NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION IN RECREATIONAL KETAMINE:
A SCOPING REVIEW
FUNCIONAMIENTO NEUROCOGNITIVO EN EL USO RECREATIVO
DE LA DE KETAMINA: UNA REVISIÓN DE ALCANCE
Ca olina Bellas-A nosi
Facul ad de Psicología, Uni e sidad de San iago de Compos ela.
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2948-7874
Soco o Rod íguez-Holguín
Facul ad de Psicología, Uni e sidad de San iago de Compos ela.
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-1502-987X
Ma a Be anuy
Facul ad de Ciencias de la Salud, Uni e sidad Pública de Na a a.G upo de In es igación en Cibe p-
sicología, Uni e sidad In e nacional de La Rioja.
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-3226-9082
F an Cal o
Depa amen de Pedagogia, Ins i u de Rece ca sob e Quali a de Vida, Uni e si a de Gi ona.
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0300-8548
Con ac in o ma ion o co esponding au ho
Ma a Be anuy
Ad ess: Campus A osadia, Calle Ca aluña, s/n, 31006, Pamplona (Na a a), Spain.
Telephone numbe : +34 948 169 000
Email: ma a.be anuy@una a a.es
Como ci a : Bellas-A nosi, C., Rod íguez-Holguín, S., Be anuy, M. & Cal o, F. (2024). Neu ocogni i e unc ion in
ec ea ional ke amine: a scoping e iew. Heal h and Addic ions / Salud y D ogas, 24(1),111-129.
h ps://doi.o g/10.21134/haaj. 24i1.782
Vol. 24. Núm. 1, 111-129 2024
HEALTH AND ADDICTIONS/SALUD Y DROGAS DOI: 10.21134/haaj. 24i1.782
ISSN 1578-5319 - ISSNe 1988-205X Recibido: 30/05/2022 / Acep ado: 29/11/2023
NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION IN RECREATIONAL KETAMINE: A SCOPING REVIEW
Heal h and Addic ions / Salud y D ogas. Vol. 24 (1) 111-129 2024.
112
Resumen
In oducción: La ke amina es un anes ésico disocia i o que ac úa como an agonis a de los ecep o es NMDA, que
desempeñan un papel c ucial en el o alecimien o del ap endizaje y la memo ia. No es de ex aña que su uso
epe ido pueda es a asociado al de e io o de las unciones cogni i as. Obje i o: El obje i o de es e abajo es
ealiza una e isión de alcance de los e ec os neu ocogni i os del uso e- c ea i o de la ke amina. Mé odo: Se
ealizó una búsqueda bibliog á ica en PyscINFO, PubMed, Scopus y Web o Science pa a el pe iodo 2000-2020.
Finalmen e, se incluye on en la e isión 25 a ículos o iginales. Resul ados y conclusiones: Los esul ados
e elan que 1) el consumo agudo de ke amina p oduce dé ici s en la memo ia de abajo, la memo ia semán ica
y la memo ia episódica, 2) el consumo ecuen e de ke amina se ha aso- ciado con el de e io o de la memo ia
episódica y, posiblemen e, del ap endizaje, la unción ejecu i a, la a ención y la memo ia semán ica, 3) las pe sonas
diagnos icadas con as o no po consumo de ke amina p esen an dé ici s en la memo ia episódica isual y e bal, la
memo ia de abajo y la a ención, 4) los dé ici s de ec ados pueden mejo a e incluso e e i as un pe iodo de
abs inencia.
Palab as cla e
Ke amina, neu ocogni i o, uso de sus ancias, abs inencia, e isión na a i a.
