2
Concen a ion by pe apo a ion o ep esen a i e 1
b own c ab ola ile compounds om dilu e 2
model solu ion. 3
Rod igo Ma ínez, Ma ía Te esa Sanz
∗
, Sag a io Bel án 4
Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Bu gos, 09001 Bu gos. Spain 5
In his wo k, he pe apo a ion echnique is in es iga ed in he sepa a ion o dilu e 6
solu ions o ola ile compounds om b own c ab e luen in o de o ob ain a aluable ood 7
la ou ing ac ion. A sys ema ic s udy o he pe apo a ion p ocess has been ca ied ou on 8
dilu e model solu ions o some o he compounds iden i ied in he b own c ab e luen as 9
ypical ola ile compounds. The memb ane used in his wo k was a hyd ophobic memb ane 10
wi h a selec i e laye o POMS (polyoc ylme hyl siloxane). The e ec o some ope a ing 11
a iables, such as eed low a e, eed concen a ion, eed empe a u e and pe mea e 12
p essu e was analyzed on he pe apo a ion pe o mance o he memb ane. 13
Keywo ds: ola ile compounds, concen a ion, pe apo a ion, POMS memb ane 14
∗ Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +34 947 258810. Fax: +34 947 258831. E-mail add ess
[email p o ec ed]
3
1. In oduc ion 15
B own c abs a e ound in he Eas e n A lan ic and a e hea ily exploi ed comme cially 16
being a ailable h oughou he yea . The b own c ab liquid e luen p oduced du ing 17
boiling is belie ed o con ain impo an amoun s o ola ile la ou componen s (Cha e al. 18
1993). This wo k is pa o a wide s udy o conside he con e sion o his by-p oduc in o 19
aluable ola ile concen a e. Concen a es o he ola ile species ha e conside able 20
comme cial u ili y, especially in he ood indus y due o longe shel li e, educed 21
packaging and lowe dis ibu ion and s o age cos s (She and Hwang, 2006). Addi ionally, 22
o ganic emo al om wa e a low concen a ions in ol es an impo an en i onmen al 23
challenge. 24
Cha e al. (1993) s udied he concen a ion o he liquid e luen p oduced du ing snow c ab 25
boiling by s eam dis illa ion. Howe e , his echnique in ol es high ene gy consump ion as 26
well as physical a oma losses (Ga cía e al. 2008). In his wo k, he pe apo a ion p ocess 27
has been conside ed o eco e he ola ile ac ion om b own c ab e luen . 28
Pe apo a ion is a memb ane p ocess which has been de eloped apidly in he las 20 yea s 29
o a oma concen a ion (She and Hwang, 2006) since he addi ion o chemical sol en s is 30
a oided. Addi ionally mode a e ope a ing empe a u es help o minimize deg ada ion o 31
a oma cha ac e . 32
B own c ab e luen was supplied by IDOKI SCF Technologies S.L. (Spain). The i s s ep 33
in his wo k was o de e mine he main ola ile o ganic compounds p esen in he indus ial 34
e luen . Mo e han 150 compounds we e iden i ied in he b own c ab e luen . These 35
included mainly aldehydes, ke ones, alcohols, es e s, a oma ic compounds and sulphu and 36
ni ogen-con aining compounds. To s udy he abili y o pe apo a ion p ocess o eco e 37
4
he ola ile ac ion om he b own c ab e luen se en o he iden i ied compounds ha e 38
been selec ed o a model aqueous solu ion o b own c ab e luen : 1-oc en-3-ol, 1-pen en-39
3-ol, 3-me hylbu anal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, 2,3-pen adione and e hyl ace a e. 40
A sys ema ic s udy o he pe apo a ion p ocess o he dilu e model solu ion was pe o med 41
