Concentration by pervaporation of representative brown crab volatile compounds from dilute model solutions

2 Concen a ion by pe apo a ion o ep esen a i e 1 b own c ab ola ile compounds om dilu e 2 model solu ion. 3 Rod igo Ma ínez, Ma ía Te esa Sanz ∗ , Sag a io Bel án 4 Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Bu gos, 09001 Bu gos. Spain 5 In his wo k, he pe apo a ion echnique is in es iga ed in he sepa a ion o dilu e 6 solu ions o ola ile compounds om b own c ab e luen in o de o ob ain a aluable ood 7 la ou ing ac ion. A sys ema ic s udy o he pe apo a ion p ocess has been ca ied ou on 8 dilu e model solu ions o some o he compounds iden i ied in he b own c ab e luen as 9 ypical ola ile compounds. The memb ane used in his wo k was a hyd ophobic memb ane 10 wi h a selec i e laye o POMS (polyoc ylme hyl siloxane). The e ec o some ope a ing 11 a iables, such as eed low a e, eed concen a ion, eed empe a u e and pe mea e 12 p essu e was analyzed on he pe apo a ion pe o mance o he memb ane. 13 Keywo ds: ola ile compounds, concen a ion, pe apo a ion, POMS memb ane 14 ∗ Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +34 947 258810. Fax: +34 947 258831. E-mail add ess [email p o ec ed] 3 1. In oduc ion 15 B own c abs a e ound in he Eas e n A lan ic and a e hea ily exploi ed comme cially 16 being a ailable h oughou he yea . The b own c ab liquid e luen p oduced du ing 17 boiling is belie ed o con ain impo an amoun s o ola ile la ou componen s (Cha e al. 18 1993). This wo k is pa o a wide s udy o conside he con e sion o his by-p oduc in o 19 aluable ola ile concen a e. Concen a es o he ola ile species ha e conside able 20 comme cial u ili y, especially in he ood indus y due o longe shel li e, educed 21 packaging and lowe dis ibu ion and s o age cos s (She and Hwang, 2006). Addi ionally, 22 o ganic emo al om wa e a low concen a ions in ol es an impo an en i onmen al 23 challenge. 24 Cha e al. (1993) s udied he concen a ion o he liquid e luen p oduced du ing snow c ab 25 boiling by s eam dis illa ion. Howe e , his echnique in ol es high ene gy consump ion as 26 well as physical a oma losses (Ga cía e al. 2008). In his wo k, he pe apo a ion p ocess 27 has been conside ed o eco e he ola ile ac ion om b own c ab e luen . 28 Pe apo a ion is a memb ane p ocess which has been de eloped apidly in he las 20 yea s 29 o a oma concen a ion (She and Hwang, 2006) since he addi ion o chemical sol en s is 30 a oided. Addi ionally mode a e ope a ing empe a u es help o minimize deg ada ion o 31 a oma cha ac e . 32 B own c ab e luen was supplied by IDOKI SCF Technologies S.L. (Spain). The i s s ep 33 in his wo k was o de e mine he main ola ile o ganic compounds p esen in he indus ial 34 e luen . Mo e han 150 compounds we e iden i ied in he b own c ab e luen . These 35 included mainly aldehydes, ke ones, alcohols, es e s, a oma ic compounds and sulphu and 36 ni ogen-con aining compounds. To s udy he abili y o pe apo a ion p ocess o eco e 37 4 he ola ile ac ion om he b own c ab e luen se en o he iden i ied compounds ha e 38 been selec ed o a model aqueous solu ion o b own c ab e luen : 1-oc en-3-ol, 1-pen en-39 3-ol, 3-me hylbu anal, hexanal, benzaldehyde, 2,3-pen adione and e hyl ace a e. 40 