La ricerca di collegamenti identificativi del territorio garantisce un miglioramento della pianificazione dell'attuale paesaggio urbano

G.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON h p://disegna econ.unibo.i Ca men Cá cel Ga cía A chi e o alla “Escuela Técnica Supe io de A qui ec u a” (ETSA) dell’Uni e si a Poli ècnica o Va- lencia (UPV). P o eso e Associa o alla “Escuela Técnica Supe io de Ingenie ía en Edi icación” (ETSIE) dell’UPV, nel Dipa imen o di “Exp e- sión G á ica A qui ec ónica” (DEGA). F ancisco Juan Vidal A chi e o alla “Escuela Técnica Supe io de A qui ec u a” (ETSA) dell’Uni e si à Poli ècnica di Valen- cia (UPV). Do o a o alla UPV. P o es- so e alla ETSA/UPV, nel Dipa imen o di “Exp esión G á ica A qui ec ónica” (DEGA). Rice ca o e all’ “Ins i u o de Res au ación del Pa imonio” (IRP) della UPV. Dalla seconda me à del XX secolo c’è una c esci- a di usa e incon olla a dei cen i s o ici u bani, basa a su piani u banis ici con acce ana chiche che hanno gene a o una o u a con il na u ale p ocesso e olu i o della ci à. La nos a p opos a ce ca di acquisi e un nuo o impegno e so mo- delli con empo anei di s iluppo u bano, nel en- a i o di is abili e l’o dine na u ale della c esci a e della as o mazione del paesaggio. Abbiamo documen a o, con una ice ca su un caso pa i- cola e della “Hue a” S o ica di Valencia (Cam- pana ), l’analisi del suo essu o u bano e gli ele- men i di a icolazione che hanno condiziona o la c esci a nel empo ispe ando il suo asse o o iginale. Since he second hal o he 20 h cen u y an un- con olled and gene alized g ow h o his o ic u - ban cen es akes place, based on ana chic own- planning ha causes a b eak wi h he na u al e olu iona y p ocess o hese ci ies. Ou p oposal aims o make a commi men wi h he new con empo a y u ban de elopmen mo- dels, in sea ch o cha ac e is ic links ha ees a- blish he na u al g ow h and ans o ma ion o he landscape. The e o e, we ha e designed he in es iga ion p ojec on he speci ic case o he Valencian His o ic Hue a ( e ile, i iga ed a ea), (loca ed a Campana ). We analyze i s u ban a- b ic as well as he elemen s ha ha e de e mined i s g ow h o e he yea s while we espec i s o i- ginal appea ance. La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io ga an isce un miglio amen o della piani icazione dell’a uale paesaggio u bano The sea ch o iden i ying links o he e i o y gua an ees an imp o emen o cu en u ban landscape planning Pa ole chia e: piani icazione u bana; collegamen i iden i ica i i; pa imonio del paesaggio. Keywo ds: planning ci ies; iden i ying links; landscape and he i age 32#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io Ca men Cá cel Ga cía | F ancisco Juan VidalG.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN h p://disegna econ.unibo.i In he a ea a ound Valencia scope mos o he u ban cen es ha e been ounded in medie al imes. The es ablishmen o hese u ban cen es, “ex no o”, was due o he coloniza ion o new lands as well as o he eo ganiza ion o he u al popula ion in new u ban se lemen s. I has been p o en by a ious s udies ha modi ica ions o hese u ban cen es un il he i s hal o he 20 h cen u y we e minimal (A izaga 2002). We can he e o e assu e ha he e olu ion o hese se lemen s o e ime, has caused ans o ma ions in he buildings bu has p ese ed, mo e o less in ac , he o iginal s uc u es and has nea ly en i ely main ained he u ban landscape. This is p o en by he e aci y o simila i y o many old maps wi h he eali y o hei cen u y, being able o ebuild illages om be o e his cen u y almos wi hou mis akes. The cons i uen elemen s o he his o ic ab ic, like pa cels, oads, di