in o de o analyze he in luence o some ope a ing a iables on he pe apo a ion 42
pe o mance. The pe mea ion lux and en ichmen ac o o he selec ed ola ile 43
compounds we e analyzed a di e en ope a ing condi ions: eed low a e, eed 44
empe a u e, eed concen a ion and pe mea e p essu e. 45
2. Theo y. 46
On he basis on he solu ion/di usion model he lux o componen i h ough he memb ane 47
is p opo ional o he di e ence in pa ial apo p essu e a bo h sides o he memb ane 48
(Blume e al. 1990): 49
( )
pi
s
iii
i
,OVipyp
xQJ −γ=
(1) 50
whe e Ji is he pa ial pe mea ion lux, QOVi he p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux 51
(pe meance), xi he mole ac ion o componen i in he eed,
γ
i he ac i i y coe icien and 52
s
i
p
he sa u a ion apo p essu e a he empe a u e o he eed, yi, he mole ac ion in he 53
pe mea e and pp he pe mea e p essu e. In case o pe apo a ion o dilu e aqueous solu ions 54
ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion in wa e (
∞
γi
) a e used as eed-side ac i i y 55
coe icien s due o he e y low concen a ions o a oma compounds in he eed (T i uno ic 56
and T äga dh, 2006). In his wo k, he ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion in wa e we e 57
es ima ed wi h he help o he so wa e Aspen plus (2008) by using UNIQUAC equa ion 58
5
when bina y in e ac ion pa ame e s we e a ailable, o he wise he p edic i e me hod 59
UNIFAC-Do mund was used. 60
Acco ding o he esis ance-in-se ies model, he wo main mass ans e esis ances ha 61
a ec he pe apo a ion p ocess a e he liquid bounda y laye esis ance and he memb ane 62
esis ance. A s eady s a e he lux h ough he di e en mass ans e laye s is equal: 63
( ) ( )
p
i
m
i
i,
m
m
i
i
i,blpi
s
iiii,o
i
p
y
pQ
)x
x(kpypxQ
J−
=
−ρ=−γ=
(2) 64
whe e kbl is he liquid bounda y laye mass ans e coe icien , ρ he o al mass olume 65
concen a ion o he eed,
m
i
x
mol ac ion o i a he memb ane- luid in e ace, Qm,i he 66
p essu e no malized pe mea ion lux ac oss he memb ane and
m
i
p
he pa ial apo 67
p essu e o i a he memb ane- luid in e ace. The es o he symbols a e he same as in 68
Equa ion 1. The o e all mass ans e coe icien in he s eady s a e can be exp essed as he 69
sum o hese wo esis ances: 70
i
,ml,b
s
i
i
i,o
Q
1
k
p
Q
1+
ρ
γ
=
(3) 71
The e m
ρ
γs
i
ip
is he con e sion ac o om a concen a ion d i ing o ce o a pa ial 72
apou p essu e d i ing o ce. The o e all mass ans e coe icien QOV,i o Eq. 1 can be 73
ob ained om expe imen al measu emen s o he pe mea e lux and eed concen a ion o 74
he pe mea ing componen i. The liquid bounda y laye mass ans e coe icien , kbL, is 75
ela ed o he eed hyd odynamic condi ions and i can be es ima ed om he She wood 76
co ela ion in e ms o Reynolds (Re) and Schmid (Sc) numbe s o a pla e-and- ame 77
module (Do emon e al. 1994): 78
6
3
/
1
h
3/13/1
wa e
,i
h
bl
L
d
ScRe86.1
D
dk
Sh 





==
(4) 79
whe e dh is he hyd aulic diame e , L a cha ac e is ic measu e o he module de ined by 80
Do emon e al. (1994) o a simila pla e and ame module and Di,wa e he di usion 81
coe icien o i in wa e es ima ed using he Wilke-Chang co ela ion (Poling e al. 2001). 82
Fo pe apo a ion o dilu e o ganic solu ions, he bounda y laye mass ans e esis ance 83
o wa e anspo is assumed o be negligible (Ji e al. 1994): 84
( )
pwww
s
w
m
