Ad ancing was e alo iza ion and end-o -li e s a egies in he bioeconomy
h ough mul i-c i e ia app oaches and he sa e and sus ainable by
design amewo k
Ana A ias
a,b,*
, Gume sindo Feijoo
b
, Ma ia Te esa Mo ei a
b
, A nold Tukke
a
,
S e ano Cucu achi
a
a
Leiden Uni e si y, Ins i u e o En i onmen al Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, Ne he lands
b
CRETUS, Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, School o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, 15782, San iago de Compos ela, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Bioeconomy
Sus ainabili y
Was e alo iza ion
Li e cycle assessmen
Sa e and sus ainable by design
ABSTRACT
P ope was e managemen is a key elemen in he ansi ion o a sus ainable bioeconomy. Popula ion g ow h and
he demand o ood and se ices ha e led o an e e -inc easing p oduc ion o bio ic was e whose disposal in
land ills is no longe conside ed a sus ainable op ion. Fo his eason, e o s a e being made o ind an app o-
p ia e managemen s a egy o bio ic was e, whose o ganic con en allows i o be conside ed as a esou ce o
he de elopmen o bio echnological and/o bio e ine y p ocesses. Assessing he sus ainabili y o al e na i e
op ions is o pa amoun impo ance. To his end, his sys ema ic e iew esea ches ends in was e managemen
in e ms o echnology and sus ainabili y p o ile acco ding o he li e-cycle app oach and mul i-c i e ia analysis.
The aim is o p o ide insigh s in o po en ial esou ce eco e y and was e alo iza ion schemes owa ds high-
alue-added p oduc s in he ma ke place, beyond hei di ec ene gy eco e y. Ou esul s show ha u u e
s udies should ocus on he de elopmen o mul i-c i e ia analysis om an SSbD pe spec i e, so ha all pilla s o
sus ainabili y and isk assessmen a e p ope ly assessed om an ea ly design s age.
1. In oduc ion
The impac o indus ial and human ac i i ies on he quali y o he
en i onmen , he deple ion o ossil esou ces, he demand o mo e
equi able jobs and he in e es in heal hy and en i onmen ally iendly
p oduc s by consume s a e elemen s unde he spo ligh [1–3]. The e is a
g owing awa eness o he need o change, in which he ansi ion o he
p oduc i e model owa ds a mo e esponsible and cleane one is
equi ed. This is why new ini ia i es ha e been launched o d i e his
ansi ion, such as he EU G een Deal and he Ac ion Plan o he Ci cula
Economy, among o he s. In his con ex , he bioeconomy app oach ap-
pea s as an e ec i e and e icien amewo k o mo e u he owa ds a
g eene and a sus ainable ansi ion [4,5].
The bio-based economy is conside ed necessa y o add ess and sol e
cu en global challenges, which encompass ood secu i y, e icien use
o na u al esou ces, main enance o ecological limi s, economic
de elopmen and social wel a e [6,7]. In his complex pano ama, one o
he key d i e s o his ansi ion is he ans o ma ion and adap a ion o
sus ainable ood- ela ed alue chains [8,9].
The EU Council discussed he challenges o inc easing sus ainable
ag icul u al p oduc ion, wo king on closing nu ien cycles and boos ing
esea ch and inno a ion o inc ease he compe i i eness o bio-based
p oduc s. Fo his, i is necessa y o os e symbiosis be ween all s ake-
holde s in ol ed in he alue chain in o de o de elop new oppo u-
ni ies o educe was e, imp o e he e icien use o esou ces and
inc ease he sus ainabili y o he ood- ela ed sec o [10,11].
I is in his con ex ha his sys ema ic e iew is amed, as i del es
in o an analysis o bio ic was e managemen and alo iza ion echnol-
ogies o esidual s eams ela ed o he ag icul u e, o es y, and ood
sec o . This sys ema ic e iew p o ides an o e iew o he echnologies
ha ha e been mos ex ensi ely assessed and includes he iden i ica ion
o he sus ainable and mul i-c i e ia assessmen s a ailable in he li e -
a u e o quan i y he e iciency and e ec i eness o was e managemen
s a egies o d i e change and esilience. Wi h espec o he sus ain-
abili y assessmen , he a icles conside ed a e he ones ollowing he Li e
Cycle hinking app oach, which is a s anda dized me hod de eloped on
he in e na ional guideline ISO 14040 [12], conside ing he analysis o
all he pilla s: en i onmen al [13], economic[14] and social [15,16]. On
* Co esponding au ho . Leiden Uni e si y, Ins i u e o En i onmen al Sciences (CML), PO Box 9518, 2300, RA Leiden, Ne he lands.
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed],[email p o ec ed] (A. A ias).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ se
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. se .2024.114907
Recei ed 3 May 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 4 Sep embe 2024; Accep ed 5 Sep embe 2024
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
A ailable online 9 Sep embe 2024
1364-0321/© 2024 The Au ho (s). Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/ ).
he o he hand, also he scope and applicabili y o he
Sa e-and-Sus ainable by Design (SSbD) amewo k o a Eu opean bio-
economy has also been included. The SSbD is, by na u e, a mul idi-
mensional amewo k ha encompasses he analysis o heal h, sa e y,
en i onmen , economics and isk o he a ge p ocesses. The SSbD
amewo k is a olun a y amewo k ha aims o enhance g een and
sus ainable indus ial p ocessing, looking o a oid he use o chemicals
and compounds ha could en ail a haza d on he heal h and/o on he
en i onmen . The assessmen unde his amewo k equi es he
de elopmen o i e main s ages: h ee conce ing he sa e y dimension
(haza d assessmen , human heal h &sa e y aspec s, human heal h &
en i onmen al aspec s), en i onmen al dimension (en i onmen al sus-
ainabili y assessmen ollowing he LCA me hodology) and social and
economic dimension (including he sus ainable analysis o hose a eas o
conce n) [17].
This sys ema ic e iew p o ides in o ma ion and p ac ical lessons on
he echnological s a egies o enhance and imp o e he eco e y and
alo iza ion o esidual s eams coming om he bioeconomy sec o s. I
also iden i ies he bio-p oduc s ha ha e been he co e o he esea ch
analysis in he li e a u e, as well as i de elops an analysis on he
me hodological assessmen s ha ha e been used o e alua e hese
alo iza ion p ocesses unde a sus ainable pe spec i e. This e iew
could be a guidance o he de elopmen o u u e esea ch, echno-
logical s a egies and ac ions owa ds esidues alo iza ion. willing o
p omo e a mo e sus ainable, ci cula and esilien bio-based sec o .
Fu he mo e, h ough he analysis o sus ainabili y- ela ed me hodolo-
gies, i is expec ed ha he esul s o he e iew will b idge he gap
be ween heo e ical and p ac ical s a egies in he pu sui o success ul
EoL s a egies.
The main no el y o his e iew is (1) he p o ision o an in eg a ed
assessmen : his e iew is based on he combina ion o li e cycle as-
sessmen s, economic e alua ion, social analysis and ci cula i y ap-
p oaches, p o iding a mul ic i e ia and comp ehensi e analysis o was e
alo iza ion s a egies. This combined app oach p o ides a nuance deep
analysis o he en i onmen al and economic cons ain s and challenges
o was e- o- esou ces p ocesses, which has no been deeply analyzed in
he li e a u e, (2) he sys ema ic analysis de eloped highligh s he p e-
iously explo ed, and unexplo ed, ade-o s and syne gies abou was e
alo iza ion echnologies and assessmen ends, which is conside ed as
a c ucial analysis o guiding u u e esea ch on ci cula and sus ainable
was e managemen , (3) he iple analysis be ween li e cycle pe spec-
i es, SSbD and echnologies o e s a global o e iew and a o wa d-
looking pe spec i e on how he echnologies should be u he
imp o ed o implemen ed o achie e a mo e sus ainable and ci cula
bioeconomy, and (4) his e iew discuss, in a e y i s ime, abou he
in eg a ion o SSbD amewo k on he was e- o- esou ce alo iza ion
echnologies and assessmen s, and his app oach is conside ed as an
s a egic decision-making in he p oduc ion sec o , cu en ly unde
de elopmen by he Eu opean Commission. I has been discussed abou
how SSbD could be applied, and which challenges and needs a e
equi ed o enhance i s use and o p o ide a mo e holis ic and
comp ehensi e analysis conce ning sa e y, sus ainabili y and ci cula i y
as a whole om ea ly-s ages o design. All hese aspec s could con ibu e
signi ican ly o bo h academic li e a u e and p ac ical applica ions in
sus ainable was e managemen echnologies, os e ing a sus ainable and
e icien bioeconomy.
2. Me hodology
In o de o assess he was e managemen and EoL alo iza ion s a-
egies ela ed o he bioeconomy sec o , a sys ema ic e iew on he a -
icles a ailable on he li e a u e ha ha e analyzed his a ea o esea ch
has been de eloped. Acco ding o G an and Boo h[18], his e iew
could be ca alogued as sys ema ic as i seeks o selec he mos ele an
esea ch a icles on he ield in a na a i e manne , including also a
ho ough analysis and discussion on wha has been ound on he
li e a u e, oge he wi h a desc ip ion o he cu en gaps and u u e
challenges and ecommenda ions.
The aim is o be able o answe he ollowing esea ch ques ions (RQ)
ela ed o he echnological de elopmen on was e alo iza ion s a e-
gies, as well as he analysis o hose echnologies unde a sus ainable
and/o ci cula app oach, unde a li e cycle and SSbD amewo ks.
RQ1 Wha a e he mos ecu en was e managemen and EoL alo i-
za ion echnologies ha ha e been analyzed in he las 10 yea s?
RQ2 Do he a icles a ailable o RQ1 include an en i onmen al sus-
ainabili y assessmen ? Do hey ollow an LCA pe spec i e?
