FROM CATALOGUE TO CORPUS IN DTS: TRANSLATIONS... 85
REVISTA CANARIA DE ESTUDIOS INGLESES, 51; no iemb e 2005, pp. 85-103
FROM CATALOGUE TO CORPUS IN DTS:
TRANSLATIONS CENSORED UNDER FRANCO.
THE TRACE PROJECT
Raquel Me ino
Uni e sidad del País Vasco
ABSTRACT
Selec ing ep esen a i e ex ual co pus o desc ip i e compa a i e wo k in DTS has always
been conside ed a key ma e . When dealing wi h ansla ions censo ed (TRACE) in F an-
co’s Spain, he analysis o he in o ma ion con ained in he (na a i e, hea e, cinema)
ca alogues o censo ed ansla ions has lead o he es ablishmen o explici c i e ia o se-
lec ing ep esen a i e ex s. This makes he ex ual co po a selec ed o close compa a i e
s udy p o o ypical a he han anecdo al o andomly chosen. A c ucial ques ion, jus i ying
he selec ion o ce ain ex s as he objec o desc ip i e compa a i e wo k in DTS, is hus
ackled in a p og essi e and explici manne by p oceeding om ca alogue o co pus.
KEY WORDS: Ca alogue o ansla ions, censo ship, co pus o ansla ions, Desc ip i e T ans-
la ion S udies (DTS), hea e ansla ions.
RESUMEN
Una de las cues iones cla e con la que nos hemos encon ado en la in es igación sob e
TRAducciones CEnsu adas en la época de F anco (p oyec o TRACE) es la selección de
co pus ex uales ep esen a i os de i ados del análisis de la in o mación abulada en los
di e en es ca álogos de aducciones censu adas (na a i a, ea o, cine). La compilación de
in en a ios y su p ocesamien o en bases de da os in o má icas manejables, acili a eno me-
men e la selección de ex os obje o de es udio desc ip i o-compa a i o. Del análisis de la
in o mación con enida en los ca álogos su gen c i e ios de selección ex ual azonados, una
cues ión c ucial que, has a la echa, había plan eado se ios p oblemas a la ho a de jus i ica
el es udio de un ex o como al ex o indi idual o como p o o ípico.
PALABRAS CLAVE: ca álogo de aducciones, censu a, co pus de aducciones, Es udios Des-
c ip i os de T aducción (EDT), aducciones de ea o.
TRANSLATIONS CENSORED: THE TRACE PROJECT
In 1997, in he wake o a esea ch p ojec on Ideology and T ansla ion
(Rabadán, Censu a), Spanish censo ship a chi es we e i s accessed and a new ich
sou ce o da a was iden i ied. TRACE was launched hen, i de eloped om 1998
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:4685
RAQUEL MERINO 86
o 2000 unde he auspices o he Uni e sidad del País Vasco, and i inally become
a h ee-yea Minis e io de Ciencia y Tecnología unded p ojec .*
TRACE can be de ined as a join en u e by g oups o TS esea che s a he
Uni e sidad de León and he Uni e sidad del País Vasco a Vi o ia (Me ino,
“P esen ación”). Bu be o e launching TRACE, membe s o esea ch g oups in bo h
uni e si ies had comple ed se e al in es iga ions on he His o y o T ansla ions
English-Spanish (Paja es; Fe nández López) and qui e a ew we e unde way (Gu-
ié ez Lanza, T aducción).
Un il 1997 mos con ex ual esea ch had been ca ied ou using adi ional
sou ces, such as lib a ies o published bibliog aphies, and mos ca alogues com-
piled we e based on in o ma ion abou he published ansla ed ex (dis ibu ed
dubbed ilm, pe o med play...) ga he ed om a ious sou ces which each yielded
pa ial da a. The end p oduc , published ansla ions, ilms as shown in cinemas
and/o hei co esponding sc ip s, was ou objec o s udy.
Almos o e nigh , censo ship eco ds held by he AGA (Gene al Adminis-
a ion A chi es) p o ed o be, when sampled back in 1997, he iches sou ce o
in o ma ion o all ypes o cul u al mani es a ions in he F anco pe iod, including
ansla ions. Along wi h na i e ex s, one could ind de ailed in o ma ion on ans-
la ed ex s, whe he hey we e inally published (pe o med, shown...), and he e-
o e came in o exis ence in he a ge cul u e, o jus d a s submi ed o censo ship
ha would inally be banned, o did no simply come all he way o he public. The
published ex , he ilm as shown o dis ibu ed, was no any longe he only possi-
ble objec o s udy, i was, on he con a y, he las ace o a chain o ex s ha
s a ed wi h he o iginal, wen h ough p ocesses o ansla ion and adap a ion,
wi h d a e sions examined a di e en s ages by au ho s, ansla o s, censo s,
p oduce s...
The bu eauc a ic p ocess ha s a ed wi h an applica ion o m o publish a
book, pe o m a play, o show a ilm, le many de ailed aces o all in e en ions
leading o he c ea ion, so o speak, o a cul u al p oduc in he a ge -cul u e.
