scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

La elaboración de proyectos curriculares: problemática y perspectiva

Sarceda Gorgoso, María del Carmen

Abstract

Se presenta un trabajo que pretende conocer en profundidad la realidad de los Proyectos Curriculares de Centro en el seno de los Centros de Educación Secundaria. La metodología seguida fue el estudio de caso con entrevistas no estructuradas a los docentes de un centro educativo de enseñanza secundaria referidos a los Proyectos Curriculares. De las conclusiones obtenidas, se destaca que la elaboración del Proyecto Curricular de Centro responde más a una cuestión burocrática que a una necesidad de organizar la actividad formativo-instructiva de un centro educativo.

Full text

3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR    /$(/$%25$&,Ï1'(352<(&726&855,&8/$5(6352%/(0È7,&$<35263(&7,9$   0&DUPHQ6DUFHGD*RUJRVR 8QLYHUVLGDGGH6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD   ,1752'8&&,Ï1 (O LQWHUpV SRU OD 5HIRUPD (GXFDWLYD HQ JHQHUDO \ PiV FRQFUHWDPHQWH SRU HO SURFHVR GH LPSOHPHQWDFLyQTXHHVWiWHQLHQGROXJDUHVXQWHPDGHJUDQDFWXDOLGDG\VREUHHOTXHVH HVWiQUHDOL]DQGRPXOWLWXGGHHVWXGLRVHLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVFRQHOILQGHORJUDUXQFRQRFLPLHQWR\ FRPSUHQVLyQGHHVWHSURFHVRHQWRGDVVXVGLPHQVLRQHV 'H HVWD PDQHUD \ GHVGH GLIHUHQWHV FDPSRV GH ODV &LHQFLDV GH OD (GXFDFLyQ FRPR OD IRUPDFLyQ GHO SURIHVRUDGR OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ HVFRODU OD GLGiFWLFD HWF VH LQWHQWD XQ DFHUFDPLHQWR D HVWD UHDOLGDG WUDWDQGR GH GHVYHODU HO DPSOLR \ FRPSOHMR DEDQLFR GH DFWXDFLRQHVTXHWDQWRGHVGHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ(GXFDWLYDFRPRGHVGHORVSURSLRVVHHVWiQ OOHYDQGRDFDERSDUDSURPRYHUODSXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHHVWD5HIRUPD(GXFDWLYD 'HHVWDSUHRFXSDFLyQVXUJHHVWHDUWtFXOR3DUWLHQGRGHODSUHPLVDGHTXHORVFDPELRVQRVH UHDOL]DQ DXWRPiWLFD QL OLQHDOPHQWH FUHHPRV QHFHVDULR FRQRFHU TXp  HV OR TXH HVWi VXFHGLHQGRHQODUHDOLGDG GHORVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRVFXiQWDGLVWDQFLDKD\HQWUHOR TXHVH SHUVLJXH\ORTXHUHDOPHQWHVHHVWiFRQVLJXLHQGRFXiOHVHOGHVIDVHRSUR[LPLGDGHQWUHHO FDPSR GH ODV LQWHQFLRQHV \ HO GH OD SUiFWLFD HQ ORV SURSLRV FHQWURV HWF &RQ HVWDV LQTXLHWXGHV \ GHVGH OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH ORV 3UR\HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV FRPR HO HVODEyQ TXH HQOD]DODIRUPDFLyQGHODOXPQDGRODIRUPDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGR\HOGHVDUUROORGHOFHQWUR HGXFDWLYR HO FRQRFHU FyPR HVWRV 3UR\HFWRV VH GLVHxDQ \ GHVDUUROODQ HQ ORV FRQWH[WRV HVSHFtILFRVHQORVTXHVHLQFDUGLQDQVHQRVPXHVWUDFRPRXQDVSHFWRLPSRUWDQWHDDQDOL]DU (QHVWHGRFXPHQWRRIUHFHPRVDOJXQRVGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHXQWUDEDMRPiVDPSOLR6DUFHGD  HQFDPLQDGR D FRQRFHU HQ SURIXQGLGDG OD UHDOLGDG GH ORV 3UR\HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV GH &HQWUR HQ HO VHQR GH ORV FHQWURV HGXFDWLYRV \ PiV HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HQ HO iPELWR GH OD (GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD2EOLJDWRULD  &$5$&7(5Ë67,&$6'(/(678',20HWRGRORJtD\UHFRJLGDGHLQIRUPDFLyQ (QORTXHVHUHILHUHDODPHWRGRORJtDHPSOHDGDSDUDOOHYDUDFDERODHYDOXDFLyQGHO3UR\HFWR &XUULFXODU\DQWHODPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHRSFLRQHVSRVLEOHVRSWDPRVSRUXQHVWXGLRGHFDVRGH PDQHUDTXHVHSXGLHUDLUPiVDOOiGHORVLPSOHPHQWHREVHUYDEOHSDUDLQWURGXFLUQRVHQHVRV RWURV SURFHVRV H LQWHUDFFLRQHV PiV FRPSOHMDV \ RFXOWDV TXH WLHQHQ OXJDU HQ OD UHDOLGDG HGXFDWLYD\TXHLQIOX\HQHQHOOD\HQRFDVLRQHVODFRQGLFLRQDQ/DYLVLyQGHFDGDXQRGHORV LPSOLFDGRV VREUH VX DPELHQWH VX FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG VXV SHUFHSFLRQHV HWF VRQ DVSHFWRV GH JUDQ LPSRUWDQFLD D ORV TXH HV QHFHVDULR DFHUFDUVH GH PDQHUD TXH VH SXHGD FRQRFHUHOSURFHVRHQVXWRWDOLGDG 3DUDOHODPHQWH D HVWH FULWHULR OD LQIRUPDFLyQ VH UHFRJLy D WUDYpV GH WUHV LQVWUXPHQWRV GLIHUHQWHV TXH SHUPLWLHUDQ FRQWUDVWDU \ WULDQJXODU ORV GDWRV HQWUHYLVWDV FXHVWLRQDULR \ DQiOLVLVGHFRQWHQLGRGHOSURSLR3UR\HFWR&XUULFXODU (Q HVWH WUDEDMR YDPRV D RIUHFHU DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV UHFRJLGRV D WUDYpV GH ODV HQWUHYLVWDV UHDOL]DGDV3DUDHQWUHYLVWDUDORVGRFHQWHVVHSODQLILFyXQDHQWUHYLVWDQRHVWUXFWXUDGD)R[ UHIHULGDDFLQFRGLPHQVLRQHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHORV3UR\HFWRV&XUULFXODUHV  6XUJLPLHQWR HQ HO FHQWUR GH OD LGHD GH HODERUDU XQ 3UR\HFWR &XUULFXODU GH &HQWUR LPSRVLFLyQRLQLFLDWLYDGHOSURIHVRUDGR 3URFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQGHO3&&SDUWLUGHORVJUDQGHVREMHWLYRV\FRQWHQLGRVGHO'&% \ SRVWHULRU DGDSWDFLyQ DO FRQWH[WR HVSHFLILFR SDUWLU GH OD SURSLD SUiFWLFD YDORUDFLyQ GHO JUDGRGHFRKHUHQFLD\FRQJUXHQFLDFRQHOFXUULFXOXPSUHVFULSWLYRHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRLQLFLDOGH ORVREMHWLYRV\FRQWHQLGRVSDUDWRGDODHWDSDRSDUDORVFLFORVFUHDFLyQGHFRPLVLRQHVGH iUHDRFLFOR\&RPLVLyQGH&RRUGLQDFLyQ3HGDJyJLFD 5HXQLRQHV GH HODERUDFLyQ GHO 3&& 3DUWLFLSDFLyQ DFWLYD GHO SURIHVRUDGR JUDGR GH GLVFXVLRQHV R GLVFUHSDQFLDV VXUJLPLHQWR GH SRVWXUDV FRQWUDULDV SDUD VHOHFFLRQDU \ ILMDU REMHWLYRVFRQWHQLGRVHWFWLHPSRGHGXUDFLyQGHHVHSURFHVR $VSHFWRVPiVSRVLWLYRV\QHJDWLYRVTXHSXHGHWHQHUHO3&&,QIOXHQFLDHQHOGHVDUUROOR SURIHVLRQDOFRPRGRFHQWH &UHHQFLDVDFHUFDGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHO3&&HQODUHDOLGDGHGXFDWLYDGHOFHQWURVLRULHQWD 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  UHDOPHQWHODSUiFWLFD\FXiOHVVHUtDQORVDVSHFWRVTXHHVWDUtDQLQIOX\HQGRHQHOXVRUHDOTXH VHKDFHGHO3&&  $1È/,6,6'(/$6(175(9,67$6 (Q HVWH DSDUWDGR UHDOL]DUHPRV XQ DQiOLVLV GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD D WUDYpV GH ODV HQWUHYLVWDVUHDOL]DGDVDORVGRFHQWHVGHOFHQWURHGXFDWLYRHQHOFXDOVHHQFXDGUDHO3UR\HFWR &XUULFXODUGH&HQWURREMHWRGHQXHVWURHVWXGLR ,QLFLDOPHQWHKD\TXHKDFHUXQDFRQVLGHUDFLyQHQHOVHQWLGRGHTXHODLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQLGD HQGHWHUPLQDGRVFDVRVQRHVODTXHEXVFiEDPRVSXHVWRTXHDOJXQRVGHORVGRFHQWHVRQR VHH[WHQGtDQHQODFRQWHVWDFLyQDODSUHJXQWDIRUPXODGDRELHQVXUHVSXHVWDQRVHFHQWUDED HQHOREMHWLYRSULQFLSDOGHODSUHJXQWDDSHVDUGHVHUXQDHQWUHYLVWDQRHVWUXFWXUDGDHQOD TXHFRQWLQXDPHQWHLQWHQWiEDPRVUHFRQGXFLUODFRQYHUVDFLyQKDFLDDTXHOORVDVSHFWRVTXHVH FRQVLGHUDEDQLPSRUWDQWHV'HFXDOTXLHUPDQHUD\SHVHDWRGRREWXYLPRVLQIRUPDFLyQPX\ LQWHUHVDQWHSDUDQXHVWUDLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\TXH XQDYH]RUJDQL]DGD\KDELHQGR UHIOH[LRQDGR VREUHHOODQRVSHUPLWLyHVWDEOHFHUXQDVHULHGHFDWHJRUtDVHQEDVHDODVFXDOHVUHDOL]DPRVVX