Which unc ional uni and me hodology we e conside ed o he
assessmen ? Which en i onmen al impac s we e assessed?
RQ3 Do he a icles a ailable o RQ1 include an economic sus ain-
abili y o echno-economic assessmen ? Is he alo iza ion s a -
egy economically iable?
RQ4 Do he a icles a ailable o RQ1 include a social sus ainabili y
assessmen ? Wha me hodology is used? How many indica o s
a e p o ided?
RQ5 Do he a icles a ailable o RQ1 include a ci cula i y assessmen ?
How many indica o s a e p o ided? Does he alo iza ion s a -
egy ollow a ci cula economy app oach?
To ind an answe o he abo e esea ch ques ions, PRISMA guide-
lines, p o iding an adequa e p ocedu e o iden i y, selec and analyze
s udies, and he SCOPUS da abase ha e been used, and conside ed he
combina ion o he ollowing keywo ds: RQ1 “was e alo iza ion AND
echnologies AND ood OR ag icul u e OR o es y”[ ime ame
2014–2024],RQ2 “RQ1 keywo ds AND li e cycle assessmen OR LCA”
[ ime ame 2014–2024], RQ3 “RQ1 keywo ds AND li e cycle cos OR LCC
OR echno-economic assessmen OR TEA [ ime ame 2014–2024],RQ4
“RQ1 keywo ds AND social assessmen OR analysis”[ ime ame
2014–2024],RQ5 “RQ1 keywo ds AND ci cula i y”[ ime ame
2014–2024].
The ollowing exclusion c i e ia we e conside ed: (1) e iew a icles
o con e ence/symposium p oceedings o book chap e s a e no
included, only esea ch a icles, (2) he a icles mus be w i en in En-
glish, (3) he a icles mus be a ailable in Open Access and (4) a icles
and pape s should be in he scope o he opic o analysis. A e he
applica ion o hese exclusion c i e ia, 206 s udies we e conside ed
sui able o e iew.
The PRISMA lowcha , ha p o ides in o ma ion abou he di e en
phases conside ed o he de elopmen o his sys ema ic e iew,
including he maping o he numbe o eco ds iden i ied and included
on each phase, is shown in Fig. 1, ending up wi h he inal esea ch
a icles selec ed o analysis.
3. Resul s
This sec ion is di ided in o a i s analysis o he mos ele an
alo iza ion s a egies in he li e a u e, om a echnological poin o
iew (Sec ion 3.1.1), o con inue wi h he e alua ion o he was e
s eams ha ha e been mos s udied om he pe spec i e o hei
alo iza ion (Sec ion 3.1.2). In addi ion o he echnological aspec and
he ypology o was es used as aw ma e ial o he de elopmen o
bio e ine y models, he ype o biop oduc s ob ained om hese alo-
iza ion schemes has also been e alua ed (Sec ion 3.1.3), as well as he
combina ion o all hese aspec s, i.e. he co ela ion be ween
echnology-was e-p oduc (Sec ion 3.1.4). On he o he hand, in he
pu sui o he ansi ion o he bioeconomy, i is no only impo an o
de elop mo e ci cula p oduc ion models, bu also o ad oca e o he
mo e sus ainable ones. The ac ha a p ocess is bio-based does no
mean ha i is mo e sus ainable han i s chemical coun e pa , which is
why he use o assessmen me hodologies is essen ial. In his ega d,
Sec ion 3.2 includes an analysis o he esea ch a icles ha ha e
conside ed an e alua ion using a li e cycle app oach, bo h om an
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
2
en i onmen al and economic poin o iew (Sec ion 3.2.1), as well as
om a social pe spec i e (Sec ion 3.2.2), which a e he h ee pilla s o
sus ainabili y. In addi ion, i has been app ecia ed ha o he au ho s
ha e conside ed o e alua e bio e ine y models om a mul i-c i e ia
pe spec i e, which is discussed in Sec ion 3.2.3. Finally, he link be-
ween bio e ine ies and he SSbD amewo k is a gued
in Sec ion 3.4.
3.1. S a e-o - he-a on was e-based bio e ine y models
3.1.1. Mos ele an alo iza ion s a egies
Once he e alua ion o he 327 esea ch manusc ip s was comple ed,
i has been p oceeded wi h classi ying he e iewed a icles acco ding o
he ype o echnology used o he alo iza ion o was e om he in-
dus ial, ood, ag icul u al, domes ic and municipal sec o s.
As can be seen in Fig. 2, he e a e a la ge numbe o was e alo i-
za ion echnologies, as well as combina ions be ween hem, al hough
he ones ha s and ou a e echnologies based on hea eco e y, ha
indeed a e alo iza ion s a egies bu on a lowe le el o in e es , as he
calo i ic alue o he was e s eams is he a ge alue, and anae obic
diges ion o he p oduc ion o biogas, as well as liquid and solid
diges a es, which can be used as bio e ilize s.
In he case o he bio echnological ea men , e men a ion is widely
s udied, gi en he possibili y o he alo iza ion o he e men able
suga s o he o mula ion o cul u e media o di e se mic obial s ains.
The eco e y o high- alue compounds om was e is also a ocus o
esea ch, using a a ie y o ex ac ion and sepa a ion echniques. Sol-
en ex ac ion is one o he mos adi ional me hods o eco e alu-
able compounds om was e al hough he consump ion o la ge
quan i ies o chemical sol en s is an issue o ake in o accoun . Fo his
eason, he use o less chemical-in ensi e ex ac ion echnologies has
been in es iga ed in ecen yea s, al hough hei la ge-scale applica ion
is s ill unde de elopmen . Among hese, ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion
is based on he dis up ion o cell walls by he applica ion o high-
equency sound wa es, hus inc easing he su ace a ea a ailable o
ex ac ion. Ex ac ion yields a e usually highe and ex ac ion imes
sho e compa ed o sol en ex ac ion, which as shown in Fig. 3.
Mo eo e , i equi es i ually no chemical sol en s o he p ocess and
equi es mild ope a ing condi ions, which a oids deg ada ion o he
compounds due o high empe a u e. In addi ion o ul asound, mic o-
wa e and supe c i ical luid ex ac ion echnologies s and ou . This
echnology implies he use o mic owa e ene gy o hea he ex ac ion
sol en in con ac wi h he solid ma ix, making i a less use ul ech-
nology o hea -sensi i e bioac i e compounds. Rega ding he use o
supe c i ical luid ex ac ion, he use o ca bon dioxide is he mos
widely used, usually in combina ion wi h e hanol o imp o e he yield o
he p ocess. The use o supe c i ical luid ex ac ion elies on he use o
CO
2
in combina ion wi h e hanol unde high-p essu e condi ions. I is
cha ac e ized by high selec i i y, e iciency and sho ex ac ion ime,
and is usually coupled wi h a condense o eco e 100 % o he
Fig. 1. Me hodological app oach o he selec ion o a icles o be u he analyzed conside ing PRISMA guidelines.
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
3
supe c i ical luid and sol en used o ex ac ion.
Ano he echnology ha also s ands ou is he use o memb anes,
mainly nano il a ion, ul a il a ion and e e se osmosis, o eco e and
concen a e nu ien s, bioac i e compounds and o he ino ganic and
o ganic p oduc s. I is mos ly used in combina ion wi h o he alo iza-
ion echnologies. The exclusi e use o memb ane echnologies o was e
alo iza ion could pose se e al p oblems, om high ene gy
consump ion, leading o high en i onmen al bu dens and associa ed
p oduc ion cos s, o ouling o memb anes o educed selec i i y, among
o he s, so coupling wi h o he echnologies is conside ed he bes
al e na i e.
3.1.2. Mos ele an was e s eams o be alo ized
In addi ion o assessing and ca ego izing he ype o echnology used
Fig. 2. Mos ele an echnologies used o was e alo iza ion ound on esea ch a icles om 2014 un il 2024.
Fig. 3. Analogy be ween ype o was e and ype o echnology used o was e alo iza ion s a egy.
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
4
o was e eco e y, i could also be classi ied ega ding he ype o was e
alo ized in he assessed li e a u e, which include ege able, ui and
c op was e. In his case, he echnologies ha ha e been mos ex en-
si ely s udied in he li e a u e ha e been selec ed, as can be seen in
Fig. 3. As o he ype o echnology ha s ands ou mos in hei alo-
iza ion, i is ex ac ion, speci ically ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion,
ollowed by mic owa e-assis ed ex ac ion, al hough e men a ion also
plays an impo an ole.
In addi ion o ag icul u al esidues, he e a e also indus ial esidues
associa ed wi h he ag i- ood sec o , as o example oli e mill was e [19,
20], o ui indus ial p ocessing was e [21–23], and ood was e om
household [24]. Fo bo h o hese, he ex ac ion echnology is no longe
a p io i y, since hei con en o bioac i e compounds is no as high
compa ed o hose p esen in ege able, c op and ui esidues. The use
o ag o- ood was e as a ca bon sou ce o e men a i e p ocesses is he
mos s udied op ion in he li e a u e, wi hou uling ou eco e y
h ough anae obic diges ion, especially o domes ic was e [25–28].
Finally, o ga den was e, o ganic municipal was e and gene al
biomass was e, anae obic diges ion is he ou s anding alo iza ion
s a egy ha has been e alua ed in he li e a u e [29–32], while o
dai y, ish and mea was e o ki chen was e, i.e. oils, anae obic diges ion
p ocesses [33,34], memb ane p ocesses[35] and supe c i ical luid
ex ac ion [36] ha e also been conside ed.