Un il 1997 we would s a om he las possible ace o a ex in cul u e
—published plays in he case o hea e, p in ed books when ackling li e a u e—,
added any o he a ge published ex s, when o i di e en e sions we e ound,
and coupled hem wi h he sou ce ex (s) when possible. We would hen build up
con ex ual in o ma ion om a ious sou ces: ilm o hea e e iews, in oduc ions
o me a- ex s in publica ions. Bu now o he i s ime mos con ex ual da a could
be ound along wi h he ex . And no only ha , di e en d a e sions o he same
ex we e a ailable, and pa o he p ocess o ex ual p oduc ion could ac ually be
aced back.
* Re e ence: BFF-2003-07597. Coo dina ed P ojec : Uni e sidad del País Vasco, Uni e -
sidad de León. Gene al coo dina o : Raquel Me ino. Uni e sidad de León coo dina o : Camino
Gu ié ez Lanza.
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The ad an ages o using he AGA as he main sou ce o in es iga ions on
he his o y o ansla ions in Spain we e pa en . And he possibili y o d awing
mo e ho ough in en o ies o ansla ions opened new ways o un eiling be e
selec ed and de ined co po a o ansla ions.
I seemed easible now o accoun o he his o y o ansla ions o a ious
gen es —d ama, na a i e, ilms— and (sub)pe iods, and i seemed ha ca alogues
could be compiled mo e accu a ely han e e . A eliable map o ansla ed cul u e
p o ed, a long las , an a ainable a ge .
As may be d awn om he abo e, we can say ha TRACE is a collec i e
p ojec , in which indi idual in es iga ions a e planned and coo dina ed in such a
way ha hey do no o e lap bu lead o he accumula ion o da a in an o ganised
way. In TRACE, using he AGA as he main sou ce o da a, we adap each mem-
be ’s in es iga ion o he “blank” a eas no ye s udied. We ha e inco po a ed mem-
be s who can ackle language combina ions, gen es o pe iods no deal wi h o
da e and ha e adap ed TRACE needs o esea che s’ capabili ies. In his way we
ha e ecen ly opened TRACE o wo addi ional sou ce languages, Ge man and
F ench, and one mo e peninsula a ge language, Basque; ha had no been sys-
ema ically s udied so a . The map o ansla ed li e a u e and cinema in 20 h
cen u y Spain ha we s a ed o by d awing in p e-TRACE s ages, has now mo e
disce nible bounda ies and a a mo e accu a e pic u e o wha eally go ansla ed
(by whom, why, when...) is eme ging as we ad ance.
METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND: DTS
TRACE s udies a e e ospec i e and diach onic by na u e, and use he
heo e ical and me hodological backg ound o Desc ip i e T ansla ion S udies.
We aim a econs uc ing he map o wha ac ually go ansla ed in Spain, no
om wha could ha e been, o could nowadays be, bu om empi ical e idence
d awn sys ema ically om ich documen a ion sou ces.
Ce ain key DTS concep s, such as assumed ansla ion o pseudo- ans-
la ion, p o e adically use ul o example in he compila ion o ca alogues, since
he aim a his s age is no so much o check whe he a ansla ion is ac ually so
—o en i is all bu possible o disce n i s ansla ional na u e— bu o compile
in en o ies o ex s ha we e p oduced and ecei ed as ansla ions in a speci ied
pe iod.1
1 In Tou y, he au ho s o he in oduc ion ex ac ed om Tou y’s wo k a lis o concep s
ha ha e ex ensi ely been used in TRACE s udies (Es udios 17-33). In he same line, such concep s
a e used in he desc ip ion o he I ing co pus (Me ino, “P og esión”).
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RAQUEL MERINO 88
COMPILING CATALOGUES
Each TRACE indi idual s udy on a sub-pe iod, gen e o in e sec ion he eo
s a s wi h he compila ion o a ca alogue o ansla ions. Each ca alogue is p e-
ex ual by de ini ion and may hus be igh ly labelled ze o-co pus (Rabadán’s label
used in Gómez and Gu ié ez Lanza, “Labo ”).
The compila ion o a ca alogue as such is o en done by sys ema ically eeding
he da abase wi h he in o ma ion ga he ed om AGA a chi es, h ough sampling
he huge amoun o da a a ailable o a pe iod o gen e selec ed as he s a ing
poin . In some cases di ec sea ches a e made by au ho (I ing, Shakespea e) o
i le (Tales o he Alhamb a) in o de o in es iga e a p e-selec ed opic (Me ino,
“T acing”; “P og esión”; Bandín), o mo e o en as a means o explo e in dep h he
po en ial o he ma e ial ound in censo ship a chi es. None heless sampling has
been by a he p e e ed mode o esea ch in o a pe iod o gen e, o i ensu es ha
no ex e nal, a bi a y selec ion c i e ia a e imposed on he s udy.