Abs ac
In oduc ion: Ke amine is a dissocia i e anes he ic ha ac s as an an agonis o NMDA ecep o s, which play a
c ucial ole in s eng hening lea ning and memo y. No su p isingly, i s epea ed use may be associa ed wi h
impai ed cogni i e unc ions. Objec i e: The aim o his pape is o ca y ou a scoping e iew o he scien i ic
li e a u e on he neu ocogni i e e ec s o ec ea ional ke amine use. Me hod: A bibliog aphic sea ch was
conduc ed in PyscINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web o Science o he pe iod 2000-2020. E en ually, 25 o iginal
a icles we e included in he e iew. Resul s and conclusions: The indings e eal ha 1) acu e ke amine use
p oduces de ici s in wo king memo y, se- man ic memo y, and episodic memo y, 2) equen ke amine use has
been associa ed wi h impai men in episodic memo y and possibly in lea ning, execu i e unc ion, a en ion, and
seman ic memo y, 3) people diagnosed wi h ke amine use diso de ha e de ici s in isual and e bal episodic
memo y, wo king memo y and a en ion, 4) de ici s de ec ed may imp o e and e en be e e ed a e a pe iod o
abs inence.
Keywo ds
Ke amine, neu ocogni i e, d ug use, abs inence, na a i e e iew.
Bellas-A nosi, e al., 2024
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113
Ke amine is a dissocia i e anes he ic used mainly in e e ina y and human medicine wi h limi ed use in humans due
o side e ec s such as hallucina ions and i id d eams. Such e ec s ha e been epo ed by pa ien s ha unde go
su gical p ocedu es whe e ke amine is used as an anes he ic (Mue zel eld e al., 2008).
I s conside a ion as a dissocia i e anes he ic is due o he ac ha he subs ance p oduces a unc ional and
elec ophysiological dissocia ion be ween he limbic and halamoco ical sys ems, dep essing he halamoco ical
pa hways and ac i a ing he limbic sys em, al hough some s udies ha e sugges ed ha exci a ion occu s in bo h
sys ems (C uz e al., 2009). Pha macologically, ke amine ac s as a non-compe i i e an agonis o N-me hyl-D-
aspa a e (NMDA) ecep o s. In addi ion o binding o hese, i also in e ac s wi h cen al and spinal opioid
ecep o s and wi h choline gic musca inic ecep o s, no ad ene gic ecep o s and se o one gic ecep o s (Cen o
de in o mación de Medicamen os, 2020). Howe e , bo h i s analgesic ac ion and e ec s a a psychological le el a e
associa ed wi h i s ac i i y on NMDA glu ama e gic ecep o s. Such ecep o s a e known o hei ole as media o s
o senso y inpu s a spinal, co ical and halamic le els, and as mode a o s o emo ional esponses, lea ning and
memo y (Sassano-Higgins e al., 2016).
Ke amine is causing high conce n because o i s use in Asia (du ing he pe iod 2013-2017, 89% o global ke amine
was seized in Asia) and i s inc easing use in o he egions(Uni ed Na ions O ice on D ugs and C ime, 2019).
Al hough in he Eu opean amewo k i s use is less equen when compa ed o o he subs ances, o e he las
ew yea s i has inc eased in coun ies such as he Czech Republic, Spain and he Uni ed Kingdom. In Spain, he a e
o li e ime ke amine use is 0.9 pe 100 inhabi an s (in he popula ion aged 15-64). The p e alence inc eases up o
1.7% in he 25-34 age g oup (Delegación del Gobie no pa a el Plan Nacional sob e D ogas, 2019).
The inc ease in he p e alence o he use o his subs ance ou side he clinical se ing makes i essen ial o e alua e
i s sho - and long- e m e ec s, in o de o unde s and he isks o which use s may be exposed. The main acu e
e ec s caused by ke amine a e: numbness, loss o balance and dizziness ha can esul in po en ially dange ous alls
o he use (Jansen, 2000) ; a a psychological le el, i can ansien ly induce symp oms simila o schizoph enia.
The long- e m e ec s o i s use seem o especially a ec he u ina y sys em, whe e i can p oduce ulce a i e cys i is,
and he gas oin es inal sys em, gi ing ise o “K c amps” o abdominal pains de i ed om he use o he subs ance
(Sassano-Higgins e al., 2016). A a psychia ic le el, i s p olonged use can induce dep essi e symp oma ology and
delusional hinking (Mo gan & Cu an, 2012; Sassano-Higgins e al., 2016). Las ly, a a cogni i e le el, i s use is
associa ed wi h he impai men o memo y, lea ning and some execu i e unc ions (Tang e al., 2019).