3.1.3. Mos ele an bio-p oduc s alo ized
Conside ing he ype o p oduc , h ee s and ou by a , wi h he
ex ac ion o bioac i e compounds being he mos p ominen , speci -
ically by means o ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion echnology, wi h a
signi ican sha e o mic owa e-assis ed ex ac ion and con en ional
sol en ex ac ion. Bioac i e compounds include an ioxidan s, pep ides,
p o eins, ca o enoids, linolenic acid, omega 3, among o he s (see Fig. 4).
P oduc s ela ed o bioene gy and bio uel a e ob ained h ough
anae obic diges ion and e men a ion echnology. The anae obic
diges ion p ocess esul s in he p oduc ion o biogas, which can be
con e ed in o he mal ene gy and elec ici y h ough a coupled
cogene a ion sys em. This has been he app oach analyzed by [37],
based on he alo iza ion o he bio-was e ac ion o he municipal solid
was e o Madei a and Po o San o Island h ough anae obic diges ion
coupled wi h a combined hea and powe sys em, achie ing con e sion
alues ha amoun s o he p oduc ion o 7.54 GWh o elec ici y and
12.14 GWh o hea by alo izing 64 k ons o biowas e. The use o bio-
was e has also been s udied by G oss e al. [38], conc e ely he biowas e
ac ion o Indian municipali ies, bu also in combina ion wi h manu e
and c op esidues, and concluded ha i s ene gy alo iza ion wi h
anae obic diges ion could be able o subs i u e a ound 60 % o he o al
ene gy used in households o illages, and a ound 10 % in chase o
households in ci ies, which could help on achie ing mo e ci cula owns
and ci ies [38]. Besides, i has also been e alua ed he op ion o ha ing
cen alized o decen alized anae obic diges ion sys ems o he alo i-
za ion o o ganic was e, as analyzed by [39], as he loca ion o he a-
cili y could ha e a signi ican e ec on he ad an age o using he
elec ici y and hea p oduced in he su ounding communi ies. The
analysis done, conside ing a ious scena ios, highligh ed he en i on-
men al bene i s o using anae obic diges ion echnologies a he han
incine a ion o he o ganic was e, as well as hose decen alized acil-
i ies, ocused on biogas p oduc ion, a e he ones sa ing highe quan i y
o GHG emissions and ene gy, hus being mo e sus ainable. On he o he
hand, e en hough ag icul u al and municipal was e a e he esidual aw
ma e ials p e e ed o de elop anae obic diges ion, also dai y was e has
been s udied as a possible ma e ial o ene gy eco e y. The assessmen
has shown ha by he alo iza ion o 1 L o dai y manu e pe day wi h
an anae obic diges ion sys em combined wi h hyd o he mal lique ac-
ion uni , i is possible o ge 1.03 kWh o elec ici y, 275 L o bioc ude
and 198 kg o hyd ocha , hus being a cascade p ocess wi h high added
alue compounds ob ained [40].
On he o he hand, he e men a ion p ocess is commonly used o
p oduce bio uels such as bioe hanol o biohyd ogen, which equi es
da k e men a ion. The p oduc ion o bioe hanol has been a icleed by,
o example [41], using mango and o ange peel was es e men ed by a
mixed cul u e o a ious bac e ia s ains (En e obac e cloacae,
Fig. 4. Analogy be ween ype o bio-p oduc and ype o echnology used o i s p oduc ion.
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
5
Pseudomonas ae uginosa and Bacillus ce eus), and p o iding a yield on
bioe hanol p oduc ion ha amoun s o 32 % a e 72 h o ba ch
e men a ion p ocess. I has also been a icleed he use o he diges a e
coming om he anae obic diges ion p ocess, in o de o achie e a mo e
ci cula ene gy eco e y s a egy, achie ing a bioe hanol yield ha
amoun s o 37 g/kg o o al solid con en on he diges a e, and hus
p o iding an ex a elec ici y p oduc ion o 8483 kWh pe day [42].
Biochemicals and biomolecules also ha e an impo an weigh in he
li e a u e, ob ained mainly by e men a ion p ocesses, bu also by
ex ac ion p ocesses, wi h supe c i ical luid ex ac ion s anding ou ,
ollowed by ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion. Some o he p oduc s
included in his ca ego y a e lac ic acid (ob ained by he e men a ion o
mixed bake y was e [43], ui was e [44], po a o was e [45] and/o
ood was e [46]) e ulic acid (p oduced by an enzyma ic ex ac ion
p ocess using as aw ma e ial indus ial esidues as b ewe s spen g ains
[47]), xylooligosaccha ides (mainly using ag owas e and conside ing
enzyma ic con e sion o hyd o he mal ea men o i s p oduc ion [48,
49]), o enzymes such as alpha amylase, p oduced by he e men a ion
o ice by-p oduc s [50], o β-1,4-endoxylanase, ob ained by he enzy-
ma ic hyd olysis o whea s aw [51].
In he con ex o anae obic diges ion, i is e y common o use
diges a e o p oduce o ganic e ilize s o biocha [52], as i s high
o ganic con en makes i an ideal composi ion o imp o e he quali y
and nu ien balance o ag icul u al soils. O he less ele an p oduc s in
he li e a u e a e animal eed [53], gi en hei low economic bene i
compa ed o bioac i e compounds, and also biological p oduc s used o
o he ea men s, such as use in bio emedia ion, as adso ben s [54] o
o e micompos ing [55], and hose we e conside ed as “bio-based
p oduc s o al e na i e ea men s”.
3.1.4. Co ela ion be ween echnologies, was e s eams and bio-p oduc s
The ela ionship be ween he ype o echnologies mos p ominen in
he li e a u e, he ype o was e used as a esou ce o be alo ized and
he ca ego y o biop oduc ob ained is p esen ed in Table 1. I is wo h
men ioning ha , al hough a end has been obse ed be ween he ype
o was e s eam and he echnology used o i s alo iza ion, ou
assessmen shows ha se e al s udies ha e chosen o analyze di e en
ypologies o echnologies in o de o assess which o hem is mo e
sui able o he bio e ine y o bio echnology model. Fo example,
s udies end o associa e he anae obic diges ion echnology wi h
municipal and ag icul u al was e, mainly o ob aining bioene gy and
bio-oil, al hough he e is also a s ong endency o alo ize he diges a e
ob ained o he p oduc ion o o ganic e ilize s and biocha .
In he case o ex ac ion echnologies, whe he con en ional, ul a-
sonic, supe c i ical luid o mic owa e, he e is a clea end owa ds he
use o ag icul u al was e. Rega ding he ype o p oduc , i is also clea
ha he main objec i e o alo iza ion is o ob ain bioac i e and
biochemical compounds o biomolecules.
As o e men a ion, he e is no clea ocus on he ype o was e used,
al hough indus ial and ag icul u al was e ha e been s udied o a g ea e
ex en , bu on he ype o biop oduc s ob ained: bioene gy and bio-oil, as
well as biomolecules and biochemicals. As o memb ane echnology, i
is undoub edly he one in which he de elopmen o a smalle numbe o
alo iza ion s a egies has been conside ed, and a g ea a ie y o a ge
biop oduc s has been obse ed. The main eason o his esul may be
due o he ac ha his echnology is usually coupled wi h o he was e
alo iza ion echniques, whe eby i s main conside a ion is o inc ease
he pu i y o he alue-added biop oduc s and hus imp o e hei
quali y.
3.2. Bio e ine ies assessed unde a li e-cycle app oach
3.2.1. Li e cycle assessmen s o alo iza ion o bio ic was e wi h
bio e ine ies
Some o he s udies e alua ed include a combina ion o Li e Cycle
Assessmen (LCA) and economic analysis, using di e en me hodologies
Table 1
Rela ion be ween ype o echnology, ype o was e o be alo ized and ype o bio-p oduc ob ained.
Technology Residue BP1
a
BP2
a
BP3
a
BP4
a
BP5
a
BP6
a
BP7
a
Anae obic diges ion Biomass was e 1 1 1
Dai y, ish and mea -p oduc s was e 3 1
Food was e 3 1
Ga den was e 2
Indus ial was e 1
Ki chen was e 1
O ganic municipal was e 6 1 3
Vege able, c ops and ui was e 7 1
Wood and lea es was e 1 1
Con en ional sol en ex ac ion Dai y, ish and mea -p oduc s was e 1
Indus ial was e 1
Ki chen was e 1
Vege able, c ops and ui was e 1 1 3
Fe men a ion Dai y, ish and mea -p oduc s was e 2 1
Diges a e 1 2
Food was e 1 1 1
Indus ial was e 2 5 1
Vege able, c ops and ui was e 5 1 1 3 1 1
Memb ane p ocess Dai y, ish and mea -p oduc s was e 1 1
Indus ial was e 1 1
Ki chen was e 1
Vege able, c ops and ui was e 1
Mic owa e assis ed ex ac ion Vege able, c ops and ui was e 2 8
Supe c i ical luid ex ac ion Dai y, ish and mea -p oduc s was e 1
Food was e 1
Indus ial was e 2 1
Ki chen was e 1
Vege able, c ops and ui was e 1 3 3
Ul asound assis ed ex ac ion Indus ial was e 2
Vege able, c ops and ui was e 3 10
Wood and lea es was e 2
a
Ac onyms: BP1: Bioene gy &bio-oil, BP2: Biochemicals &biomolecules, BP3: Biopolyme s, BP4: Bioac i e compounds, BP5: O ganic e ilize s &compos &
biocha , BP6: Animal eed and BP7: Bio-based p oduc s o al e na i e ea men s.
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
6
(i.e. Li e Cycle Cos (LCC), Techno-economic assessmen (TEA), cos and
bene i analysis (CBA), e c.), while o he s a e mo e ocused on a single
pilla o sus ainabili y, en i onmen al o economic, a he han pe -
o ming a combina ion be ween hose. Gi en his, o all he li e cycle-
based ound in li e a u e co e ing en i onmen al and economic as-
pec s, hose ha e been analyzed speci ying he me hodological de ails
conside ed o i s de elopmen .