DQiOLVLVVLHQGRODVTXHVHLQGLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ $(OFHQWURHGXFDWLYR %/DIDVHGHHODERUDFLyQGHO3UR\HFWR&XUULFXODUGH&HQWUR &RQFHSFLRQHVVREUHHO3&&UHWRV\WHPRUHV (OSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQLQLFLDWLYDRUJDQL]DFLyQ\SDUWLFLSDFLyQ & 3XHVWD HQ SUiFWLFD GHO 3&& 8VRV UHDOHV HQ HO FRQWH[WR GHO FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR \ HYDOXDFLyQ '$VSHFWRVSRVLWLYRV\QHJDWLYRVGHO3&&  (Q HO DQiOLVLV GH ODV GRV SULPHUDV FDWHJRUtDV QRV FHQWUDUHPRV D FRQWLQXDFLyQ H[SOLFDQGR EUHYHPHQWHODVSULQFLSDOHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHGHVGHQXHVWURSXQWRGHYLVWDGHILQHQWDQWRHO FRQWH[WRGHVXUJLPLHQWRGHO3&&FRPRHOSRVWHULRUSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQGHOPLVPR  (OFHQWURHGXFDWLYR (O FHQWUR HQ HO TXH QRV VLWXDPRV DFRJH ODV HWDSDV GH (GXFDFLyQ 6HFXQGDULD 2EOLJDWRULD %DFKLOOHUDWR\IRUPDFLyQ3URIHVLRQDO/RVSURIHVRUHVTXHLPSDUWHQGRFHQFLDHQHVWHFHQWUROR KDFHQ QRUPDOPHQWH FRPELQDQGR (62 FRQ %DFKLOOHUDWR R (62 FRQ IRUPDFLyQ 3URIHVLRQDO DXQTXHWDPELpQKD\FDVRVHVSHFtILFRVHQORVTXHGHWHUPLQDGRVSURIHVRUHVDWLHQGHQODVWUHV HWDSDV (VXQFHQWURHQHOTXHFRQXQDPHGLDGHDOXPQRVSRUDXODVHGDXQDOWR_tQGLFHGH VXVSHQVRV ³DOUHGHGRUGHWUHLQWDDOXPQRVSHURGDWHFXHQWDGHTXHHQDOJXQDVFODVHVKD\XQRVGLH] UHSHWLGRUHV´ (VWDSUREOHPiWLFDHQUHODFLyQFRQORVVXVSHQVRVORVSURIHVRUHVODDWULEX\HQDOKHFKRGHTXH LQLFLDOPHQWHHOFHQWURVXUJLyFRPRFHQWURGH)3\DODFRJHUODLPSODQWDFLyQDQWLFLSDGDGHOD (62ODVFRQFHSFLRQHVGHSDGUHV\DOXPQRVDFHUFDGHODPD\RUIDFLOLGDGGHHVWRVFHQWURV HQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQORVLQVWLWXWRVGH%DFKLOOHUDWRVHPDQWLHQHGHIRUPDTXH ³(OSUREOHPDVXUJHHQTXHORVSDGUHVOHVGLFHQYHWHSDUDDOOtTXHWRWDOYDVDSDVDU VHFUHDXQFtUFXOR\ORTXHSDVDEDDQWHVFRQORVLQVWLWXWRVGHIRUPDFLyQSURIHVLRQDOVL QRYDOHVSDUDHVWXGLDUYHWHSDUDDOOt´ /DVLWXDFLyQGHOSURIHVRUDGRGHOFXDOFDVLODPLWDGHVLQWHULQRSXHGHVHUXQIDFWRUTXHORV GRFHQWHV FRQVLGHUDQ FRPR PX\LQIOX\HQWHHQ OD VLWXDFLyQ GHOFHQWUR \ HQOR TXH HQ O VH KDFH ³HV XQ FHQWUR DGHPiV  TXH SXHGH TXH VHD HO  GH SHUVRQDO QR ILMR R VHD ORV LQWHULQRVTXHDORPHMRUQRVHLQYROXFUDQPXFKR´ $GHPiV GH ORV DVSHFWRV VHxDODGRV DQWHULRUPHQWH HO DEVHQWLVPR HVFRODU \ OD IDOWD GH FRQH[LyQ IDPLOLDFHQWUR HGXFDWLYR HV XQ KHFKR TXH HVWi FRQIOX\HQGR FRQ ORV DQWHULRUHV \ TXH ORV SURIHVRUHV VHxDODQ FRPR GHWHUPLQDQWH HQ OD GHILQLFLyQGHO FRQWH[WR HGXFDWLYR GHO FHQWUR ³OHPDQGDVIDOWDVDFDVDPXFKRVSDGUHVQRYLHQHQSRUDTXtPXFKRVYLHQHQODVPDGUHV ODVDEXHODVSRUTXHKD\PXFKRHPLJUDQWHPXFKRQDYHJDQWH\QRSXHGHQFRQpOHVWHDxR WXYLPRVXQDVEDMDVGHXQFXUVRHQWHURWXYLPRVEDMDV\GHVSXpVFODURYLHQHQDTXt SHURIDOWDHOVHJXLPLHQWRHQFDVDTXHHVRHVIXQGDPHQWDO(VHHVHOSULQFLSDOSUREOHPDTXH KD\\SRUHVRHOSURIHVRUDGRHVWiGHVFRQWHQWR´ (VWRV UDVJRV VHxDODGRV SRU ORV SURIHVRUHV VHUtDQ DOJXQRV GH ORV TXH HVWDUtDQ LQIOX\HQGR VREUH HO FHQWUR FRQILJXUDQGR VX SURSLD LGLRVLQFUDVLD \ VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV \ 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  SDUWLFXODUHV  /DIDVHGHHODERUDFLyQGHOSUR\HFWRFXUULFXODUGHFHQWUR (O FRQRFHU FyPR VH LQLFLy \ GHVDUUROOy HO SURFHVR GH HODERUDFLyQ GHO 3&& UHVXOWD IXQGDPHQWDOSDUDFRPSUHQGHUWRGRHOSURFHVRSRVWHULRUGHGHVDUUROOR\SXHVWDHQPDUFKDGHO PLVPR(QHVWDIDVHGHHODERUDFLyQVRQDQXHVWURMXLFLRYDULDVODVFXHVWLRQHVDFRQVLGHUDU\ TXH QRV DSRUWDUiQ OD LQIRUPDFLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD UHDOL]DU XQD ³UDGLRJUDItD´ GH WRGR HO HQWUDPDGRTXHVXSXVRSDUDHVHFHQWURODHODERUDFLyQGHO3UR\HFWR  &RQFHSFLRQHVVREUHHO3&&UHWRV\WHPRUHV /DV FRQFHSFLRQHV TXH VH WHQJDQ VREUH HO 3UR\HFWR &XUULFXODU \ OD IRUPD HQ TXH pVWH VH HQWLHQGDLQIOXLUiQRWDEOHPHQWHWDQWRHQVXHODERUDFLyQFRPRHQVXSRVWHULRUDSOLFDFLyQ(Q HVWH FHQWUR OD RSLQLyQ GH ORV SURIHVRUHV DFHUFD GHO 3&& \ GH OR TXH VXSRQH VH FHQWUD SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQFRQVLGHUDUORFRPRXQOLVWDGRGHSURJUDPDFLRQHVSRUDVLJQDWXUDVDOJRTXH DGHPiVQRUHVXOWDQXHYRVLQRTXHVLHPSUHVHKDFHGHPDQHUDVLVWHPiWLFDSDUDFDGDFXUVR ³%XHQR HO 3&& EiVLFDPHQWH OR TXH WLHQH VRQ ODV SURJUDPDFLRQHV SRU DVLJQDWXUDV \ ORV FULWHULRVGH SURPRFLyQ¢QR" (O3&&\DVLHPSUHVHWLHQH KHFKRSRUTXH QR SXHGHV HPSH]DUXQFXUVRVLQWHQHUXQDLGHDJHQHUDOGHORTXHYDVDKDFHUHQFDGDDVLJQDWXUD\GH FyPRYDVDFRRUGLQDUWH´ (Q HVWD PLVPD OtQHD GH LGHQWLILFDU HO 3&& FRQ OR TXH VH KDFtD KDVWD HO PRPHQWR HQ HO FHQWURLQFLGHQRWURVGRFHQWHVFXDQGRPDQLILHVWDQTXH ³+RPEUHORTXHDSDUHFHHQHO3&&HQOtQHDVJHQHUDOHVHVORTXHHUDDQWHVHO3ODQ*HQHUDO GHO&HQWURHVHWLSRGHFRVDVHVWDEDPiVRPHQRVKHFKR\KXERTXHUHKDFHUORGHFDUDDOD /H\´ 'HVGH HVWD FRPSUHQVLyQ GHO 3UR\HFWR &XUULFXODU ORV SURIHVRUHV GHFODUDQ VX LQVDWLVIDFFLyQ VREUH OD IRUPD HQ FyPR VH SODQWHy GHVGH OD $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ OD 5HIRUPD \ OD IDOWD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ\SUHFLSLWDFLyQDODTXHVHYLHURQVRPHWLGRV ³QRVRWURVHOSUREOHPDTXHWHQHPRVHVTXHHVXQFHQWURFRQRFKRJUXSRVGHWHUFHURGHOD (62FXDQGRQRVHVDEtDQDGD\FXDQGROOHJyHVWRWHQtDPRVWHUFHURVFXDUWRV\QRVtEDPRV HQWHUDQGRGHWRGRDVDOWRGHPDWD1RVHQWHUDPRVHOSULPHUDxRHQ0DU]RGHTXHQRtEDPRV DWHQHUH[iPHQHVGH6HSWLHPEUHQRVRWURVORVDOXPQRV\ORVSDGUHVGHORVDOXPQRV HVWRVDxRVIXHEDVWDQWHKRUURURVR\DGHPiVVLHPSUHQRVHQFRQWUiEDPRVVRORVSRUTXHDTXt YLQR XQ LQVSHFWRU XQD YH] \ QDGD PiV 7RGR HVWR FUHD XQD VLWXDFLyQ FRPR GH LQHVWDELOLGDGWRWDOGHGHVDPSDUR\WDOTXHHVEDVWDQWHIDVWLGLDGD´ (VWD VHQVDFLyQ GH GHVDPSDUR HV XQD FRQVWDQWH D OD TXH UHILHUHQ FRQWLQXDPHQWH \ FRQ LQVLVWHQFLDORVGRFHQWHVHQWUHYLVWDGRV ³6RPRV FHQWURV FRQ OD DQWLFLSDFLyQ GH OD /2*6( \ OD JHQWH OD PD\RUtD GH QRVRWURV QRV YLPRVLQYROXFUDGRVHQXQSURFHVRTXHDORPHMRUQRFRPSUHQGtDPRV´ -XQWRDHVWRODLGHDGHXQDWRWDOUXSWXUDHQWUHORTXHVHGLFH\ORTXHVHH[LJHHQWUHOD 7HRUtD \ OD 3UiFWLFD HQ SDUDOHOR FRQ OD EDMD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ TXH ORV SURSLRV SURIHVRUHV DWULEX\HQDOD(62VHPXHVWUDFRPRXQDSUHRFXSDFLyQSDUDHOSURIHVRUDGRGHHVWHFHQWUR ³XQD FRVD HV OD WHRUtD OR TXH SLHQVDV \ RWUD FRVD HV FXDQGR OOHJDV D XQ FXUVR  GH %DFKLOOHUDWRHQHOTXHWLHQHVTXHUHQGLUFXHQWDVDOD8QLYHUVLGDG(QWRQFHVFODURODWHRUtD SRUXQODGRSHURDODKRUDGHODYHUGDGQRKD\FRQWLQXLGDGKD\XQVDOWR8QDFRVDHVOD (GXFDFLyQ6HFXQGDULD\HO%DFKLOOHUDWRGHQWURGHO&HQWUR\RWUDFRVDHVFXDQGRWLHQHVTXH OOHYDUDHVRVDOXPQRVDXQDSUXHEDGHVHOHFWLYR\DKt\DQRHUHVW~QLORTXHKDQKHFKRQL VLWLHQHQXQDVDFWLWXGHV\SURFHGLPLHQWRVHVWXSHQGRVVLQRTXHVRQFRQRFLPLHQWRV\VLQR ORVWLHQHQ\WDOFXDOHVWiGLVHxDGDOD(62\ORV%DFKLOOHUDWRVQRORVWLHQHQSXHVFODURYDVD WHQHUXQRVDOXPQRVGHVHJXQGRGH%DFKLOOHUDWRTXHHVWHDxRORKDSDVDGRIDWDOSRUTXHGH UHSHQWHKD\TXHVXELUOHVDXQQLYHOTXHQRKDQLGRFRJLHQGRSRFRDSRFR<RFUHRTXHKD\ XQDVHQVLEOHGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORTXHOD/H\GLFH\ORTXHOD8QLYHUVLGDGH[LJHVREUHWRGRD