The inc easing end ha appea s o be obse ed in ec ea ional ke amine use may cons i u e a public heal h
p oblem ha should be managed wi h he suppo o exis ing scien i ic e idence. Gi en ha no e iews ha e
been ound in ecen yea s on he neu ocogni i e e ec s de i ed om ec ea ional ke amine use, i is essen ial o
upda e his in o ma ion. Thus, he aim o he p esen wo k is o pe o m a scoping e iew o he scien i ic
li e a u e a ailable om 2000 o 2020, on he neu ocogni i e e ec s o ec ea ional ke amine use.
Me hod
The bibliog aphic sea ch o his scoping e iew was pe o med using he ollowing da abases: PyscINFO, Scopus,
Web o Science (WOS) and PubMed. The sea ch s a egy included he ollowing e ms: “ke amine” AND “abuse”
AND “cogni i e”. The e m “cogni i e” was selec ed ins ead o “neu ocogni i e” due o he ac ha i yielded a
la ge numbe o a icles and also included all esul s pe aining o he second e m. The h ee selec ed e ms had
o be included in all ields (Psycin o), in he i le, abs ac o keywo ds (Scopus and WOS) o in he i le and abs ac
(PubMed). The sea ch co e ed publica ions be ween 1s Janua y 2000 and 31s Decembe 2020, in English o
Spanish. The inal sea ch s a egy used in PubMed was (“Ke amine”[Ti le/Abs ac ] AND “Abuse”[Ti le/Abs ac ]
AND “Cogni i e”[Ti le/Abs ac ] AND 2002/01/01:2020/12/31[Da e - Publica ion]) AND (“Ke amine”[Ti le/Abs ac ]
AND “Abuse”[Ti le/Abs ac ] AND “Cogni i e”[Ti le/Abs ac ]) AND 2002/01/01:2020/12/31[Da e - Publica ion].
Inclusion c i e ia we e: 1) empi ical s udies wi h human subjec s, 2) explo a ion o neu ocogni i e unc ioning using
neu opsychological assessmen echniques, and 3) in samples o ec ea ional ke amine use s ( equen , in equen ,
polyd ug use s, wi h ke amine use diso de o o me use s). Exclusion c i e ia we e: 1) e iew a icles and g ey
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li e a u e, 2) s udies no assessing neu ocogni i e unc ioning o assessing neu ocogni i e unc ioning by sel -
epo , and 3) s udies ha did no o explo e he e ec s o ec ea ional ke amine use (e.g. s udies on
schizoph enia o on he he apeu ic and con olled use o ke amine). Figu e 1 shows he sea ch s a egy and
a icle selec ion.
Figu e 1. Flow cha , ollowing he di e en phases o he e iew.
Resul s
A o al o 209 a icles we e ini ially selec ed (43 in PsycINFO, 18 in PubMED, 69 in Web o Science and 79 in Scopus).
A e emo ing duplica es, he numbe was na owed down o 130, o which 43 we e excluded in he i s sc eening
as hey did no i he objec i e o he s udy. This le 87 a icles, 62 o which we e excluded because hey did no
mee he inclusion c i e ia. In he end, 25 o iginal a icles we e included.
All 25 a icles we e published in English. The empo al dis ibu ion o he esul s is homogeneous o e he 20-yea
pe iod ha he p esen s udy conside s, wi h yea s 2018 and 2013 s anding ou wi h six and h ee a icles,
espec i ely. The manusc ip s we e published in 11 di e en jou nals. “Addic ion” was he mos used sou ce. The
s udies we e conduc ed in h ee di e en coun ies: 12 in China, 11 in he UK and wo in Taiwan. The a icles we e
Bellas-A nosi, e al., 2024
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115
classi ied acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he sample used in each s udy ( able 1); publica ions ha s udied
equen ke a- mine use s make up he la ges ca ego y (n=12).
