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Ca men Cá cel Ga cía
A chi e o alla “Escuela Técnica
Supe io de A qui ec u a” (ETSA)
dell’Uni e si a Poli ècnica o Va-
lencia (UPV). P o eso e Associa o
alla “Escuela Técnica Supe io de
Ingenie ía en Edi icación” (ETSIE)
dell’UPV, nel Dipa imen o di “Exp e-
sión G á ica A qui ec ónica” (DEGA).
F ancisco Juan Vidal
A chi e o alla “Escuela Técnica
Supe io de A qui ec u a” (ETSA)
dell’Uni e si à Poli ècnica di Valen-
cia (UPV). Do o a o alla UPV. P o es-
so e alla ETSA/UPV, nel Dipa imen o
di “Exp esión G á ica A qui ec ónica”
(DEGA). Rice ca o e all’ “Ins i u o de
Res au ación del Pa imonio” (IRP)
della UPV.
Dalla seconda me à del XX secolo c’è una c esci-
a di usa e incon olla a dei cen i s o ici u bani,
basa a su piani u banis ici con acce ana chiche
che hanno gene a o una o u a con il na u ale
p ocesso e olu i o della ci à. La nos a p opos a
ce ca di acquisi e un nuo o impegno e so mo-
delli con empo anei di s iluppo u bano, nel en-
a i o di is abili e l’o dine na u ale della c esci a
e della as o mazione del paesaggio. Abbiamo
documen a o, con una ice ca su un caso pa i-
cola e della “Hue a” S o ica di Valencia (Cam-
pana ), l’analisi del suo essu o u bano e gli ele-
men i di a icolazione che hanno condiziona o
la c esci a nel empo ispe ando il suo asse o
o iginale.
Since he second hal o he 20 h cen u y an un-
con olled and gene alized g ow h o his o ic u -
ban cen es akes place, based on ana chic own-
planning ha causes a b eak wi h he na u al
e olu iona y p ocess o hese ci ies.
Ou p oposal aims o make a commi men wi h
he new con empo a y u ban de elopmen mo-
dels, in sea ch o cha ac e is ic links ha ees a-
blish he na u al g ow h and ans o ma ion o
he landscape. The e o e, we ha e designed he
in es iga ion p ojec on he speci ic case o he
Valencian His o ic Hue a ( e ile, i iga ed a ea),
(loca ed a Campana ). We analyze i s u ban a-
b ic as well as he elemen s ha ha e de e mined
i s g ow h o e he yea s while we espec i s o i-
ginal appea ance.
La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io ga an isce un miglio amen o
della piani icazione dell’a uale paesaggio u bano
The sea ch o iden i ying links o he e i o y gua an ees an imp o emen
o cu en u ban landscape planning
Pa ole chia e: piani icazione u bana; collegamen i
iden i ica i i; pa imonio del paesaggio.
Keywo ds: planning ci ies; iden i ying links;
landscape and he i age
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La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io
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In he a ea a ound Valencia scope mos o he
u ban cen es ha e been ounded in medie al
imes. The es ablishmen o hese u ban cen es,
“ex no o”, was due o he coloniza ion o new
lands as well as o he eo ganiza ion o he
u al popula ion in new u ban se lemen s.
I has been p o en by a ious s udies ha
modi ica ions o hese u ban cen es un il he
i s hal o he 20 h cen u y we e minimal
(A izaga 2002). We can he e o e assu e ha
he e olu ion o hese se lemen s o e ime,
has caused ans o ma ions in he buildings bu
has p ese ed, mo e o less in ac , he o iginal
s uc u es and has nea ly en i ely main ained he
u ban landscape. This is p o en by he e aci y
o simila i y o many old maps wi h he eali y o
hei cen u y, being able o ebuild illages om
be o e his cen u y almos wi hou mis akes. The
cons i uen elemen s o he his o ic ab ic, like
pa cels, oads, di ches, landma ks, e c. can be
app ecia ed in a map as aces/ma ks ha ha e
been main ained in he a ea h oughou ime
wi hou almos any modi ica ions.
