The integrated design of building services by an equipped and eco-efficient module (MOTE2)

Ma e a, modi ica ion: cu Example o a se ices cupboa d design o he building model “M” Size. The isome ic iews show he en elope o he each se ices and hei combina ion in o he cupboa d. Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 13 ABSTRACT The a ge s se ou by Eu opean Di ec i es conce ning he ene gy sa ings in he cons uc ion sec o e e bo h o building en elope and o i s se ices. Wi h ega d o building se ices i is manda o y mee ing equi emen s ela ed o hea ing, cooling, ligh ing and en ila ion. Building se ices ake up a a iable space in he buildings ha canno be conside ed anymo e negligible and hey would always be ully in eg a ed in o buildings. Equipped and Eco-e icien Technological Module (MOTE2) is a esea ch p ojec aimed a implemen ing he in eg a ion in a unique se ices cupboa d o some building se ices: hea ing and cooling; domes ic ho wa e ; mechanical en ila ion. The p ojec was o ganized acco ding o ou main phases. In phase 1 a se o ules was de ined ma ching equi emen s ela ed o he ene gy e iciency o en i onmen al building design s anda ds. Du ing he phase 2 six building models we e s udied in o de o size he co esponding building se ices acco ding o scena io analysis se down o exis ing buildings. In phase 3 he p ojec was ocused on designing he assembly among se ices. The cupboa d design is like a Te is® game h ough he planning o he bes combina ion among se ices shape. Based on he d awings de eloped a i s mock-up was buil up and moni o ed. Finally, in phase 4 he pape deals wi h he MOTE2’s expec ed pe o mances. Ou look and some conclusions poin ou he u u e s eps o he esea ch ac i i ies. KEYWORDS echnological in eg a ion o building se ices, se ices cupboa d o building The in eg a ed design o building se ices by an equipped and eco-e icien module (MOTE2) 1 Poli ecnico di To ino, Depa men o A chi ec u e and Design 2 Sa o o G oup S. .l., Ecodesign consul an Robe o Gio dano1, C is ina Allione2, And é Clos1, Elena Mon acchini1, Sil ia Tedesco1 h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4995/ i u io-ija s.2016.6795 14 1. INTRODUCTION In ecen yea s a consis en legisla i e amewo k aimed a signi ican ly imp o ing he ene gy e iciency o Eu opean buildings s ock ha e been laid down, i.e. he Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2010/31/EU), he Ene gy E iciency Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2012/27/EU) and he Renewable Ene gy Di ec i e (Di ec i e 2009/28/EU). Pa icula ly ele an is he EPBD ecas s a ing ha new buildings occupied by public au ho i ies and p ope ies ha e o be Nea ly Ze o Ene gy Buildings (NZEBs) by Decembe 31, 2018 and ha new buildings ha e o be NZEBs by Decembe 31, 2020. Acco ding o he EPBD a NZEB is a building ha has a e y high-ene gy pe o mance wi h nea ly ze o o e y low amoun o ene gy equi ed o be co e ed by ene gy om enewable sou ces, including enewable ene gy p oduced on-si e o nea by. Based on hese p emises in he las yea s se e al Eu opean Coun ies, including I aly, ha e been adop ing se e al measu es and incen i es o ge ene gy sa ings in he cons uc ion sec o . The se ou a ge s e e bo h o building en elope, by means an imp o emen o building sys ems pe o mances in e m o he mal insula ion, con ol o ai leakages and he mal ine ia, and o building se ices, since i is manda o y mee ing equi emen s ela ed o hea ing, cooling, ligh ing and en ila ion (Pe ago e . al., 2009). Nowadays building se ices ake up a a iable space in he buildings - acco ding o hei uses - ha canno be conside ed anymo e negligible (e.g. hospi als o some ac o ies equi e sophis ica ed ins alla ions). Only in ecen imes i g ows he awa ness abou he impac o se icing sys ems and subsys ems on he building. Un il ew yea s ago he design and ins alla ion o se ices was conside ed ela i ely unimpo an . The