ww pyxpQJ −γ=
(5) 85
o dilu e aqueous solu ions ac i i y coe icien and mola ac ion o wa e a e 86
app oxima ely equal o 1. 87
The sepa a ion pe o mance o a pe apo a ion memb ane can be desc ibed in e ms o he 88
pe mea ion lux and he sepa a ion ac o o he memb ane (Huang and Rhim, 1991). The 89
en ichmen ac o o a gi en componen is he ela ionship be ween he concen a ion in he 90
pe mea e and he eed: 91
,ip,ii ww=β
(6) 92
In dilu e sys ems, as a oma eco e y sys ems, he sol en en ichmen ac o is close o one, 93
so a oma en ichmen ac o s can be conside ed equal o he co esponding sepa a ion 94
ac o s. 95
3. Expe imen al sec ion 96
3.1. Ma e ials 97
Pe apo a ion memb ane 98

7
The memb ane used in his wo k was a hyd ophobic memb ane kindly supplied by GKKS
99
Resea ch Cen e (Ge many). This memb ane has a selec i e laye o POMS 100
(polyoc ylme hyl siloxane) on a PEI (poly e he imide) suppo (ba ch 03/011). 101
Vola ile compounds 102
The iden i ica ion o he main ola ile componen s p esen in he b own c ab e luen was 103
pe o med by using a headspace-solid phase dynamic ex ac ion-gas ch oma og aphy/mass 104
spec ome y (HS-SPDE-GC/MS). Mo e han 150 compounds we e iden i ied in he b own 105
c ab e luen . Among hem, se en compounds ha e been selec ed o a model aqueous 106
solu ion o b own c ab e luen . The selec ed ola ile compounds belong o di e en 107
chemical classes: 1-oc en-3-ol (Sigma Ald ich, 98 %), 1-pen en-3-ol (Sigma Ald ich, 108
99 %), 3-me hylbu anal (Sigma Ald ich, 97 %), hexanal (Sigma Ald ich, 98 %), 109
benzaldehyde (Sigma Ald ich, >=99 %), 2,3-pen adione (Sigma Ald ich, 98 %) and e hyl 110
ace a e (Sigma Ald ich, HPLC g ade). These compounds a e cha ac e is ic o sea ood 111
la ou : 1-oc en-3-ol has been epo ed o be one o he ola ile componen s widely 112
dis ibu ed in esh and sal wa e ish, 1-pen en-3-ol con ibu es o a bu e -like odo 113
(al hough i s a oma eshold alue is a he high), 3-me hylbu anal is one o he mos 114
abundan ola ile compound in boiled and pas eu ized c abmea , hexanal is one o he mos 115
abundan ola iles gene a ed du ing lipid oxida ion a mode a e empe a u es, benzaldehyde 116
con ibu es o cha ac e is ic cooked c ab la ou and ke ones such as 2,3 pen adione 117
con ibu e o he swee lo al, ui y la ou o many c us acean (Cha e al., 1993; 118
Josephson, 1990; Ma iella and Hsieh, 1990). E hyl ace a e was also ound in he b own 119
c ab e luen and i was included in he model solu ion since could be conside ed as model 120
molecule (Baudo e al., 1999). 121
8
Table 1 summa izes he o ganolep ic cha ac e is ics o he selec ed ola ile compounds 122
including he a oma h eshold alues (ATV), de ined as he lowes concen a ion in a wa e 123
solu ion a which an a oma compound is pe cep ible. Table 2 lis s some he modynamic 124
p ope ies o he selec ed compounds, including ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion and 125
apo p essu e o he ola ile compounds. Vapo p essu e co ela ions we e ob ained o 126
p edic ed by using Aspen Plus (2008) excep o 2,3-pen adione which An oine cons an s 127
we e ob ained om he li e a u e (Soni e al., 2008). Figu e 1 shows he apo p essu e o 128
he ola ile compounds including wa e apo p essu e as a unc ion o empe a u e. 129
3.2. Feed solu ions 130