ches, landma ks, e c. can be app ecia ed in a map as aces/ma ks ha ha e been main ained in he a ea h oughou ime wi hou almos any modi ica ions. Bu , wha caused his ans o ma ion ha s a ed a he second hal o he 20 h cen u y? One o he ac o s ha con ibu ed signi ican ly o his u ban me amo phosis was, wi hou doub , he inc ease o he popula ion caused by he bi h a e inc ease and he u al exodus ha caused he uncon olled popula ion g ow h in he ci ies. In he same way, he hue a ha was conse ed o ages is s a ing o be h ea ened. I su e s om his uncon olled inc ease ha azed i iga ed land close o he ci ies, which is he case o he pe i-u ban se lemen s o he His o ic Hue a o Valencia. This uncon olled inc ease o he u ban cen es was and s ill is a gene alized phenomenon ha conce ns his o ians and a cheologis s, as well as a chi ec u e and u banism s uden s, because Fig 1. Ae ial iew o he old pa o Campana su ounded by he hue a li le be o e he un o una e u ban de elopmen . Pho o map o Valencia (1944). 33#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io Ca men Cá cel Ga cía | F ancisco Juan VidalG.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN h p://disegna econ.unibo.i his p oduces a b eak in he e olu iona y p ocess o he ci ies. Many changes made since he second hal o he 20 h cen u y we e he esul o inapp op ia e de elopmen poli ics, wi h a hough less planning ision, ha aised agg essi e u ban ac ions ha ha e des oyed, in mos cases, adi ional own and coun y planning. This ision is di e en om oday’s ha is mo e espec ul o he land and o he su i al o his o ic he i age. (Fig. 2) Today’s his o ic sensibili y ega ding he p ese a ion o his o ic se lemen s is linked o he econs uc ion plans made a e he Second Wo ld Wa , in 1945. The need o ebuild ci ies and o es o e he des oyed a chi ec u al he i age concei ed plans ha s a e he in e es o p ese ing buildings and gi e hem a is ic and his o ic alue. One o he i s s a emen s in Spain ook place in 1958, du ing he i s Cong ess o he U ban Ins i u e ha ecognized ha ongoing conse a ion p ojec s we e adop ed o isola ed buildings, wi hou aking in o accoun he immedia e u ban su oundings. I was no un il 1964, wi h he Venice Cha e 1 ha he need o p ese e his o ic he i age became clea . This decla a ion s a ed o he i s ime ha he concep o his o ic he i age was no only limi ed o isola ed monumen al p ojec s, bu ha i encloses he u ban o u al se ing whe e hey a e loca ed. Only in hese ci cums ances a monumen acqui es i s genuine his o ical consciousness o i s aison d´ê e. This ision o his o ic he i age ha ex ends i s bo de s o he immedia e su oundings allowed he sa egua ding, by public adminis a ions, o many u al se lemen s ha we e h ea ened by u ban o aci y. In he speci ic case o ou s udy, Campana , he BIC2 decla a ion om he chu ch and la e om i s en i onmen , achie ed he p ese a ion o his adi ional cen e o he hue a. I was in he eigh ies ha a b oade iew on he subjec o be p ese ed was adop ed, expanding he a chi ec onical he i age ield o u ban a eas and hei en i onmen al se ing. A his momen , a de elopmen o conse a ionis policies wi h a ying deg ees o success akes place. Acco ding o A izaga, one o he causes o he lack o success o some o he p ojec s was due o he lack o ambi ion o hese policies. They in e ened he building wi hou p e iously ha ing made an in- dep h analysis abou i s o igins and i s his o ic su oundings, and ob ained as a esul some eno a ed buildings ha lacked any adi ional con ex . We had o wai un il he 1992 Cong ess on U banism and P ese a ion o Wo ld He i age Ci ies3 whe e hese e ec s and he need o socialize hese his o ic cen es we e deba ed o gua an ee hei su i al. Ob iously, i is easy o assume ha hese p ese a ion policies ha e been de eloped based on a chi ec u al and his o ical ecognized Fig. 2. The map clea ly shows he new expansion o he old a ea o he Hue a and he camino de T ánsi os ( oadway) as sepa a ion axis be ween he ci y and he hue a. O e all map o Valencia. 