QLYHOGHFRQRFLPLHQWRV´  (OSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQLQLFLDWLYDRUJDQL]DFLyQ\SDUWLFLSDFLyQ /DLGHDGHHODERUDUXQ3UR\HFWR&XUULFXODUGH&HQWURVXUJHHQHVWHFHQWURPiVTXHQDGD FRPR XQD LPSRVLFLyQ SRU SDUWH GH OD $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ (GXFDWLYD HQ EDVH D ODV H[LJHQFLDV PDUFDGDVSRUOD5HIRUPD ³/D/2*6( PDUFDOD UHDOL]DFLyQGHO3(&\GHO 3&&(QWRQFHVVH KDEtDQ VROLFLWDGR XQRV FXUVLOORVGHIRUPDFLyQHQFHQWURVSDUDSURIHVRUDGRSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHO3(&\GHO 3&&HQGRVDxRVVHKL]RHO3(&\TXHGDEDSRUUHDOL]DUHO3&&HOQLYHOGHFRQFUHFLyQ PiVEDMRGHO3(&\VHEXVFyODIRUPDGHDMXVWDUHOFHQWURDODQXHYD/H\´ 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  (QHVWDPDQLIHVWDFLyQGHVWDFDQGRVFRVDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHODVGHPDQGDVGHOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ TXHH[LJHQWHQHUXQ3UR\HFWR&XUULFXODU\TXHHVHOPRWLYRGHODUHDOL]DFLyQGHO3&&\OD FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH pVWH FRPR XQD FRQFUHFLyQ GHO 3(& \ QR FRPR HOHPHQWRV FRPSOHPHQWDULRV\SDUDOHORV 'HWRGDVIRUPDVDXQTXHLQLFLDOPHQWHVXUJHGHHVWDPDQHUDSRFRDSRFRORVGRFHQWHVVH YDQ GDQGR FXHQWD GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH KDFHU XQR SURSLR XQR TXH VH DGDSWH D VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ³HQSULQFLSLRVXUJLyPiVTXHQDGDFRPRXQDQRUPDWLYDTXHH[LJtDOD'HOHJDFLyQ'HVSXpV HOSURIHVRUDGRYLRODQHFHVLGDGYDPRVGHHODERUDUXQ3UR\HFWR&XUULFXODUSRUTXHHVWXYLPRV PLUDQGR YDULRV DQWHV \ SRGtDPRV KDEHUOR FRSLDGR ¢QR" SHUR YDPRV GHVSXpV YLPRV OD QHFHVLGDGGHKDFHUORQRVRWURVPLVPRV´ (QHVWHSURFHVRGHHODERUDFLyQSDUWLFLSDURQGHPDQHUDFDVLH[FOXVLYDORVSURIHVRUHVILMRVHQ HOFHQWUR ³DXQTXHGHVSXpVKXERDOJXQDDSRUWDFLyQGHSURIHVRUHVTXHYLQLHURQQXHYRVSHUREXHQR EiVLFDPHQWHHOQ~FOHRHUDGHORVSURIHVRUHVFRQGHVWLQRGHILQLWLYRSRUTXHFUHtPRVTXHHUD EXHQROyJLFDPHQWHORPiVQHFHVDULR\SULPRUGLDO\DTXHORVRWURVSURIHVRUHVGHHVWHFHQWUR FDPELDQDODRUGHQGHYHLQWHYHLQWLFLQFRSURIHVRUHVFDGDYH]´ (O FRPSURPLVR GH WRGRV HOORV HV YDORUDGR SRVLWLYDPHQWH SRU HO SURIHVRUDGR HO FXDO QRWy LQWHUpV\GHGLFDFLyQHQHVHFRPSURPLVR ³HVWHFHQWURWLHQHXQDFRVDTXHHVTXHWLHQHFDVLHOGHLQWHULQRVSRUORTXHORVTXH HVWiEDPRVILMRV UDPRVPHQRVGHODPLWDGGHOFODXVWUR\ODYHUGDGHVTXH\RFUHRTXHOD JHQWHTXHHVILMDVHFRPSURPHWLy\ORKL]R\RFUHRTXHFRQEDVWDQWHSDUWLFLSDFLyQ¢QR"QR GHWRGRVSRUTXHQXQFDODKD\GHWRGRVSHURODJHQWHWHQLDJDQDVGHDFODUDUTXHLEDDVHU HVWHFHQWUR\WRGRHVWR´ $QWHULRUPHQWH D OD HODERUDFLyQ GHO 3&& HQ HVWH FHQWUR \D VH KDEtD WUDEDMDGR VREUH HO 3(&ORTXHSHUPLWLyDOSURIHVRUDGRWHQHUXQDH[SHULHQFLDSUHYLDGHWUDEDMRHQJUXSRHQ HVWRVWHPDV(QODHODERUDFLyQGHO3UR\HFWR(GXFDWLYRVHFRQWyFRQODD\XGDGHXQDVHVRU H[WHUQRTXHJXLDED\RUJDQL]DEDHOWUDEDMRDXQTXHHQHOFDVRGHO3UR\HFWR&XUULFXODUQRVH FRQWyFRQHVHDSR\RH[WHUQR ³HPSH]DPRV D KDFHU HO 3&& \ VXUJLy OD LGHD WDPELpQ GH WUDHU D DOJ~Q H[SHUWR SHUR GLMLPRVQRYDPRVDDSURYHFKDUHVHGLQHURSDUDRWUDVFRVDV(O3&&ORHODERUDPRV QRVRWURV6HJXLPRVODPLVPDGLQiPLFD´ &RQIRUPH D ORV WHPRUHV GXGDV \ IDOWD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH WHQtDQ TXH VRSRUWDU ORV SURIHVRUHV HVWH SURFHVR GH HODERUDFLyQ VH FRQYLUWLy LQLFLDOPHQWH HQ XQ SURFHVR GH LQWHUFDPELRGHSUREOHPDVHQWUHHOSURIHVRUDGRSDUWLFLSDQWH ³ODVSULPHUDVUHXQLRQHVSDUDKDFHUHO3&&HUDFRPRXQDWHUDSLDGHJUXSRHQGRQGH