To his end, wi h espec o he en i onmen al pilla , a classi ica ion
has been made acco ding o he unc ional uni s as ollows: "inpu " (I)
based, i.e. he quan i y o inpu o was e in o he p oduc ion sys em, o
"p oduc " (P) based, ela ed o he ou pu o a ge p oduc (s) o he
eco e y sys em. This classi ica ion allows assessing a wide a ie y o
p oduc s and was es. I is wo h men ioning ha when wo o mo e
ou pu s a e ob ained, i is common o selec he inpu as he unc ional
uni , as his is simple and would also allow he de elopmen o an
alloca ion o en i onmen al impac s, which could be ei he a mass
alloca ion o an economic alloca ion.
In 62 % o he manusc ip s, he mass o olume o he in low o he
sys em was conside ed as he unc ional uni (Table 2), e.g. "1 m
3
o ood
was e”[56], "1 on o municipal solid was e" [57–60], " o al mass o
esidues p oduced in one yea " [56,61–63] o "1 on o ood was e"
[64–67]. Rega ding he “p oduc ”base unc ional uni , some examples
a e “1 MJ o bioe hanol”[68,69], “1 kg o ex ac ed compound”[70,71],
“1 kWh o powe ”[72,73] o “an ioxidan capaci y”[69,74].
Rega ding he me hodologies used o cha ac e ize he en i onmen al
impac s o he conside ed alo iza ion schemes, he use o he impac
assessmen me hod ReCiPe s ands ou in 45 % o he a icles analyzed
[156], ollowed by he ollowing me hodologies: CML [157] wi h 25 %,
IPCC [158] wi h 17 % (specially o he calcula ion o he Ca bon
Foo p in ), and he En i onmen al Foo p in (EF), which was conside ed
in 13 % o he a icles analyzed (Table 2).
Fo he s udies applying ReCiPe, mos o hems use he ReCiPe
MidPoin app oach, cha ac e ized by he p o ision o a o al o 18
midpoin impac ca ego ies, om eco oxici y o eu ophica ion, impac
on human heal h, ca bon oo p in o deple ion o ossil esou ces,
among o he s. While some o hem assessed all 18 impac ca ego ies [72,
103,120], o he s ocused on he e alua ion o eu ophica ion, oxici y,
pho ochemical oxida ion and global wa ming [140], on wa e oo p in
and eu ophica ion [155], o on he consump ion o mine al and ossil
esou ces, pa icula e ma e o ma ion, global wa ming and land use
[108].
The CML me hod conside s 11 mid-poin impac ca ego ies, such as
h ee eco oxici y ca ego ies ( e es ial, ma ine and eshwa e eco ox-
ici y), wo ela ed o eu ophica ion (ma ine and eshwa e eu ophi-
ca ion), one assessing esou ce deple ion, namely "Abio ic esou ce use",
and also i sco es human oxici y. As was he case wi h s udies applying
ReCiPe, some pape s co e all CML impac ca ego ies [65,154,86],
while o he s conside e.g. only global wa ming po en ial [109,123],
some imes in combina ion wi h he eu ophica ion and acidi ica ion
po en ial [121].
Fo s udies e e ing o he IPCC, he only impac ca ego y co e ed is
global wa ming [85,90,105,144]. In he case o al e na i e me hodol-
ogies o sco e he en i onmen al e ec s o was e eco e y s a egies, i
has been used in combina ion wi h ReCiPe, CML, Chemical Ene gy De-
mand (CED), USE ox and Accumula ed Exceedance, o assess he impac
ca ego ies o acidi ica ion, eu ophica ion, ossil esou ces deple ion,
human oxici y, ozone deple ion, p ima y and enewable ene gy de-
mand, and abio ic esou ce deple ion [63,66,125,77].
The EF me hod has only been used in a ew esea ch a icles, namely
using ood was e and ag icul u al was e as esou ces o bioene gy and
bio-oil using anae obic diges ion/hyd o he mal ca boniza ion echnol-
ogies [61,113], and biochemicals &biomolecules, and biochemicals and
biomolecules, namely ola ile a y acids and essen ial oils and ci ic
acid, using assis ed ex ac ion echnologies [137,79]. In addi ion, also
no -as-common me hodologies ha e been used apa o he a o emen-
ioned ones, such as he EASETECH model [60,141,106], GREET model
[69,91,92], TRACI [81,93] and cumula i e ene gy demand (CED) [70,
125,122], among o he s.
Ano he aspec analyzed is he ela ionship be ween he LCA and he
ype o was e, he echnology used o eco e y and he biop oduc
ob ained. In his espec , he classi ica ion conside ed is analogous o
ha used in he p e ious sec ion. Wi h ega d o he ype o was e, h ee
ypes o was e s and ou o which he LCA has been used o s udying
he en i onmen al impacs o hei ea men : ood was e, which ep e-
sen s 30 % o he o al numbe o s udies analyzed, ollowed by o es y
was e (wood and lea was e) wi h 29 %, and ag icul u al was e ( ege-
ables, c ops and ui ) wi h 28 %. Fo he emaining was e ypes, he
de elopmen o en i onmen al assessmen in he li e a u e is educed o
anges be ween 1 and 5%.
3.2.2. Economic assessmen s o analyzing was e alo iza ion s a egies
unde a bio e ine y app oach
Wi h ega d o he economic assessmen s, he pa ame e s analyzed in
he selec ed esea ch a icles we e also e alua ed, as shown in Table 3.
As can be seen, bo h LCC and echno-economic e alua ion (TEA), mo e
gene ic economic analyses, cos -bene i analyses (CBA) and, o a lesse
ex en , he use o ma e ial low cos accoun ing (MFCA, a me hod used
o imp o e ma e ial e iciency, s anda dized on ISO 14501) a e used. In
gene al, when a TEA is chosen as he economic assessmen me hodol-
ogy, he alo iza ion p ocess has also been simula ed; he e o e, hese
s udies also assess he sui abili y o he equipmen used, iden i ying
olumes, p oduc ion capaci ies and ene gy equi emen s, among o he s.
On he o he hand, he use o he LCC me hodology ollows he guide-
lines o he ISO 15686 s anda d, whe e CAPEX (Capi al Expendi u e),
OPEX (Ope a ional Expendi u e) and NPV (Ne P esen Value) a e
es ima ed o assess he economic iabili y o he alo iza ion p ocess.
On he o he hand, mo e gene al economic analyses usually also
include he calcula ion o he Minimum Selling P ice (MSP) o he
desi ed p oduc , which allows o assess i s ma ke po en ial. Only one
esea ch s udy a icleed he use o he analysis o he cos s associa ed
wi h ca bon ees, hus limi ing i o assessing he en i onmen al cos s
[153].
In addi ion o he economic pa ame e s men ioned abo e, he
calcula ion o Re u n on In es men (ROI) [88], In e nal Ra e o Re u n
(IRR) [154,90,139], Payback Value [139,111] o Le elized Cos o En-
e gy (LCOE) [91,111] was also conduc ed. While he i s h ee a e
common pa ame e s in cos analysis, p o iding complemen a y alues
o CAPEX, OPEX and NPV, unde he same unc ion o analyzing he
economic iabili y o he alo iza ion p ocess, he LCOE is no so com-
mon. I is de ined as he a e age cos equi ed o p oduce 1 kWh o
ene gy and is calcula ed as he a io be ween he o al annualized cos
and he o al amoun o ene gy p oduced [160].
Rega ding he ela ionship be ween economic alua ion, he ype o
was e, he alo iza ion echnology and he ype o biop oduc , he e is a
clea end owa ds he use o ood was e (33 % o he a icles s udied),
municipal o ganic was e (28 %) and ag icul u al was e (26 %). In e ms
o echnology, anae obic diges ion and e men a ion a e he main a eas,
wi h a pe cen age o impo ance o 49 % and 21 %, espec i ely. I has
been obse ed ha many esea ch a icles e alua e di e en echnolo-
gies. While i is ue ha he e is a endency o op o mo e inno a i e
eco e y models, seeking g ea e bene i s in e ms o quali y and added
alue o he p oduc ob ained, he e is a ai ly widesp ead endency o
op o he ene gy eco e y o was e, bo h because o i s g ea e
simplici y and lowe cos compa ed o o he echnologies.
Acco dingly, as ound in he con ex o he analysis o en i onmen al
LCA s udies, he p oduc ion o bioene gy and bio-oil is he mos in e -
es ing opic in he li e a u e, accoun ing o 51 % o he a icles e alu-
a ed, ollowed by he p oduc ion o bioac i e compounds, accoun ing
o 29 %.
3.2.3. Valo iza ion o bio ic s eams and social assessmen
The numbe o esea ch a icles co e ing he social pilla o
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
7
Table 2
Analysis o he a ailable en i onmen al and economic assessmen a icles on he a o emen ioned was e esou ces, echnologies and bio-p oduc s.