Bu , wha caused his ans o ma ion ha s a ed
a he second hal o he 20 h cen u y? One o
he ac o s ha con ibu ed signi ican ly o his
u ban me amo phosis was, wi hou doub , he
inc ease o he popula ion caused by he bi h
a e inc ease and he u al exodus ha caused he
uncon olled popula ion g ow h in he ci ies. In
he same way, he hue a ha was conse ed o
ages is s a ing o be h ea ened. I su e s om
his uncon olled inc ease ha azed i iga ed
land close o he ci ies, which is he case o he
pe i-u ban se lemen s o he His o ic Hue a o
Valencia.
This uncon olled inc ease o he u ban cen es
was and s ill is a gene alized phenomenon ha
conce ns his o ians and a cheologis s, as well
as a chi ec u e and u banism s uden s, because
Fig 1. Ae ial iew o he old pa o Campana su ounded by he hue a li le be o e he un o una e u ban de elopmen . Pho o map o Valencia (1944).
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his p oduces a b eak in he e olu iona y p ocess
o he ci ies. Many changes made since he
second hal o he 20 h cen u y we e he esul
o inapp op ia e de elopmen poli ics, wi h a
hough less planning ision, ha aised agg essi e
u ban ac ions ha ha e des oyed, in mos cases,
adi ional own and coun y planning. This ision
is di e en om oday’s ha is mo e espec ul o
he land and o he su i al o his o ic he i age.
(Fig. 2)
Today’s his o ic sensibili y ega ding he
p ese a ion o his o ic se lemen s is linked o
he econs uc ion plans made a e he Second
Wo ld Wa , in 1945. The need o ebuild ci ies
and o es o e he des oyed a chi ec u al
he i age concei ed plans ha s a e he in e es
o p ese ing buildings and gi e hem a is ic
and his o ic alue. One o he i s s a emen s
in Spain ook place in 1958, du ing he i s
Cong ess o he U ban Ins i u e ha ecognized
ha ongoing conse a ion p ojec s we e adop ed
o isola ed buildings, wi hou aking in o accoun
he immedia e u ban su oundings. I was no
un il 1964, wi h he Venice Cha e 1 ha he
need o p ese e his o ic he i age became clea .
This decla a ion s a ed o he i s ime ha he
concep o his o ic he i age was no only limi ed
o isola ed monumen al p ojec s, bu ha i
encloses he u ban o u al se ing whe e hey a e
loca ed. Only in hese ci cums ances a monumen
acqui es i s genuine his o ical consciousness o
i s aison d´ê e. This ision o his o ic he i age
ha ex ends i s bo de s o he immedia e
su oundings allowed he sa egua ding, by
public adminis a ions, o many u al se lemen s
ha we e h ea ened by u ban o aci y. In he
speci ic case o ou s udy, Campana , he BIC2
decla a ion om he chu ch and la e om i s
en i onmen , achie ed he p ese a ion o his
adi ional cen e o he hue a.
I was in he eigh ies ha a b oade iew on he
subjec o be p ese ed was adop ed, expanding
he a chi ec onical he i age ield o u ban a eas
and hei en i onmen al se ing. A his momen ,
a de elopmen o conse a ionis policies wi h
a ying deg ees o success akes place. Acco ding
o A izaga, one o he causes o he lack o success
o some o he p ojec s was due o he lack o
ambi ion o hese policies. They in e ened he
building wi hou p e iously ha ing made an in-
dep h analysis abou i s o igins and i s his o ic
su oundings, and ob ained as a esul some
eno a ed buildings ha lacked any adi ional
con ex . We had o wai un il he 1992 Cong ess
on U banism and P ese a ion o Wo ld He i age
Ci ies3 whe e hese e ec s and he need o
socialize hese his o ic cen es we e deba ed o
gua an ee hei su i al.
Ob iously, i is easy o assume ha hese
p ese a ion policies ha e been de eloped
based on a chi ec u al and his o ical ecognized
Fig. 2. The map clea ly shows he new expansion o he old a ea o he Hue a
and he camino de T ánsi os ( oadway) as sepa a ion axis be ween he ci y
and he hue a. O e all map o Valencia. 1925
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Fig. 3 Map o he ne wo k o di ches and oads o he ci y o Valencia by An onio J. Ca anilles. 1795.