Di e en eed solu ions we e used in his wo k. Fi s , pe apo a ion expe imen s we e 131
pe o med using pu e wa e as eed solu ion o check he pe o mance o he POMS 132
memb ane. Fu he , sepa a ions o bina y mix u es (wa e /1-oc en-3-ol) and 133
mul icomponen mix u es we e ca ied ou in o de o e alua e he in luence o some 134
ope a ing a iables such as: eed low a e, eed concen a ion, eed empe a u e and 135
pe mea e p essu e on pe apo a ion pe o mance. 136
3.3. Pe apo a ion expe imen s 137
The pe apo a ion expe imen s we e pe o med unde s eady s a e wi h a pla e and ame 138
labo a o y s ainless s eel pe mea ion cell (Sulze Chem ech) wi h an e ec i e memb ane 139
a ea in con ac wi h he eed mix u e o 170 cm2 (Delgado e al., 2009). The empe a u e o 140
he eed liquid mix u e was kep cons an (± 0.5 ºC) by using a he mos a o hea he s i ed 141
ank eed eac o o 5 L capaci y. Pe mea e p essu e was egula ed wi h an ai -inle loca ed 142
be ween he condense s and he acuum pump. The chemical s abili y o he memb ane 143
9
was checked be ween each expe imen , measu ing pu e wa e lux a e e ence ope a ing 144
condi ions. 145
3.4. Sample analysis 146
Pe mea e and eed concen a ions we e measu ed o -line using a Hewle Packa d (6890) 147
gas ch oma og aph (GC) equipped wi h se ies connec ed he mal conduc i i y (TCD) and 148
lame ioniza ion (FID) de ec o s. Helium, 99.999 % pu e, was used as ca ie gas. The GC 149
column was a 007 FFAP 25 m × 0.25 mm bonded phase used silica capilla y column. The 150
injec o and de ec o s we e a 200 ºC and 250ºC espec i ely. The o en was ope a ed a 151
p og ammed empe a u e, om 40ºC o 220ºC. 1-hexanol was used as in e nal s anda d o 152
analysis o he samples. 153
4. Resul s and discussion 154
4.1 Pu e wa e as eed solu ion 155
The e ec o eed empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e on memb ane pe o mance was 156
s udied using pu e wa e as eed solu ion o check he beha iou o he POMS memb ane. 157
Feed empe a u e was a ied in he ange 26 ºC o 45 ºC. By inc easing eed empe a u e, 158
wa e pe mea ion lux also inc eases mainly due o he inc ease o sa u a ed wa e p essu e 159
on he eed side o he memb ane (Eq. 5). The empe a u e dependence o wa e pe mea ion 160
lux, Jwa e , can be exp essed by an A henius- ype ela ion: 161
( )
RTEexpJ
J
wa e ,
ao
,wa e wa e
−
=
(7) 162
whe e Ea,wa e is he appa en ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion, Jwa e ,o he p eexponen ial 163
ac o and T he absolu e empe a u e. An appa en ac i a ion ene gy o 46.65 kJ/mol 164
10
(Figu e 2) was ound by i ing wa e pe mea ion lux ob ained in his sec ion (pu e wa e 165
as eed solu ion) as well as wa e pe mea ion lux ob ained in he pe apo a ion o ola ile 166
compounds dilu e aqueous solu ions (sec ion 4.3). 167
Pe mea e p essu e was a ied in he ange 100 Pa o 1200 Pa. Figu e 3 shows he wa e 168
pe mea ion lux dependence on pe mea e p essu e. This Figu e shows expe imen al da a 169
ob ained using pu e wa e as eed solu ion and he esul s ob ained in subsequen s udies 170
(sec ion 4.3). Figu e 3 shows ha by inc easing he pe mea e p essu e, wa e pe mea ion 171
lux dec eases as consequence o a dec ease in he d i ing o ce (Equa ion 5). Wa e 172
pe meances o he POMS memb ane, calcula ed as he a io o he pe mea ion lux o he 173