1925 34#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io Ca men Cá cel Ga cía | F ancisco Juan VidalG.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN h p://disegna econ.unibo.i Fig. 3 Map o he ne wo k o di ches and oads o he ci y o Valencia by An onio J. Ca anilles. 1795. 35#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io Ca men Cá cel Ga cía | F ancisco Juan VidalG.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN h p://disegna econ.unibo.i buildings and u ban se lemen s, isking he a e many a chi ec u al non-ca alogued objec s ha o m an essen ial pa o a ci ies his o y, and a e ecognized as Small He i age. I is ob ious ha he alue o his small he i age is no a is ic bu his o ic. The u al se lemen s wi h i s concen a ed o widesp ead houses, a mhouses, he His o ic Hue a and i s hyd aulic i iga ion sys em, he a i ac mille s, e c. a e some examples o small he i age si es ha , con a y o he wo ld he i ages, e lec e e yday socie y. Only sa egua ding monumen al he i age can alsi y he eal his o y o a popula ion, by igno ing he concep o u ban landscapes as a li ely place ha is cons an ly changing. Ou las hough on he concep o a mino he i age, in he case o he pe i-u ban se lemen s in he ci y o Valencia, like Campana , Benicalap, Benimacle , Pa aix, …e c o which hei o igins a e linked o i s His o ic Hue a, is ha we ha e o econside he subjec o ou in es iga ion, no as an isola ed elemen , bu as pa o his adi ional landscape. Bu how can we in es iga e he o igins o a his o ic landscape which is con inuously changing? A new in es iga ion challenge on he i age is p esen ed which o ces o ca y ou a mul idisciplina y app oach acco ding o a sus ainable ision and a solid a cheological basis. One o he me hodological ends in his ield is he so-called “landscape a cheology” a gued by An onio Malpica 4. One o he complemen a y disciplines embedded in his me hodology, is ou lined by R. González Villaescusa (1996) as essen ial o he unde s anding o a u al landscape like he Valencian Hue a, which is ac i e and con inuously changing. We e e o he mo phological me hod, based on he in e p e a ion o he landscape s uc u e based on pho og aphs, ca og aphies, p ope y egis e s, e c., and he subsequen diach onic analysis ha is needed o assess he ob ained da a. This is an ideal me hod o a i s unde s anding and hypo hesis o mula ion on he cons uc ion and de e io a ion o a u al scene. The subsequen in eg a ion o he a cheological da a and he combina ion o bo h me hods en ich he in es iga ion esul s. Following his heo y, o acqui e a commi men wi h new u ban de elopmen models, we hink i is necessa y o ind and iden i y he cha ac e is ic links o he landscape ha allow o es o e he na u al g ow h and espec ul ans o ma ion o he a ec ed he i age. Following his p emise, he objec i e o ou in es iga ion, based on he mo phological me hod, is o de ec in he con igu a ion o Campana hose landma ks ha cha ac e ize and ha e in luenced u ban aces o his his o ic landscape o yea s. Based on his o ic ca og aphy and a chi al sou ces, we ha e analyzed i s u ban ab ic as well as he elemen s ha ha e de e mined i s na u al g ow h in cohe ence wi h he landscape. The e o e we ha e selec ed, om an ex ensi e ca og aphy, hose maps ha p o ided us wi h g aphic in o ma ion on he