QRVTXHMiEDPRVPXFKR\GHFtDPRV³TXpKRUURU´\³TXpVRORVHVWDPRV´/DVSULPHUDVYHFHV \RUHFXHUGRTXHHUDHVR´ (OSURFHVRWDO\FRPRORGHVFULEHXQRGHORVSURIHVRUHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVIXHHOVLJXLHQWH ³6H HVWDEOHFLHURQ JUXSRV HQ EDVH D OD JHQWH TXH HVWDED DSXQWDGD HQ HO FXUVR PiV OD FRPLVLyQSHGDJyJLFDGHOFHQWUR\HVWRVJUXSRVHQEDVHDORVGLIHUHQWHVSXQWRVTXHPDUFD OD /H\ TXH GHEH FRQWHQHU WRGR 3&& VH GLVWULEX\y HO WUDEDMR \ VH IXH HODERUDQGR SRU VHSDUDGR\OXHJRHQUHXQLRQHVPiVRPHQRVPHQVXDOHVVHLEDFRQIURQWDQGRHOWUDEDMRD PHGLGD TXH VH LED UHDOL]DQGR <R QR Vp FRPR KDFHUOR GH RWUD PDQHUD SHUR EXHQR PH LPDJLQRTXH HV XQ SRFRFRPR VHKDEtD WUDEDMDGRHQOD &RQVWLWXFLyQHVSDxROD GHOPLVPR HVWLORSULPHURUHXQLRQHVSRUJUXSRGHWUDEDMR\OXHJRFRQIURQWDFLyQ\GLVFXVLyQ\GHEDWH &DGD JUXSR H[SRQOD OR TXH KDEtD UHDOL]DGR \ GLVFXWtD ORV SXQWRV TXH SRGtDQ VHU PiV FRQIOLFWLYRVORVTXHHUDQPHQRVFRQIOLFWLYRV\DVHGHMDEDQ SHUIHFWDPHQWHHVWDEOHFLGRVVH IXH UHKDFLHQGR \ OXHJR VH OH\y HQ JHQHUDO HQ OD FRPLVLyQ SHGDJyJLFD VH DSUREy HQ HO FODXVWUR\DTXtHVWi´ /RVJUXSRVHVWDEOHFLGRV ³HUDQFXDWURRFLQFRIRUPDGRVSRUFXDWURRFLQFRSURIHVRUHV´ \ODVUHXQLRQHV ³FDGDTXLQFHGtDVXQPHVVHJ~QYLpUDPRV´ &DGD JUXSR GH WUDEDMR VH HQFDUJDED GH XQ WtSLFR TXH GHVDUUROODED \ GHVSXpV SURSRQOD DO UHVWRGHORVJUXSRVVXVFRQFOXVLRQHVGHPDQHUDTXH ³KDEtDSXQWRVHQORVTXHWRGRHOPXQGRHVWDEDGHDFXHUGR\QRKDEtDQDGDTXHGLVFXWLU SHUR OXHJR OOHJDEDV D OR PHMRU D SUREOHPDV GH WH[WR VLPSOHPHQWH \ KDEtD GLVFUHSDQFLDV (QWRQFHVWHQGtDPRV VLHPSUHDEXVFDUHO PtQLPRTXH KXELHUDGHEDWHSHURTXH KXELHUD XQDSRVWXUDGHFRQIOXHQFLDSRUTXHFRPR SUHWHQGH VHUXQWH[WRJHQHUDODWRGR HOFHQWUR SXHVTXHVHSXHGDOOHJDUDFRQVHQVXDUFDVLWRGR<\RFUHRTXHHVWiEDVWDQWHFRQVHQVXDGR´ 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  (QWUHORVSXQWRVTXHVHWUDWDURQFRPRFRQWHQLGRVGHO3UR\HFWR&XUULFXODUORVFHQWUDGRVHQOD HYDOXDFLyQ\SURPRFLyQGHORVDOXPQRVIXHURQORVTXH PiV GLVFUHSDQFLDVVXVFLWDURQ \ORV TXHPiVVHWUDEDMDURQVREUHWRGRGHELGRDTXHHUDORTXHPiVXUJtDFRQFUHWDUSDUDSRGHU GHVDUUROODUODSURSLDSUiFWLFD ³HQHOSURFHVRORTXHPiVVHWUDWDURQIXHURQORVSURFHVRVGHHYDOXDFLyQSRUTXHHQDTXHO PRPHQWRVHQHFHVLWDEDXQDFRVDXUJHQWHSRUTXHFRPRHUDXQDFRVDWDQHWpUHDFRPRTXH ODVMXQWDVGHHYDOXDFLyQHUDQVREHUDQDV\WDO\FXDOWXYLPRVTXHXQLILFDUFULWHULRVSDUDHVR SDUDHQXQDHYDOXDFLyQQRSDVDUDXQRFRQVHLV\RWURFRQGRV´ (QUHODFLyQFRQODHYDOXDFLyQHOSURIHVRUDGRPDQLILHVWDTXH ³KXERGLVFXVLRQHVJRUGDV\WRGDYtDODVKD\´ )XHpVWHSRUWDQWRXQWHPDPX\FRQIOLFWLYRDODKRUDGHHODERUDUHO3&&HQHOTXHORV SURIHVRUHVQRVHGDQSXHVWRFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHDFXHUGR ³VLJXH KDELHQGR SXQWRV GH YLVWD GLVWLQWRV HQ HO SURIHVRUDGR VREUH WRGR HQ OR TXH HV OD 5HIRUPD\ODIRUPDGHHYDOXDU\ODIRUPDGHKDFHUWRGR2VHDKDKDELGRGLVFUHSDQFLDV GHVGHHOSULPHUPRPHQWR\EXHQR3RUHMHPSORKD\XQRVFULWHULRVGHHYDOXDFLyQTXHKDQ VLGR DSUREDGRV KDFH WLHPSR \ VLQ HPEDUJR KD\ JHQWH TXH HVWi HQ GHVDFXHUGR HQ GHVDFXHUGRSRUTXHXQRVORVYHQGHPDVLDGRDPSOLRVRWURVGHPDVLDGRUHVWULQJLGRV´ (VWDVGLVFUHSDQFLDVVRQFRQWHPSODGDVGHPDQHUDSRVLWLYDSRUDOJXQRVSURIHVRUHVGHELGRD ODVGLVFXVLRQHVTXHJHQHUD ³ODGLVFXVLyQHVEXHQDHORWURGtDHVWXYLPRVGLVFXWLHQGRVREUHODSURPRFLyQGHORV DOXPQRVGHOD(62DTXpDVSHFWRVKD\TXHGDUOHPiVLPSRUWDQFLDDODKRUDGHHYDOXDU\ GHPiV\HVRHVEXHQR´ 2WURGHORVDVSHFWRVTXHVHVHxDODQFRPRFRQIOLFWLYRVHVHOGHODV$GDSWDFLRQHV&XUULFXODUHV HQ HO TXH HO SURIHVRUDGR D SHVDU