buildings we e simple ; ea u ed wi h boile s and ai hea ing, pipewo ks, adia o s and con ec o s as well as wi h a ume cupboa d in he ki chens and in he ba h ooms. No hing mo e han ha . A agmen ed app oach in planning and cons uc ion o en ook place (Ha ison e . al., 2000). Unpleasan l y he lack o a p ope in eg a ion is equen ly no iceable e en in newly cons uc ed buildings. Sys ems, pipes and duc s a e ung ace ully leaned on he buildings oo and on he walls (Figu e 1). On he whole a gene al building design e hinking is equi ed. A chi ec s, ci il enginee s and o he s akeholde s in ol ed in he design and cons uc ion p ocesses ha e o be conscious on he ele ancy conce ning he building se ices “accommoda ion” as well as he impo ance o hei suppo and enclosu e. The pape deals wi h a ese ch p ojec whe e he building se ices we e sized o p o iding occupan s com o bu – abo e all - hey a e designed o be ully in eg a ed in o he building. Figu e 1. Reale Mu ua Insu ance Headqua e (Tu in). Example o lack o in eg a ion be ween building design and i s se ices. Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 15 2. THE RESEARCH PROJECT: MOTE2 Wi h he knowledge ha se ices would always be in eg a ed in o he s uc u es and sys ems o he buildings - since he ea lies s ages o he design p ocess - i was de ined he main objec i e o a esea ch p ojec en i led MOTE2 (Equipped and Eco- e icien Technological Module) o in eg a ing in a unique se ices cupboa d (o small s o e oom) he main building en i onmen al se ices. Pa icula ly he esea ch was ocused on he ollowing sys ems: hea ing and cooling; Domes ic Ho Wa e (DHW); mechanical en ila ion. In he esea ch p ojec o he se ices, such as: li ins alla ions, usually de ined as sel -con ained elemen s, and sani a y accommoda ions, usually de ined as u ili y se ices, we e no included. As mo e in English means a small pa icle o a e y iny pa o a subs ance, he p ojec laid down o use he smalles olume in he apa men s wi h a cupboa d whe e he en i onmen al se ices a e collec ed in he closes space possible wi hou sca i ying sa e y, main enance and epai s. An in e disciplina y eam was in ol ed in he esea ch p ojec : he Depa men o A chi ec u e and Design, DAD (Poli ecnico di To ino) and a leading en e p ise in p e ab ica ed buildings and p eassembled sys ems (Sa o o G oup S. .l.). The e u bishmen o he exis ing esiden ial building and new semide ached houses a e he main e e ence ma ke s o he Sa o o G oup. Acco ding o such assump ions he esea ch was ocused mainly on de eloping a se ices cupboa d i o housings e o i , new houses wi h cen al hea ing sys em and new houses wi h indipenden hea ing sys em o ou amilies1. Two I alian clima e zones (Figu e 2) we e conside ed in he scena io analysis and in he ene gy assessmen : Zone E (deg ee days a e age alue 2700) and Zone F (deg ee days a e age alue 3500). 3. METHODOLOGY The esea ch was o ganized acco ding o he phases he ea e desc ibed: sȩ phase 1: se ou o ene gy and en i onmen al equi emen s; sȩ phase 2: scena io analysis and ene gy assessmen ; sȩ phase 3: design and p o o yping; sȩ phase 4: alue p oposi ion de ini ion and pe o mance e alua ion. Figu e 2. I aly Clima e Zones. Zone E and Zone F we e chosen in he building ene gy analysis. 16 3.1 SET OUT OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS As men ioned en i onmen al building se ices no mally include ins alla ions o mee ing indoo com o equi emen s wi h ega ds o hea ing, cooling and en ila ion. In phase 1 a se o ules was de ined ma ching manda o y equi emen s ela ed o he Eu opean Di ec i es on ene gy e iciency o echnical s anda ds and speci ica ions go e ning he en i onmen al building design app oach. Speci ically he ollowing en i onmen al s anda ds we e analysed and adop ed: sȩ UNI EN 15643-1 and 2: 2010 - Sus ainabili y o cons uc ion wo ks; sȩ UNI 11277:2008 - Sus ainabili y in buildings. Such s anda