pe mean d i ing o ce, we e cons an wha e e he eed empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e 174
conside ed (1.95·10-7 ± 1.23·10-8 mols-1m-2Pa-1 o all he expe imen s pe o med in his 175
wo k). 176
4.2 Bina y eed solu ion 177
4.2.1 Bounda y laye e ec 178
Fi s , he bounda y laye e ec was s udied in he pe apo a ion o he bina y sys em 179
wa e /1-oc en-3-ol by a ying he eed low a e be ween 25 kg/h o 92 kg/h. Acco ding o 180
esis ance-in-se ies model when bounda y laye is dominan esis ance, mass ans e 181
ac oss he memb ane inc eases wi h eed low a e due o a dec ease o he bounda y laye 182
hickness. Figu e 4 shows he e ec o inc easing eed low a e on pa ial (wa e and 1-183
oc en-3-ol) pe mea ion lux. Wa e and o ganic pe mea ion luxes we e app oxima ely 184
cons an in e ing ha li le concen a ion pola iza ion akes place. The mass ans e 185
coe icien kbl was calcula ed acco ding o She wood co ela ion (Eq. 4). The ela i e 186
signi icance o he bounda y laye mass ans e esis ance was es ima ed less han 2% o 187
17
D = di usion coe icien , m2·s-1 325
Ea = appa en ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion, kJ·mol-1 326
J = mass pe mea ion lux, g·s-1·m-2 327
kbl = liquid bounda y laye mass ans e coe icien , m·s-1 328
L = cha ac e is ics o he module, m 329
p = p essu e, Pa 330
QOV = p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux, g·s-1·m-2·Pa-1 331
Qm = p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux ac oss he memb ane, g·s-1·m-2·Pa-1 332
R = gas cons an , kJ·mol-1K-1 333
T = absolu e empe a u e, K 334
x, y = mol ac ion 335
ρ = o al mass olume concen a ion o he eed, g·m-3 336
γ = ac i i y coe icien 337
β = en ichmen ac o 338
uppe sc ip s 339
i = componen 340
m = memb ane 341
p = pe mea e 342
s = sa u a ion 343

18
Acknowledgmen s 344
Financial suppo om he MICINN h ough CTQ2008-04999-PPQ is g a e ully 345
acknowledged. R. Ma inez acknowledges he JCyL Educa ion Minis y. 346
Re e ences 347
A oujalian, A., & Raisi A. (2007). Reco e y o ola ile a oma componen s om o ange 348
juice by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 303, 154-161. 349
Aspen Plus V7.1 (2008) Aspen Technology, Inc., 2008. 350
Baudo , A., Souchon, I., & Ma in, M. (1999). To al pe mea e p essu e in luence on he 351
selec i i y o he pe apo a ion o a oma compounds. J. Memb . Sci., 158, 167-185. 352
Blume, I., Wijmans, J.G., & Bake , R. W. (1990). The sepa a ion o dissol ed o ganics 353
om wa e by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 49, 253-286. 354
Cha, Y.J., Cadwallade , K.R., & Baek, H.H. (1993). Vola ile la o componen s in snow 355
c ab cooke e luen and e luen concen a e. J. Food Sci., 58, 525-530. 356
Delgado, P., Sanz, M.T., & Bel án, S. (2009). Pe apo a ion o he qua e na y mix u e 357
p esen du ing he es e i ica ion o lac ic acid wi h e hanol. J. Memb . Sci., 332, 113-120. 358
Do emon , C., Van den Ende, S., Vandommele, H., & Vandecas eele, C. (1994). 359
Concen a ion pola iza ion and o he bounda y laye e ec s in he pe apo a ion o 360
chlo ina ed hyd oca bons. Desalina ion, 95, 91-113. 361
Feng, X.; & Huang, R.Y.M. (1996). Es ima ion o ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion in 362
pe apo a ion p ocesses. J. Memb . Sci., 118, 127-131. 363