The a iables ela ed o he ke amine use o pa icipan s in he 25 s udies a e he e ogeneous. The mos common
c i e ion employed o classi y equen ke amine use s (FKU) was ha ing used ke amine 24 imes o mo e o e a six
mon h pe iod in he las wo yea s (Liang e al., 2020; Liang e al., 2013; Liang e al., 2014; Tang e al., 2013; Zhang
e al., 2018, 2020), ollowed by ha ing done so mo e han ou imes a week (Mo gan e al., 2009, 2010; Mo gan
e al., 2008). The mos equen ly used c i e ion o selec ing non- equen use s o ke amine was o use less han
ou imes a week (Mo gan e al., 2009, 2010). The mos equen ly used c i e ion o cons i u e g oups o o me
ke amine use s (EKU) was sus ained abs inence o a leas one mon h (Mo gan e al., 2009, 2010; Tang e al., 2013).
Th ee s udies we e conduc ed wi h subjec s ha had been diagnosed wi h ke amine use diso de (KUD) acco ding
o he diagnos ic c i e ia se by he DSM-IV-TR o subs ance dependence (Cheng e al., 2018; Ke e al., 2018; Wang
e al., 2018) o by using a dependence es (Mo gan e al., 2012) (Se e i y Dependence Scale, SDS).
One aspec ha should be aken in o accoun is he ac ha ou o he c oss-sec ional s udies ha we e e iewed
(Liang e al., 2020; Liang e al., 2013; Liang e al., 2014; Zhang e al., 2018) did no include a clinical diagnosis (KUD)
as a equi emen o be pa o he sample. Howe e , i was assessed using he SDS, and he mean sco es exceeded
he cu -o poin conside ed o dependence by Mo gan e al. (2012).
A wide a ie y o ins umen s we e used o assess episodic ( isual and e bal) decla a i e memo y and i s di e en
sub-p ocesses ( ecall and amilia i y) (e.g., Wechsle Memo y Scale -WMS III-, Rey-Os e ie h Complex Figu e es
-ROCF-, Chinese Audi o y-Ve bal Lea ning Tes -CAVLT-, Con inuous Visual Memo y Tes -CVMT-, sou ce memo y
ask, p ose ecall ask), seman ic memo y (e.g., Ve bal Fluency es ), a en ion (Digi Span Tes -DVT- o he
a i hme ic sub es o he WAIS-III), and execu i e unc ions such as wo king memo y (Digi Span Task, he Spa ial
Wo king Memo y o he CANTAB o he 2-back ask), esponse inhibi ion (S oop es ) o concep o ma ion skills
and cogni i e lexibili y (Wisconsin Ca d So ing Task -WCST). P ocessing speed (Symbols and Digi s Tes -SDMT-)
and implici memo y (p iming asks) we e also assessed. Table 1 shows he es s in mo e de ail and Table 2
p esen s he esul s o he s udies.
The wen y- i e a icles ha we e e iewed explo e, using neu opsychological es s, neu ocogni i e unc ioning
associa ed wi h acu e, equen , and p olonged ke amine use.
The e iewed pape s explo ed episodic ( ecall and amilia i y) and seman ic decla a i e memo y, a en ion, and
execu i e unc ions (wo king memo y, esponse inhibi ion and planning, among o he s). O he p ocesses such as
p ocessing speed and implici memo y we e also assessed o a lesse ex en . Special emphasis was placed on
decla a i e memo y, since i seems o be he mos a ec ed dimension, as al eady indica ed by p e ious e iews
(Mo gan & Cu an, 2006). The ole o he NMDA ecep o in memo y and lea ning p ocesses could explain his
impac (Tsien e al., 1996).

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Table 1. Au ho in o ma ion, aims, sample cha ac e is ics and me hods o he a icles included in he e iew.
Au ho /s Aim Sample cha ac e is ics Me hods
Acu e ke amine use
C
u an and Mo gan
(2000)
To examine he acu e and esidual e ec s o
ke amine on cogni i e unc ion and schizo ypal and
dissocia i e symp oma ology in ec ea ional use s.
To al (n=39)
KU (n=20, consump ion in he las 30
minu es); CGP (n=19).