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buildings and u ban se lemen s, isking he a e
many a chi ec u al non-ca alogued objec s ha
o m an essen ial pa o a ci ies his o y, and a e
ecognized as Small He i age. I is ob ious ha
he alue o his small he i age is no a is ic
bu his o ic. The u al se lemen s wi h i s
concen a ed o widesp ead houses, a mhouses,
he His o ic Hue a and i s hyd aulic i iga ion
sys em, he a i ac mille s, e c. a e some
examples o small he i age si es ha , con a y
o he wo ld he i ages, e lec e e yday socie y.
Only sa egua ding monumen al he i age can
alsi y he eal his o y o a popula ion, by igno ing
he concep o u ban landscapes as a li ely place
ha is cons an ly changing.
Ou las hough on he concep o a mino
he i age, in he case o he pe i-u ban se lemen s
in he ci y o Valencia, like Campana , Benicalap,
Benimacle , Pa aix, …e c o which hei o igins
a e linked o i s His o ic Hue a, is ha we ha e o
econside he subjec o ou in es iga ion, no as
an isola ed elemen , bu as pa o his adi ional
landscape. Bu how can we in es iga e he o igins
o a his o ic landscape which is con inuously
changing? A new in es iga ion challenge on
he i age is p esen ed which o ces o ca y ou
a mul idisciplina y app oach acco ding o a
sus ainable ision and a solid a cheological basis.
One o he me hodological ends in his ield is
he so-called “landscape a cheology” a gued by
An onio Malpica 4.
One o he complemen a y disciplines
embedded in his me hodology, is ou lined by
R. González Villaescusa (1996) as essen ial o
he unde s anding o a u al landscape like he
Valencian Hue a, which is ac i e and con inuously
changing. We e e o he mo phological me hod,
based on he in e p e a ion o he landscape
s uc u e based on pho og aphs, ca og aphies,
p ope y egis e s, e c., and he subsequen
diach onic analysis ha is needed o assess he
ob ained da a. This is an ideal me hod o a i s
unde s anding and hypo hesis o mula ion on he
cons uc ion and de e io a ion o a u al scene.
The subsequen in eg a ion o he a cheological
da a and he combina ion o bo h me hods
en ich he in es iga ion esul s.
Following his heo y, o acqui e a commi men
wi h new u ban de elopmen models, we hink i
is necessa y o ind and iden i y he cha ac e is ic
links o he landscape ha allow o es o e he
na u al g ow h and espec ul ans o ma ion
o he a ec ed he i age. Following his p emise,
he objec i e o ou in es iga ion, based on
he mo phological me hod, is o de ec in he
con igu a ion o Campana hose landma ks ha
cha ac e ize and ha e in luenced u ban aces o
his his o ic landscape o yea s. Based on his o ic
ca og aphy and a chi al sou ces, we ha e
analyzed i s u ban ab ic as well as he elemen s
ha ha e de e mined i s na u al g ow h in
cohe ence wi h he landscape. The e o e we ha e
selec ed, om an ex ensi e ca og aphy, hose
maps ha p o ided us wi h g aphic in o ma ion
on he Campana a ea in di e en pe iods and
ci cums ances. We ha e s udied di e en maps
o ind di e en la en elemen s on e e y map
and, inally, we ha e compa ed he ob ained
esul s o each map. In e es ing in o ma ion has
made us demons a e which we e he elemen s
ha we e ep oduced by he au ho s wi h mayo
assiduousness and which we e used o iden i y
he Campana a ea.
A good ca og aphic analysis canno be made,
o cou se, wi hou a signi ican documen a y
basis based on he knowledge o he his o y and
mo phology o he Hue a. This s udy allows an in-
Fig. 4 and 5. Obse e he cha ac e is ic appea ance o Campana in de ail a he map o he Ci y o Valencia being ackled by Ma iscal Moncey, 1808 (le ) and
he map o Valencia and i s su oundings. 1883 ( igh ). He e a e alii, 1985.