A sys ema ic s udy o he pe apo a ion p ocess o he dilu e model solu ion was pe o med 41 in o de o analyze he in luence o some ope a ing a iables on he pe apo a ion 42 pe o mance. The pe mea ion lux and en ichmen ac o o he selec ed ola ile 43 compounds we e analyzed a di e en ope a ing condi ions: eed low a e, eed 44 empe a u e, eed concen a ion and pe mea e p essu e. 45 2. Theo y. 46 On he basis on he solu ion/di usion model he lux o componen i h ough he memb ane 47 is p opo ional o he di e ence in pa ial apo p essu e a bo h sides o he memb ane 48 (Blume e al. 1990): 49 ( ) pi s iii i ,OVipyp xQJ −γ= (1) 50 whe e Ji is he pa ial pe mea ion lux, QOVi he p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux 51 (pe meance), xi he mole ac ion o componen i in he eed, γ i he ac i i y coe icien and 52 s i p he sa u a ion apo p essu e a he empe a u e o he eed, yi, he mole ac ion in he 53 pe mea e and pp he pe mea e p essu e. In case o pe apo a ion o dilu e aqueous solu ions 54 ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion in wa e ( ∞ γi ) a e used as eed-side ac i i y 55 coe icien s due o he e y low concen a ions o a oma compounds in he eed (T i uno ic 56 and T äga dh, 2006). In his wo k, he ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion in wa e we e 57 es ima ed wi h he help o he so wa e Aspen plus (2008) by using UNIQUAC equa ion 58 5 when bina y in e ac ion pa ame e s we e a ailable, o he wise he p edic i e me hod 59 UNIFAC-Do mund was used. 60 Acco ding o he esis ance-in-se ies model, he wo main mass ans e esis ances ha 61 a ec he pe apo a ion p ocess a e he liquid bounda y laye esis ance and he memb ane 62 esis ance. A s eady s a e he lux h ough he di e en mass ans e laye s is equal: 63 ( ) ( ) p i m i i, m m i i i,blpi s iiii,o i p y pQ )x x(kpypxQ J− = −ρ=−γ= (2) 64 whe e kbl is he liquid bounda y laye mass ans e coe icien , ρ he o al mass olume 65 concen a ion o he eed, m i x mol ac ion o i a he memb ane- luid in e ace, Qm,i he 66 p essu e no malized pe mea ion lux ac oss he memb ane and m i p he pa ial apo 67 p essu e o i a he memb ane- luid in e ace. The es o he symbols a e he same as in 68 Equa ion 1. The o e all mass ans e coe icien in he s eady s a e can be exp essed as he 69 sum o hese wo esis ances: 70 i ,ml,b s i i i,o Q 1 k p Q 1+ ρ γ = (3) 71 The e m ρ γs i ip is he con e sion ac o om a concen a ion d i ing o ce o a pa ial 72 apou p essu e d i ing o ce. The o e all mass ans e coe icien QOV,i o Eq. 1 can be 73 ob ained om expe imen al measu emen s o he pe mea e lux and eed concen a ion o 74 he pe mea ing componen i. The liquid bounda y laye mass ans e coe icien , kbL, is 75 ela ed o he eed hyd odynamic condi ions and i can be es ima ed om he She wood 76 co ela ion in e ms o Reynolds (Re) and Schmid (Sc) numbe s o a pla e-and- ame 77 module (Do emon e al. 1994): 78 6 3 / 1 h 3/13/1 wa e ,i h bl L d ScRe86.1 D dk Sh       == (4) 79 whe e dh is he hyd aulic diame e , L a cha ac e is ic measu e o he module de ined by 80 Do emon e al. (1994) o a simila pla e and ame module and Di,wa e he di usion 81 coe icien o i in wa e es ima ed using he Wilke-Chang co ela ion (Poling e al. 2001). 