3
Su ace a ea-
o- olume a io
(m-1)
0.8 0.8 0.8

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models we e classi ied as: XS, XM, XL (cen al hea ing
sys em). The main e e ence buildings ea u es a e
summa ised in he able 1.
Wi h ega d o he buildings en elope, he models we e
designed o mee he manda o y ene gy equi emen s
in o ce ( e e ence yea 2016; UNI TS 11300: 1-2-3-4) o
clima e zone E and F (Table 2).
Table 2.
Building en elope
pe o mances
Table 3.
Use s and associa ed needs
o he building models
Fu he mo e in he scena io analysis we e de ined he
numbe o use s and hei needs in e ms o indoo
com o empe a u e and wa e consumed by washing
and cooking. See able 3.
In he scena io analysis was no conside ed he P ima y
Ene gy Demand (PED) o hea ing and cooling. Such
assump ion is di ec ly co ela ed o he NZEB app oach
men ioned in he in oduc ion. The NZEB expec s an
amoun o elec ici y o eed he building p oduced
on-si e o nea by by enewable ene gy sou ces. In
he building models he di ec ene gy was deduced
acco ding o a e e ence amewo k: clima e da a;
Building
sys ems Zone E Zone F
Wall sys ems
(wi h he mal
b idge
co ec ion)
Ex e nal
insula ion laye
Ex e nal
insula ion laye
Roo Sys em
Ven ila ed
oo , ex e nal
insula ion laye
Ven ila ed
oo ex e nal
insula ion laye
Windows sys em
Double glazing
wi h one laye
low-E
Double glazing
wi h one laye
low-E
A e age U- alue
opaque ele-
men s (W/m2K)
Uop=0,25 Uop=0,22
A e age U- alue
galazing ele-
men s (W/m2K)
Uw=1,7 Uw=1,5
Building
models S,XSM,XML,XL
N º o
occupan s 2-3 3-4 5-6
DHW supply
(l/day) 90 120 190
Occupancy
schedule 24/24 hou s -7/7 days
Indoo
com o
empe a u e
Tin, H = 20º C
Tin, C= 26º C
building ea u es; use needs. Bu in such models i
was no possibile se ing down he p ima y ene gy
con e sion ac o s, since such ac o s (co ela ed o he
indi ec ene gy alue) a e s ongly dependen on he
enewable o ossil sou ces used; he p ima y ene gy
i is no an easy p edic able based model, i s alue is
in luenced by se e al condi ions such as he egional
and na ional elec ici y ene gy-mix as well he ype o
ene gy sou ces adop ed on si e, nea by o a om he
building si e, e.g. al hough F ance and I aly a e each
o he nea he elec ici y is p oduced wi h comple ely
di e en sys ems. Thus due o he high numbe o
a iables o conside o e e y building Size analysed -
we e only accoun ed he di ec ene gy needs.
Finally o he six scena ios no sola o in e nal gains
we e aken in o accoun . I was assumed o ca ying ou
an ene gy analysis h ough a conse a i e app oach.
The hea ing and cooling loads and he DHW demand
we e e e ed o a “design day” when se ices un a ull
capaci y o ully loaded and he building models a e
ully occupied by use s.
The ene gy analysis was ca ied ou wi h ega ds o
he six scena ios de eloped (Pianese, 2009 and UNI
10339:1995). The ollowing da a we e pe o med:
he mal ene gy need o hea ing and cooling; he mal
ene gy need o DHW; ai low a e (exchange and
cooling).
18
Table 4 displays he ene gy analysis esul s conce ning
wo o he building models analysed: M Size and XM
Size.
Fo he six scena ios he ypes o buildings se ices
can a y ex emely acco ding o ene gy demands and
o exchange ai low a e calcula ion.
The esea ch p ojec s ou lined eigh op ions ha can
be assumed as bes se ices nowadays a ailable on o
he ma ke o he indoo en i onmen al com o and
he domes ic wa e supply (Figu e 3) (ASHRAE 2006;
D’Alessand is, 2011; Palmie i, 2011).
Wi h ega d o igu e 3, on he le side a e shown
he ypes building se ices aken in o accoun in he
esea ch p ojec . Acco ding o he ene gy analysis
ca ied ou , he code S ma ched wi h a numbe ( om
1 o 8) shows he sui able con igu a ions planned o
p o ide hea ing, cooling, DHW and ai changes.
Fo e e y building model o deducing he numbe
and he ype o se ices o use i is necessa y ollowing
he do ed line.
Fo example he S.1 con igu a ion p o ides a hyd onic
hea ing sys em eed wi h elec ici y (H.1); a DHW hea
exchange connec ed o he he mal s o age (D.1); a
an-coil (C.2 and AT.1); an elec ic en ila ion acili y
(AE.1). While o cooling, ai dehumidi ica ion and
ai exchange se ices he S.1 con igu a ion p o ides
a sys em (C.2+AT.1+AE.1) ha in eg a es a wo-way
low en ila ion sys em (blowe s, hea eco e y uni
and ai plenum) and a cooling ea men on he in ake
ai (di ec -expansion coils uelled by e ige an gas).
Fu he mo e o e e y analysed se ice a e iden i ied
he sys em ea u es (e.g. H.1 is a se ice comp ising a
hyd onic hea ing sys em, a ank o he s o age and an
in ake mani old).
Fu he mo e he building se ice sys ems a e
classi ied bo h acco ding o he unc ion and o he
main luid used (gas, ai o wa e ).