Fla o -Base P o essional (2007), Le ingwell & Associa es. 364
19
Ga cía, V., Diban, N., Go i, D., Keiski, R., U iaga, A., &. O iz, I. (2008). Sepa a ion and 365
concen a ion o bilbe y impac a oma compound om dilu e model solu ion by 366
pe apo a ion. J. Chem. Technol. Bio echnol., 83, 973-982. 367
Huang, R.Y.M, & Rhim, J.W. (1991) Sepa a ion cha ac e is ics o pe apo a ion memb ane 368
sepa a ion p ocesses. In Else ie (Ed.), Pe apo a ion Memb ane Sepa a ion P ocesses 369
(pp. 111-180). Ams e dam. 370
Isci, A., Sahin, S., & Sumnu, G. (2006). Reco e y o s awbe y a oma compounds by 371
pe apo a ion. J. Food Eng, 75, 36-42. 372
Ji, W., Hilalyb, A., Sikda b, S.K., & Hwang, S.T. (1994). Op imiza ion o mul icomponen 373
pe apo a ion o emo al o ola ile o ganic compounds om wa e . J. Memb . Sci., 97, 374
109-125. 375
Josephson, D.B. (1991). Sea ood. In Ma cel Dekke (Ed.), Vola ile compounds in Foods 376
and Be e ages (pp. 179-202). New Yo k. 377
Kanani, D.M., Nikhade, B.P., Balak ishnan, P., Singh, G., & Panga ka , W.G. (2003). 378
Reco e y o aluable ea a oma componen s by pe apo a ion. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 379
6924-6932. 380
Ma iella, J., & Hsieh, T.C. (1990). Analysis o c abmea ola ile compounds. J. Food Sci., 381
55, 962-966. 382
Olsson, J., & T aga dh, G. (1999a). In luence o eed low eloci y on pe apo a i e a oma 383
eco e y om a model solu ion o apple juice a oma compounds. J. Food Eng., 39, 107-384
115. 385
Olsson, J., & T aga dh, G. (1999b). In luence o empe a u e on memb ane pe meabilibi y 386
du ing pe apo a i e a oma eco e y. Sep. Sci. Technol., 34, 1643-1659. 387
20
Poling, B.E., P ausni z, J.M., & O’Connell, J.P. (2001). Di ussion Coe icien s. In 388
McG aw-Hill (Ed.), The P ope ies o Gases and Liquids (pp. 11.1-11.55). New Yo k. 389
Raisi, A., A oujalina, A., & Kaghazchi, T. (2008). Mul icomponen pe apo a ion p ocess 390
o ola ile a oma compounds eco e y o m pomeg ana e juice. J. Memb . Sci., 322, 339-391
348. 392
Samp anpiboon, P., Ji a a ananon, R., U apap, D., Feng, X., & Huang, R.Y.M. (2000). 393
Sepa a ion o a oma compounds om aqueous solu ion by pe apo a ion using 394
polyoc ylme hylsiloxane (POMS) and polydime hylsiloxane (PDMS) memb anes. J. 395
Memb . Sci., 174, 55-65. 396
She, M., & Hwang, S.-T. (2006). Reco e y o key componen s om eal la ou 397
concen a es by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 279, 86-93. 398
Soni, M., Ramjuge na h, D., & Raal, J.D. (2008). Vapo -Liquid Equilib ium o bina y 399
sys ems o 2,3-pen anedione wi h diace yl and ace one. J. Chem. Eng. Da a, 53, 745-749. 400
T i uno ic, O., & T äga dh, G. (2006). Mass anspo o alipha ic alcohols and es e s 401
h ough hyd ophobic pe apo a ion memb anes. Sep. Pu i . Technol., 50, 51-61. 402
T i uno ic, O., Lipnizki, F., & T aga dh, G. (2006). The in luence o p ocess pa ame e s on 403
a oma eco e y by hyd ophobic pe apo a ion. Desalina ion, 189, 1-12. 404
Wijmans, J.G., A hayde, A.L., Danield, R., Ly, J.H., Kama uddin, H.D., & Pinnau, I. 405
(1996). The ole o bounda y laye s in he emo al o ola ile o gnacis compounds om 406
wa e by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 109, 135-146. 407
408
21
Table 1. A oma compounds used in he model solu ion (Fla o -Base P o essional, 2007). 409