Ca alogues a e s uc u ed a ound a co e da abase ad hoc eco d ile ha has
been designed o sui all gen e(s) o pe iod(s) (Rabadán, “Modelos”). The ields
ha make up TRACE co e eco d a e a e lec ion o all po en ially ecu en in o -
ma ion ha may be d awn a ound a single a ge ex . These ields a e s uc u ed in
h ee le els: 1 —con ex ual TRACE in o ma ion and basic da a abou he ex , 2
—publica ion, pe o mance, exhibi ion...— in o ma ion, 3 —o he sou ces & in-
e ela ions wi h o he eco ds o ex s) g aphically p esen in he basic layou . Each
indi idual a ge ex is accoun ed o in a single eco d, ha con ains bo h con ex-
ual and p e ex ual in o ma ion ela ed o ha a ge ex . This is wha makes
TRACE da abase a po en ial ma ix o he selec ion o co po a (Me ino, “P esen-
ación”), and why each ca alogue can be de ined as ze o-co pus.
F om he analysis o he in o ma ion eco ded in he da abase, ce ain se s
o ex s can be iden i ied as mo e ep esen a i e o he pe iod o gen e han o he s.
Thus we could say ha a single TT which wen smoo hly h ough he censo ing
il e , and was ei he apidly au ho ized o banned, does no ende much “p o o-
ypical” in o ma ion, apa om he pu ely s a is ical; whe eas a se o a ge ex s
de i ed om a single ST, belonging o a complex se , made up o successi e d a s
ha we e subjec o sc u iny and ew i ing, along wi h one o mo e published
ansla ions o he same wo k, pose he esea che wi h many mo e ques ions and
a e in p inciple a iche sou ce o quali a i e in o ma ion. The be e we can e-
cons uc complex cases in ol ing a g ea amoun o con ex ual da a, and a se ies
o in e media e ex s, he deepe we can go in o he my iad mechanisms a wo k in
he pe iod.
ANALYSING CATALOGUES
The in o ma ion ga he ed in each ca alogue is p ocessed so ha a desc ip-
ion o he pe iod unde sc u iny can be p o ided om di e en poin s o iew:
au ho , gen e, publishe , sou ce coun ies, sou ce languages, e c. We hen p oceed
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o iden i ying ecu en phenomena, egula i ies (Tou y, “Hand ul” 15-16), which
will in la e s ages be use ul o es ablish c i e ia o u he co pus selec ion.
F om he analysis o he 1960-1975 hea e English-Spanish ca alogue2 we
could ga he he ollowing (see also Me ino, “Tea o”; Me ino & Rabadán):
– Box o ice success ab oad was a key a gumen when a emp ing o impo a
o eign p oduc o Spanish s ages. I was o en used as coun e a gumen o
balance a po en ially “dange ous” opic. P oduce s would o en selec hea-
e plays ollowing c i e ia such as success ab oad o p izes gi en o he play
and hus assumed box o ice success a home.
– Quali y p oduc ions coexis ed wi h mo e popula o comme cial p oduc ions,
he la e we e much mo e nume ous. In 1960s censo s and censo ship
boa ds became mo e p o essional, membe s we e chosen o hei know-
how in hea ical e ms. They would w i e commen s assessing he quali y
o plays unde sc u iny. They also seemed o ha e a ega d o playw igh ’s,
ansla o and adap o ’s copy igh .
– Play sc ip s we e ead and assessed using hema ic c i e ia: homosexuali y and
adul e y a ed among he mos “dange ous” opics
– Censo ship sanc ioning p ocedu es we e so ha he mo e p oblema ic a play in
e ms o opic, au ho ..., he bigge he chances ha i would be g an ed
pe mission o be shown in chambe hea es only, and only la e on, he
play would be conside ed o comme cial hea es. “App o ed wi h changes”
was g an ed o up o 80% o plays submi ed o censo ship, whe eas banned
o “app o ed wi h no changes” we e much less equen in he pe iod.
– Censo ship boa ds judging “public shows”, hea e & cinema, sha ed some o
hei membe s and would ollow simila p ocedu es, in e changing in o -
ma ion when a wo k was submi ed in bo h o ma s.
– Thea e p oduc ions gene a ed mainly in Mad id, al hough some companies
p emie ed in Ba celona, and would hen ou o he p o inces ( he “pe iph-
e y”). In g an ing pe mission o p oblema ic plays ce ain p o inces we e
deemed o ha e be e “p epa ed” audiences, whe eas in some o he capi als
he audiences we e aken o be mo e conse a i e, acco ding o he easons
gi en o g an ing o denying pe mission o p esen a p oduc ion on ou .
– The main sou ce language was English3 (a ound 90% o all o eign hea e im-
po ed). Mos o eign plays we e by Ame ican (a ound ¾) ollowed by
B i ish au ho s.
2 Pé ez L. de He edia has compiled and s udied a hea e ca alogue o he pe iod 1938-
1960, and Bandín is compiling a ca alogue o hea e publica ions o classical au ho s, including
Shakespea e.