82 Fo pe apo a ion o dilu e o ganic solu ions, he bounda y laye mass ans e esis ance 83 o wa e anspo is assumed o be negligible (Ji e al. 1994): 84 ( ) pwww s w m ww pyxpQJ −γ= (5) 85 o dilu e aqueous solu ions ac i i y coe icien and mola ac ion o wa e a e 86 app oxima ely equal o 1. 87 The sepa a ion pe o mance o a pe apo a ion memb ane can be desc ibed in e ms o he 88 pe mea ion lux and he sepa a ion ac o o he memb ane (Huang and Rhim, 1991). The 89 en ichmen ac o o a gi en componen is he ela ionship be ween he concen a ion in he 90 pe mea e and he eed: 91 ,ip,ii ww=β (6) 92 In dilu e sys ems, as a oma eco e y sys ems, he sol en en ichmen ac o is close o one, 93 so a oma en ichmen ac o s can be conside ed equal o he co esponding sepa a ion 94 ac o s. 95 3. Expe imen al sec ion 96 3.1. Ma e ials 97 Pe apo a ion memb ane 98 7 The memb ane used in his wo k was a hyd ophobic memb ane kindly supplied by GKKS 99 Resea ch Cen e (Ge many). This memb ane has a selec i e laye o POMS 100 (polyoc ylme hyl siloxane) on a PEI (poly e he imide) suppo (ba ch 03/011). 101 Vola ile compounds 102 The iden i ica ion o he main ola ile componen s p esen in he b own c ab e luen was 103 pe o med by using a headspace-solid phase dynamic ex ac ion-gas ch oma og aphy/mass 104 spec ome y (HS-SPDE-GC/MS). Mo e han 150 compounds we e iden i ied in he b own 105 c ab e luen . Among hem, se en compounds ha e been selec ed o a model aqueous 106 solu ion o b own c ab e luen . The selec ed ola ile compounds belong o di e en 107 chemical classes: 1-oc en-3-ol (Sigma Ald ich, 98 %), 1-pen en-3-ol (Sigma Ald ich, 108 99 %), 3-me hylbu anal (Sigma Ald ich, 97 %), hexanal (Sigma Ald ich, 98 %), 109 benzaldehyde (Sigma Ald ich, >=99 %), 2,3-pen adione (Sigma Ald ich, 98 %) and e hyl 110 ace a e (Sigma Ald ich, HPLC g ade). These compounds a e cha ac e is ic o sea ood 111 la ou : 1-oc en-3-ol has been epo ed o be one o he ola ile componen s widely 112 dis ibu ed in esh and sal wa e ish, 1-pen en-3-ol con ibu es o a bu e -like odo 113 (al hough i s a oma eshold alue is a he high), 3-me hylbu anal is one o he mos 114 abundan ola ile compound in boiled and pas eu ized c abmea , hexanal is one o he mos 115 abundan ola iles gene a ed du ing lipid oxida ion a mode a e empe a u es, benzaldehyde 116 con ibu es o cha ac e is ic cooked c ab la ou and ke ones such as 2,3 pen adione 117 con ibu e o he swee lo al, ui y la ou o many c us acean (Cha e al., 1993; 118 Josephson, 1990; Ma iella and Hsieh, 1990). E hyl ace a e was also ound in he b own 119 c ab e luen and i was included in he model solu ion since could be conside ed as model 120 molecule (Baudo e al., 1999). 121 8 Table 1 summa izes he o ganolep ic cha ac e is ics o he selec ed ola ile compounds 122 including he a oma h eshold alues (ATV), de ined as he lowes concen a ion in a wa e 123 solu ion a which an a oma compound is pe cep ible. Table 2 lis s some he modynamic 124 p ope ies o he selec ed compounds, including ac i i y coe icien s a in ini e dilu ion and 125 apo p essu e o he ola ile compounds. Vapo p essu e co ela ions we e ob ained o 126 p edic ed by using Aspen Plus (2008) excep o 2,3-pen adione which An oine cons an s 127 we e ob ained om he li e a u e (Soni e al., 2008). Figu e 1 shows he apo p essu e o 128 he ola ile compounds