Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
A ailable online 6 June 2021
0308-8146/© 2021 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
E alua ion o a modi ied a mosphe e packaging sys em in palle s o ex end
he shel -li e o he s o ed oma o a cooling empe a u e
Vanesa Ol ei a-Bouzas
a
, Consuelo Pi a-Cal o
b
, Mª Lou des V´
azquez-Od´
e iz
a
, Mª
´
Angeles
Rome o-Rod íguez
a
,
*
a
A eas o Nu i ion and Food Science and Food Technology, Depa men o Analy ical Chemis y and Food Science, Facul y o Science, Uni e si y o San iago de
Compos ela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
b
A ea o Analy ical Chemis y, Depa men o Analy ical Chemis y and Food Science, Facul y o Science, Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Toma o
Modi ied a mosphe e packaging
Palle s
Physico-chemical quali y
Shel -li e
Senso y quali y
ABSTRACT
A modi ied a mosphe e packaging (MAP) sys em in palle s was de eloped and i s e ec on physico-chemical and
senso y cha ac e is ics and shel -li e o oma o was e alua ed. Toma oes we e s o ed a 6 ◦C in ca dboa d boxes
a anged on palle s w apped in mic o-pe o a ed low-densi y polye hylene (LDPE) bags. E ec s o he s o age
ime and packaging we e e alua ed a e 0, 7, 14, and 21 days o s o age. The MAP sys em wi h palle s assessed,
using a packaging a mosphe e composi ion o 10% O
2
- 10% CO
2
and silica gel as an adso ben , ex ended he
shel -li e o he oma o s o ed a e ige a ion empe a u e. MAP delayed colo e olu ion and educed he
i mness loss, biosyn hesis o lycopene, and decay a e o oma o. A he end o s o age, 100% o he unpackaged
samples showed spo s while only 42.9% o MAP samples had hem. In addi ion, he pe cen age o oma oes wi h
c acks and s e ch ma ks was educed om 42.9% (unpackaged oma oes) o 14.3% (MAP oma oes).
1. In oduc ion
Toma o (Lycope sicon esculen um Mill.) is widely g own and
consumed a ound he wo ld ei he as a esh o as p ocessed p oduc
such as canned oma oes, sauce, juice, ke chup and soup (Domínguez,
La uen e, He n´
andez-Mu˜
noz, & Ga a a, 2016; Ninˇ
ce i´
c G assino e al.,
2020). Toma o con ains abou 90% wa e o i s esh weigh , which
makes i highly pe ishable. Hal o he d y ma e is cons i u ed by
educing suga s such as uc ose and glucose, among o he s. In addi ion
o i s nu i ional quali y, oma o con ains a ious bioac i e and an i-
oxida i e compounds bene icial o human heal h, such as ca o enoids,
asco bic acid (AA), and phenolic compounds. This ege able is he main
sou ce o lycopene, which has he highes an ioxidan ac i i y among all
he an ioxidan s in he die . Lycopene is he mos abundan ca o enoid in
oma o, ep esen ing mo e han 80% o he o al con en o ca o enoids
in ully ed ipe oma o (Fagundes e al., 2015; Kau & Bha ia, 2016).
Du ing oma o p ocessing, a conside able amoun o was e and by-
p oduc s is gene a ed and i s e ec i e u iliza ion has g ea po en ial
o ob aining a ious unc ional ing edien s including pec in, poly-
phenols, and a y acids. Toma o by-p oduc s con ain highe amoun s o
phenolics compa ed o pulp which indica es ha emo al o peel and
seed du ing oma o p ocessing esul s in a loss o hei an ioxidan
p ope ies (Ninˇ
ce i´
c G assino e al., 2020). Inclusion o 40% oma o
pomace in he o mula ion o he goa sdie esul ed in highe milk
p oduc ion and imp o ed milk quali y while allowed educing he
eeding cos s (Mizael e al., 2020). Toma o seeds could be used as a
sou ce o ege able oil o edible use, bu oma o seed oil (TSO) has no a
widesp ead indus ial use a p esen . TSO could be used as a die a y
supplemen o essen ial a y acids in de icien die s and de a ed seeds
could be used o animal eed due o hei high c ude p o ein con en
(Giu `
e & Capocasale, 2016).
In addi ion o i s use as a ood o humans and animals, he peel, seed,
and seed oil o oma o can also ha e a non- ood use. Se e al esea che s
(Giu `
e, Capocasale, Zappia, & Poiana, 2017) sugges ed he possibili y
ha biodiesel can be economically p ocessed om TSO wi h cha ac-
e is ics ha complian wi h he Eu opean s anda d EN14124:2014. On
he o he hand, pec in isola ed om oma o peel could be used as a
na u al in co osion inhibi ion. Se e al esea che s epo ed ha pec in
ac s as a mo e e ec i e in co osion inhibi o han comme cial apple
pec in (Ninˇ
ce i´
c G assino e al., 2020).
Toma o is conside ed a climac e ic ui and i s pos ha es ipening
is acompanished by an inc ease in espi a ion a e and e hylene
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (M. ´
Angeles Rome o-Rod íguez).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Food Chemis y
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ oodchem
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. oodchem.2021.130309
Recei ed 16 Decembe 2020; Recei ed in e ised o m 1 June 2021; Accep ed 3 June 2021
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
2
p oduc ion. This accele a es quali y loss due o physico-chemical
changes including colo e olu ion and so ening (Akbudak, Akbudak,
Seniz, & E is, 2007). Fi mness is a eliable quali y indica o o oma o
ma u i y (Aneesh, Kudachika , & Ra i, 2008) and conside ably a ec s
i s ma ke abili y. Fi mness o oma o gene ally dec ease wi h he s o -
age ime. The ui s so ening is due o he b eakdown o cell wall
s uc u e’s ca bohyd a es and he inc ease in soluble pec in subs ances
ha esul s in weakening o he cell walls and educ ion o he cohesi e
o ces binding cells oge he (Majidi, Minaei, Almassi, & Mos o i, 2014).