ds enable o assess he en i onmen al li e cycle o new buildings and he en i onmen al pe o mances o he emaining se ice li e and he end-o -li e o exis ing buildings. Thus a b oade se o equi emen s was aken in o accoun acco ding o he well-known li e cycle design app oach. On he whole ou li e cycle s ages we e conside ed: p oduc ion s age; cons uc ion s age; use and main enance s ages; end-o -li e s age. Se en equi emen s we e associa ed o p oduc ion, including mechanical s eng hs o ma e ials, weigh o componen s and use o g een ma e ials. Two equi emen s we e associa ed o cons uc ion, comp ising assembling solu ions o easy epai s and eplacing. Thi een equi emen s we e associa ed o use s age, encompassing se ices main enance and occupan com o . Th ee equi emen s we e inally associa ed o end-o -li e, in ol ing ma e ials and componen s li e-span and ecycling. Fo each o he wen y- h ee equi emen s a ela ed pe o mance assessmen (quan i a i e o quali a i e) was p o ided, acco ding o he s anda ds and echnical speci ica ions, o ad-hoc implemen ed, in cohe ence wi h he s anda ds and echnical speci ica ions. As shown in he ollowing pa ag aphs he equi emen s se ou was meaning ul o he se ice cupboa d design, o sizing he se ices and o he ma e ials selec ion. 3.2 SCENARIO ANALYSIS AND ENERGY ASSESSMENT The scena io analysis ca ied ou e e s o a se o heo e ical building models wi h same building ea u es, en elope pe o mances and use s beha iou . Th ee ini ial building models e e ence sizes we e assumed in he analysis, wi h he ollowing condi ioend (use ull) loo a ea: Small Size (S= 50 m2), Medium Size (M=80 m2) and La ge Size (L = 120m2). A e wa ds he e e ence Sizes we e u he spli in wo ca ego ies acco ding o he ype o hea ing sys em. The building models ha we e s udied wi h a cen al hea ing sys em we e classi ied wi h he code X. Thus h ee building models we e classi ied as: S, M, L (independen hea ing sys em) and h ee building Table 1. Theo e ical building models ea u es Building Models Size S;XsM;XML; XL G oss Floo a ea (m2)60 95 140 Condi ioned loo a ea (m2)50 80 125 Condi ioned olume (m3)150 240 375 Numbe o s o ey abo e loo s (n) 1 1 1 A e age loo - o- loo heigh (m) 3 3 3 Su ace a ea- o- olume a io (m-1) 0.8 0.8 0.8 Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 17 models we e classi ied as: XS, XM, XL (cen al hea ing sys em). The main e e ence buildings ea u es a e summa ised in he able 1. Wi h ega d o he buildings en elope, he models we e designed o mee he manda o y ene gy equi emen s in o ce ( e e ence yea 2016; UNI TS 11300: 1-2-3-4) o clima e zone E and F (Table 2). Table 2. Building en elope pe o mances Table 3. Use s and associa ed needs o he building models Fu he mo e in he scena io analysis we e de ined he numbe o use s and hei needs in e ms o indoo com o empe a u e and wa e consumed by washing and cooking. See able 3. In he scena io analysis was no conside ed he P ima y Ene gy Demand (PED) o hea ing and cooling. Such assump ion is di ec ly co ela ed o he NZEB app oach men ioned in he in oduc ion. The NZEB expec s an amoun o elec ici y o eed he building p oduced on-si e o nea by by enewable ene gy sou ces. In he building models he di ec ene gy was deduced acco ding o a e e ence amewo k: clima e da a; Building sys ems Zone E Zone F Wall sys ems (wi h he mal b idge co ec ion) Ex e nal insula ion laye Ex e nal insula ion laye Roo Sys em Ven ila ed oo , ex e nal insula ion laye Ven ila ed oo ex e nal insula ion laye Windows sys em Double glazing wi h one laye low-E Double glazing wi h one laye low-E A e age U- alue opaque ele- men s (W/m2K) Uop=0,25 Uop=0,22 A e age U- alue galazing ele- men s (W/m2K) Uw=1,7 Uw=1,5 Building models S,XSM,XML,XL N º o occupan s 2-3 3-4 5-6 DHW supply (l/day) 90 120 190 Occupancy schedule 24/24 hou s -7/7 days Indoo com o empe a u e Tin, H = 20º C Tin, C= 26º C building ea u es; use