3 Bo h in hea e, cinema and na a i e, he p e-eminence o Ame ican p oduc s, wi h
English as he main sou ce language, is clea h oughou F anco’s pe iod. See S u ge o a comple ely
di e en si ua ion, wi h Scandina ian languages almos equalling English as sou ce language o
ansla ed na a i e in Nazi Ge many.
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RAQUEL MERINO 90
– Spanish was i ually he only a ge language used in ansla ion un il 1960; in
he 1960s, plays in Ca alan, Basque and Galician a e ound in censo ship
eco ds, mos o hem ansla ions om in e media e Spanish e sions o
o eign plays.
FROM CATALOGUE TO CORPUS
F om an o e all ision o ansla ed cul u e we p oceed o e ise bounda ies
o p e iously d awn pe iods, and we es ablish sub-pe iods i su icien e idence is
ound o back up u he di isions ( hea e in 1960-1975, 1975-1985). The same
may ha e o be done o ce ain gen es: in he ligh o e idence ound (Rabadán,
“Cadenas”), na a i e —mos ly 1950s o 1970s— had o be spli in o sub-gen es:
wes e n s. o he popula li e a u e.
In he same way i a sou ce cul u e o li e a u e was ound o be p edomi-
nan in he a ge Spanish cul u e, judging by e idence in he ca alogue —Ame i-
can hea e in he 1938-1959 pe iod— i would hen be selec ed as p e e ed objec
o s udy and p ima y co pus ha will accoun o such p edominance would be
d awn (Pé ez L. de He edia).
The same goes o ce ain sou ce au ho s (Tennessee Williams om 1950s
onwa ds), o a ge au ho s ( ecu en names o ansla o s such as Vicen e Bala
o José López Rubio), and hea e publishe s (Escelice ) o companies, agen s o
almos ou decades o he in oduc ion o o eign hea e in Spain.
The ich a ie y o documen s ha may make up a speci ic “expedien e” o
eco d, gi e us abundan da a om which o econs uc sel censo ship and ex e nal
censo ship p ocesses, which oge he wi h c i e ia such as opic and success would
help u he selec ep esen a i e co po a which may be subjec o u he sc u iny.
Co pus-1 o p ima y co pus would usually be mos ly con ex ual, and will
hus be o ganized acco ding o selec ion c i e ia (pe iod, gen e, sou ce cul u e, sou ce
au ho ...) de i ed om he analysis o censo ship in o ma ion ound in he eco ds
ga he ed o each ca alogue.
A his ea ly s age a co pus may s ill emain mainly con ex ual, and al-
hough we usually ga he ex s along wi h con ex ual documen s when easible, i
may no necessa ily be he case ha a ex (o a play, ilm, book) is eadily a ailable.
Bu his does no lead on o exclusion o a co pus-1 as de ined abo e.
On he con a y, i he only ace we ha e o a po en ially ep esen a i e
censo ship case (see The Boys in he Band below) is he a ge published ex (e en
he co esponding TT-ST bi- ex ), he po en ial o such se o ex s o u he
s udy is g ea ly educed un il some con ex ual censo ship in o ma ion is ound ha
may help explain how he inal publica ion came o be p esen ed he way i was.
A ailabili y o as many ex s as can be ound is an o e all c i e ion o
inally es ablishing seconda y co pus. F om he analysis o each co pus-1 we may
po en ially es ablish a co pus-2 coun e pa , applying p e iously used selec ion c i-
e ia (sel and ex e nal censo ship, opic, success...); and making a ailabili y he
decisi e c i e ion. Ideal co pus-2 would include ins ances o all ex s ha make up
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compa able pai s (ST-TT, TT-TT, TT-AT), liable o be o ganized in a econs uc ed
chain o ex s (ST> TT1> TT2... > AT1> AT2...).
I a ex ual co pus-2 has o be weighed agains ano he as objec o u he
analysis and e en ually as a candida e o a compu e co pus, a ailabili y o all ex s
(o as many as ha e possibly been ound) is pa amoun ; unless he e a e s ong
easons ha ende an “incomple e” ex ual co pus mo e ep esen a i e han a com-
ple e one.
SETS AND CHAINS OF TEXTS
Ta ge ex s, ansla ions, a e ound in censo ship a chi es in wo main
o ma s: sc ip s ( ypew i en in e im e sions o plays o books o ansla ed ilm
sc ip s), and published ex s (al eady published e sions o plays ha a e submi ed
o be used o a speci ic s age p oduc ion, o books p in ed elsewhe e —in A gen-
ina— ha equi e a censo ship impo a ion pe mission o be sold in Spain). I he
censo ing p ocess is no simple and as —immedia e g an ing o pe mission (o
ban) o publish, pe o m, show a ex — bu long and complex —ini ial ejec ion
ollowed by subsequen nego ia ions on bo h sides, censo s and p oduce s/publish-
e s/dis ibu o s— he chances ha we may ha e access o di e en sc ip s o he
same ex , handled be ween all pa ies in ol ed, a e high. I may also happen ha
he e y ac ha a ex was handled among many pa ies could lead o i s becom-
ing di icul o ind o e en decla ed los o non-exis en (see The Boys in he Band
case s udy below).