GH YHUODV FRPR DOJR QHFHVDULR VH VLHQWH LPSRVLELOLWDGR SDUDOOHYDUODVDGHODQWH ³6XUJHVXUJLyPXFKRSUREOHPDWDPELpQ\WRGDYtDH[LVWHFRQODVDGDSWDFLRQHVFXUULFXODUHV DGDSWDFLyQ FXUULFXODU R VHJXLPLHQWRV LQGLYLGXDOHV /D JHQWH SUiFWLFDPHQWH YH TXH HV LPSRVLEOH$GDSWDUHOFXUULFXOXPSDUDXQDOXPQR(QWRQFHVVXUJHHOWHPDGHVLHPSUH¢TXp KDFHPRV" ¢DWHQGHPRV D ORV DOXPQRV EXHQRV DWHQGHPRV D ORV PDORV" (O SURIHVRUDGR SLHQVDTXHDVtLQGLYLGXDOPHQWHHVLPSRVLEOH´ (QUHODFLyQFRQODPHWRGRORJtDODVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHORVSURIHVRUHVVHQWtDQWHQHUHUDQPX\ HVFDVDVGHELGRVREUHWRGRDODVOLPLWDFLRQHVTXHHOSURSLRFHQWURDQLYHOGHGRWDFLyQOHV PDUFDED \ D OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH pVWD FRPR DOJR TXH GLItFLOPHQWH VH SXHGH HVWDEOHFHU FRQ H[DFWLWXG ³5HDOPHQWHODPHWRGRORJtDHVPX\GLItFLOHQFDVLOODUODHQWRQFHVLUODVFRQWUDHOHVStULWXGHOD /2*6(TXHHVWHQHUXQFXUULFXOXPDELHUWR\GDUOLEHUWDGDFDGDSURIHVRUGHTXHHQIRTXHOD DVLJQDWXUDVHJ~Q%XHQRFULWHULRVFRPRORGHODVDQJUHFRQOHWUDHQWUDQRFULWHULRVPX\ JHQHUDOHV SHUR WDPSRFR SXHGHV KDFHU PXFKR PiV IDYRUHFHU ODV SUiFWLFDV WHyULFDPHQWH FODURSRUTXHHQXQODERUDWRULRGRQGHFDEHQDSUHWDGRVHQXQDFODVHGHLPSRVLEOH´ 2WUDVFXHVWLRQHVFRPRORVKRUDULRVODRULHQWDFLyQHWFIXHURQWUDWDGRVWDPELpQGHPDQHUD FROHFWLYD SRU HO FRQMXQWR GH GRFHQWHV SHUR HQ OR UHIHULGR D REMHWLYRV \ FRQWHQLGRV D FRQVHJXLU \ WUDEDMDU SRU SDUWH GH ORV DOXPQRV VH GHOHJy WRGD OD UHVSRQVDELOLGDG D ORV 6HPLQDULRV\'HSDUWDPHQWRV ³HQORVVHPLQDULRVVHHVWDEOHFLHURQ ORVREMHWLYRV\FRQWHQLGRVTXH\DFRQVWDEDQHQODV SURJUDPDFLRQHV´ (OHVSHFLILFDUHVWRVREMHWLYRV\FRQWHQLGRVVXSXVRUHRUJDQL]DUHOWUDEDMRGHDxRVDQWHULRUHV \ FRPHQWDUOR GHQWUR GH FDGD 'HSDUWDPHQWR DXQTXH QR HQ FRP~Q FRQ HO UHVWR GHO SURIHVRUDGRGHHVDHWDSDHGXFDWLYD ³(QFRP~QFRQORVRWURVQR(QFRP~QGHQWURGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRSRUTXHDOILQ\DOFDER VDOYR ODV DVLJQDWXUDV TXH VRQ WUDQVYHUVDOHV TXH HVDV HVWiQ XQ SRFR DKt SXHVWDV SRU LPSRVLFLyQTXHD~QQRVHVDEHPX\ELHQFyPRVHGHMDQGHGDURQRSXHVSDUDORGHPiVVH UHXQLy FDGD 'HSDUWDPHQWR \ DFODUy FRPR HVWDPRV GDQGR OD (62 HQWRQFHV EXHQR KD\ RWURVFRQWHQLGRVRWUDHVWUXFWXUDGLVWLQWDVHUHKL]RHVRXQSRFRSRUVHPLQDULRV$GHPiV GHORTXHHVJHQHUDOHQHO3&&HVWiQODVSURJUDPDFLRQHVGHiUHDODV3&$\HVR\DIXH VHPLQDULRDVHPLQDULRFDGDXQRUHDOL]yVX3&$GHDFXHUGRFRQVXVFULWHULRVDKtQRVH FRPHQWyQDGD´ 'HQWUR GH ORV FRQWHQLGRV HO HTXLOLEULR HQWUH FRQWHQLGRV FRQFHSWXDOHV SURFHGLPHQWDOHV \ DFWLWXGLQDOHVGHVSHUWyXQDIXHUWHSROpPLFD3RUXQDSDUWHORVSURIHVRUHVVHHQFXHQWUDQFRQ ODSURSXHVWDGHO'&%\SRURWUDFRQODUHDOLGDGGHOFHQWUR\GHORVDOXPQRV ³GLVFXVLRQHVJRUGDVHQORVFRQWHQLGRVFRQFHSWXDOHVTXHKD\TXHWRFDU/RTXHSDVD HVTXHDTXtKD\YDULDVSRVWXUDV3RUXQODGRHVWiHO'&%SRURWURODGRHVWiODUHDOLGDGGH 3URIHVRUDGR9ROXPHQ1~PHUR  ORV DOXPQRV ¢HQWLHQGHV" /D &RQVHOOHUtD R OD 'HOHJDFLyQ WH H[LJH TXH HO '&%  KD\ TXH FXPSOLUORSHURVLORFXPSOLPRVDTXtQRSDVDQDGLH´ 3RU RWUR ODGR HO FDUiFWHU SURSHGpXWLFR TXH ORV SURIHVRUHV OH DWULEX\HQ D OD (62 FRPR SUHSDUDWRULDSDUDXQ%DFKLOOHUDWRTXHORVFRQGXFLUiDOD8QLYHUVLGDGKDFHTXHHVWHHTXLOLEULR VHSUHVHQWHFRPRPX\SUREOHPiWLFR ³8QDFRVDHVWUDEDMDUSURFHGLPLHQWRVHQFODVH\DFWLWXGHV\DOJ~QFRQRFLPLHQWRUHODFLRQDGR \RWUDFRVDHVGDUFRQFHSWRVH[SOLFDUORVGHXQDIRUPDRGHRWUDTXH\RSLHQVRTXHDKtHVWi UHDOPHQWHHOGHVIDVH$QWHVWHQtDPRVWUHVFXUVRVGH%83\XQRGH&28GLUHFWDPHQWH SUHSDUDGR SDUD OD 8QLYHUVLGDG \ WUHV