Many s a egies ha e been de eloped o p e en he de imen al
e ec s o e hylene on pe ishable c ops. Pho oca aly ic oxida ion has
p o ed o be an e icien echnology o emo ing e hylene om he
a mosphe e su ounding e hylene-sensi i e ui s and ege ables in
ho icul u al s o age chambe s (Kelle , Ducamp, Robe , & Kelle ,
2013). Recen ly, Basso, de F´
a ima Pe al a Muniz Mo ei a, and Jos´
e
(2018) s udied he e ec o he ope a ing condi ions on he pho o-
ca aly ic oxida ion o e hylene in a con inuous low eac o wi h TiO
2
, as
a semiconduc o ma e ial, unde UV-A ligh and applied o che y o-
ma o. A con inuous a e o e hylene gas p oduc ion du ing oma o
ipening o 0.3182
μ
mol/kg.h was obse ed. The eac o wi h a TiO
2
ilm hickness o 0.419
μ
m unde an inciden i adiance o 5.18 W/m
2
main ained he e hylene concen a ion in he gas phase close o ze o and
he espi a ion a e dec eased.
Ano he app oach o e hylene con ol is based on he inhibi ing o i s
syn hesis and ac ion on ho icul u al commodi ies. Some ac o s,
including low empe a u e s o age, con olled a mosphe e s o age
(CAS), modi ied a mosphe e packaging (MAP), o applica ion o
e hylene an agonis s can diminish e hylene syn hesis and i s e ec on
oma o (Sabi & Aga , 2011). Howe e , s o age empe a u es below
13 ◦C may cause chilling inju y, pa icula ly in ma u e g een s age
(Polen a, Lucangeli, Budde, Gonz´
alez, & Mu ay, 2006). On he o he
hand, he use o chemicals can be unsa e. 1-Me hylcyclop opene (1-
MCP) is a s ong blocke o e hylene ecep o s ha ing he ad an ages o
lea ing esidues a negligible le els and non- oxic and delaying he
ipening o esh p oduce a a e y low concen a ion (Sabi & Aga ,
2011). Se e al esea che s epo ed bene icial e ec s o 1-MCP on o-
ma o (Choi & Hube , 2008; Sabi & Aga , 2011).
CAS o MAP combina ed wi h low s o age empe a u es can educe
espi a ion and e hylene p oduc ion a es, which slow down changes
ela ed o ipening and senescence. The modi ied a mosphe e may be
p oduced as a esul o p oduce espi a ion (passi e MAP) o by he
addi ion/ emo al o gases om ood packages (ac i e MAP) in o de o
con ol he le els o O
2
and CO
2
. In ac i e MAP, a mix u e o gases is
in oduced inside he package once which changes i s composi ion o e
ime whe eas in CAS, gas le els a e s ic ly kep a all imes (Majidi e al.,
2014). High CO
2
and low O
2
concen a ions in MAP a e usually achie ed
o educe espi a ion and e hylene p oduc ion a es. Howe e ,
ex emely low le els o O
2
and/o high le els o CO
2
could induce
anae obic me abolism wi h he possibili y o o - la o s gene a ion,
physiological and mic obial decay, b owning, and so ening. Thus, high-
O
2
a mosphe es ha e been sugges ed as an e ec i e me hod o inhibi
he g ow h o mic oo ganisms and p e en undesi ed anoxic e men a-
ion (Od iozola-Se ano, Oms-Oliu, Soli a-Fo uny, & Ma ín-Belloso,
2009).
Kaewklin, Si ipa awan, Suwanagul, and Lee (2018) in es iga ed he
easibili y o ac i e packaging om chi osan (CS) and chi osan con-
aining nanosized i anium dioxide (CT) o main ain quali y and ex end
s o age li e o oma o. Che y oma oes a b eake s age we e used o
he expe imen . Quali y changes we e lowe in ui s packaged wi h he
CT ilm han in con ol ui s o in ui s packaged wi h he CS ilm. I
should be no ed ha ui s we e exposed o UV ligh in he h ee ea -
men s e alua ed. The esul s sugges ed ha he CT ilm exhibi ed
e hylene pho odeg ada ion ac i i y when exposed o UV ligh and
consequen ly delayed he ipening p ocess and changes in he quali y o
he oma oes. The use o g anula -ac i a ed ca bon as a e hylene so ben
in MAP, alone o imp egned wi h palladium as a ca alys , diminished
e icien ly he e hylene accumula ion, hus educing colo e olu ion,
so ening, and weigh loss in Bu alo oma o (Bail´
en e al., 2006).
The e ec i eness o MAP in plan p oduces depends on he a ie y,
ipening s age, leng h o s o age, and empe a u e. Op imal empe a-
u e, humidi y, and a mosphe e composi ion condi ions mus be used o
ob ain signi ican bene i s (Pa k, Sangwanangkul, & Choi, 2018). Many
MAP sys ems o oma oes ha e been designed o keep ui be ween
5 ◦C and 10 ◦C (Bail´
en e al., 2006; Fagundes e al., 2015). Che y o-
ma oes (c . Tiny Bell) ha es ed a comme cial ma u i y (H◦: 57.2;
i mness: 5.3 N) we e s o ed in he da k a 7 ◦C o 21 days unde passi e
MAP. Conside ing senso y quali y, eady- o-ea che y oma oes pack-
aged in PE exhibi ed a shel -li e o a leas 21 days a ha empe a u e
(Paulsen, Ba ios, & Lema, 2019). This was he packaging condi ion
ecommended o che y oma o pos ha es e ige a ed s o age in he
s udy. DAquino e al. (2016) ecommended mode a e le els o CO
2
(a ound 3 kPa), O
2
no below han 12 kPa and ela i e humidi y (RH)
no highe han 90% o ed- ipe che y oma oes s o ed unde passi e
MAP a 20 ◦C. These condi ions we e achie ed using a lase -pe o a ed
30-mm- hick o ien ed polyp opylene (OPP) ilm. In con as , he pack-
ages made wi h he same ilm bu wi hou pe o a ion, which a e
designed o gene a e bene i s a low empe a u es, c ea ed anae obic
condi ions and has ened physico-chemical and ea ing quali y loss.