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dep h in es iga ion o he landscape o be s udied
and, consequen ly, ein o ces he some imes
con using in o ma ion ob ained om he maps. I
is he e o e impo an , be o e imme sing onesel
in he analysis o maps, o know he ac o s ha
cha ac e ize and de ine he s uc u al ab ic
o he hue a like he hyd aulic in as uc u e,
he oad ne wo k, he pa cel egula iza ion o
he di e en ypes o buildings. Based on hese
ac o s we will expose he esul s o he i s
mo phological app oach o he Campana a ea.
Valencia´s p oximi y o he sea, he i e Tu ia´s
cha ac e is ics as well as i s clima ology, ha e
led o equen looding (Almela y Vi es, 1957),
speci ically in he su ounding pe i-u ban a ea,
ha is ela ed, du ing i s en i e his o y, o wa e
and i iga ion. This si ua ion was used by he
ancien inhabi an s o hese lands o de elop a
widesp ead and complex i iga ion sys em ha
came o i s culmina ion in he Muladi pe iod
(Guino , 2005) and ha is e y well e lec ed
a Ca anilles (1795) map p esen ed in igu e 3.
Especially he lands o Campana a e i iga ed by
he di ches o Mes alla, To mo and Rascaña. The
sinuous layou o he h ee di ches, as well as he
junc ions be ween hem, espond o an adap ion
c i e ion o he land and pa cel´s o og aphy,
and o he di e en cons uc ion pe iods (Glick,
2000). We also ha e o ake in o accoun he
double unc ionali y o he wa e . I did no only
se e as an i iga ion sys em o cul i a e land, bu
i also was he d i ing o ce behind he hyd aulic
a e ac s (Roselló, 1989) and i he e o e occupied
he beginning o he di ches. The appea ance o
he i iga ion sys em acqui es a speci ic layou in
Campana ´s landscape. I p o ides a cha ac e is ic
and excep ional image, while he mill layou ,
as a e e ence, can be clea ly iden i ied in he
di e en con as ed ca og aphies.
Rega ding he his o ic communica ion ways in
he hue a we ha e o dis inguish be ween oads
ha connec highly concen a ed illages and
hose seconda y oads ha allow he access o
sca e ed se lemen s. As we can no ice in he
map o Ca anilles, a ne wo k o oyal ou es
ha c ossed he hue a exis ed. These ou es
communica ed he impo an cen e wi h es o
he pe iphe al illages by unk oads, highligh ing
he Mo ed e oyal oad s a ing a he en ance
o Se anos (Ro e s), as main axis o he no he n
Hue a and he oyal oads o Xá i a, by San
Vicen (Boa ella) and o Qua by he ci y ga e
ha has he same name, bo h main oads o he
sou he n Hue a (Huici, Cabanes, 1976).
In he case o Campana , his hie a chy be ween
he Campana and Poue oad is easy o see. The
i s oad appea s on e e y analyzed map when
he ci y is communica ed wi h he Campana
a ea, while he second oad ha dly appea s on
any map, speci ically no on he eldes ones,
because i was a pa h ha communica ed he
isola ed se lemen s o he hue a. Compa ing
he di e en maps we can no ice a possible
ans o ma ion o he Camí del Poue as a pa h
o an impo an comme cial ansac ion oad
o he ci y. The map o 1808 ( ig. 4) shows he
Fig. 6 Map o he Hue a and Speci ic Con ibu ion o Valencia, by F ancisco Cassaus, 1695. Colle ion José Hugue .
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minimal p esence o isola ed se lemen s nex o
he a ms wi hou de ec ing any ace o a oad
in he a ea. Ne e heless, he map o 1893 ( ig.
5) no only shows he desc ibed oad bu i s side
iew passing he hue a om he ma gins o he
Tu ia i e un il he old Campana oad and a
ail o Fa mhouses ha s a o se le he idea
o a comme cial oad. The con i ma ion o his
con e sion o a pa h in o oad is p o ided by he
dossie ha is w i en up o he license eques
o he cons uc ion o he oad in 1853 5.