Re . Me hodology FU Me hodology Raw ma e ial P oduc ype Technology
LCA LCC/
o he s
I P ReCiPe CML IPCC EF O he 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
[58] Y N X X EcoIndica o 99 X X X X
[75] Y EA X X X X X X
[76] Y N X Impac 2002+X X X X X
[77] Y N X X X X X X X X
[78] Y N X X X X X
[68] Y EA X X X X X X
[79] Y N X X X X X
[80] Y N X GHG equa ions X X X
[69] Y TEA X GREET model X X X X X X
[57] Y N X Impac 2002+X X X
[81] Y LCC X TRACI X X X X
[65] Y N X X X X X X X
[82] Y N X X X X X
[83] Y N X X X X X X
[84] Y N X EcoIndica o 99 X X X X
[85] Y N X X X X X X X X
[86] Y N X X X X X X X
[87] Y N X X Impac 2002+X X X
[88] Y EA X X X X X X X
[64] Y N X X X X X X
[89] Y N X X X X X X
[90] Y LCC X X X X X X X
[91] Y TEA X GREET model X X X
[92] Y TEA X GREET model X X X
[73] Y N X X EcoIndica o 99 X X X
[93] Y N X TRACI X X X X X
[94] Y N X X X X X X X
[56] Y LCC X X X TRACI X X X X
[95] Y MFCA X X X X X
[96] Y EA X X X X X X X
[97] Y LCC X X X X X X X
[66] Y N X X X X AE, USETox X X X X X X
[98] Y N X X X X X X
[63] Y N X X X AE, USETox X X X
[99] Y N X X X X X X
[59] Y N X X X X X X X
[60] Y N X EASETECH model X X X X
[100] Y N X X CED X X X X
[61] Y N X X X X X X
[101] Y N X X X X X X X
[102] Y N X X X X X X X X
[72] Y N X X X X X
[103] Y N X X X X X X X
[104] Y CBA X X X X X X
[105] Y EA X X X X X X X X
[106] Y TEA X EASETECH model X X X
[107] Y N X X X X X X X
[71] Y N X X X X X
[62] Y N X Cha ac e iza ion X X X X X
[108] Y N X X X X X X X
[109] Y N X X X X X X
(con inued on nex page)
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
8
Table 2 (con inued)
Re . Me hodology FU Me hodology Raw ma e ial P oduc ype Technology
LCA LCC/
o he s
I P ReCiPe CML IPCC EF O he 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
[110] Y N X X X X X X X
[70] Y N X X CED X X X X X
[111] Y EA X X X X X X X
[112] Y CC X X X
[113] Y N X X X X X X X
[114] Y N X X X X X X X
[115] Y N X X X X X
[116] Y N X X X X
[117] Y N X X X X X X X
[118] Y N X X X X X X
[119] Y N X X X X X X X
[120] Y N X Impac Wo ld+X X X X X
[121] Y N X X X X X X
[122] Y N X X X X X X
[123] Y N X X CED X X X
[124] Y N X X X X X X
[125] Y N X X X X X X X X
[126] Y N X X CED X X X
[127] Y N X X CED X X X X X X
[128] Y N X ILCD2011 X X X X
[129] Y LCC X GREET model X X X X
[130] Y TEA X X X X X X
[74] Y N X X X X X
[131] N EA X X X
[132] Y CBS X X X X X X
[133] Y TEA X X X X X X
[134] Y N X X X X X X
[135] Y N X X P ima y ED X X X
[136] Y N X X X X X
[137] Y TEA X X X X X
[138] Y LCC X X X X X X X
[139] Y TEA X X X X X
[140] Y N X X X X X
[141] Y LCC X EASETECH model X X X X X X
[142] Y N X X X X X X X
[143] Y N X X X X X X X
[144] Y EA X X X X X X X
[145] Y TEA X X X X X X
[146] Y N X KPIs X X X
[147] Y N X EASETECH model X X X X X
[148] Y N X X X X X
[67] Y N X X X X X X X
[149] Y EA X X X
[150] Y CBA X X X X X X X
[151] Y N X X X X X X X
[152] Y N X ILCD2011 X X X
[153] Y Tax C X EASETECH model X X X X X X
[154] Y LCC X X X X X X
[155] Y N X X AWARE X X X
*Raw ma e ial: 1-Biomass was e, 2-Dai y, ish and mea -p oduc s was e, 3-Food was e, 4-Ga den was e, 5-Indus ial was e, 6-Ki chen was e, 7- O ganic municipal was e, 8-Vege able, c ops and ui was e, 9-Wood and
lea es was e. P oduc ype: P1: Bioene gy &bio-oil, P2: Biochemicals &biomolecules, P3: Biopolyme s, P4: Bioac i e compounds, P5: O ganic e ilize s &compos &biocha , P6: Animal eed, P7: Bio-based p oduc s o
al e na i e ea men s. Technology: T1-anae obic diges ion, T2-con en ional sol en ex ac ion, T3- e men a ion, T4-memb ane p ocess, T5-mic owa e assis ed ex ac ion, T6-supe c i ical luid ex ac ion, T7-ul asound
assis ed ex ac ion, T8-incine a ion, T9-gasi ica ion, py olysis, combus ion, hyd o he mal ca boniza ion, mechanical ea men .
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
9
[65] Mondello G, Salomone R, Ioppolo G, Saija G, Spa acia S, Lucche i MC.
Compa a i e LCA o al e na i e scena ios o was e ea men : he case o ood
was e p oduc ion by he mass- e ail sec o . Sus ainabili y 2017;9. h ps://doi.
o g/10.3390/su9050827.
[66] Salemdeeb R, zu E mgassen EKHJ, Kim MH, Balm o d A, Al-Tabbaa A.
En i onmen al and heal h impac s o using ood was e as animal eed: a
compa a i e analysis o ood was e managemen op ions. J Clean P od 2017;140.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2016.05.049.
[67] Zhang Z, Han W, Chen X, Yang N, Lu C, Wang Y. The li e-cycle en i onmen al
impac o ecycling o es au an ood was e in Lanzhou, China. Appl Sci 2019;9.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/app9173608.
[68] Meng F, Do nau A, Mcqueen Mason SJ, Thomas GH, Con adie A, McKechnie J.
Bioe hanol om au ocla ed municipal solid was e: assessmen o en i onmen al
and inancial iabili y unde policy con ex s. Appl Ene gy 2021;298. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.apene gy.2021.117118.
[69] Wang Y, Ba al NR, Yang M, Scown CD. Co-p ocessing ag icul u al esidues and
we o ganic was e can p oduce lowe -cos ca bon-nega i e uels and bioplas ics.
En i on Sci Technol 2023;57. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/acs.es .2c06674.
[70] Gadka i S, Kuma D, Qin Z hao, Ki Lin CS, Kuma V. Li e cycle analysis o
e men a i e p oduc ion o succinic acid om b ead was e. Was e Manag 2021;
126. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.013.
[71] San iago B, Feijoo G, Mo ei a MT, Gonz´
alez-Ga cía S. Iden i ying he
sus ainabili y ou e o aspa agus co-p oduc ex ac ion: om was e o bioac i e
compounds. Food Biop od P ocess 2021;129. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
bp.2021.08.005.
[72] Abe illa JM, Gallego-Schmid A, Azapagic A. En i onmen al sus ainabili y o
small-scale biomass powe echnologies o ag icul u al communi ies in
de eloping coun ies. Renew Ene gy 2019;141. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
enene.2019.04.036.
[73] Nubi O, Mo se S, Mu phy RJ. Elec ici y gene a ion om municipal solid was e in
Nige ia: a p ospec i e LCA s udy. Sus ainabili y 2022;14. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/su14159252.
[74] Bouchez A, Vauchel P, P´
e ino S, Dimi o K. Mul i-c i e ia op imiza ion including
en i onmen al impac s o a mic owa e-assis ed ex ac ion o polyphenols and
compa ison wi h an ul asound-assis ed ex ac ion p ocess. Foods 2023;12.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ oods12091750.
[75] Lin Z, Ooi JK, Woon KS. An in eg a ed li e cycle mul i-objec i e op imiza ion
model o heal h-en i onmen -economic nexus in ood was e managemen sec o .
Sci To al En i on 2022;816. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2021.151541.
[76] Eb ahimian F, Mohammadi A. Assessing he en i onmen al oo p in s and
ma e ial low o 2,3-bu anediol p oduc ion in a wood-based bio e ine y.
Bio esou Technol 2023;387. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.bio ech.2023.129642.
[77] Mo e i C, Ve a I, Junginge M, L´
opez-Con e as A, Shen L. A ibu ional and
consequen ial LCAs o a no el bio-je uel om Du ch po a o by-p oduc s. Sci
To al En i on 2022;813. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2021.152505.
[78] Hu X, Sub amanian K, Wang H, Roelan s SLKW, Soe ae W, Kau G, Lin CSK,
Chop a SS. Biocon e sion o ood was e o p oduce indus ial-scale sopho olipid
sy up and c ys als: dynamic li e cycle assessmen (dLCA) o eme ging
bio echnologies. Bio esou Technol 2021;337. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
bio ech.2021.125474.
[79] Teigise o a DA, Hamelin L, Ti u a-Ba na L, Ahmadi A, Thomsen M. Ci cula
bioeconomy: li e cycle assessmen o scaled-up cascading p oduc ion om o ange
peel was e unde cu en and u u e elec ici y mixes. Sci To al En i on 2022;
812. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2021.152574.
[80] Xia L, Chen W, Lu B, Wang S, Xiao L, Liu B, Yang H, Huang CL, Wang H,
Yang Yang, Lin L, Zhu X, Chen WQ, Yan X, Zhuang M, Kung CC, Zhu YG, Yang Yi.
Clima e mi iga ion po en ial o sus ainable biocha p oduc ion in China. Renew
Sus ain Ene gy Re 2023;175. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. se .2023.113145.
[81] Lee E, Oli ei a DSBL, Oli ei a LSBL, Jimenez E, Kim Y, Wang M, E gas SJ,
Zhang Q. Compa a i e en i onmen al and economic li e cycle assessmen o high
solids anae obic co-diges ion o biosolids and o ganic was e managemen . Wa e
Res 2020;171. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.wa es.2019.115443.
[82] Be ns ad Sa ai a A, Souza RG, Valle RAB. Compa a i e li ecycle assessmen o
al e na i es o was e managemen in Rio de Janei o –In es iga ing he in luence
o an a ibu ional o consequen ial app oach. Was e Manag 2017;68. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.002.