P ose ecall;
Ve bal luency;Speed o comp ehension es ; Se ial
se ens; Digi cancella ion ask; Wo d
-s em comple ion ask;
Wo d
-sub ac ion ask;
Cu an and
Monaghan (2001)
Examine whe he equen use o ke amine p oduces
ch onic e ec s (ensu e ha hey a e ch on
ic and no
pe sis en ).
To al (n=37, polyd ug use s, ke amine use 30
minu es be o e): FKKU (n=18, >2 imes pe
mon h); NFKU (n=19, ≤2 imes pe mon h).
P ose ecall; Ve bal luency; Speed o comp ehension es ; Se ial
se ens ask; Digi cancella ion ask.
Mo gan, Ricelli e al.
(2004)
To de e mine whe he ke amine use is associa ed
wi h de ici s in episodic memo y.
To al (n=40)
KU (n=20, ke amine use in he las 10
minu es); CGP (n=20)
Sou ce memo y ask
Uhlhaas e al. (2007)
To de e mine whe he epea use s ha e de ici s in
pe
cep ual o ganisa ion.
To al (n=32)
KU (n=16, consump ion in he las 15
minu es); CGP (n=16).
Con ou in eg a ion es
F equen use s
Mo gan e al. (2006)
Examining seman ic p iming ollowing epea ed sel
-
adminis a ion by ec ea ional ke amine use s
T
o al (n=32)
KU (n=16, ≥2 imes pe mon h); CGP (n=16).
Seman ic p iming ask wi h a manipula ion o equency (high and
low) and s imulus onse asynch ony (SOA: sho
-200 msec, long-
750 msec).
Mo gan e al. (2008)
To explo e he a en ional biases o di
e en
popula ions o ke amine use s wi h espec o
incen i e s imuli.
To al (n=150)
FKU (n=30, >4 imes/week); NFKU (n=30, <4
imes/week, bu ≥1 ime/mon h); EKU (n=30,
abs inen ≥3 mon hs); CGP (n=30); CG (n=30))
Do
-p obe ask; Two imes o s imulus p esen a ion (200 and
2000ms); 2 ypes o s imuli: d ug
- ela ed o money- ela ed..
Mo gan e al.
(2009)*
To de e mine how a ia ions in ke amine use
(including abs inence) a ec neu ocogni i e unc ion.
To al (n=150)
FKU (n=30, >4 imes/week); NFKU (n=30, <
4
imes/week, bu ≥1 ime pe mon h); EKU
(n=30, abs inen ≥1 mon h); CGP (n=30); CG
(n=30)
Tasks om he Camb idge Au oma ed Neu opsychological Tes
Assessmen Ba e y (CANTAB): Pa e n Recogni ion Memo y
(PRM), Spa ial Wo king Memo y (SWM), S ockings o
Camb idge
(SOC). Sou ce memo y ask; P ose ecall (Ri e mead Beha iou al
Memo y Tes ); Fluency asks ( e bal and ca ego y); Hayling es .
S e ano ic e al.
(2009)
Expe imen 2. To assess cogni i e unc ioning a he
le el o seman ic p ocessing in a g ou
p o ke amine
use s.
FKU (n=22, ≥1 ime/mon h o a leas 1 yea )
CGP (n= 26)
CG (n= 48)
Di ec seman ic p iming ask
(SOA: au oma ic
-250 msec, s a egic 750 msec).
Chan e al. (2013)
To in es iga e he e ec s o epea ed ke amine sel
-
To al (n=55)
Symbol Digi Modali ies Tes (SDMT); Digi Vigilance Tes (DVT);
Bellas-A nosi, e al., 2024
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117
adminis a ion on on al
luency, a
en ion, lea ning, and bo h e bal and non
e bal memo y.
KU (n=25, ≥1 ime/mon h in he las 2 yea s);
CG (n=30)
S oop Colo –Wo d Tes (S oop; Lee & Chan, 2000); Chinese
Audi o
y-Ve bal Lea ning Tes (CAVLT); Con inuous Visual
Memo y Tes (CVMT); Ve bal Fluency Tes (VFT); Ru Figu al
Fluency Tes (RFFT)
Liang e al. (2013)*
To compa e he cogni i e unc ioning o cu en and
o me polyd ug use s o ke amine wi h indi iduals
who do no use illici d ugs.