On he o he hand, we should no o ge ha
we a e dealing wi h a e i o y ha is mainly
dedica ed o he ag icul u al exploi a ion on he
land and o he wa e esou ce managemen .
The e o e, i is easy o unde s and ha he i s
se lemen s we e de eloped a ound au a kic
a mhouses and cul i a ed land. When we
obse e a map we can conside , a i s glance,
ha his ype o sca e ed se lemen s is ana chic
and uno ganized, a om eali y. V. Alga a
(2003) de ends a p ecise o ganiza ion model
wi h a m uni s ha ha e a a mhouse as c ucial
cen e (del Rey, 1998). To demons a e his heo y
he sugges s us o analyze he map o he Hue a
and Speci ic Con ibu ion o Valencia o 1695
( ig. 6) whe e we can app ecia e his sca e ed
e ec o in he landscape wi hou appa en ly any
logic se lemen s uc u e. Bu i we ake a close
look, we can app ecia e a sys ema ic o de in
hese esiden ial uni s. We can e en suspec he
measu emen uni ha sepa a es hese encla es
in equi alen dis ances. This hy hmic o de ha
is epea ed on he map along he oads a ises
om a logical concep ion o he edis ibu ion
mechanism o he land o i s co ec exploi a ion
and was ca ied ou wi h he epa imen d i en
by King Jaime I a e Valencia´s conques in 1238.
Following E. Guino (2008) in his pa celing s udy,
his di ision o he land in plo s based on a new
me ic sys em, he jo ada, ook place, as a as
ci cums ances pe mi ed, in an e icien way. In
his way, we can easily de ec a homogeneous
pa cel in spa sely popula ed zones, whe e i
had been possible o edis ibu e he land,
and densely popula ed zones wi h ag icul u al
exploi a ion, like he his o ic Hue a, whe e in
mos cases, one had o adap o he exis ing
buildings and o he p imi i e pa celing module.
The map o Cassaus ( ig. 6) shows us a hy hmic
o de o buildings close o newly cons uc ed
oads. These oads can be ecognized by hei
s aigh layou , o example he To en e oad.
Ne e heless, he high densi y o se lemen s
in he Campana zone makes i di icul o
dis inguish his hy hmic o de o which V.
Alga a is e e ing. The a mhouses a e sca e ed
on he map wi hou link o he ou lined oads.
This makes us hink ha all hese a mhouses
we e subjec o seconda y pa hs and oads, like
he Poue oud, ha ollowed he same o de as
he main oads. When we compa e he di e en
planime ies and look a he wo examples ( ig.
4 and 5), we can assu e ou sel es ha he e
a e speci ic se lemen s ha a e epea ed in
bo h maps. We ha e p o en, because o hei
si ua ion, ha in some cases hese we e mills and
in o he s a mhouses. While he mills we e easy
o iden i y, he a mhouses we e di icul and in
some cases impossible o iden i y because o he
lack o da a. On he con a y, he se lemen on
Campana ´s main oad can be iden i ied on any
planime y, because i main ains his meande ing
con igu a ion like he oad´s s uc u e. The
in e es ing objec o he nex phase in he analysis
is o s udy he g ow h o his small popula ion
a ound he p imi i e a mhouse (To ó, 1990),
main aining he landscape´s na u al mo phology
in ac .
The ini ial esul s o his in es iga ion p ojec
allow us o s a e he impo ance o ca ying ou
an in-dep h analysis o he planned landscape
ha con i ms a ho ough knowledge o he
en i y. Based on his o ic ca og aphy and a chi al
sou ces, by compa ing da a, we can ho oughly
s udy he genesis o any u ban se lemen and
he e o e ge o know hose iden i ying links
p ese a ion o which allows us o de elop u ban
models ha a e mo e app op ia e o he na u al
e olu iona y p ocess.
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Almela i Vi es, F ancesc., 1957, las
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Almela i Vi es, F ansesc., 1960, La
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Aguila , Rosa Mª., 1985, Campana
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Alga a, Vic o y Be ocal, Paloma.,
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