O he esea che s e alua ed he packaging o a g eenhouse-g own
oma o on he cul u e medium con aining compos ea unde modi ied
a mosphe e (88% N
2
+8% CO
2
+4% O
2
) in LDPE and nanosilicon-PE
bags a 5 ◦C o 30 days. Resul s con i med he ex ension o shel -li e
and main aining o he oma o quali y in he nanosilicon-PE ilm un il
he end o s o age (Tajeddin, Azadshah aki, & Da sangi, 2020). S o age
unde MAP o li chi ui s (c . Gola), ha es ed a 90–100% ed colo
s age, was sui able o delay i s pos ha es b owning and o conse e
biochemical a ibu es and an ioxida i e enzymes du ing 28 days a 5 ◦C
(Ali e al., 2019).
UV ea men o ui and ege ables has been epo ed o inc ease
hei an ioxidan capaci ies. Vunnam e al. (2014) ound ha UV-C
ea men enhanced he an ioxidan capaci y o ma u e ed che y o-
ma oes, bu had no bene icial e ec in educing he % mass loss, colo
change, espi a ion a e, o in main aining he i mness o he ui s. The
bes quali y oma oes, in e ms o minimum changes in hei physico-
chemical a ibu es such as mass loss, espi a ion a e, colo change,
o al soluble solid (TSS) con en , and i mness and enhanced an ioxidan
capaci y we e achie ed wi h UV-C +MAP, sugges ing ha UV-C ea -
men can be success ully combined wi h MAP he eby esul ing in a
p oduce wi h inc eased shel -li e and nu i i e quali y.
Pin o e al. (2020) epo ed ha he combined echnology o O
3
gas
+MAP signi ican ly educed he yeas and mould coun s in s awbe ies,
aspbe ies, and bluebe ies, compa ed o samples s o ed in ai and MAP
wi hou any p e- ea men . Howe e , as expec ed, a di e en e ec o
he combined ea men on mic obiological, chemical and quali y pa-
ame e s o di e en ypes o small ui s, s o ed unde he same con-
di ions, has been obse ed. Oz u k e al. (2019) sugges ed a combined
ea men o MAP +me hyl jasmona e (MeJA) as an e ec i e ool o
delaying quali y loss and main aining o bioac i e compounds in medla
ui (c . ˙
Is anbul) du ing s o age a 0 ◦C o 60 days. F ui s we e
collec ed a he s age o come cial ma u i y wi h 17.65% TSS, 2.35%
i a able acidi y (TA), and 82.66% i mness. MeJA is a plan g ow h
egula o and i is also known o ini ia e he esis ance mechanisms
agains di e en s esses in plan s and ui s.
To ou knowledge, no a icles ha e been published on he applica-
ion o MAP o oma oes s o ed using palle s o ex end hei shel -li e.
The aim o his wo k was o de elop a MAP sys em wi h palle s and
s udy i s e ec on he physico-chemical and senso y cha ac e is ics o
oma o s o ed a e ige a ion empe a u e.
V. Ol ei a-Bouzas e al.
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
3
2. Ma e ial and me hods
2.1. Plan ma e ial
The in luence o packaging sys em was s udied in oma o c . Anai is
(Lycope sicon esculen um Mill.) wi h a size o 82–102 mm (GG gauge).
The oma o ui was g own in O ense (Galicia, no hwes Spain;
geog aphic coo dina es: 42◦17′40′′N; 159 m on he sea le el) and p o-
ided by an ag icul u al coope a i e. Toma oes we e cul i a ed in a
g eenhouse unde con olled condi ions o empe a u e (day 20–23 ◦C,
nigh 15 ◦C) and RH (60–70%). Cul i a ion condi ions employed in
g owing he oma o c ops we e he ollowing: a) Soil ype: clayey; b)
Fe iliza ion (applied in all cases be o e seed was sown): 8–24–16 NPK
(800 kg ha
−1
), and KNO
3
(80 kg ha
−1
); c) Wa e supply: D ip i iga ion.
The dimension o plan s was o 1.80 m. Toma oes we e ha es ed in
June and Sep embe o wo yea s and we e immedia ely aken o he
acili ies o he coope a i e.
2.2. Packaging, s o age, and sampling
Th ee assays we e ca ied ou changing he packaging condi ions.
The packaging and s o age o oma o ook place in he own acili ies o
he coope a i e. A e ha es , echnicians o he ag icul u al company
placed he oma oes in ca dboa d boxes (50 ×30 ×17 cm) which we e
subsequen ly dis ibu ed on ou palle s. Each palle con ained a ound
en boxes dis ibu ed in wo heigh s. The weigh o each box was a ound
10 kg. One o he ou palle s was used as a con ol (unpackaged palle ),
while he es we e packaged unde a modi ied a mosphe e (packaged
palle s) composed o a mix u e O
2
/CO
2
. The use o silica gel as a
mois u e adso ben was es ed in he hi d assay. To do his, a ca dboa d
box con aining silica gel c ys als (2.5 kg/palle ) and o ange indica o
(WG-2) was deposi ed on each MAP palle . Mic o-pe o a ed LDPE bags
o 60 µm hickness and 24.30 ×13.55 ×26.00 m (leng h ×wid h ×
heigh ) size we e employed o he packaging. The pe meabili ies o
polyme o O
2
and CO
2
a 23 ◦C we e 3300 and 16600 cm
3
/m
2
/day/a m,
espec i ely, and he wa e apo ansmission 1.67 g/m
2
/day/a m.
A gaseous mix u e o N
2
/CO
2
(“F eshline 20 – Ca bu os Me ´
alicos
Company”, Co u˜
na, Spain) was injec ed in o each packaging bag which
allowed o displace he ai and each he desi ed concen a ions o O
2
and CO
2
. Two gas composi ions we e es ed: 7.8% O
2
/12.6% CO
2
/
79.6% N
2
( i s assay) and 10% O
2
/10% CO
2
/80% N
2
(second and hi d
assays). Once he bags we e he me ically closed wi h a lange, palle s
we e s o ed inside a cooling chambe a 6 ◦C and RH a ound 91%. The
gas composi ion was moni o ed daily by he echnicians o he ag icul-
u al company using a Wi -Gase echnik gases-me e model Oxibaby®
M + o O
2
/CO
2
.