[83] Thusha i I, Babel S. Compa a i e s udy o he en i onmen al impac s o used
cooking oil alo iza ion op ions in Thailand. J En i on Manage 2022;310.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jen man.2022.114810.
[84] Lomba di L, Ca ne ale EA, Co i A. Compa ison o di e en biological ea men
scena ios o he o ganic ac ion o municipal solid was e. In J En i on Sci
Technol 2015;12. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s13762-013-0421-y.
[85] Muhammad NIS, Rosen a e KA. Compa ison o global-wa ming po en ial impac
o ood was e e men a ion o land ill disposal. SN Appl Sci 2020;2. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1007/s42452-020-2035-6.
[86] Shih MF, Lin CY, Lay CH. Compa ison o po en ial en i onmen al impac s and
was e- o-ene gy e iciency o ki chen was e ea men scena ios in cen al
Taiwan. P ocesses 2021;9. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/p 9040696.
[87] Malesani R, Schie ano A, Di Ma ia F, Sisani F, Pi a o A. Compos hea eco e y
sys ems: global wa ming po en ial impac es ima ion and compa ison h ough A
li e cycle assessmen app oach. De i us 2022;19. h ps://doi.o g/10.31025/
2611-4135/2022.15196.
[88] Galgani P, an de Voe E, Ko e aa G. Compos ing, anae obic diges ion and
biocha p oduc ion in Ghana. En i onmen al-economic assessmen in he con ex
o olun a y ca bon ma ke s. Was e Manag 2014;34. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
wasman.2014.07.027.
[89] Camacho CI, Es ´
e ez S, Conde JJ, Feijoo G, Mo ei a MT. Da k e men a ion as an
en i onmen ally sus ainable WIN-WIN solu ion o bioene gy p oduc ion. J Clean
P od 2022;374. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2022.134026.
[90] Abdeljabe A, Zanne ni R, Masoud W, Abdallah M, Rocha-Meneses L. Eco-
e iciency analysis o in eg a ed was e managemen s a egies based on
gasi ica ion and mechanical biological ea men . Sus ainabili y 2022;14. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/su14073899.
[91] Lokesh K, Wes C, Kuylens ie na JC, Fan J, Buda in V, P iecel P, Lopez-
Sanchez JA, Cla k JH. Economic and ag onomic impac assessmen o whea
s aw based alkyl polyglucoside p oduced using g een chemical app oaches.
J Clean P od 2019;209. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.10.220.
[92] Sahoo K, Mani S. Economic and en i onmen al impac s o an in eg a ed-s a e
anae obic diges ion sys em o p oduce comp essed na u al gas om o ganic
was es and ene gy c ops. Renew Sus ain Ene gy Re 2019;115. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j. se .2019.109354.
[93] Yang X, Zhang Q, E gas SJ. Enhancemen o sys em and en i onmen al
pe o mance o high solids anae obic diges ion o lignocellulosic banana was e by
biocha addi ion. Sus ainabili y 2023;15. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su15086832.
[94] Mong GR, Liew CS, Chong WWF, Mohd No SA, Ng JH, Id is R, Chiong MC,
Lim JW, Zaka ia ZA, Woon KS. En i onmen impac and bioene gy analysis on
he mic owa e py olysis o WAS om ood indus y: compa ison o CO2 and N2
a mosphe e. J En i on Manage 2022;319. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
jen man.2022.115665.
[95] Pin o SM, Campos S, Oli ei a L, A ilano J, Ba os L, Pe ei a eC. En i onmen al
and economic assessmen o ood addi i e p oduc ion om mush oom bio-
esidues. Cleane En i onmen al Sys ems 2022;6. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
cesys.2022.100083.
[96] Angou ia-Tso ochidou E, Walk S, K¨
o ne I, Thomsen M. En i onmen al and
economic assessmen o household ood was e sou ce-sepa a ion e iciency in a
Ge man case s udy. Cleane Was e Sys ems 2023;5. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
clwas.2023.100092.
[97] Slo ach PC, Jeswani HK, Cu´
ella -F anca R, Azapagic A. En i onmen al and
economic implica ions o eco e ing esou ces om ood was e in a ci cula
economy. Sci To al En i on 2019;693. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
sci o en .2019.07.322.
[98] P ioux N, Oua e R, He eux G, Belaud JP. En i onmen al assessmen coupled
wi h machine lea ning o ci cula economy. Clean Technol En i on Policy 2023;
25. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10098-022-02275-4.
[99] Mu adin M. En i onmen al impac assessmen o o ganic was e con e sion
echnology o addi i es o liquid uels. Poli yka Ene ge yczna 2020;23. h ps://
doi.o g/10.33223/epj/118731.
[100] C emia o R, Mas ellone ML, Taglia e i C, Zacca iello L, Le ie i P. En i onmen al
impac o municipal solid was e managemen using Li e Cycle Assessmen : he
e ec o anae obic diges ion, ma e ials eco e y and seconda y uels p oduc ion.
Renew Ene gy 2018;124. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. enene.2017.06.033.
[101] Vande mee sch T, Al a enga RAF, Ragae P, Dewul J. En i onmen al
sus ainabili y assessmen o ood was e alo iza ion op ions. Resou Conse
Recycl 2014;87. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. escon ec.2014.03.008.
[102] Slo ach PC, Jeswani HK, Cu´
ella -F anca R, Azapagic A. En i onmen al
sus ainabili y o anae obic diges ion o household ood was e. J En i on Manage
2019;236. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jen man.2019.02.001.
[103] Balcioglu G, Jeswani HK, Azapagic A. E alua ing he en i onmen al and
economic sus ainabili y o ene gy om anae obic diges ion o di e en eeds ocks
in Tu key. Sus ain P od Consum 2022;32. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
spc.2022.06.011.
[104] B uno M, Ma ini M, Angou ia-Tso ochidou E, Pulselli FM, Thomsen M. Ex an e
Li e Cycle Assessmen and En i onmen al Cos -Bene i Analysis o an anae obic
diges e in I aly. Cleane Was e Sys ems 2022;3. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
clwas.2022.100021.
[105] Mo e i C, L´
opez-Con e as A, de V ije T, K a A, Junginge M, Shen L. F om
ag icul u al (by-)p oduc s o je uels: ca bon oo p in and economic
pe o mance. Sci To al En i on 2021;775. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
sci o en .2021.145848.
[106] Voss R, Lee RP, Seidl L, Kelle F, F ¨
ohling M. Global wa ming po en ial and
economic pe o mance o gasi ica ion-based chemical ecycling and incine a ion
pa hways o esidual municipal solid was e ea men in Ge many. Was e Manag
2021;134. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.040.
[107] Byun J, Han J. G een me hane as a u u e uel o ligh -du y ehicles.
Fe men a ion 2022;8. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ e men a ion8120680.
[108] Liu J, Nau a J, an Eeke MHA, Chen WS, Buisman CJN. In eg a ed li e cycle
assessmen o bio ea men and ag icul u al use o domes ic o ganic esidues:
en i onmen al bene i s, ade-o s, and impac s on soil applica ion. Sci To al
En i on 2023;897. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2023.165372.
[109] Hajabdollahi Oude ji Z, Gup a R, Mckeown A, Yu Z, Smi h C, Sloan W, You S.
In eg a ion o anae obic diges ion wi h hea Pump: machine lea ning-based
echnical and en i onmen al assessmen . Bio esou Technol 2023;369. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.bio ech.2022.128485.
[110] Opa okun SA, Lopez-Sabi on AM, Fe ei a G, S ezo V. Li e cycle analysis o
ene gy p oduc ion om ood was e h ough anae obic diges ion, py olysis and
in eg a ed ene gy sys em. Sus ainabili y 2017;9. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
su9101804.
[111] Richa d EN, Hilonga A, Machunda RL, Njau KN. Li e cycle analysis o po en ial
municipal solid was es managemen scena ios in Tanzania: he case o A usha
Ci y. Sus ainable En i onmen Resea ch 2021;31. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/
s42834-020-00075-3.
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
16
[112] Lee U, Bha A, Hawkins TR, Tao L, Bena ides PT, Wang M. Li e cycle analysis o
enewable na u al gas and lac ic acid p oduc ion om was e eeds ocks. J Clean
P od 2021;311. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2021.127653.
[113] Sa ion A, Medina-Ma os E, I iba en D, Diaz E, Mohedano AF, Du ou J. Li e
cycle assessmen o a no el s a egy based on hyd o he mal ca boniza ion o
nu ien and ene gy eco e y om ood was e. Sci To al En i on 2023;878.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2023.163104.
[114] Elginoz N, Kha ami K, Owusu-Agyeman I, Ce ecioglu Z. Li e cycle assessmen o
an inno a i e ood was e managemen sys em. F on Sus ain Food Sys 2020;4.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3389/ su s.2020.00023.
[115] Ma a TM, Rod igues S, Cae ano NS, Ma ins AA. Li e cycle assessmen o
bioe hanol om co n s o e om soil phy o emedia ion. Ene gy A icles 2022;8.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2022.01.059.
[116] Taglia e i C, E angelis i S, Cli R, Le ie i P, Chapman C, Taylo R. Li e cycle
assessmen o con en ional and ad anced wo-s age ene gy- om-was e
echnologies o me hane p oduc ion. J Clean P od 2016;129. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j.jclep o.2016.04.092.
[117] Tian H, Wang X, Lim EY, Lee JTE, Ee AWL, Zhang J, Tong YW. Li e cycle
assessmen o ood was e o ene gy and esou ces: cen alized and decen alized
anae obic diges ion wi h di e en downs eam biogas u iliza ion. Renew Sus ain
Ene gy Re 2021;150. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. se .2021.111489.