E en i jus one “censo ship ex ” (only a sc ip o p in ed e sion) is ound
in he eco d, he e is s ill a po en ial p in ed published e sion ha may be ound
in non-censo ship sou ces o documen a ion. A simple chain hen may ha e his
shape (censo ed a ge ex > published a ge ex -ceTT>pubTT, o a he , when
econs uc ed o s udy pu poses ST>ceTT>pubTT).
Se s o ex s ha we a e cu en ly s udying would a he be o he ype:
(p e iously published TT> ceTT1>ceTT2>ceTT3...>pubTT, + ST(s) (Me ino,
“T aducciones”).
When a se o ex s is selec ed as objec o s udy om he ca alogue (o
ze o-co pus) wha we usually deal wi h is a i ual se o ex s, inasmuch as wha we
ge is usually e e ences o ex s, and jus andomly he comple e ex s (whe he
ceTTs o pubTTs) as such. As has been poin ed ou abo e, his does no in alida e
he selec ion o a p ima y co pus, o co pus 1 con ex ual analysis does no neces-
sa ily equi e ecou se o comple e ex s, e e ences he e o a e usually enough. E en
in es ablishing po en ial ex pai s, when in co pus 1 s age, he p esence o all ex s
men ioned is no necessa y (Pé ez L. de He edia).
A ailabili y o all o mos ex s in a se becomes pa amoun when selec ing
co pus-2 se s o ex s, o i is a his s age ha we would need o econs uc he
chain and ace back he p ocesses ha ga e way o ex p oduc ion.
When a comple e se o ex s is selec ed as co pus-2, ex s would hen be
sampled and compa ed in dep h, compa able pai s (o comple e ex s o agmen s)
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:4691
RAQUEL MERINO 92
may be iden i ied, and co pus-1 e idence and hypo heses may be con i med o
e u ed. Labels assigned o ex s would now ha e o be econside ed, and he e y
posi ion o a ex in a chain, o as membe o a pai , may ha e o be e o mula ed
(Me ino, “Complejidad”; “T acing”; “P og esión”).
Co pus-2 chains o ull ex s, and he pai s ha make up each chain in a
co pus, would ideally be inally digi alized, aligned and compa ed using ad hoc
so wa e ools.4 Since he ex s in co pus-2 a e selec ed using ine me hodological
il e s, digi alisa ion, alignmen and compa ison would be mo e p o i able in e ms
o po en ial use o such compu e co po a i done on comple e e sions o each
ex . Fo p ac ical easons we o en s a wi h andomly selec ed agmen s o
ST-TT o TT-TT, combined wi h “ hema ic” sea ches, wha go censo ed, modi-
ied, cu , adap ed. Fo he la e , e idence in he eco ds analysed in co pus 1 and 0,
as well as ac ual edi ing in he ceTT manusc ip s hemsel es would be used. Bu
signi ican as i may p o e pa ial compa ison o agmen s canno be he inal
a ge , because much mo e can be lea n abou he p ocesses ( ansla ion as well as
adap a ion-censo ship, edi o ial in e en ion) ha yielded he inal ex s i whole
ex s a e subjec ed o sc u iny.
And his is whe e he use o compu e co po a comes in o play: one o
TRACE’s long e m goals is o compile a mul ilingual co po a o TTs, STs and
adap ed ex s (ATs) ( i s , agmen s, and comple e ex s la e on) which would un
pa allel o TRACE’s ca alogues. Each co pus ha ing been d awn om a ca alogue
in DB o m by using jus i iable selec ion c i e ia as il e s, ende ing hose co po a
ep esen a i e a he han andomly chosen.
In ac ual ac , he ques ion o how o selec ex (s) o mul ilingual co po a
has always been conside ed a key ma e . Fo he compila ion o TECTRA (a co -
pus o English o Galician ansla ions o li e a y wo ks, and o some ime he only
a emp in Spain o es ablish his ype o co po a) Ál a ez Lug ís eso ed o ch ono-
logical c i e ia (1989-1994 pe iod) and o quan i a i e c i e ia (14 comple e a ge
ex s and hei ST coun e pa s, amoun ing o 1,127,044 wo ds, o which 551,878
came om TTs).
In building TRACE compu e co po a, we a e p oceeding in a en a i e
way, since he ex s chosen o inclusion a e being selec ed by p oceeding om
ca alogue o co pus, in he way b ie ly desc ibed abo e. Ins ead o using he se s o
ex s ha make up al eady selec ed TRACE co po a jus as a ese oi o examples
o illus a e wha go censo ed in he (sub)pe iod, gen e... being s udied, we ha e
chosen o sample comple e ex s, selec ing ST-TT, TT-TT agmen s o desc ibe
and analyse he p ocess(es) ha ga e way o each TT. Those agmen s would hen
be pa o compu e co po a, ha would e en ually hold se s o comple e ex s.