Samplings we e ca ied ou a e 0, 7, 14, and 21 days o s o age
excep in he second assay whe e he possibili y o ex ending he ime o
s o age o he samples up o 28 days was s udied and he 7 days-sam-
pling was no ca ied ou .
The ini ial sampling was done on he con ol palle and he ollowing
ones consis ed o wo sub-samplings, one om he con ol palle and he
o he om a MAP palle . A di e en MAP palle was used e e y day o
sampling. A minimum o 10 kg o oma oes we e collec ed om he
di e en boxes o each palle (unpackaged and packaged). A e sam-
pling, he oma oes we e anspo ed o he as ing oom and o he Food
Technology Labo a o y, bo h loca ed in he Facul y o Ve e ina y o he
Uni e si y o San iago o Compos ela (Galicia, Spain) o senso y and
physico-chemical analysis, espec i ely.
2.3. Reagen s
Lycopene, β-ca o ene, and 2N Folin–Ciocal eau eagen we e sup-
plied om Sigma-Ald ich (S . Louis, MO, USA.). HPLC-g ade n-hexane
was acqui ed om Me ck (Mad id, Spain). Ace one, 96% e hanol, 96%
2,6-di- e -bu yl-4-me hylphenol (BHT), HPLC-g ade me hanol,
me aphospho ic acid, sodium hyd oxide (NaOH), po assium di-
hyd ogen phospha e (KH
2
PO
4
), anhyd ous sodium ca bona e
(Na
2
CO
3
), 85% phospho ic acid, 99% L-(+)-asco bic acid, and HPLC-
g ade e ahyd o u an (THF) we e pu chased om Pan eac (Ba ce-
lona, Spain). 98% Gallic acid was om Ac os (Geel, Belgium). Ul apu e
wa e was ob ained by a Milli-Q wa e pu i ica ion sys em om Milli-
po e (Bed o d, MA, USA).
2.4. De e mina ion o he CIE L*a*b* colo pa ame e s
Toma o colo was measu ed wi h a Colo Flex colo ime e (Hun e -
Lab, Res on, VA, USA). Measu emen s we e made using D
65
illumina
and an 10◦obse a ion angle as e e ences. Ligh ness (L*), a* ( edness/
g eenness), and b* (yellowness/blueness) we e egis e ed. The hue
angle was calcula ed as H◦=a c an (b*/a*), he sa u a ion index o
ch oma as C* =(b*
2
+a*
2
)
1/2
, and he o al colo di e ence as ΔE =
((L* −Lo*)
2
+(a* −ao*)
2
+(b* −bo*)
2
)
1/2
. The ins umen was
calib a ed using a s anda d ile (L* =93.41; a* = − 1.07; b* = +1.13).
The colo measu emen s we e pe o med a 25 ±1 ◦C on h ee loca ions
o each ui , wo equa o ial and one on he base. The da a a e p esen ed
as means o 10 ui s (O d´
o˜
nez-San os e al., 2009).
2.5. De e mina ion o mois u e, i a able acidi y, pH, and o al soluble
solids con en
Fo he de e mina ion o mois u e, TA, pH, and TSS con en , a
minimum o 10 oma oes om each sample (unpackaged and packaged)
on each sampling day we e c ushed.
Fo he mois u e de e mina ion, he c ushed samples we e lyophi-
lized using he Coolsa e Supe io PRO 90–80 lyophilize (SCANVAC,
S ockholm, Sweden). Mois u e was de e mined in iplica e and
exp essed as pe cen age. pH, TA, and TSS con en we e de e mined in
iplica e acco ding o he me hods o he AOAC (2005). pH was
de e mined in a homogeneous mix u e o abou 10 g o c ushed oma o
in 100 mL o deionized wa e wi h a GLP 21 C ison pH me e and a
C ison 52–02 glass elec ode (C ison Ins umen s, S.A., Ba celona,
Spain). TA was de e mined by i a ion he p e ious mix u e wi h 0.1 M
NaOH o pH 8.1. Resul s we e exp essed as g ci ic acid/100 g esh
weigh (FW). The TSS con en was de e mined using a (0–32%) Labolan
301 e ac ome e (Spain) and exp essed as pe cen age (◦B ix).
2.6. De e mina ion o i mness
Toma o ins umen al i mness was measu ed in a minimum o 10
oma oes using a TA.XT. Plus Tex u e Analyze (S able Mic o Sys ems,
Su ey, UK) and exp essed as New ons (N). Punc u e es s we e pe -
o med by a p obe wi h cylind ical ip (P/0.255) o 6.35 mm diame e . A
speed o 2 mm s
−1
and pene a ion dis ance o 10 mm we e used o
punc u e he samples. A whole oma o was placed in an equa o ial po-
si ion on he ex u ome e s age o each measu emen . Punc u e o ce
was measu ed in iplica e.
2.7. De e mina ion o lycopene and ß-ca o ene
Ex ac ion was pe o med ollowing Lugasi e al. (2003) and Sadle ,
Da is, and Dezman (1990). B ie ly, 2 g c ushed oma oes we e weighed
in a 250-mL E lenmeye lask, and 50 mL o sol en (2:1:1) n-hexane ⁄
ace one-(2.5% w/ ) BHT ⁄ 96% e hanol we e added. The lask was
co e ed wi h oil, and hen placed in c ushed ice and shaken by a
magne ic s i e o 10 min, a e which 10 mL o dis illed wa e we e
added and shaking was con inued o a u he 5 min. A 4 mL sample o
he o ganic phase was hen aken wi h a Pas eu pipe e and il e ed
wice h ough a 0.2-µm nylon il e . All samples we e analyzed in ip-
lica e. A 20
μ
L aliquo o he il a e was injec ed in duplica e in o an
HPLC appa a us equipped wi h a UV–VIS diode a ay de ec o , degasse ,
empe a u e s abilize , manual injec o , SunFi e C18 column (5 µm, 25
V. Ol ei a-Bouzas e al.
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
4
×0.46 cm), and SunFi e C18 p ecolumn (5 µm, 2 ×0.46 cm). As mobile
phase, 67:27:6 ( : : ) me hanol/THF/wa e (Sadle e al., 1990) was
deli e ed a 2 mL/min, and he columns we e he mos a ed a 30 ◦C.