Finally he S.7 and S.8 a e he con igu a ions i o
buildings wi h cen al hea ing sys ems.
Among he eigh e e ence con igu a ions a
couple we e chosen (see igu e 3, he highligh ed
con igu a ions S.1 and S.7). The selec ion was based
on he equi emen s se ou in phase 1 wi h ega ds o
use s age. The o me - S.1 - is sui able o independen
hea ing sys ems; he la e – S.7 – (as men ioned) is
Table 4.
The mal needs and building
se ices sizing pa ame e s.
Summa y able.
Figu e 3.
The building se ices
op ions analysed and he
possible con igu a ions
aimed a p o iding hea ing,
cooling, Domes ic Ho
Wa e and en ila ion in he
building models.
Building
Models: M
Size; XM Size
Clima e Zone
E F
Hea ing
Ene gy need
(kWh/m2)40 56
Max. he mal
load (W/m2)28 33
Cooling
Ene gy need
(kWh/m2)16 16
Max. he mal
load (W/m2)45 35
DHW (Domes ic Ho Wa e )
Ene gy need
(kWh/y) 1270
Wa e need (l/
day) 120
Max. DWH low
a e (l/min) 25
Max. DWH
emp. supply
(Cº)
45
Ai -Flow a e
Exchange ai -
low a e (m3/h) 150
Cooling ai . low
a e (m3/h) 1050 750
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20
sui able o cen al hea ing sys ems.
No e ha in he S.7 con igu a ion he cooling needs
a e me by he mechanical en ila ion sys em.
3.3 DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING
Following comple ion he ene gy assessmen o he
six building models and he choice o he building
se ices, he esea ch p ojec was ocused on
designing he assembly o se ices hemsel es.
The se ices cupboa d design was basically ca ied
ou h ough a co ela ion p ocess among he se ices
ha we e selec ed and he equi emen s se ou in
phase 1.
As a ule he design was in luenced by he ollowing
pe o mances: du abili y o se ices; easy in eg a ion
o se ices in o he buildings; lexibili y o he se ices
o be used in di e en housing condi ions (A aianese,
2008).
The sizing o he building se ices and he s udy o
hei li e s ages we e key aspec s. Pa icula ly he
s udy was ocused on he ollowing cha ac e is ics:
sȩ se ices weigh (kg);
sȩ se ices en elope (m3);
sȩ se up p ocedu es (e.g. minimum space in cm
a ound he se ice o pe mi hei ins alla ion in
sa e y and p ope ly condi ions);
sȩ main enance equency (numbe and ime o
epai s and eplacemen s);
sȩ disposal p ocedu es and se ices was e
managemen .
In his phase a se o eal building se ices was
selec ed and compa ed o he mal and en ila ion
needs o each model analysed. Based on a e age
alues in e ms o leng h, wid h and heigh , he
building se ices we e shaped and ske ched-ou as a
simpli ied en elope. Fu he o each shaped se ices
was associa ed a colou .
The co e igu e - wi h e e ence o S.7 con igu a ion
- shows he se ices needed o he M Size building
model. A numbe iden i ies a se ice, while a numbe
and a le e e e s o a combina ion o se ices. In
pa icula in igu e 3: 1 and 1b we e ma ched o
iden i ing he hea ing se ice; 2 was ma ched o
DHW sys em; 3 was ma ched o he combina ion o
mechanical en ila ion sys em and cooling se ice;
4 was ma ched o space equi ed o hos ing he
elec ical de ices. Fo he M model he cupboa d is
2,00 m leng h; 0,8 m wid h and 2,40 m heigh . As
shown in igu e 4 he cupboa d heigh (less han 2,70
m) makes a ailable an easy echnological in eg a ion
bo h in he new buildings and in he exis ing ones.
On he whole he se ices cupboa d design was like a
Te is® game. The cupboa d en elope de i es by he
bes combina ion among all necessa y shapes.
An analysis and a selec ion o ma e ials and
componen s implemen ed he se ices cupboa d
design. Consis en ly o he design app oach adop ed
o sizing and shaping he building se ices, he
ma e ials and componen s we e so ed - once again
- acco ding o he equi emen s amewo k de ined in
phase 1.
The wood based panels we e assumed as sui able
solu ion. Such selec ion is he ou come o a co ela ion
p ocess among pe o mances ela ed o: mechanical
esis ance; li e span; ib a ion dampen; noise
educ ion; embodied ene gy and embodied ca bon
used o he panelling manu ac u ing; p oduc ion
cos s; dis ance o po en ial supplie s. A solid wood
panelling was designed o he se ice cupboa d shell
(50 mm hickness) and o he pa i ioning (40 mm).
Pa icula ly he pa i ioning was help ul o de ine he
ca i y o s o e he elec ical de ices and he wi e
connec ions.
Based on he de ailed cupboa d d awings a i s
mock-up – named as he esea ch p ojec : MOTE2
– was inally buil up. To ge a quickly echnological
assessmen a couple o wo kshops we e a anged ( he
numbe was in luenced by esea ch p ojec du a ion:
18 mon hs). The wo kshops we e aimed a assessing
he achie abili y o he building se ices design along
wi h he ma e ials selec ion ca ied ou . Du ing he
wo kshops Sa o o G oup laid-down o build he
S Size building model wi h independen hea ing
sys em. While he mock-up was assembled some
li le imp o emen s o he p e iews d awings we e
necessa y. Ne e heless he me hodological app oach