including wa e apo p essu e as a unc ion o empe a u e. 129 3.2. Feed solu ions 130 Di e en eed solu ions we e used in his wo k. Fi s , pe apo a ion expe imen s we e 131 pe o med using pu e wa e as eed solu ion o check he pe o mance o he POMS 132 memb ane. Fu he , sepa a ions o bina y mix u es (wa e /1-oc en-3-ol) and 133 mul icomponen mix u es we e ca ied ou in o de o e alua e he in luence o some 134 ope a ing a iables such as: eed low a e, eed concen a ion, eed empe a u e and 135 pe mea e p essu e on pe apo a ion pe o mance. 136 3.3. Pe apo a ion expe imen s 137 The pe apo a ion expe imen s we e pe o med unde s eady s a e wi h a pla e and ame 138 labo a o y s ainless s eel pe mea ion cell (Sulze Chem ech) wi h an e ec i e memb ane 139 a ea in con ac wi h he eed mix u e o 170 cm2 (Delgado e al., 2009). The empe a u e o 140 he eed liquid mix u e was kep cons an (± 0.5 ºC) by using a he mos a o hea he s i ed 141 ank eed eac o o 5 L capaci y. Pe mea e p essu e was egula ed wi h an ai -inle loca ed 142 be ween he condense s and he acuum pump. The chemical s abili y o he memb ane 143 9 was checked be ween each expe imen , measu ing pu e wa e lux a e e ence ope a ing 144 condi ions. 145 3.4. Sample analysis 146 Pe mea e and eed concen a ions we e measu ed o -line using a Hewle Packa d (6890) 147 gas ch oma og aph (GC) equipped wi h se ies connec ed he mal conduc i i y (TCD) and 148 lame ioniza ion (FID) de ec o s. Helium, 99.999 % pu e, was used as ca ie gas. The GC 149 column was a 007 FFAP 25 m × 0.25 mm bonded phase used silica capilla y column. The 150 injec o and de ec o s we e a 200 ºC and 250ºC espec i ely. The o en was ope a ed a 151 p og ammed empe a u e, om 40ºC o 220ºC. 1-hexanol was used as in e nal s anda d o 152 analysis o he samples. 153 4. Resul s and discussion 154 4.1 Pu e wa e as eed solu ion 155 The e ec o eed empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e on memb ane pe o mance was 156 s udied using pu e wa e as eed solu ion o check he beha iou o he POMS memb ane. 157 Feed empe a u e was a ied in he ange 26 ºC o 45 ºC. By inc easing eed empe a u e, 158 wa e pe mea ion lux also inc eases mainly due o he inc ease o sa u a ed wa e p essu e 159 on he eed side o he memb ane (Eq. 5). The empe a u e dependence o wa e pe mea ion 160 lux, Jwa e , can be exp essed by an A henius- ype ela ion: 161 ( ) RTEexpJ J wa e , ao ,wa e wa e − = (7) 162 whe e Ea,wa e is he appa en ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion, Jwa e ,o he p eexponen ial 163 ac o and T he absolu e empe a u e. An appa en ac i a ion ene gy o 46.65 kJ/mol 164 10 (Figu e 2) was ound by i ing wa e pe mea ion lux ob ained in his sec ion (pu e wa e 165 as eed solu ion) as well as wa e pe mea ion lux ob ained in he pe apo a ion o ola ile 166 compounds dilu e aqueous solu ions (sec ion 4.3). 167 Pe mea e p essu e was a ied in he ange 100 Pa o 1200 Pa. Figu e 3 shows he wa e 168 pe mea ion lux dependence on pe mea e p essu e. This Figu e shows expe imen al da a 169 ob ained using pu e wa e as eed solu ion and he esul s ob ained in subsequen s udies 170 (sec ion 4.3). Figu e 3 shows ha by inc easing he pe mea e p essu e, wa e pe mea ion 171 lux dec eases as consequence o a dec ease in he d i ing o ce (Equa ion 5). Wa e 172 pe meances o he POMS memb ane, calcula ed as he a io o he pe mea ion lux o he 173 pe mean d i ing o ce, we e cons an wha e e he eed empe a u e and pe mea e p essu e 174 conside ed (1.95·10-7 ± 1.23·10-8 mols-1m-2Pa-1 o all he expe imen s pe o med in his 175 wo k). 