Lycopene and β-ca o ene we e de ec ed a 475 and 450 nm,
espec i ely, and quan i ied using calib a ion cu es ( =0.9983 and
=0.9994, espec i ely) ha had p e iously been cons uc ed wi h he
co esponding s anda ds. Ch oma og aphic peaks we e iden i ied by
compa ing he e en ion imes wi h hose o au hen ic s anda ds. The
limi s o de ec ion (LOD) we e calcula ed as he concen a ion co e-
sponding o he a e age signal o he blank plus 3 imes he s anda d
de ia ion. The alues ob ained we e 0.074 and 0.081 µg/mL o lyco-
pene and β-ca o ene, espec i ely. Fo lycopene, he analy ical eco e y
was 101.0% and he measu emen and me hod coe icien s o a ia ion
2.34% and 2.91%, espec i ely. Fo β-ca o ene, he analy ical eco e y
was 97.4%, and he measu emen and me hod coe icien s o a ia ion
2.41% and 2.30%, espec i ely.
2.8. De e mina ion o asco bic acid
Following Baa dse h, Bje ke, Ma insen, and Sk ede (2010) and
G¨
okmen, Kah aman, Demi , and Aca (2000), 5 g o homogenized
sample was weighed in a beake and 5% (w/ ) me aphospho ic acid was
added in su icien quan i y o co e i . The beake was co e ed wi h
oil, placed on a magne ic s i e , and hen shaken o 15 min be o e
being dilu ed o 25 mL wi h me aphospho ic acid. The sample was
il e ed h ough a il e pape (Fil e -Lab No. 1238), and hen h ough a
0.2 µm nylon il e , keeping i away om di ec sunligh . All samples
we e analyzed in iplica e. A 20
μ
L aliquo was injec ed in duplica e
in o an HPLC appa a us equipped wi h a UV–VIS diode a ay de ec o ,
degasse , empe a u e s abilize , manual injec o , Sphe iso b ODS2 C18
column (5 µm, 25 ×0.46 cm) and Sphe iso b ODS2 C18 p ecolumn (5
µm, 2 ×0.46 cm). The columns we e he mos a ed a 25 ◦C. A 0.2 M
KH
2
PO
4
solu ion was used as a mobile phase wi h a low- a e o 0.8 mL/
min. The pH o he mobile phase was adjus ed o 2.4 by 85% phospho ic
acid. AA was de ec ed a 254 nm and quan i ied using a calib a ion
cu e ( =0.9999) cons uc ed wi h AA s anda ds. Ch oma og aphic
peak was iden i ied by compa ing he e en ion ime wi h ha o an
au hen ic s anda d. The LOD was 0.0122 µg/mL, he analy ical eco e y
97.03% and he measu emen and me hod coe icien s o a ia ion
4.57% and 5.74%, espec i ely.
2.9. De e mina ion o o al phenolic con en
Phenolics we e ex ac ed (Oboh, 2005) by ea ing 30 mg o lyoph-
ilized sample wi h 20 mL o 70% ( / ) ace one a 4 ◦C, o exed,
allowed o s and a 4 ◦C o abou 12 h, and hen il e ed. TPC was
de e mined in iplica e using he Folin–Ciocal eau eagen (Single on,
O ho e , & Lamuela-Ra en ´
os, 1999) as ollows: a mix u e o 2 mL o
il e ed solu ion and 10 mL o 0.2 N Folin–Ciocal eau eagen was o -
exed and allowed o s and o 3 min, hen neu alized wi h 8 mL o 7.5%
(w/ ) sodium ca bona e, again o exed o 20 s, and incuba ed o 90
min a 25 ◦C. Abso bance a 760 nm was measu ed in a UV–VIS spec-
opho ome e , and TPC de e mined om a calib a ion cu e ( =
0.9977) ha had p e iously been cons uc ed wi h gallic acid s anda ds.
All samples we e analyzed in iplica e. The me hod and measu emen
coe icien s o a ia ion we e 3.2% and 2.50%, espec i ely. TPC was
exp essed as mg GAE/100 g FW.
2.10. Senso y e alua ion
The senso y analysis was pe o med by a panel o en ained as e s
who e alua ed pai s o samples, unpackaged and packaged ui s, using
he as ing shee p e iously elabo a ed by O d´
o˜
nez-San os e al. (2009),
ollowing he me hodology desc ibed in ISO 8586:2012. Th ee numbe
codes we e used o name samples, hus a oiding hei iden i ica ion by
as e s. Each as e ecei ed a whole oma o o each sample. Six een
senso y desc ip o s we e e alua ed. A 2-poin scale (p esence/absence)
was used o colo uni o mi y, spo s, de achmen o he iscous pa , and
o -a omas and esul s we e exp essed as pe cen ages. A 10–cm un-
s uc u ed scale was employed o he es o desc ip o s including
ex e nal and in e nal colo in ensi ies, ex e nal and in e nal odo in-
ensi ies, i mness, juiciness, consis ency, esilience o skin chewing,
swee ness, acid la ou , sal y la ou , and la ou pe sis ency. The
as e s could also indica e any o he al e a ion obse ed in he samples
using he i em “o he al e a ions” included in he as ing shee .
2.11. S a is ical analysis
Senso y and physico-chemical esul s we e subjec ed o wo-way
analysis o a iance (ANOVA) wi h in e ac ion ( *P). Sou ces o a ia-
ion we e packaging (yes/non) and s o age ime (7, 14, and 21 days).
The -S uden es was used o compa e means be ween he wo i s
samplings (0–7 o 0–14 days). Pea sons chi-squa ed es was applied on
he desc ip o s e alua ed by a 2-poin scale. All analyses we e pe o med
using SPSS 17.0 o Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.).
3. Resul s and discussion
3.1. Fi s assay
Toma o ha es ed was di ided in o wo g oups because ui s
a ained di e en s ages o ma u a ion, g een and ma u e. Tables 1 and 2
show he alues o he physico-chemical pa ame e s de e mined in
con ol and MAP samples o oma oes a g een and ma u e s ages,
espec i ely, oge he wi h he co esponding s a is ical esul s.
