La elaboración de proyectos curriculares: problemática y perspectiva
Abstract
Se presenta un trabajo que pretende conocer en profundidad la realidad de los Proyectos Curriculares de Centro en el seno de los Centros de Educación Secundaria. La metodología seguida fue el estudio de caso con entrevistas no estructuradas a los docentes de un centro educativo de enseñanza secundaria referidos a los Proyectos Curriculares. De las conclusiones obtenidas, se destaca que la elaboración del Proyecto Curricular de Centro responde más a una cuestión burocrática que a una necesidad de organizar la actividad formativo-instructiva de un centro educativo.
Full text
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