176 4.2 Bina y eed solu ion 177 4.2.1 Bounda y laye e ec 178 Fi s , he bounda y laye e ec was s udied in he pe apo a ion o he bina y sys em 179 wa e /1-oc en-3-ol by a ying he eed low a e be ween 25 kg/h o 92 kg/h. Acco ding o 180 esis ance-in-se ies model when bounda y laye is dominan esis ance, mass ans e 181 ac oss he memb ane inc eases wi h eed low a e due o a dec ease o he bounda y laye 182 hickness. Figu e 4 shows he e ec o inc easing eed low a e on pa ial (wa e and 1-183 oc en-3-ol) pe mea ion lux. Wa e and o ganic pe mea ion luxes we e app oxima ely 184 cons an in e ing ha li le concen a ion pola iza ion akes place. The mass ans e 185 coe icien kbl was calcula ed acco ding o She wood co ela ion (Eq. 4). The ela i e 186 signi icance o he bounda y laye mass ans e esis ance was es ima ed less han 2% o 187 17 D = di usion coe icien , m2·s-1 325 Ea = appa en ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion, kJ·mol-1 326 J = mass pe mea ion lux, g·s-1·m-2 327 kbl = liquid bounda y laye mass ans e coe icien , m·s-1 328 L = cha ac e is ics o he module, m 329 p = p essu e, Pa 330 QOV = p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux, g·s-1·m-2·Pa-1 331 Qm = p essu e-no malized pe mea ion lux ac oss he memb ane, g·s-1·m-2·Pa-1 332 R = gas cons an , kJ·mol-1K-1 333 T = absolu e empe a u e, K 334 x, y = mol ac ion 335 ρ = o al mass olume concen a ion o he eed, g·m-3 336 γ = ac i i y coe icien 337 β = en ichmen ac o 338 uppe sc ip s 339 i = componen 340 m = memb ane 341 p = pe mea e 342 s = sa u a ion 343 18 Acknowledgmen s 344 Financial suppo om he MICINN h ough CTQ2008-04999-PPQ is g a e ully 345 acknowledged. R. Ma inez acknowledges he JCyL Educa ion Minis y. 346 Re e ences 347 A oujalian, A., & Raisi A. (2007). Reco e y o ola ile a oma componen s om o ange 348 juice by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 303, 154-161. 349 Aspen Plus V7.1 (2008) Aspen Technology, Inc., 2008. 350 Baudo , A., Souchon, I., & Ma in, M. (1999). To al pe mea e p essu e in luence on he 351 selec i i y o he pe apo a ion o a oma compounds. J. Memb . Sci., 158, 167-185. 352 Blume, I., Wijmans, J.G., & Bake , R. W. (1990). The sepa a ion o dissol ed o ganics 353 om wa e by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 49, 253-286. 354 Cha, Y.J., Cadwallade , K.R., & Baek, H.H. (1993). Vola ile la o componen s in snow 355 c ab cooke e luen and e luen concen a e. J. Food Sci., 58, 525-530. 356 Delgado, P., Sanz, M.T., & Bel án, S. (2009). Pe apo a ion o he qua e na y mix u e 357 p esen du ing he es e i ica ion o lac ic acid wi h e hanol. J. Memb . Sci., 332, 113-120. 358 Do emon , C., Van den Ende, S., Vandommele, H., & Vandecas eele, C. (1994). 359 Concen a ion pola iza ion and o he bounda y laye e ec s in he pe apo a ion o 360 chlo ina ed hyd oca bons. Desalina ion, 95, 91-113. 361 Feng, X.; & Huang, R.Y.M. (1996). Es ima ion o ac i a ion ene gy o pe mea ion in 362 pe apo a ion p ocesses. J. Memb . Sci., 118, 127-131. 