Du ing his i s assay, high condensa ion o wa e apo was
obse ed inside he packaging bags co e ing he MAP palle s. This is
mos likely caused by he de elopmen o high RH wi hin he bags due o
he low wa e apo pe meabili y o he packaging ma e ial. These
condi ions a e unsui able because mic obial p oli e a ion migh be
p oduced hus educing quali y and sa e y o he p oduce (Singh, Gi i, &
Ko waliwale, 2014).
A he beginning o s o age (day 0), he alues o TA and pH o
oma o a he ma u e and g een s ages we e simila . TA ended o
dec ease du ing he s o age ime wi h he consequen inc ease in pH
ega dless o i s ma u a ion s age and conse a ion me hod, al hough
as e s did no de ec signi ican di e ences in he acid as e o e ime.
Changes in TA seem o be slowe in ipe oma o because he -S uden
es did no show signi ican di e ences be ween he samplings a 0 and
7 days. The e ec s o he packaging ac o on pH and TA we e only
signi ican o g een oma o wi h highe alues o pH and lowe alues o
TA in MAP oma o a he end o s o age. In acco dance wi h hese e-
sul s, a senso y le el, MAP g een oma o ob ained lowe sco es o acid
as e (3.1–3.6) han con ol oma o (3.7–4.9) in all samplings al hough
in his case he e ec o packaging ac o on he senso y desc ip o was
no signi ican .
Domínguez e al. (2016) did no ind signi ican changes in TA du ing
s o age o oma o (c . Delizia) a b eake s age nei he in unpackaged
no MAP samples. Majidi e al. (2014) epo ed ha MAP and especially
CAS slowed down he diminishing end o TA in oma oes (c . Supe
je ) a ma u e-g een s age. The use o 1-MCP o he 1-MCP +MAP
combina ion showed a possi i e e ec in oma oes (c . Pe la) a he pink
and ligh ed s ages by delaying changes in TA du ing s o age. Howe e ,
such an e ec on TA was no obse ed when MAP was used alone (Sabi
& Aga , 2011).
TSS con en is conside ed as an impo an index o ipening in o-
ma oes. Changes in TSS du ing he na u al ma u a ion p ocess a e
a ibu ed o he hyd olysis o he s a ch which is con e ed in o suga
(Kaewklin e al., 2018). The ini ial TSS con en in oma o was highe in
ma u e (4.50%) han g een (3.67%) ui s. No signi ican changes in TSS
du ing s o age we e obse ed in g een oma o. Howe e , a signi ican
inc ease in TSS a e 7 days o s o age was de ec ed in con ol and MAP
V. Ol ei a-Bouzas e al.
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
5
ma u e oma o al hough as e s did no de ec signi ican di e ences in
he “swee ness” desc ip o . Domínguez e al. (2016) ound no signi ican
changes in TSS o e s o age ime nei he in con ol no MAP oma o (c .
Delizia). Howe e , Sabi and Aga (2011) epo ed a TSS inc ease in
oma o (c . Pe la) du ing he s o age ega dless o he ea men used
(con ol, 1-MCP, MAP, o 1-MCP +MAP). Resul s ob ained by o he
esea che s (Akbudak e al., 2007) showed ha he use o MAP in ligh -
ed che y oma o (c s. Alona and Naomi) slowed down he inc ease o
TSS du ing s o age.
The ini ial ins umen al i mness was, as expec ed, highe in he
g een (28.99 N) han ipe (18.68 N) oma oes. Consis en wi h his
esul , he a e age sco e gi en by as e s o i mness was highe in g een
(8.6) han ipe oma o (6.3). In ou s udy, hese alues did no change
signi ican ly wi h he s o age ime. The e ec o packaging ac o was
only signi ican in ma u ed oma oes; he alues o punc u e o ce and
i mness sco e we e lowe in ui s s o ed using MAP which could be
a ibu ed o he high condensa ion o wa e apo inside he packaging
bags which caused he so ening o he ui s.
The ini ial alues o H◦and a* in ma u ed oma oes we e 50.95 and
13.80, espec i ely. In g een oma oes, he alues we e 88.23 and 0.61,
espec i ely. These di e ences indica e oma o colo de elopmen , om
g een o ed, du ing ipening. Sabi and Aga (2011) epo ed H◦ alues
in oma o (c . Pe la) a pink and ligh ed s ages o 88.08 and 72.27,
espec i ely. Domínguez e al. (2016) ound H◦ alues o 93.11 and
48.12 in Delizia (b eake s age) and Pi enza ( ed) oma o, espec i ely.
In ma u e oma o, H◦signi ican ly dec eased a e 7 days o s o age
in bo h unpackaged and packaged ui s whe eas a* signi ican ly
inc eased a e he same ime pe iod indica ing ha oma o adqui ed a
sligh ly mo e in ense ed colo . In acco dance wi h hese esul s, he
a e age sco e gi en by he as e s o he ex e nal colo in ensi y a he
beginning o s o age (3.0), signi ican ly inc eased a e 7 days o 6.3 and
8.2 in unpackaged and packaged ui s, espec i ely. In he same way,
he in e nal colo in ensi y (4.3) inc eased o 5.9 and 8.1, espec i ely.
Mino changes in he colo pa ame e s we e ound in g een oma oes.
The pigmen s in oma oes include mos ly chlo ophyll a, chlo ophyll
b, β-ca o ene, and lycopene (Fagundes e al., 2015), which a e me ab-
olized du ing he ipening o oma oes. The ini ial amoun s o β-ca o ene
in g een and ma u e oma o we e 4.34 and 5.55 mg/100 g FW,
espec i ely. β-Ca o ene in g een oma o signi ican ly dec eased in bo h
unpackaged and packaged ui s a e 7 days o s o age and hen i
emained wi hou signi ican changes. β-Ca o ene in ipe oma o was
a ec ed by MAP wi h he highe amoun s o he pigmen being ound in
packaged ui s.