[118] Righi S, Bandini V, Ma azza D, Baioli F, To i C, Con in A. Li e Cycle Assessmen
o high ligno-cellulosic biomass py olysis coupled wi h anae obic diges ion.
Bio esou Technol 2016;212. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.bio ech.2016.04.052.
[119] Ro hong M, Takaoka M, Oshi a K, Rachdawong P, Gheewala SH, P apaspongsa T.
Li e cycle assessmen o in eg a ed municipal o ganic was e managemen sys ems
in Thailand. Sus ainabili y 2023;15. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su15010090.
[120] Ba jo eanu G, P˘
a ˘
auțanu OA, Teodosiu C, Vol I. Li e cycle assessmen o
polyphenols ex ac ion p ocesses om was e biomass. Sci Rep 2020;10. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1038/s41598-020-70587-w.
[121] Vini skaia N, Zaiko a A, De ia kin I, Bachina O, Ho anainen M. Li e cycle
assessmen o he exis ing and p oposed municipal solid was e managemen
sys em in Moscow, Russia. J Clean P od 2021;328. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
jclep o.2021.129407.
[122] Ba uecas E, Tommasi T, Ba is a F, Neg o V, Sone i G, Vio i P, Fino D, Mancini G.
Li e Cycle Assessmen o was e disposal om oli e oil p oduc ion: anae obic
diges ion and con en ional disposal on soil. J En i on Manage 2019;237. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.jen man.2019.02.021.
[123] Lui J, Sloan W, Paul MC, Flynn D, You S. Li e cycle assessmen o was e- o-
hyd ogen sys ems o uel cell elec ic buses in Glasgow, Sco land. Bio esou
Technol 2022;359. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.bio ech.2022.127464.
[124] Maye F, Bhanda i R, G¨
a h SA. Li e cycle assessmen on he ea men o o ganic
was e s eams by anae obic diges ion, hyd o he mal ca boniza ion and
incine a ion. Was e Manag 2021;130. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
wasman.2021.05.019.
[125] Mon ei o H, Mou a B, I en M, Ma a TM, Ma ins AA. Li e cycle ene gy and ca bon
emissions o e gos e ol om mush oom esidues. Ene gy A icles 2020;6. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.egy .2020.11.157.
[126] Schmid Ri e a XC, Gallego-Schmid A, Najdano ic-Visak V, Azapagic A. Li e cycle
en i onmen al sus ainabili y o alo isa ion ou es o spen co ee g ounds: om
was e o esou ces. Resou Conse Recycl 2020;157. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
escon ec.2020.104751.
[127] Ga cia-Ga cia G, Rahimi a d S, Ma ha u AS, Dugmo e TIJ. Li e-cycle assessmen
o mic owa e-assis ed pec in ex ac ion a pilo scale. ACS Sus ain Chem Eng
2019;7. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06052.
[128] No dahl SL, De ko a JP, Ami eb ahimi J, Smi h SJ, B eunig HM, P eble CV,
Sa chwell AJ, Jin L, B own NJ, Ki chs e e TW, Scown CD. Li e-cycle g eenhouse
gas emissions and human heal h ade-o s o o ganic was e managemen
s a egies. En i on Sci Technol 2020;54. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/acs.
es .0c00364.
[129] Ga cía-Vel´
asquez C, an de Mee Y. Mind he Pulp: en i onmen al and economic
assessmen o a suga bee pulp bio e ine y o biobased chemical p oduc ion.
Was e Manag 2023;155. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.038.
[130] Bacene i J, Duca D, Neg i M, Fusi A, Fiala M. Mi iga ion s a egies in he ag o-
ood sec o : he anae obic diges ion o oma o pu ´
ee by-p oduc s. An I alian case
s udy. Sci To al En i on 2015;526. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
sci o en .2015.04.069.
[131] Liu Y, Huang T, Peng D, Huang J, Mau e C, K ane M. Op imizing he co-
diges ion supply chain o sewage sludge and ood was e by he demand o ien ed
biogas supplying mechanism. Was e Manag Res 2021;39. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1177/0734242X20953491.
[132] Cas ellani P, Fe ona o N, Ragazzi M, To e a V. O ganic was e alo iza ion in
emo e islands: analysis o economic and en i onmen al bene i s o onsi e
ea men op ions. Was e Manag Res 2023;41. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/
0734242X221126426.
[133] A ias A, Feijoo G, Mo ei a MT. P ocess and en i onmen al simula ion in he
alida ion o he bio echnological p oduc ion o nisin om was e. Biochem Eng J
2021;174. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.bej.2021.108105.
[134] Na ise y V, Naga ajan S, Gadka i S, Ranade VV, Zhang J, Pa chigolla K,
Bha naga A, Kuma Awas hi M, Pandey A, Kuma V. P ocess op imiza ion o
ecycling o b ead was e in o bioe hanol and biome hane: a ci cula economy
app oach. Ene gy Con e s Manag 2022;266. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
enconman.2022.115784.
[135] Meng F, Ibbe R, de V ije T, Me cal P, Tucke G, McKechnie J. P ocess
simula ion and li e cycle assessmen o con e ing au ocla ed municipal solid
was e in o bu anol and e hanol as anspo uels. Was e Manag 2019;89. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.003.
[136] Chen WS, S ik DPBTB, Buisman CJN, K oeze C. P oduc ion o cap oic acid om
mixed o ganic was e: an en i onmen al li e cycle pe spec i e. En i on Sci
Technol 2017;51. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/acs.es .6b06220.
[137] Pin o ASS, McDonald LJ, Jones RJ, Massane -Nicolau J, Guwy A, McManus M.
P oduc ion o ola ile a y acids by anae obic diges ion o biowas es: echno-
economic and li e cycle assessmen s. Bio esou Technol 2023;388. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.bio ech.2023.129726.
[138] Nubi O, Mo se S, Mu phy RJ. P ospec i e li e cycle cos ing o elec ici y
gene a ion om municipal solid was e in Nige ia. Sus ainabili y 2022;14. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/su142013293.
[139] Upc a T, Tu WC, Johnson R, Finnigan T, Van Hung N, Halle J, Guo M. P o ein
om enewable esou ces: mycop o ein p oduc ion om ag icul u al esidues.
G een Chem 2021;23. h ps://doi.o g/10.1039/d1gc01021b.
[140] Puja a Y, Go ani J, Pa el HT, Pa hak P, Mash u D, Ganesh PS. Quan i ica ion o
en i onmen al impac s associa ed wi h municipal solid was e managemen in
Rajko ci y, India using Li e Cycle Assessmen . En i onmen al Ad ances 2023;12.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.en ad .2023.100364.
[141] Tonini D, Wandl A, Meis e K, Unce a PM, Taelman SE, Sanjuan-Delm´
as D,
Dewul J, Huygens D. Quan i a i e sus ainabili y assessmen o household ood
was e managemen in he Ams e dam Me opoli an A ea. Resou Conse Recycl
2020;160. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. escon ec.2020.104854.
[142] Sanjuan-Delm´
as D, Taelman SE, A la i A, Obe s eg A, V´
e C, ´
O ´
a i ´
A, Tonini D,
Dewul J. Sus ainabili y assessmen o o ganic was e managemen in h ee EU
Ci ies: analysing s akeholde -based solu ions. Was e Manag 2021;132. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.013.
[143] Somo in T, Campos LC, Kinobe JR, Kulabako RN, A olabi OOD. Sus ainable
alo isa ion o ag i- ood was e om open-ai ma ke s in Kampala, Uganda ia
s andalone and in eg a ed was e con e sion echnologies. Biomass Bioene gy
2023;172. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.106752.
[144] E zold H, R¨
ode L, Oehmichen K, Ni zsche R. Technical design, economic and
en i onmen al assessmen o a bio e ine y concep o he in eg a ion o
biome hane and hyd ogen in o he anspo sec o . Bio esou Technol Rep 2023;
22. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.bi eb.2023.101476.
[145] Lopes TF, Ca alhei o F, Dua e LC, Gí io F, Quin e o JA, A oca G. Techno-
economic and li e-cycle assessmen s o small-scale bio e ine ies o isobu ene and
xylo-oligosaccha ides p oduc ion: a compa a i e s udy in Po ugal and Chile.
Bio uels, Biop oduc s and Bio e ining 2019;13. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/
bbb.2036.
[146] Feiz R, Johansson M, Lindk is E, Moes ed J, Påledal SN, Ome o F. The biogas
yield, clima e impac , ene gy balance, nu ien eco e y, and esou ce cos o
biogas p oduc ion om household ood was e—a compa ison o mul iple cases
om Sweden. J Clean P od 2022;378. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
jclep o.2022.134536.
[147] Thybe g KL, Tonjes DJ. The en i onmen al impac s o al e na i e ood was e
ea men echnologies in he U.S. J Clean P od 2017;158. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j.jclep o.2017.04.169.
[148] A cen ales-Bas idas D, Sil a C, Rami ez AD. The en i onmen al p o ile o e hanol
de i ed om suga cane in Ecuado : a li e cycle assessmen including he e ec o
cogene a ion o elec ici y in a suga indus ial complex. Ene gies 2022;15.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/en15155421.
[149] Cˆ
ama a-Salim I, Conde P, Feijoo G, Mo ei a MT. The use o maize s o e and
suga bee pulp as eeds ocks in indus ial e men a ion plan s –an economic and
en i onmen al pe spec i e. Cleane En i onmen al Sys ems 2021;2. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.cesys.2020.100005.
[150] Asche S, Wa son I, Wang X, You S. Township-based bioene gy sys ems o
dis ibu ed ene gy supply and e icien household was e e-u ilisa ion: echno-
economic and en i onmen al easibili y. Ene gy 2019;181. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/j.ene gy.2019.05.191.