To al (n=200)
PKU [n=100, PKU (≥24 imes o e 6 mon hs in
he las 2 yea s), ECKP (abs inen ≥ 30 days)];
CG (n= 100).
Logical Memo y and Wo d Lis sub es s (WMS
-III); Rey-Os e ie h
Complex Figu e Tes (ROCF); S oop Tes ; Wisconsin Ca d So ing
Tes (WCST); Modi ied V
e bal Fluency Tes (MVFT); Digi Span
Backwa ds Tes (DSB).
Liang e al. (2014)
To explo e gende di e ences in he e ec s o
ke amine on cogni i e unc ions in ke amine use s.
To al (n=200)
KU (n=100, ≥24 imes o e 6 mon hs in he las
2 yea s,
47♀ and 53♂); CG (n=100, 42♀ and
58
♂)
Logical Memo y and Wo d Lis sub es s (WMS
-III); S oop Tes ;
Modi ied Ve bal Fluency Tes (MVFT); Wisconsin Ca d So ing Tes
(WCST); Digi Span backwa ds ask (DSB); ROCF Tes .
Tang e al. (2013)*
Examining he co
gni i e unc ions o young ke amine
use s.
To al (n=200)
FKU (n=100, ≥24 imes o e 6 mon hs in he
las 2 yea s): FKU (n=51, in he las mon h) and
ECKF (n=49, abs inen ≥1 mon h). CG (n=100).
Digi
-symbol coding sub es (WAIS-III); A i hme ic sub es (WAIS-
III); Digi span sub es (WAIS
-III); Logical memo y sub es (WMS-
III); ROCF es ; S oop es .
Zeng e al. (2016)
To compa e ke amine, me hadone and non-use s on
i s impulsi i y, an isocial pe sonali y and cogni i e
skills.
To al (n=170)
KU (n=51); MU
(n=59); CG (n=60).
S op
-signal es ; S oop es ; 2-back ask; Iowa Gambling Task.
Zhang e al. (2018)
To examine cogni i e de ici s in ch onic ke amine
use s.
To explo e syne gis ic e ec s be ween ke amine and
o he d ugs.
To al (n=829)
FKU (n= 565, ≥24 imes o e 6 mon hs in he
las 2 yea s): KU (n=286) and PKU (n=279). CG
(n=261).
Digi Span Sub es (WMS
-III); Logical Memo y Sub es (WMS-III);
ROCF Tes ; S oop Tes ; Wisconsin Ca d So ing Tes (WCST).
Liang e al. (2020)
To measu e w
hi e ma e olume and i s ela ionship
wi h cogni i e and dep essi e symp oms in
KU (FKF o PKU) compa ed o CG.
FKU (n=39, K ≥24 imes o e 6 mon hs in he
las 2 yea s, o he subs ances <1 ime pe
mon h in he las 2 yea s).
PKU (n=41, K+o he subs ances ≥24 imes o e
6 mon hs in he las 2 yea s).
CG (n=46).
WAIS-III (Digi Span Fo wa d and Backwa d, A i hme ic); WMS-III
Logic Memo y delay ecall, e en ion and ecogni ion; WMS
-III
Wo d Lis delay ecall and e en ion; Rey
-Os e ie h Complex
Figu e e
s Lea ning (WMS-III Logic Memo y immedia e ecall,
WMS
-III Wo d Lis immedia e ecall; Modi ied Ve bal Fluency
Tes ; S oop in e e ence; Wisconsin Ca d So ing Tes ; Digi
Symbol Coding; Modi ied Bos on Naming es .
Zhang e al. (2020)
To assess he cog
ni i e unc ioning o ch onic
ke amine use s and o examine whe he he e is a
ela ionship be ween hese and ea ly ea men
d opou .
To al (n=397).