363 Fla o -Base P o essional (2007), Le ingwell & Associa es. 364 19 Ga cía, V., Diban, N., Go i, D., Keiski, R., U iaga, A., &. O iz, I. (2008). Sepa a ion and 365 concen a ion o bilbe y impac a oma compound om dilu e model solu ion by 366 pe apo a ion. J. Chem. Technol. Bio echnol., 83, 973-982. 367 Huang, R.Y.M, & Rhim, J.W. (1991) Sepa a ion cha ac e is ics o pe apo a ion memb ane 368 sepa a ion p ocesses. In Else ie (Ed.), Pe apo a ion Memb ane Sepa a ion P ocesses 369 (pp. 111-180). Ams e dam. 370 Isci, A., Sahin, S., & Sumnu, G. (2006). Reco e y o s awbe y a oma compounds by 371 pe apo a ion. J. Food Eng, 75, 36-42. 372 Ji, W., Hilalyb, A., Sikda b, S.K., & Hwang, S.T. (1994). Op imiza ion o mul icomponen 373 pe apo a ion o emo al o ola ile o ganic compounds om wa e . J. Memb . Sci., 97, 374 109-125. 375 Josephson, D.B. (1991). Sea ood. In Ma cel Dekke (Ed.), Vola ile compounds in Foods 376 and Be e ages (pp. 179-202). New Yo k. 377 Kanani, D.M., Nikhade, B.P., Balak ishnan, P., Singh, G., & Panga ka , W.G. (2003). 378 Reco e y o aluable ea a oma componen s by pe apo a ion. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 379 6924-6932. 380 Ma iella, J., & Hsieh, T.C. (1990). Analysis o c abmea ola ile compounds. J. Food Sci., 381 55, 962-966. 382 Olsson, J., & T aga dh, G. (1999a). In luence o eed low eloci y on pe apo a i e a oma 383 eco e y om a model solu ion o apple juice a oma compounds. J. Food Eng., 39, 107-384 115. 385 Olsson, J., & T aga dh, G. (1999b). In luence o empe a u e on memb ane pe meabilibi y 386 du ing pe apo a i e a oma eco e y. Sep. Sci. Technol., 34, 1643-1659. 387 20 Poling, B.E., P ausni z, J.M., & O’Connell, J.P. (2001). Di ussion Coe icien s. In 388 McG aw-Hill (Ed.), The P ope ies o Gases and Liquids (pp. 11.1-11.55). New Yo k. 389 Raisi, A., A oujalina, A., & Kaghazchi, T. (2008). Mul icomponen pe apo a ion p ocess 390 o ola ile a oma compounds eco e y o m pomeg ana e juice. J. Memb . Sci., 322, 339-391 348. 392 Samp anpiboon, P., Ji a a ananon, R., U apap, D., Feng, X., & Huang, R.Y.M. (2000). 393 Sepa a ion o a oma compounds om aqueous solu ion by pe apo a ion using 394 polyoc ylme hylsiloxane (POMS) and polydime hylsiloxane (PDMS) memb anes. J. 395 Memb . Sci., 174, 55-65. 396 She, M., & Hwang, S.-T. (2006). Reco e y o key componen s om eal la ou 397 concen a es by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 279, 86-93. 398 Soni, M., Ramjuge na h, D., & Raal, J.D. (2008). Vapo -Liquid Equilib ium o bina y 399 sys ems o 2,3-pen anedione wi h diace yl and ace one. J. Chem. Eng. Da a, 53, 745-749. 400 T i uno ic, O., & T äga dh, G. (2006). Mass anspo o alipha ic alcohols and es e s 401 h ough hyd ophobic pe apo a ion memb anes. Sep. Pu i . Technol., 50, 51-61. 402 T i uno ic, O., Lipnizki, F., & T aga dh, G. (2006). The in luence o p ocess pa ame e s on 403 a oma eco e y by hyd ophobic pe apo a ion. Desalina ion, 189, 1-12. 404 Wijmans, J.G., A hayde, A.L., Danield, R., Ly, J.H., Kama uddin, H.D., & Pinnau, I. 405 (1996). The ole o bounda y laye s in he emo al o ola ile o gnacis compounds om 406 wa e by pe apo a ion. J. Memb . Sci., 109, 135-146. 