FXUVRV GH %83 HQ ORV TXH VH OHV LED SUHSDUDQGR HO FDPLQR $KRUD ORV FXUVRV GH (62 VRQ GH DTXHOOD PDQHUD  ODV DFWLWXGHV \ PXFKRV SURFHGLPLHQWRV\RSLHQVRTXHLQWUtQVHFDPHQWH\DVHWLHQHQHQFXHQWD(VWRQRVRQFODVHV PDJLVWUDOHV \R SLHQVR TXH QLQJ~Q SURIHVRU HQ HO LQVWLWXWR GD FODVHV PDJLVWUDOHV \D HVWi KDFLHQGRSURFHGLPLHQWRV\DFWLWXGHVSHURFODURXQDFRVDHVGHGLFDUOHPXFKRWLHPSR\RWUD HVDGDSWDUORDORTXHWLHQHVTXHGDU´  &21&/86,21(6 8QD YH] DQDOL]DGDV ODV GHFODUDFLRQHV GH ORV SURIHVRUHV SDUHFH HYLGHQWH TXH OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH OD 5HIRUPD (GXFDWLYD D QLYHO FXUULFXODU HQ OR TXH VH UHILHUH D OD HODERUDFLyQ GH ORV 3&&V HVWi VXSRQLHQGR VHULRV SUREOHPDV $VSHFWRV FRQWH[WXDOHV GHO FHQWUR IUDFDVR HVFRODU UHODFLRQHV FHQWURIDPLOLD SUiFWLFDPHQWH QXODV DEVHQWLVPR HVFRODU IDOWDGHGRWDFLyQHWFDVtFRPRGRFHQWHVHUURUHVGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODILORVRItDTXHKDGH JXLDU OD HODERUDFLyQ GH ORV 3UR\HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV LQHVWDELOLGDG GHVHQFDQWR SURIHVLRQDO SDUWLFLSDFLyQSDUFLDOGHOHJDFLyQH[FOXVLYDHQHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHFRQWHQLGRV\REMHWLYRVD QLYHOGH'HSDUWDPHQWRHWFRGHODSURSLD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ(GXFDWLYDDXVHQFLDGHDSR\R\ DVHVRUDPLHQWRIDOWDGHLQIRUPDFLyQILMDFLyQGHSOD]RVUtJLGRVHWFHVWiQLQIOX\HQGRHQTXH ORV 3UR\HFWRV &XUULFXODUHV QR UHVSRQGDQ D VX ~OWLPR REMHWLYR RUJDQL]DU \ YHUWHEUDU OD DFWLYLGDG LQVWUXFWLYRIRUPDWLYD GHO FHQWUR HGXFDWLYR 3DUHFH PiV ELHQ TXH VX HODERUDFLyQ UHVSRQGHPiVTXHQDGDDFXHVWLRQHVEXURFUiWLFDVTXHSXHGHQKDFHUTXHQRVHDPiVTXHXQ GRFXPHQWRSDUDSUHVHQWDUDOD$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ(GXFDWLYDVLQUHSHUFXVLyQDOJXQDHQODVDXODV 3HUR SHVH D ODV PDQLIHVWDFLRQHV HQ FRQWUD GHO SURFHVR VHJXLGR HQ OD LPSODQWDFLyQ GH OD 5HIRUPD \ GH OD (62 REVHUYDPRV WDPELpQ XQD FLHUWD LOXVLyQ \ HVSHUDQ]D HQWUH HO SURIHVRUDGR TXH SXHGH KDFHU TXH ILQDOPHQWH \ FRQ HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR \ SHVH D OD FRPSOHMLGDGTXHSDUDORVGRFHQWHVVXSRQHWRGRPHMRUH\VHOOHJXHDDUWLFXODU\GHVDUUROODU XQYHUGDGHURLWLQHUDULRFXUULFXODU&RPRPX\ELHQVHxDODQORVSURSLRVSURIHVRUHV ³FRQHOIRQGRGHHVWRHVWR\SOHQDPHQWHGHDFXHUGR\FRQORTXHVHKL]RHOSUREOHPDHV OOHYDUORDODSUiFWLFD<RSLHQVRTXHFXDQGRVHLPSODQWH\HVWpWRGRJHQHUDOL]DGR\RQR VpTXHSDVDUiSHUR+DFHIDOWDWLHPSRHVXQWHPDIDVWLGLDGR´   %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ ÈOYDUH]0pQGH]-0³,QYHVWLJDFLyQFXDQWLWDWLYDLQYHVWLJDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYD¢8QDIDOVD GLV\XQWLYD"´ HQ &RR. -' \ 5HLFKDUGW 06 0pWRGRV FXDOLWDWLYRV \ FXDQWLWDWLYRV HQ LQYHVWLJDFLyQHYDOXDWLYD0DGULG0RUDWD )HUQiQGH]6LHUUD-³(YDOXDFLyQGHOFXUULFXOXPSHUVSHFWLYDVFXUULFXODUHV\HQIRTXHV HQ VX HYDOXDFLyQ´ HQ $QJXOR 5DVFR -) \ %ODQFR 1  7HRUtD \ GHVDUUROOR GHO FXUULFXOXP0iODJD$OJLEH )R['(OSURFHVRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ(GXFDFLyQ3DPSORQD(XQVD 6DUFHGD0&/DHYDOXDFLyQGHO3&&(OHVWDGRGHODFXHVWLyQ8QHVWXGLRGHFDVR 0HPRULD GH /LFHQFLDWXUD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH 6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD )DFXOWDG GH )LORVRItD \ &LHQFLDVGHOD(GXFDFLyQ =DEDO]D%HUD]D0$³(YDOXDFLyQGH3UR\HFWRVGH&HQWUR´HQ=DEDO]D%HUD]D0$ HG5HIRUPD(GXFDWLYD\2UJDQL]DFLyQ(VFRODU6DQWLDJR7yUFXOR 