needs. Bu in such models i was no possibile se ing down he p ima y ene gy con e sion ac o s, since such ac o s (co ela ed o he indi ec ene gy alue) a e s ongly dependen on he enewable o ossil sou ces used; he p ima y ene gy i is no an easy p edic able based model, i s alue is in luenced by se e al condi ions such as he egional and na ional elec ici y ene gy-mix as well he ype o ene gy sou ces adop ed on si e, nea by o a om he building si e, e.g. al hough F ance and I aly a e each o he nea he elec ici y is p oduced wi h comple ely di e en sys ems. Thus due o he high numbe o a iables o conside o e e y building Size analysed - we e only accoun ed he di ec ene gy needs. Finally o he six scena ios no sola o in e nal gains we e aken in o accoun . I was assumed o ca ying ou an ene gy analysis h ough a conse a i e app oach. The hea ing and cooling loads and he DHW demand we e e e ed o a “design day” when se ices un a ull capaci y o ully loaded and he building models a e ully occupied by use s. The ene gy analysis was ca ied ou wi h ega ds o he six scena ios de eloped (Pianese, 2009 and UNI 10339:1995). The ollowing da a we e pe o med: he mal ene gy need o hea ing and cooling; he mal ene gy need o DHW; ai low a e (exchange and cooling). 18 Table 4 displays he ene gy analysis esul s conce ning wo o he building models analysed: M Size and XM Size. Fo he six scena ios he ypes o buildings se ices can a y ex emely acco ding o ene gy demands and o exchange ai low a e calcula ion. The esea ch p ojec s ou lined eigh op ions ha can be assumed as bes se ices nowadays a ailable on o he ma ke o he indoo en i onmen al com o and he domes ic wa e supply (Figu e 3) (ASHRAE 2006; D’Alessand is, 2011; Palmie i, 2011). Wi h ega d o igu e 3, on he le side a e shown he ypes building se ices aken in o accoun in he esea ch p ojec . Acco ding o he ene gy analysis ca ied ou , he code S ma ched wi h a numbe ( om 1 o 8) shows he sui able con igu a ions planned o p o ide hea ing, cooling, DHW and ai changes. Fo e e y building model o deducing he numbe and he ype o se ices o use i is necessa y ollowing he do ed line. Fo example he S.1 con igu a ion p o ides a hyd onic hea ing sys em eed wi h elec ici y (H.1); a DHW hea exchange connec ed o he he mal s o age (D.1); a an-coil (C.2 and AT.1); an elec ic en ila ion acili y (AE.1). While o cooling, ai dehumidi ica ion and ai exchange se ices he S.1 con igu a ion p o ides a sys em (C.2+AT.1+AE.1) ha in eg a es a wo-way low en ila ion sys em (blowe s, hea eco e y uni and ai plenum) and a cooling ea men on he in ake ai (di ec -expansion coils uelled by e ige an gas). Fu he mo e o e e y analysed se ice a e iden i ied he sys em ea u es (e.g. H.1 is a se ice comp ising a hyd onic hea ing sys em, a ank o he s o age and an in ake mani old). Fu he mo e he building se ice sys ems a e classi ied bo h acco ding o he unc ion and o he main luid used (gas, ai o wa e ). Finally he S.7 and S.8 a e he con igu a ions i o buildings wi h cen al hea ing sys ems. Among he eigh e e ence con igu a ions a couple we e chosen (see igu e 3, he highligh ed con igu a ions S.1 and S.7). The selec ion was based on he equi emen s se ou in phase 1 wi h ega ds o use s age. The o me - S.1 - is sui able o independen hea ing sys ems; he la e – S.7 – (as men ioned) is Table 4. The mal needs and building se ices sizing pa ame e s. Summa y able. Figu e 3. The building se ices op ions analysed and he possible con igu a ions aimed a p o iding hea ing, cooling, Domes ic Ho Wa e and en ila ion in he building models. Building Models: M Size; XM Size Clima e Zone E F Hea ing Ene gy need (kWh/m2)40 56 Max. he mal load (W/m2)28 33 Cooling Ene gy need (kWh/m2)16 16 Max. he mal load (W/m2)45 35 DHW (Domes ic Ho Wa e ) Ene gy need (kWh/y) 1270 Wa e need (l/ day) 120 Max. DWH low a e (l/min) 25 Max. DWH emp. supply (Cº) 45 Ai -Flow a e Exchange ai - low a e (m3/h) 150 Cooling ai . low a e (m3/h) 1050 750 Vi u io In e na ional jou nal o A chi ec u e Technology and Sus ainabili y Volume 2 19 20 sui able o cen al hea ing sys ems. No e ha in he S.7 con igu a ion he cooling needs a e me by he mechanical en ila ion sys em. 3.3 DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING Following comple ion he ene gy assessmen o he six building models and he choice o he building se ices, he esea ch p ojec was ocused on designing he assembly o se ices hemsel es. The se ices cupboa d design was basically ca ied ou h ough a co ela ion p ocess among he se ices ha we e selec ed and he equi emen s se ou in phase 1. As a ule he design was in luenced by he ollowing pe o mances: du abili y o se ices; easy in eg a ion o se ices in o he buildings; lexibili y o he se ices o be used in di e en housing condi ions (A aianese, 2008). The sizing o he building se ices and he s udy o hei li e s ages we e key aspec s. Pa icula ly he s udy was ocused on he ollowing cha ac e is ics: sȩ se ices weigh (kg); sȩ se ices en elope (m3); sȩ se up p ocedu es (e.g. minimum space in cm a ound he se ice o pe mi hei ins alla ion in sa e y and p ope ly condi ions); sȩ main enance equency (numbe and ime o epai s and eplacemen s); sȩ disposal p ocedu es and se ices was e managemen . In his phase a se o eal building se ices was selec ed and compa ed o he mal and en ila ion needs o each model analysed. Based on a e age alues in e ms o leng h, wid h and heigh , he building se ices we e shaped and ske ched-ou as a simpli ied en elope. Fu he o each shaped se ices was associa ed a colou . The co e igu e - wi h e e ence o S.7 con igu a ion - shows he se ices needed o he M Size building model. A numbe iden i ies a se ice, while a numbe and a le e e e s o a combina ion o se ices. In pa icula in igu e 3: 1 and 1b we e ma ched o iden i ing he hea ing se ice; 2 was ma ched o DHW sys em; 3 was ma ched o he combina ion o mechanical en ila ion sys em and cooling se ice; 4 was ma ched o space equi ed o hos ing he elec ical de ices. Fo he M model he cupboa d is 2,00 m leng h; 0,8 m wid h and 2,40 m heigh . As shown in igu e 4 he cupboa d heigh (less han 2,70 m) makes a ailable an easy echnological in eg a ion bo h in he new buildings and in he exis ing ones. On he whole he se ices cupboa d design was like a Te is® game. The cupboa d en elope de i es by he bes combina ion among all necessa y shapes. An analysis and a selec ion o ma e ials and componen s implemen ed he se ices cupboa d design. Consis en ly o he design app oach adop ed o sizing and shaping he building se ices, he ma e ials and componen s we e so ed - once again - acco ding o he equi emen s amewo k de ined in phase 1. The wood based panels we e assumed as sui able solu ion. Such selec ion is he ou come o a co ela ion p ocess among pe o mances ela ed o: mechanical esis ance; li e span; ib a ion dampen; noise educ ion; embodied ene gy and embodied ca bon used o he panelling manu ac u ing; p oduc ion cos s; dis ance o po en ial supplie s. A solid wood panelling was designed o he se ice cupboa d shell (50 mm hickness) and o he pa i ioning (40 mm). Pa icula ly he pa i ioning was help ul o de ine he ca i y o s o e he elec ical de ices and he wi e connec ions. Based on he de ailed cupboa d d awings a i s mock-up – named as he esea ch p ojec : MOTE2 – was inally buil up. To ge a quickly echnological assessmen a couple o wo kshops we e a anged ( he numbe was in luenced by esea ch p ojec du a ion: 18 mon hs). The wo kshops we e aimed a assessing he achie abili y o he building se ices design along wi h he ma e ials selec ion ca ied ou . Du ing he wo kshops Sa o o G oup laid-down o build he S Size building model wi h independen hea ing sys em. While he mock-up was assembled some li le imp o emen s o he p e iews d awings we e necessa y. Ne e heless he me hodological app oach