407 408 21 Table 1. A oma compounds used in he model solu ion (Fla o -Base P o essional, 2007). 409 A oma compound O ganolep ic cha ac e is ics ATV, ppb 1-Oc en-3-ol Ve y s ong, swee , ea hy mush oom odo and as e 1.0 1-Pen en-3-ol Pungen , g assy, alliaceous-like, g een ege able, ui y as e 400 3-Me hylbu anal Powe ul, pene a ing, cheesy-swea y- ui y in dilu ion 0.2-2 Hexanal S ong, pene a ing, a y-g een, g assy un ipe ui odo 4.5 Benzaldehyde Odo o bi e almond oil, cha ac e is ic swee che y as e 350 2,3-Pen adione Oily-bu e y, a y odo , bu e , c eam, milk as e 30 E hyl Ace a e E he eal, sha p, wine-b andy like odo 5.0 410 411 22 412 Table 2. Physicochemical p ope ies o he ola ile compounds 413 Compound 1-Oc en-3-ol 1-Pen en-3-ol 3-Me hylbu anal Hexanal Benzaldehyde 2,3-Pen adione E hyl ace a e MW 128.2 86.1 86.1 100.2 106.1 100.1 88.1 BP (ºC) 174-5 114.4 92.5 128.3 178.8 108 77.1 p s (26ºC), Pa 65 1348 7035 1540 181 2918 13045 γ ∞ (26ºC) 4955.4 17.0 164.6 1047.2 273.7 282.4 75.3 VM BP (cc/mol) 186.6 117 118.9 140.0 118.6 121 106.3 414 23 Lis o Figu e Cap ion 415 Figu e 1. Vapo p essu e o wa e and ola ile compounds as a unc ion o empe a u e. 416 Figu e 2. E ec o empe a u e on wa e pe mea ion lux (pp = 300 Pa). 417 Figu e 3.E ec o pe mea e p essu e on wa e pe mea ion lux (T = 26ºC). 418 Figu e 4. Wa e (▲) and 1-oc en-3-ol (i, Δ) pe mea ion lux a di e en Reynolds (pp = 419 400 Pa, T = 26ºC, Ci, eed ≈ 5 ppm). 420 Figu e 5. E ec o ola ile eed concen a ion on ola ile compound pe mea ion lux (T = 421 26 ºC, pp = 300 Pa). 422 Figu e 6. Vola ile compound pe meance as a unc ion o ola ile eed concen a ion (T = 423 26 ºC, pp = 300 Pa). 424 Figu e 7. E ec o eed empe a u e on ola ile compound pe mea ion lux (Ci, eed ≈ 425 10 ppm, pp = 300 Pa). 426 Figu e 8. En ichmen ac o o ola ile compound a di e en ope a ing empe a u es 427 (Ci, eed ≈ 10 ppm, pp = 300 Pa). 428 Figu e 9. Ra io o ola ile compound pe mea ion lux a 35.7 ºC and 26ºC. 429 Figu e 10. En ichmen ac o o ola ile compound a di e en ope a ing pe mea e 430 p essu e (Ci, eed ≈ 10 ppm, T = 26 ºC). 431 432 433 24 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 T(ºC) p s ·10 3 (Pa) 441 442 Figu e 1. Vapo p essu e o wa e and ola ile compounds as a unc ion o empe a u e. 443 444 445 446 (1) (2) wa e (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (1) e hyl ace a e (2) 3-me hylbu anal (3) 2,3-pen adione (4) 1-pen en-3-ol (5) hexanal (6) benzaldehyde (7) 1-oc en-3-ol 25 447 448 449 450 451 452 -5.0 -4.6 -4.2 -3.8 -3.4 -3.0 3.05 3.15 3.25 3.35 3.45 1000/T(K) ln Jwa e (g/sm2) Pu e wa e Mul icomponen mix u e 453 Figu e 2. E ec o empe a u e on wa e pe mea ion lux (pp = 300 Pa). 454 455 456 26 457 458 459 460 461 462 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0 500 1000 1500 2000 p, Pa Jwa e (g/sm2) Mul icomponen mix u e Pu e wa e 463 Figu e 3. E ec o pe mea e p essu e on wa e pe mea ion lux (T = 26ºC). 464 465 466 33 532 533 534 535 536 537 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 1-oc en-3-ol 1-pen en-3-ol 3-me hylbu anal hexanal benzaldehyde 2,3-pen anodione e hyl ace a e En ichmen ac o 100 Pa 300 Pa 400 Pa 600 Pa 900 Pa 1800 Pa 538 Figu e 10. En ichmen ac o o ola ile compound a di e en ope a ing pe mea e 539 p essu e (Ci, eed ≈ 10 ppm, T = 26 ºC). 540 541 542