Campana a ea in di e en pe iods and ci cums ances. We ha e s udied di e en maps o ind di e en la en elemen s on e e y map and, inally, we ha e compa ed he ob ained esul s o each map. In e es ing in o ma ion has made us demons a e which we e he elemen s ha we e ep oduced by he au ho s wi h mayo assiduousness and which we e used o iden i y he Campana a ea. A good ca og aphic analysis canno be made, o cou se, wi hou a signi ican documen a y basis based on he knowledge o he his o y and mo phology o he Hue a. This s udy allows an in- Fig. 4 and 5. Obse e he cha ac e is ic appea ance o Campana in de ail a he map o he Ci y o Valencia being ackled by Ma iscal Moncey, 1808 (le ) and he map o Valencia and i s su oundings. 1883 ( igh ). He e a e alii, 1985. 36#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io Ca men Cá cel Ga cía | F ancisco Juan VidalG.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN h p://disegna econ.unibo.i dep h in es iga ion o he landscape o be s udied and, consequen ly, ein o ces he some imes con using in o ma ion ob ained om he maps. I is he e o e impo an , be o e imme sing onesel in he analysis o maps, o know he ac o s ha cha ac e ize and de ine he s uc u al ab ic o he hue a like he hyd aulic in as uc u e, he oad ne wo k, he pa cel egula iza ion o he di e en ypes o buildings. Based on hese ac o s we will expose he esul s o he i s mo phological app oach o he Campana a ea. Valencia´s p oximi y o he sea, he i e Tu ia´s cha ac e is ics as well as i s clima ology, ha e led o equen looding (Almela y Vi es, 1957), speci ically in he su ounding pe i-u ban a ea, ha is ela ed, du ing i s en i e his o y, o wa e and i iga ion. This si ua ion was used by he ancien inhabi an s o hese lands o de elop a widesp ead and complex i iga ion sys em ha came o i s culmina ion in he Muladi pe iod (Guino , 2005) and ha is e y well e lec ed a Ca anilles (1795) map p esen ed in igu e 3. Especially he lands o Campana a e i iga ed by he di ches o Mes alla, To mo and Rascaña. The sinuous layou o he h ee di ches, as well as he junc ions be ween hem, espond o an adap ion c i e ion o he land and pa cel´s o og aphy, and o he di e en cons uc ion pe iods (Glick, 2000). We also ha e o ake in o accoun he double unc ionali y o he wa e . I did no only se e as an i iga ion sys em o cul i a e land, bu i also was he d i ing o ce behind he hyd aulic a e ac s (Roselló, 1989) and i he e o e occupied he beginning o he di ches. The appea ance o he i iga ion sys em acqui es a speci ic layou in Campana ´s landscape. I p o ides a cha ac e is ic and excep ional image, while he mill layou , as a e e ence, can be clea ly iden i ied in he di e en con as ed ca og aphies. Rega ding he his o ic communica ion ways in he hue a we ha e o dis inguish be ween oads ha connec highly concen a ed illages and hose seconda y oads ha allow he access o sca e ed se lemen s. As we can no ice in he map o Ca anilles, a ne wo k o oyal ou es ha c ossed he hue a exis ed. These ou es communica ed he impo an cen e wi h es o he pe iphe al illages by unk oads, highligh ing he Mo ed e oyal oad s a ing a he en ance o Se anos (Ro e s), as main axis o he no he n Hue a and he oyal oads o Xá i a, by San Vicen (Boa ella) and o Qua by he ci y ga e ha has he same name, bo h main oads o he sou he n Hue a (Huici, Cabanes, 1976). In he case o Campana , his hie a chy be ween he Campana and Poue oad is easy o see. The i s oad appea s on e e y analyzed map when he ci y is communica ed wi h he Campana a ea, while he second oad ha dly appea s on any map, speci ically no on he eldes ones, because i was a pa h ha communica ed he isola ed se lemen s o he hue a. Compa ing he di e en maps we can no ice a possible ans o ma ion o he Camí del Poue as a pa h o an impo an comme cial ansac ion oad o he ci y. The map o 1808 ( ig. 4) shows he Fig. 6 Map o he Hue a and Speci ic Con ibu ion o Valencia, by F ancisco Cassaus, 1695. Colle ion José Hugue . 