A oma compound
O ganolep ic cha ac e is ics
ATV, ppb
1-Oc en-3-ol
Ve y s ong, swee , ea hy mush oom odo and as e
1.0
1-Pen en-3-ol
Pungen , g assy, alliaceous-like, g een ege able, ui y as e
400
3-Me hylbu anal
Powe ul, pene a ing, cheesy-swea y- ui y in dilu ion
0.2-2
Hexanal
S ong, pene a ing, a y-g een, g assy un ipe ui odo
4.5
Benzaldehyde
Odo o bi e almond oil, cha ac e is ic swee che y as e
350
2,3-Pen adione
Oily-bu e y, a y odo , bu e , c eam, milk as e
30
E hyl Ace a e
E he eal, sha p, wine-b andy like odo
5.0
410
411
22
412
Table 2. Physicochemical p ope ies o he ola ile compounds 413
Compound 1-Oc en-3-ol 1-Pen en-3-ol 3-Me hylbu anal Hexanal Benzaldehyde 2,3-Pen adione E hyl ace a e
MW 128.2 86.1 86.1 100.2 106.1 100.1 88.1
BP (ºC) 174-5 114.4 92.5 128.3 178.8 108 77.1
p
s
(26ºC), Pa 65 1348 7035 1540 181 2918 13045
γ
∞
(26ºC) 4955.4 17.0 164.6 1047.2 273.7 282.4 75.3
VM
BP
(cc/mol) 186.6 117 118.9 140.0 118.6 121 106.3
414

23
Lis o Figu e Cap ion 415
Figu e 1. Vapo p essu e o wa e and ola ile compounds as a unc ion o empe a u e. 416
Figu e 2. E ec o empe a u e on wa e pe mea ion lux (pp = 300 Pa). 417
Figu e 3.E ec o pe mea e p essu e on wa e pe mea ion lux (T = 26ºC). 418
Figu e 4. Wa e (▲) and 1-oc en-3-ol (i, Δ) pe mea ion lux a di e en Reynolds (pp = 419
400 Pa, T = 26ºC, Ci, eed ≈ 5 ppm). 420
Figu e 5. E ec o ola ile eed concen a ion on ola ile compound pe mea ion lux (T = 421
26 ºC, pp = 300 Pa). 422
Figu e 6. Vola ile compound pe meance as a unc ion o ola ile eed concen a ion (T = 423
26 ºC, pp = 300 Pa). 424
Figu e 7. E ec o eed empe a u e on ola ile compound pe mea ion lux (Ci, eed ≈ 425
10 ppm, pp = 300 Pa). 426
Figu e 8. En ichmen ac o o ola ile compound a di e en ope a ing empe a u es 427
(Ci, eed ≈ 10 ppm, pp = 300 Pa). 428
Figu e 9. Ra io o ola ile compound pe mea ion lux a 35.7 ºC and 26ºC. 429
Figu e 10. En ichmen ac o o ola ile compound a di e en ope a ing pe mea e 430
p essu e (Ci, eed ≈ 10 ppm, T = 26 ºC). 431
432
433
24
434
435
436
437
438
439 440
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T(ºC)
p
s
·10
3
(Pa)
441 442
Figu e 1. Vapo p essu e o wa e and ola ile compounds as a unc ion o empe a u e. 443
444
445
446
(1)
(2)
wa e
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1) e hyl ace a e
(2) 3-me hylbu anal
(3) 2,3-pen adione
(4) 1-pen en-3-ol
(5) hexanal
(6) benzaldehyde
(7) 1-oc en-3-ol
25
447
448
449
450
451
452
-5.0
-4.6
-4.2
-3.8
-3.4
-3.0
3.05 3.15 3.25 3.35 3.45
1000/T(K)
ln Jwa e (g/sm2)
Pu e wa e Mul icomponen mix u e
453
Figu e 2. E ec o empe a u e on wa e pe mea ion lux (pp = 300 Pa). 454
455
456
26
457
458
459
460
461
462
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0 500 1000 1500 2000
p, Pa
Jwa e (g/sm2)
Mul icomponen mix u e Pu e wa e
463
Figu e 3. E ec o pe mea e p essu e on wa e pe mea ion lux (T = 26ºC). 464
465
466
33
532
533
534
535
536
537
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1-oc en-3-ol
1-pen en-3-ol
3-me hylbu anal
hexanal
benzaldehyde
2,3-pen anodione
e hyl ace a e
En ichmen ac o
100 Pa
300 Pa 400 Pa
600 Pa 900 Pa 1800 Pa
538
Figu e 10. En ichmen ac o o ola ile compound a di e en ope a ing pe mea e 539
p essu e (Ci, eed ≈ 10 ppm, T = 26 ºC). 540
541
542