4 Wo dsmi h and Mul iconco d ha e been ied, and a leas o one TRACE hesis (Se ano),
Be gen HIT cen e s a , pa icula ly Knu Ho land, ied hei ools wi h cinema sc ip s.
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:4692
FROM CATALOGUE TO CORPUS IN DTS: TRANSLATIONS... 93
In he case s udy ha ollows, ex s ha e been sampled and compa ed and
agmen s ha e been chosen o u he compa a i e analysis (some b ie examples
a e gi en in he Appendix). All ex s o bo h The Zoo S o y (45,000 wo ds) and The
Boys in he Band (27,000 wo ds —Ac II) co po a, ha e been scanned and digi ally
p epa ed. The examples p o ided, hough, ha e been aken om an in e im MSWo d
e sion, a e pai ing o coupling ST-TT and TT-TT epliques manually, since no
compu e ools we e ins umen al o his basic ini ial compa ison.
CASE STUDY: THE ZOO STORY AND THE BOYS IN THE BAND,
OR HOW DID “HOMOSEXUALITY” ENTER SPANISH
STAGES UNDER FRANCO’S RULE
The Zoo S o y by Edwa d Albee in Spanish was iden i ied and selec ed when
analysing an ex ensi e ca alogue o hea e censo ship eco ds (one i h o all eco ds
o 1960-1985 pe iod) as one o he po en ially ep esen a i e would-be co pus
(Me ino, “Tea o”; “T aducciones”). I was hen a p o o ypical case o a play deemed
p oblema ic by censo s: mos o he commen s and s ong objec ions had o do
wi h a opic la en in he ex : homosexuali y.
In 1963 a d a e sion o Albee’s play was submi ed o censo ship o seek
pe mission o he s age. The Zoo S o y “ eco d” wen h ough a long p ocess o
nego ia ions be ween censo ship au ho i ies, ansla o and p oduce . An ini ial
s ic ban on he ex was con es ed by he ansla o who immedia ely o e ed o
im he d a e sion. When he ex was modi ied ollowing censo s’ indica ions i
was inally g an ed pe mission o be s aged in a Chambe Thea e.5 Bu i was no
un il 1973 ha The Zoo S o y could be o e ed o hea e-goe s in mains eam com-
me cial hea es.
A well- eco ded decade o ansac ions be ween censo s and p oduce s, and
he ac ha wo manusc ip s we e men ioned, and we e possibly kep in he AGA,
led he in es iga o o selec his as a po en ial co pus 1 case s udy. Two censo ship
sc ip s we e ound in AGA a chi es, and a 1991 published e sion signed by he
same ansla o was ound in a specialized pe o mance-o ien ed collec ion (La
A ispa). These h ee a ge ex s along wi h a published s age e sion make up he
Zoo se o ex s. Ex a- ex ual e idence piled up and g adually en iched his co pus
1 case s udy.
The ac ha an a e age o a p oduc ion pe yea o The Zoo S o y can be
iden i ied om 1963 o 1973 in Chambe Thea es p o es ha homosexuali y had
5 A Na ional Regis e o Chambe Thea es —p i a e cul u al associa ions ha o e ed
s age p oduc ions which could only be a ended by membe s— was o icially passed and o icially
published in 1955. Since hen “Tea os de cáma a y ensayo” became he main ga e h ough which
mo e a an -ga de, da ing hea e (bo h in e ms o opics and au ho s) would en e Spanish hea e .
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:4693
Repliques in published TT (Nos. 45 and 51) wi h no coun e pa in ST
46 BERNARD- (To EMORY-) You’ll eel be e a e I ba he you ace. (BERNARD
and EMORY exi o ba h.)
47 HAROLD- Jus ano he bi hday pa y wi h he olks.
48 MICHAEL- (He has a wine bo le and a g een c ys al whi e wine glass. Going o
HAROLD-) He e’s a cold bo le o Puilly-Fuisse I bough especially o you,
kiddo. (Pou s a glass.)
49 HAROLD- Pussyca , all is o gi en. You can s ay. (Takes glass.) No. You can s ay,
bu no all is o gi en. Chee s. (Si s Down Le chai .)
50 MICHAEL- I didn’ wan i his way, Hallie. (Pu s wine bo le on Le able.)
(DONALD c osses o Le o s ai s.)
51 HAROLD- (Indica ing ALAN.) Who asked M . Righ o celeb a e my bi hday?
52 DONALD- The e a e no acciden s.
53 HAROLD- (Re e ing o DONALD.) And who asked him?
54 MICHAEL- Guil y again.
55 HAROLD- Always go o ha e you c u ch, ha en’ you.
56 DONALD- I’m no lea ing.
44 BERNARD- Te sen i ás mejo en cuan o e ponga un poco de agua ía.
45 EMORY- Da igual. Ya se ha es opeado una noche más de mi ida. (BERNARD
SUBE CON EMORY Y SE METEN EN EL BAÑO).