37#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io Ca men Cá cel Ga cía | F ancisco Juan VidalG.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN h p://disegna econ.unibo.i minimal p esence o isola ed se lemen s nex o he a ms wi hou de ec ing any ace o a oad in he a ea. Ne e heless, he map o 1893 ( ig. 5) no only shows he desc ibed oad bu i s side iew passing he hue a om he ma gins o he Tu ia i e un il he old Campana oad and a ail o Fa mhouses ha s a o se le he idea o a comme cial oad. The con i ma ion o his con e sion o a pa h in o oad is p o ided by he dossie ha is w i en up o he license eques o he cons uc ion o he oad in 1853 5. On he o he hand, we should no o ge ha we a e dealing wi h a e i o y ha is mainly dedica ed o he ag icul u al exploi a ion on he land and o he wa e esou ce managemen . The e o e, i is easy o unde s and ha he i s se lemen s we e de eloped a ound au a kic a mhouses and cul i a ed land. When we obse e a map we can conside , a i s glance, ha his ype o sca e ed se lemen s is ana chic and uno ganized, a om eali y. V. Alga a (2003) de ends a p ecise o ganiza ion model wi h a m uni s ha ha e a a mhouse as c ucial cen e (del Rey, 1998). To demons a e his heo y he sugges s us o analyze he map o he Hue a and Speci ic Con ibu ion o Valencia o 1695 ( ig. 6) whe e we can app ecia e his sca e ed e ec o in he landscape wi hou appa en ly any logic se lemen s uc u e. Bu i we ake a close look, we can app ecia e a sys ema ic o de in hese esiden ial uni s. We can e en suspec he measu emen uni ha sepa a es hese encla es in equi alen dis ances. This hy hmic o de ha is epea ed on he map along he oads a ises om a logical concep ion o he edis ibu ion mechanism o he land o i s co ec exploi a ion and was ca ied ou wi h he epa imen d i en by King Jaime I a e Valencia´s conques in 1238. Following E. Guino (2008) in his pa celing s udy, his di ision o he land in plo s based on a new me ic sys em, he jo ada, ook place, as a as ci cums ances pe mi ed, in an e icien way. In his way, we can easily de ec a homogeneous pa cel in spa sely popula ed zones, whe e i had been possible o edis ibu e he land, and densely popula ed zones wi h ag icul u al exploi a ion, like he his o ic Hue a, whe e in mos cases, one had o adap o he exis ing buildings and o he p imi i e pa celing module. The map o Cassaus ( ig. 6) shows us a hy hmic o de o buildings close o newly cons uc ed oads. These oads can be ecognized by hei s aigh layou , o example he To en e oad. Ne e heless, he high densi y o se lemen s in he Campana zone makes i di icul o dis inguish his hy hmic o de o which V. Alga a is e e ing. The a mhouses a e sca e ed on he map wi hou link o he ou lined oads. This makes us hink ha all hese a mhouses we e subjec o seconda y pa hs and oads, like he Poue oud, ha ollowed he same o de as he main oads. When we compa e he di e en planime ies and look a he wo examples ( ig. 4 and 5), we can assu e ou sel es ha he e a e speci ic se lemen s ha a e epea ed in bo h maps. We ha e p o en, because o hei si ua ion, ha in some cases hese we e mills and in o he s a mhouses. While he mills we e easy o iden i y, he a mhouses we e di icul and in some cases impossible o iden i y because o he lack o da a. On he con a y, he se lemen on Campana ´s main oad can be iden i ied on any