The ini ial amoun o lycopene in ma u e ui s (37.83 mg/100 g FW)
was much highe han ha ound in g een ui s (7.69 mg/100 g FW), a
esul consis en wi h he oma o colo analysis. Biosyn hesis o lyco-
pene was obse ed in packaged ipe oma o a e 7 days o s o age and
hen a decline occu ed. Ins ead, lycopene ended o dec ease wi h he
Table 1
E ec o he s o age ime and MAP on he physico-chemical pa ame e s o g een oma o ( i s assay).
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Two-way ANOVA wi h in e ac ion -S uden es (0–7 days)
Con ol Con ol MAP Con ol MAP Con ol MAP P *P Con ol MAP
pH 4.37 4.33 4.48 4.36 4.48 4.50 4.56 *** *** ns ns *
TA (g ci ic acid/100 g FW) 0.43 0.40 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.22 *** *** *** ** *
TSS con en (%) 3.67 5.00 4.17 4.43 5.00 4.73 4.10 ns ns ** ns ns
Mois u e (%) 93.39 93.46 93.64 93.51 94.01 93.99 94.20 – – – – –
Fi mness (N) 28.99 29.46 31.32 29.4 23.56 30.87 23.46 ns ns ns ns ns
Lycopene (mg/100 g FW) 7.69 3.19 6.03 2.72 2.81 3.49 5.71 ** ** ns * ns
β-Ca o ene (mg/100 g FW) 4.34 2.40 3.19 2.66 3.25 2.66 3.56 ns ns ns * **
L* 37.48 37.36 36.16 38.27 36.24 37.57 36.70 ns * ns ns ns
a* 0.61 2.98 2.18 3.08 4.41 3.96 3.70 ns ns ns ns ns
b* 19.22 18.81 19.23 16.13 17.09 18.87 18.97 ns ns ns ns ns
C* 20.16 19.9 20.03 16.13 18.33 20.14 20.11 *** ns ns ns ns
H◦88.23 81.90 84.16 80.77 76.47 78.35 79.48 ns ns ns ns ns
ΔE – 6.50 5.97 6.75 6.65 7.33 6.62 ns ns ns – –
AA (mg/100 g FW) 14.32 19.83 23.97 21.13 21.84 19.95 16.60 ns ns * ns **
TPC (mg GAE/100 g FW) 66.35 64.55 64.82 54.63 65.05 58.28 53.91 ** ns * ns ns
TA: i a able acidi y; TSS: o al soluble solid; FW: esh weigh ; AA: asco bic acid; TPC o al phenolic con en ; : ime; P: packaging;
MAP: modi ied a mosphe e packaging; ns =no signi ican ; (*) p ≤0.05; (**) p ≤0.01; (***) p ≤0.001
Table 2
E ec o he s o age ime and MAP on he physico-chemical pa ame e s o ipe oma o ( i s assay).
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Two-way ANOVA wi h in e ac ion -S uden es (0–7 days)
Con ol Con ol MAP Con ol MAP Con ol MAP P *P Con ol MAP
pH 4.28 4.29 4.26 4.43 4.43 4.35 4.62 *** ns *** ns ns
TA (g ci ic acid/100 g FW) 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.22 *** ns *** ns ns
TSS con en (%) 4.50 5.67 6.00 4.83 6.17 5.07 4.93 ns ns ns * **
Mois u e (%) 93.29 93.30 93.27 93.77 93.39 92.31 94.35 – – – – –
Fi mness (N) 18.68 22.92 20.13 19.10 12.53 21.40 12.75 ns ** ns ns ns
Lycopene (mg/100 g FW) 37.83 38.76 58.15 29.14 48.14 24.05 31.77 *** *** ** ns *
β-Ca o ene (mg/100 g FW) 5.55 5.01 6.56 4.47 5.83 5.18 5.39 ns *** * ns ns
L* 30.58 29.97 29.70 29.85 30.71 29.91 29.67 ns ns ns ns ns
a* 13.80 15.92 16.24 13.93 14.39 14.30 13.16 ns ns ns * *
b* 16.64 14.78 14.58 14.14 15.45 14.78 13.84 ns ns ns ns ns
C* 21.96 21.85 22.05 20.01 21.43 20.67 19.29 * ns ns ns ns
H◦50.95 43.23 41.72 45.52 47.53 46.29 47.30 ns ns ns * *
ΔE – 4.57 4.91 4.65 4.35 3.58 4.97 ns ns ns – –
AA (mg/100 g FW) 13.96 21.88 16.02 26.67 23.73 20.10 19.59 ** * ns * ns
TPC (mg GAE/100 g FW) 62.88 69.60 71.39 89.12 71.28 63.23 53.37 *** *** *** ** **
TA: i a able acidi y; TSS: o al soluble solids; FW: esh weigh ; AA: asco bic acid; TPC o al phenolic con en ; : ime; P: packaging;
MAP: modi ied a mosphe e packaging; ns =no signi ican ; (*) p ≤0.05; (**) p ≤0.01; (***) p ≤0.001
V. Ol ei a-Bouzas e al.
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
6
ime o s o age in he unpackaged ui s. The highes lycopene con en
de ec ed in packaged ui s was in ag eemen wi h he g ea es sco es
gi en by he as e s o he in e nal and ex e nal colo in ensi ies.
Biosyn hesis o lycopene was no obse ed in con ol o MAP g een o-
ma o. On he con a y, i dec eased signi ican ly a e 7 days o s o age
in con ol ui s.
The ini ial con en o AA was no signi ican ly modi ied in he g een
oma o, bu i did change in he ma u e one, bo h o e ime, wi h alues
highe han he ini ial alues a e 21 days o s o age, and depending on
he me hod o conse a ion, wi h he alues being sligh ly lowe in he
case o packaged oma o h oughou he s o age ime. Sabi and Aga
(2011) s udied he AA changes wi h he s o age ime in oma o (c .
Pe la) a wo ma u a ion s ages and using di e en ea men s (con ol,
MAP, 1-MCP, and 1-MCP +MAP). A pink s age, AA slighly inc eased
al hough no signi ican di e ences among ea men s we e ound. A
ligh ed s age, AA con en une en inc eased. The lowes changes we e
obse ed wi h 1-MCP o 1-MCP +MAP.