46 HAROLD- ¡Bueno, o o pa y de cumpleaños con los amigos! (MICHAEL
VUELVE CON UNA BOTELLA DE VINO Y UN VASO DE CRISTAL
VERDE QUE VA LLENANDO EN EL CAMINO).
47 MICHAEL- Aquí ienes una bo ella ía de Pully-Fuissé... que he comp ado
especialmen e pa a i, que ida.
48 HAROLD- Amo , con es e de alle, odo queda pe donado. Puedes queda e.
No. Puedes queda e, pe o no odo es á pe donado. Salud.
49 MICHAEL- Yo que ía habe e hecho o a clase de ecibimien o.
50 HAROLD- (SEÑALANDO A ALAN). ¿Quién ha pedido a es e hono able seño
que celeb e mi cumpleaños?
51 MICHAEL- No soy culpable. Ha sido un acciden e.
52 DONALD- Nada se p oduce po casualidad. No c eo en los acciden es.
53 HAROLD- ¿Y quién se lo ha pedido a és e o o?
54 MICHAEL- La culpa ambién es mía. Cuando me o la pa a, la me o has a aquí.
55 HAROLD- Sigues apoyándo e en cualquie mule a, ¿ e dad?
56 DONALD- Yo me oy.
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:46100

Repliques in ST (Nos. 290 o 299) wi h no coun e pa in published TT
245 MICHAEL- Calien e, calien e ico.
246 HAROLD- ¿O p e ie es juga al asesino?
289 MICHAEL- (C osses o Le end so a.) I ’s oo much ouble o ind enough
pencils, and besides, Emo y always pu s down he same hing. He dislikes a i-
icial ui and lowe s and co ee g inde s made in o lamps-and he likes Mabel
Me ce , poodles, and “All abou E e” - he sc een-play o which he will hen
eci e e ba im.
290 EMORY- I pu down o he hings some imes.
291 MICHAEL- Like a an ou o season?
292 EMORY- I jus always pu down li le “Chi-Chi” because I ado e he so much.
293 MICHAEL- I one is o he masculine gende , a poodle is he insignia o one’s
de ia ion. (Goes o desk o pad and pencil.)
294 BERNARD- (C osses in o EMORY-) You know why old ladies like poodles-
because hey go down on hem.
295 EMORY- They do no . (Gi es BERNARD a swa as BERNARD e u ns o
Pilla .)
296 LARRY- We could play B Fo Bo icelli.
297 MICHAEL- (C osses o Righ end so a.) We could play Spin The Bo icelli, bu
we’ e no going o.
298 HAROLD- Wha would you like o play, Michael, The T u h Game?
299 MICHAEL- (He chuckles o himsel .) Cu e, Hallie.
300 HAROLD- O do you wan o play Mu de ? You all emembe ha one, don’
you?
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:46101
APPENDIX: THE ZOO STORY TRACE CORPUS
(Replique No. 123 in Sou ce Tex , censo ed Ta ge Tex 1, censo ed Ta ge Tex 2 and published Ta ge Tex .)
(Tex pai s: ST-ceTT1, ceTT1-ceTT2, ceTT2-publishedTT)
Zoo ST-ceTT1
JERRY- No. I wonde i i ’s sad ha I ne e see he li le ladies mo e han once. I’ e
ne e been able o ha e sex wi h, o how is i pu -make lo e o anybody mo e han
once. Once, ha ’s i . Oh, wai ; o a week and a hal , when I was i een-and I hang
my head in shame ha pube y was la e-I was a h-o-m-o-s-e-x-u-a-l. I mean I was
quee -( e y as ) quee , quee , quee -wi h bells inging, banne s snapping in he wind.
And o hose ele en days, I me a leas wice a day wi h he pa k supe in enden ’s
son-a G eek boy, whose bi hday was he same as mine, excep he was a yea olde . I
hink I was e y much in lo e-maybe jus wi h sex. Bu ha was he jazz o a e y
special ho el, wasn’ i ? And now; oh, do I lo e he li le ladies; eally, I lo e hem.
Fo abou an hou .
JERRY- No. Me p egun o si no es is e que jamás es é con las chicas aleg es más que
una sola ez. Nunca he sido capaz de ene elaciones sexuales o ¿cómo se dice?..
hace el amo con alguien más que una sola ez. Una sola ez y bas a. Ah, espe e:
du an e una semana y media, cuando enía quince... Y bajo la cabeza po que la
pube ad llegase a de uí un h-o-m-o-s-e-x-u-a-l. Fuí ma icón... (MUY
RÁPIDAMENTE). ma icón, ma icón, ma icón... con campanas sonando, bande as
es allando en el ien o. y du an e aquellos once días, me encon é po lo menos dos
eces cada día con el hijo del Supe in enden e del Pa que... un muchacho g iego
cuyo cumpleaños concidía con el mío, excep o que él e a un año mayo ... C eo que
es u e muy enamo ado... puede que sólo con el sexo. Pe o aquello e a baila al son de
un jazz muy especial, ¿eh? y aho a, (DA UN SILBIDO) !Que si me gus an las chicas
aleg es! La e dad, me encan an. Du an e una ho a.