planime y, because i main ains his meande ing con igu a ion like he oad´s s uc u e. The in e es ing objec o he nex phase in he analysis is o s udy he g ow h o his small popula ion a ound he p imi i e a mhouse (To ó, 1990), main aining he landscape´s na u al mo phology in ac . The ini ial esul s o his in es iga ion p ojec allow us o s a e he impo ance o ca ying ou an in-dep h analysis o he planned landscape ha con i ms a ho ough knowledge o he en i y. Based on his o ic ca og aphy and a chi al sou ces, by compa ing da a, we can ho oughly s udy he genesis o any u ban se lemen and he e o e ge o know hose iden i ying links p ese a ion o which allows us o de elop u ban models ha a e mo e app op ia e o he na u al e olu iona y p ocess. 38#11 - ap ile 2013 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON La ice ca di collegamen i iden i ica i i del e i o io Ca men Cá cel Ga cía | F ancisco Juan VidalG.I.S. & URBAN DESIGN h p://disegna econ.unibo.i BIBLIOGRAFIA Almela i Vi es, F ancesc., 1957, las iadas del Tu ia (1321-1949), Ayun- amien o de Valencia. Almela i Vi es, F ancesc., 1932, Alque ías de la hue a de Valencia, Valencia. Almela i Vi es, F ansesc., 1960, La i ienda u al alenciana, Valencia. Aguila , Rosa Mª., 1985, Campana desde sus o ígenes, J. Aguila . Va- lencia. Alga a, Vic o y Be ocal, Paloma., 1999, “La ciudad Ba oca. Los poblados en la pa icula Con ibu- ción”, His o ia de Valencia, Cap. 26, Uni e sidad de Valencia – Le an e – EMV, Valencia. Alga a, Vic o , 2003, La amble a de la hue a de Fa a a: pa imonio his ó ico y na u al de la ciudad de Valencia. Ayun amen de Valencia. A ízaga, Bea iz, 2002, La imagen de la ciudad medie al. La ecupe - ación del paisaje u bano. Se icio de Publicaciones de la Uni e sidad de Can ab ia, San ande . Ca anilles, An onio, 1795, Obse - aciones sob e la his o ia na u al, geog á ia, ag icul u a, población y u os del Reyno de Valencia, Ma- d id. Glick, Thomas, 2000, Els molins hid áulics alencians: Tecnología, his o ia i con ex social. Valencia, Ins i usió Al ons el Magnánim. González, Rica do, 1996, Paisaje ag a io, egadío y pa cela ios en la hue a de Valencia, nue os plan - eamien os desde el análisis mo - ológico, II Coloquio His o ia y Medio Físico. Ag icul u a y egadío en al- Andalus. Alme ía. Guino , En ic, 2005, Les séquies de l´ho a No d de València: Mes alla, Rascanya i To mos. Camins d´aigua, el pa imonio hid àulic alencià. 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He mosilla, Jo ge, 2007, El pa imo- nio hid áulico del Bajo Tu ia: l´Ho a de Valencia. Gene ali a Valenciana, Di ección g al de Pa imonio Cul u al Valenciano. He e a, e alii, 1985, Ca og a ia his ò ica de la ciudad de València. 1704-1910, Ajun amen de València. Huici, Amb osio. y Cabanes, Mª D., 1976, Documen os de Jaime I de A agón. II (1237-1250) Za agoza. Llopis, Alonso y Pe digón, Luis, 2010, Ca og a ía his ó ica de la ciudad de Valencia. 1608-1944, Uni e si a Poli ècnica de Valéncia. Mangue, Ignasi, 2001, Ma xalenes: de alque ía islámica a ba io de la ciudad de Valencia. Ayun amen de Valencia. O ega, José. 1998: “El pa imonio e i o ial como ecu so cul u al y económico” Ciudades, 4. Te i o io y Pa imonio, Valladolid, Ins i u o de U banís ica de la Uni e sidad de Val- ladolid. Rey, Miguel del, 1998, A qui ec u a Ru al Valenciana: ipos de casas dis- pe sas y análisis de su a qui ec u a, Gene ali a Valenciana. Roselló i Ve gue , Vicen . Mª., 1989, Els molins d´aigua de l´Ho a de València. Los paisajes del agua. Uni- e si a de Valencia. Sanchis, Manuel, 1981, La ciuda de Valéncia. Sin esis d´his o ia i de Geog a ía u bana. Ajun amen de Valéncia.