[151] Co ´
es A, Mo ei a MT, Domínguez J, Lo es M, Feijoo G. Un a eling he
en i onmen al impac s o bioac i e compounds and o ganic amendmen om
g ape ma c. J En i on Manage 2020;272. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
jen man.2020.111066.
[152] San Ma in D, Ramos S, Zu ía J. Valo isa ion o ood was e o p oduce new aw
ma e ials o animal eed. Food Chem 2016;198. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.
oodchem.2015.11.035.
[153] Albizza i PF, Tonini D, Chamma d CB, As up TF. Valo isa ion o su plus ood in
he F ench e ail sec o : en i onmen al and economic impac s. Was e Manag
2019;90. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.034.
[154] Pasciucco F, F ancini G, Peco ini I, Baccioli A, Lomba di L, Fe a i L. Valo iza ion
o biogas om he anae obic co- ea men o sewage sludge and o ganic was e:
li e cycle assessmen and li e cycle cos ing o di e en eco e y s a egies. J Clean
P od 2023;401. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2023.136762.
[155] Hoehn D, Ma gallo M, Laso J, Ruiz-Salm´
on I, Fe n´
andez-Ríos A, Campos C,
V´
azquez-Rowe I, Aldaco R, Quin ei o P. Wa e oo p in assessmen o ood loss
and was e managemen s a egies in Spanish egions. Sus ainabili y 2021;13.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su13147538.
[156] Huijb eg s M, S einmann ZJN, Elshou PMFM, S am G, Ve ones F, Viei a MDM,
Zijp M, an Zelm R. ReCiPe 2016 - a ha monized li e cycle impac assessmen
me hod a midpoin and endpoin le el. In: A icle I: cha ac e iza ion. Na ional
Ins i u e o Public Heal h and he En i onmen ; 2016.
[157] Guin´
ee J. Handbook on li e cycle assessmen - ope a ional guide o he ISO
s anda ds. In J Li e Cycle Assess 2001. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/BF02978784.
[158] Mackay A. Clima e change 2007: impac s, adap a ion and ulne abili y.
Con ibu ion o wo king g oup II o he ou h assessmen a icle o he
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
17
in e go e nmen al panel on clima e change. J En i on Qual 2008;37. h ps://doi.
o g/10.2134/jeq2008.0015b .
[159] Lin Z, Ooi JK, Woon KS. An in eg a ed li e cycle mul i-objec i e op imiza ion
model o heal h-en i onmen -economic nexus in ood was e managemen sec o .
Sci To al En i on 2022;816:151541. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/J.
SCITOTENV.2021.151541.
[160] Kam an M. Mic og id and hyb id ene gy sys ems. Fundamen als o Sma G id
Sys ems 2023:299–363. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/B978-0-323-99560-3.00006-5.
[161] Mou a P, Hen iques J, Alexand e J, Oli ei a AC, Ab eu M, Gí io F, Ca a ino J.
Sus ainable alue me hodology o compa e he pe o mance o con e sion
echnologies o he p oduc ion o elec ici y and hea , ene gy ec o s and
bio uels om was e biomass. Cleane Was e Sys ems 2022;3:100029. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/J.CLWAS.2022.100029.
[162] Kowalski Z, Kulczycka J, Maka a A, Ve h´
e R, De Cle cq G. Assessmen o ene gy
eco e y om municipal was e managemen sys ems using ci cula economy
quali y indica o s. Ene gies 2022;15:8625. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
EN15228625. 15, 8625.
[163] Tsydeno a N, Mo illas AV, Salas AAC. Sus ainabili y assessmen o was e
managemen sys em o Mexico Ci y (Mexico)—based on analy ic hie a chy
p ocess. Recycling 2018;3:45. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/RECYCLING3030045. 3,
45.
[164] Heida i R, Yazdanpa as R, Jabba zadeh A. Sus ainable design o a municipal
solid was e managemen sys em conside ing was e sepa a o s: a eal-wo ld
applica ion. Sus ain Ci ies Soc 2019;47:101457. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/J.
SCS.2019.101457.
[165] Neehaul N, Jee ah P, Deenapan ay P. Ene gy eco e y om municipal solid was e
in Mau i ius: oppo uni ies and challenges. En i on De 2020;33:100489.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/J.ENVDEV.2019.100489.
[166] Milu ino ic B, S e ano ic G, Kyose a V, Yo dano a D, Dombalo I. Sus ainabili y
assessmen and compa ison o was e managemen sys ems: he Ci ies o So ia and
Niˇ
s case s udies. Was e Manag Res 2016;34:896–904. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/
0734242X16654755.
[167] Ben Hnich K, Ma ín-Gamboa M, Khila Z, Hajjaji N, Du ou J, I iba en D. Li e
cycle sus ainabili y assessmen o syn he ic uels om da e palm was e. Sci To al
En i on 2021;796:148961. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/J.
SCITOTENV.2021.148961.
[168] Mo one P, Imbe E. Food was e and social accep ance o a ci cula bioeconomy:
he ole o s akeholde s. Cu Opin G een Sus ain Chem 2020;23:55–60. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/J.COGSC.2020.02.006.
[169] Aschemann-Wi zel J, S anghe lin IDC. Upcycled by-p oduc use in ag i- ood
sys ems om a consume pe spec i e: a e iew o wha we know, and wha is
missing. Technol Fo ecas Soc Change 2021;168:120749. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.120749.
[170] Cal o-Po al C, L´
e y-Mangin JP. The ci cula economy business model:
examining consume s’accep ance o ecycled goods. Adm Sci 2020;10:28.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ADMSCI10020028. 10, 28.
[171] McCa hy B, Kape anaki AB, Wang P. Ci cula ag i- ood app oaches: will
consume s buy no el p oduc s made om ege able was e? Ru al Soc 2019;28:
91–107. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/10371656.2019.1656394.
[172] Polypo is A, Mugge R, Magnie L. Consume accep ance o p oduc s made om
ecycled ma e ials: a scoping e iew. Resou Conse Recycl 2022;186:106533.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/J.RESCONREC.2022.106533.
[173] Eu opean Commission. Di ec o a e-Gene al o Communica ion, Ci cula
economy ac ion plan –Fo a cleane and mo e compe i i e Eu ope. Publica ions
O ice o he Eu opean Union; 2020. h ps://da a.eu opa.eu/doi/10.2779/05068.
[174] Mølle H, Lyng KA, R¨
o¨
os E, Samsons uen S, Olsen HF. Ci cula i y indica o s and
added alue o adi ional LCA impac ca ego ies: example o pig p oduc ion. In J
Li e Cycle Assess 2023;1:1–13. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/S11367-023-02150-4/
FIGURES/6.
[175] de K ake J, Kujawa-Roele eld K, Villena MJ, Pab´
on-Pe ei a C. Decen alized
Valo iza ion o Residual Flows as an Al e na i e o he T adi ional U ban Was e
Managemen Sys em: The Case o Pe˜
nalol´
en in San iago de Chile. Sus ainabili y
2019;11:6206. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/SU11226206. 11, 6206.
[176] Cobo S, Dominguez-Ramos A, I abien A. Minimiza ion o esou ce consump ion
and ca bon oo p in o a ci cula o ganic was e alo iza ion sys em. ACS Sus ain
Chem Eng 2018;6:3493–501. h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/
ACSSUSCHEMENG.7B03767/SUPPL_FILE/SC7B03767_SI_001.PDF.
[177] Gnansounou E, Al es CM, Pach´
on ER, Vaskan P. Compa a i e assessmen o
selec ed suga cane bio e ine y-cen e ed sys ems in B azil: a mul i-c i e ia me hod
based on sus ainabili y indica o s. Bio esou Technol 2017;243:600–10. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.07.004.
[178] Hagman L, Feiz R. Ad ancing he ci cula economy h ough o ganic by-p oduc
alo isa ion: a mul i-c i e ia assessmen o a whea -based bio e ine y. Was e
Biomass Valo iza ion 2021;12:6205–17. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/S12649-021-
01440-Y/FIGURES/5.
[179] K ´
ol-Badziak A, Pishga -Komleh SH, Rozakis S, Księ˙
zak J. En i onmen al and
socio-economic pe o mance o di e en illage sys ems in maize g ain
p oduc ion: applica ion o Li e Cycle Assessmen and Mul i-C i e ia Decision
Making. J Clean P od 2021;278:123792. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/J.
JCLEPRO.2020.123792.
[180] Vasileiadis VP, Moonen AC, Sa in M, O o S, Pons X, Kudsk P, Ve es A, Do ne Z,
an de Weide R, Ma accini E, Pelze E, Ange in F, Kiss J. Sus ainabili y o
Eu opean maize-based c opping sys ems: economic, en i onmen al and social
assessmen o cu en and p oposed inno a i e IPM-based sys ems. Eu J Ag on
2013;48:1–11. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/J.EJA.2013.02.001.
[181] Ma his M, Blom JF, Nemecek T, B a in E, Jeanne e P, Daniel O, de Baan L.
Compa ison o exempla y c op p o ec ion s a egies in Swiss apple p oduc ion:
mul i-c i e ia assessmen o pes icide use, eco oxicological isks, en i onmen al
and economic impac s. Sus ain P od Consum 2022;31:512–28. h ps://doi.o g/
10.1016/J.SPC.2022.03.008.
[182] Sanaei S, Chambos V, S ua PR. Sys ema ic assessmen o i icale-based
bio e ine y s a egies: sus ainabili y assessmen using mul i-c i e ia decision-
making (MCDM). Bio uels, Biop oduc s and Bio e ining 2018;12:S73–86. h ps://
doi.o g/10.1002/BBB.1482.
A. A ias e al. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 207 (2025) 114907
18