FKU (n=286, K ≥24 imes o e 6 mon hs in he
las 2 yea s, o he d ugs <24 imes o e 6
mon hs in he las 2 yea s): Comple e s
(n=165); D opou s (n=121).
Digi Span Sub es (WMS
-III); Logical Memo y Sub es (WMS-III);
ROCF Tes ; S oop Tes ; W
isconsin Ca d So ing Tes (WCST).
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CG (n=111).
Ke amine use diso de
Mo gan e al. (2012)
To assess neu ocogni i e unc ioning in people
dependen on ke amine, cannabis and cocaine.
To al (n=130)
KUD (n=21); ACAN (n=29); CANUD (n=22); PDU
-
cannabis, cocaine and ke amine - (n=28); CG
(n=30).
P ose ecall; Digi span ( o wa d and backwa ds); Ve bal luency;
Ca ego y luency.
Cheng e al. (2018)
To compa e neu ocogni i e unc ioning, in ela ion o
symp oms o psychosis, in KUD wi h psychosis wi h
ha o KUD wi hou
psychosis and people wi h a
schizoph enia diagnosis.
To al (n=149)
KUD No psychosis (n=51), KUD Psychosis (23),
SZ (n=75) (SZ=schizoph enia diagnosis)
Cogs a e Ba e y: De ec ion Task, Iden i ica ion Task, One Back
Task, Two Back Task, In e na ional shopping Lis Task and Delayed
Recall Task, G o on Maze Lea ning Task and Delayed Recall Task,
Social Emo ional Cogni ion Task
Ke e al. (2018)
To examine he cogni i e unc ioning o ch onic
ke amine use s.
To al (n=128)
KUD (n=63); CG (n=65).
Immedia e/Delayed Visual Rep oduc ion Tes (WMS-RC);
Immedia e/Delayed Logical Memo y Tes (WMS
-RC); S oop Tes ;
WCST; Con inuous Pe o mance Tes (CPT).
Siu e al. (2018)
E alua ing he impac o a sho
- e m inpa ien and
communi y suppo p og amme o ke amine
abuse
s.
To al (n= 118)
KUD ea men (n=84)
No KUD ea men (n=34)
The Mon eal Cogni i e Assessmen (MoCA)
Wang e al. (2018)
To assess he long
- e m consequences o ch onic
ke amine use
To al (n=165)
KUD (n=58); MAUD (n=49); CG (n=58)
B ie Assessmen o C
ogni ion in Schizoph enia (BACS)
P ospec i e s udies on ke amine use
Mo gan, Monaghan
e al. (2004)
Follow
-
up o a coho assessed 3 yea s ea lie ; analyse
de ici s obse ed 3 days a e use.
To al (n=28)
KU (n=18); CGP (n=10)
Speed o comp ehension; Seman ic (ca ego y) luency; P ose
ecall; Digi cancella ion ask; Se ial se ens ask; Phonological
( e bal) luency.
Mo gan e al.
(2010)*
To assess he cogni i e consequences o long
- e m
ke amine use (1
-yea ollow-up).
To al (n=150)
FKU (n=30, ≥ 4 imes a week); NFKU (n=30, < 4
imes a week and minimum one mon h); EKU
(n=30, ≥1 mon h o abs inence); CGP (n=30);
CG (n=30).
Tasks om he Camb idge Au oma ed Neu opsychological Tes
Assessmen Ba e y (CANTAB): Pa e n Recogni ion Memo y
(PRM), Spa ial Wo king Memo y (SWM), S ockings o Camb idge
(SOC). Sou ce memo y ask; P ose ecall (Ri e mead Beha iou al
Memo y Tes ); Fluency asks ( e bal and ca ego y).
Abs inen use s
Tang e al. (2019)
In es iga ing changes in cogni i e unc ion
o
abs inen ke amine use s.
KU in 12-week abs inence (n=114, use o
ke amine o ke amine wi h any o he illici
subs ance ≥24 imes / 6 mon hs).
S oop Tes ; WCST; Digi Span (WAIS
-III); Logical Memo y (WMS-
III); ROCFT Tes .