Zoo ceTT1–ceTT2
JERRY- No. Me p egun o si no es is e que jamás es é con las chicas aleg es más que
una sola ez. Nunca he sido capaz de ene elaciones sexuales o ¿cómo se dice?..
hace el amo con alguien más que una sola ez. Una sola ez y bas a. Ah, espe e:
du an e una semana y media, cuando enía quince... Y bajo la cabeza po que la
pube ad llegase a de uí un h-o-m-o-s-e-x-u-a-l. Fuí ma icón... (MUY
RÁPIDAMENTE). ma icón, ma icón, ma icón... con campanas sonando, bande as
es allando en el ien o. y du an e aquellos once días, me encon é po lo menos dos
eces cada día con el hijo del Supe in enden e del Pa que... un muchacho g iego
cuyo cumpleaños concidía con el mío, excep o que él e a un año mayo ... C eo que
es u e muy enamo ado... puede que sólo con el sexo. Pe o aquello e a baila al son de
un jazz muy especial, ¿eh? y aho a, (DA UN SILBIDO) !Que si me gus an las chicas
aleg es! La e dad, me encan an. Du an e una ho a.
JERRY- No. Me p egun o si no es is e que jamás es é con las chicas aleg es más que
una sola ez. Nunca he sido capaz de ene elaciones sexuales o ¿cómo se dice?..
hace el amo con alguien más que una sola ez. Una sola ez y adiós. Ah, espe e:
du an e una semana y media, cuando enía quince años... Y bajo la cabeza po que la
pube ad me llegó a de… uí un h-o-m-o-s-e-x-u-a-l. Fuí ma icón... *(MUY
RÁPIDAMENTE). ma icón, ma icón, ma icón... con campanas sonando, bande as
es allando en el ien o. y du an e aquellos once días, me encon é po lo menos dos
eces cada día con el hijo del Supe in enden e del Pa que... un muchacho g iego
cuyo cumpleaños coincidía con el mío, excep o que él e a un año mayo ... C eo que
es u e muy enamo ado … puede que sólo con el sexo Pe o aquello e a baila al son
de un jazz muy especial, ¿sabe? y aho a,!Que si me gus an las chicas aleg es! La e dad,
me encan an. Du an e una ho a.
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:46102
Zoo ceTT2-published TT
JERRY- No. Me p egun o si no es is e que jamás es é con las chicas aleg es más que
una sola ez. Nunca he sido capaz de ene elaciones sexuales o ¿cómo se dice?..
hace el amo con alguien más que una sola ez. Una sola ez y adiós. Ah, espe e:
du an e una semana y media, cuando enía quince años... Y bajo la cabeza po que la
pube ad me llegó a de... uí un h-o-m-o-s-e-x-u-a-l. Fuí ma icón... *(MUY
RÁPIDAMENTE). ma icón, ma icón, ma icón... con campanas sonando, bande as
es allando en el ien o. y du an e aquellos once días, me encon é po lo menos dos
eces cada día con el hijo del Supe in enden e del Pa que... un muchacho g iego
cuyo cumpleaños coincidía con el mío, excep o que él e a un año mayo ... C eo que
es u e muy enamo ado... puede que sólo con el sexo. Pe o aquello e a baila al son de
un jazz muy especial, ¿sabe? y aho a, !Que si me gus an las chicas aleg es! La e dad,
me encan an. Du an e una ho a.
JERRY- No. Me p egun o si no es is e que jamás es é con una de ellas más de una
sola ez. Nunca he sido capaz de ene elaciones sexuales o, ¿cómo se dice?, de hace
el amo con alguien más de una sola ez. Una sola ez y adiós. ¡Ah!, espe e; du an e
una semana y media, cuando enía quince años... y bajo la cabeza po que la pube ad
me llegó a de, [ ui un ho-mo-se-xu-al. Quie o deci , un gay... (muy ápido)... gay,
gay, gay. Vi í en Sodoma, ¡ aya sodomi a!, e olo eando como una ma iposa. Y du-
an e es os once días, me encon é dos eces po día con el hijo del gua da del pa que...
Un muchacho g iego cuyo cumpleaños coincidía con el mío, pe o él un año mayo .
C eo que es u e muy enamo ado. Aunque al ez e a pu o sexo. -Pá a o co ado po
el censo -]. Pe o aquéllo e a baila al son de un jazz muy especial. y aho a, ¡que si me
gus an las chicas aleg es!, las ado o. Una ho i a y pun o.
05 Me ino.pmd 14/12/2005, 8:46103