Man (2020)
To e alua e he cogni i e and oca ional impac
o 3
in e en ions [Vi ual Reali y, Men o ed Coaching and
Wai ing Lis (CG)] wi h ke amine use s.
KU in abs inence and ea men o wai ing lis
(n=90, ≥24 imes o e 6 mon hs in he las 2
yea s, no o he d ug use 1 o mo e imes o e
he las 2 yea s).
Does no speci y leng h o
abs inence.
Digi Vigilance Tes (DVT); Ri e mead Beha iou al Memo y Tes
(RBMT); Wisconsin Ca d So ing Tes (WCST).
Bellas-A nosi, e al., 2024
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119
Table 2. Resul s and conclusions o he a icles included in he e iew
S udy
Resul s and conclusions
Cu an and Mo gan (2000)
Day 0: lowe CK pe o mance in P ose Recall, Ve bal Fluency, Ca ego y Gene a ion, Comp ehension Speed, Se ial Sub ac ion Task, Digi Cancella ion
Task han GCP.
Day 3: CK imp o emen in P ose ecall, Ve bal luency, Se ial sub ac ion ask. Simila speed KU and CGP in Digi Cancella io
n Task. No imp o emen
in Ca ego y gene a ion. Wo d
-s em comple ion ask: No di e ences be ween g oups.
Ke amine appea s o induce acu e de ici s in wo king, episodic and seman ic memo y. Th ee days a e use, ec ea ional use s
show impai men s in
seman ic memo y.
Cu an and Monaghan (2001)
Day 0: simila sco e on p ose ecall, ca ego y gene a ion, FKU lowe pe o mance han NFKU on e bal luency and speed o comp ehension.
Day 3: NFKU pe o ms be e han FK on p ose ecall, ca ego y gene a ion. Bo h g oups pe o m be e han Day 0 on speed o c
omp ehension.
No be ween
-g oup di e ences in se ial sub ac ion ask and digi cancella ion. F equen ke amine use p oduces long- e m impai men s in episodic
memo y and in aspec s o seman ic memo y e ie al.
Mo gan, Ricelli e al. (2004)
Day 3: KU show pe sis en de ici s in sou ce memo y, bu no in i em ecogni ion.
Repea ed ke amine use may p oduce ch onic de ici s in episodic memo y.
Uhlhaas e al. (2007)
Day 0: KU made mo e e o s.
Day 3: e o s made by bo h g oups we e simila (bo h made ewe e o s).
On he nigh o consump ion, ke amine p oduces a dys unc ion in con ou in eg a ion, bu his did no occu 3 days la e , when pa icipan s we e no
unde he e ec s o he d ug.
Mo gan e al. (2006)
KU showed in e se p iming o low- equency wo ds in he long SOA and signi ican ly less han CGP.
Signi ican co ela ion o KU: days pe mon h o consump ion and he e ec o sho /long SOA on p iming.
The e ec o e e se p iming is indica i e o al
e a ions in p ocessing. Dec eased p iming o low- equency wo ds sugges s ha long- e m ke amine
use may impai seman ic s o age.
Mo gan e al. (2008)
CKF showed an a en ional bias o bo h ypes o incen i e s imuli in he sho s imulus p esen a ion in e al, which co ela ed signi ican ly wi h he
deg ee o ke amine consump ion.
No a en ional bias was obse ed in any o he o he g oups.
All g oups a ed money
- ela ed s imuli as mo e pleasan han neu al s imuli.
Mo gan e al. (2009)*
FKU is associa ed wi h de ici s in wo king memo y, episodic memo y and aspec s o execu i e unc ioning.
NFKU does no appea o p oduce neu ocogni i e de ici s.
No signi ican wo sening in KUD (possible e e sibili y o de ici s in equen use s).
FKU g oup wo s
e pe o mance in PRM, SWM, SOC and sou ce memo y ask.
No be ween
-g oup di e ences in p ose ecall ask, luency asks and Hayling es .
Resul s showed ha FKUs we e impai ed in wo king memo y, episodic memo y and aspec s o execu i e unc ioning (planning). Non- equen
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