In he s udy ca ied ou by Kaewklin e al. (2018) compa ing he CS
and CT packaging ilms o s o age o che y oma o (b eake s age)
unde MAP +UV ligh , AA inc eased when ui s eached he pink s age
and hen declined sligh ly as he ui a ained he ed s age. Con ol
ui s wi h UV exposu e shows a simila beha io . Con ol samples and
samples packaged wi h CS eached he highes con en s o AA a e 3
days o s o age, while samples packaged wi h CT eached i a e 7 days
o s o age. Resul s sugges ed ha he CT ilm could delay ipening
p ocess o he oma o ui s. The possible cause o he dec ease in AA a
he ed s age o oma o ipening can be i s u iliza ion as espi a o y
subs a e in he ipening p ocess o i s con e sion o suga s du ing
ipening. Kau and Bha ia (2016) s udied he e ec o di e en pack-
aging ma e ials (HDPE, LDPE, and PP) on he AA con en in oma oes
(Punjab Upma and Punjab Ra a) a pink s age and obse ed ha AA
inc eased up o day 14 o bo h a ie ies, and hen declined a e wa ds
in open ays as well as in all he packaging modes. AA enhancemen a e
was mo e unde open ays as compa ed o packaged oma oes.
TPC ended o dec ease wi h he s o age ime in g een oma o bu no
signi ican di e ences we e obse ed be ween unpackaged and pack-
aged ui s. In unpackaged ipe oma o, TPC signi ican ly inc eased a e
7 days o s o age in unpackaged ui s and con inued o inc ease un il 14
days o s o age and hen dec eased eaching alues simila o he ini ial
ones. Pinhei o, Aleg ia, Ab eu, Gonçal es, and Sil a (2013) epo ed a
TPC inc ease in oma o (c . Zinac) a ma u e-g een s age du ing he 30
days o s o age. Too and Sa age (2006) no iced an inc ease o TPC in
oma o a ligh - ed s age (c . T adi o) un il he 8 h s o age day, ollowed
by a sligh dec ease un il he end o s o age ime (10 days). In gene al,
he inc ease o phenolics con en is associa ed wi h ipening
de elopmen , especially wi h he inc ease o he phenylalanine
ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme ac i i y, which plays an impo an ole in
phenolics compounds syn hesis (Alo hman, Kau , Fazilah, Bha , &
Ka im, 2010). In ou s udy, accumula ion o TPC was educed when he
oma oes we e s o ed unde modi ied a mosphe e. A he end o so age,
TPC was signi ican ly lowe in MAP han con ol ui s.
In his i s assay, he as e s indica ed he p esence o c acks and
s e ch ma ks om he beginning o s o age as well as o a e 21 days o
s o age in bo h packaged and unpackaged ipe ui s.
3.2. Second assay
In his second assay, a di e en packaging a mosphe e composi ion
was e alua ed wi h a sample o homogenous oma oes a hei poin o
ma u i y. Resul s ob ained a e shown in Table 3. High condensa ion o
wa e apo was again obse ed inside he packaging bags co e ing he
palle s, as happened in he i s assay.
TA o oma o in his second assay did no a y signi ican ly o e ime
e en when he e we e di e ences in i s alue a he end o s o age be-
ween he con ol and MAP samples, wi h TA being lowe in he la e , as
i happened in he i s assay. The pH a ia ions, al hough signi ican ,
we e e y small. Tas e s did no de ec signi ican changes in he acid
as e nei he wi h he s o age ime no he me hod o conse a ion.
An inc ease in he TSS con en was obse ed in bo h con ol and MAP
samples a e 14 days o s o age al hough such an inc ease was no
signi ican . Con ol ui s had signi ican ly highe TSS con en han
hose MAP a he end o s o age. A he senso y le el, “swee ness” did
no change signi ican ly o e ime o wi h he me hod o s o age.
The ini ial ins umen al i mness dec eased o e ime in bo h con ol
and MAP ui s al hough he a ia ions obse ed we e no signi ican .
Mo eo e , a signi ican e ec o he packaging was no ound. Howe e ,
a no iceable and signi ican decline o he i mness sco es in bo h con ol
and MAP oma o was ob ained a 14 days o s o age wi h no signi ican
di e ences be ween bo h ypes o ui s.
Ini ial H◦and a* we e 70.70 and 6.34, espec i ely (Table 3) and
signi ican ly dec eased (52.97◦) and inc eased (19.83◦), espec i ely, in
unpackaged oma o a e 14 days o s o age. In addi ion, he ini ial
a e age sco e o he ex e nal colo in ensi y (2.2) signi ican ly inc eased
(7.4) a e he same ime pe iod. A lowe a* inc ease was obse ed in
MAP oma o a e 14 days o s o age, al hough such a change was no
signi ican . Mo eo e , no signi ican changes in H◦o ex e nal and in-
e nal colo in ensi es we e obse ed in packaged ui s du ing s o age.
As o C* and L*, signi ican ly inc eased a e 14 days o s o age in bo h
unpackaged and packaged ui s.
O e all, packaged oma oes shown he highes alues o L*, b*, C*,
Table 3
E ec o he s o age ime and MAP on he physico-chemical pa ame e s o oma o (second assay).
Day 0 Day 14 Day 21 Two-way ANOVA wi h in e ac ion -S uden es (0–14 days)
Con ol Con ol MAP Con ol MAP P *P Con ol MAP
pH 4.49 4.41 4.38 4.35 4.66 *** *** *** ns ns
TA (g ci ic acid/100 g FW) 0.26 0.25 0.29 0.36 0.19 ns *** *** ns *
TSS con en (%) 4.07 4.33 4.43 4.40 4.00 *** *** *** ns ns
Mois u e (%) 94.59 94.15 94.04 94.07 94.16 – – – – –
Fi mness (N) 28.17 23.79 26.70 20.61 20.30 ns ns ns ns ns
Lycopene (mg/100 g FW) 5.56 7.53 5.39 8.07 6.44 ns ns ns ns ns
β-Ca o ene (mg/100 g FW) 2.38 2.91 2.38 2.18 2.31 * ns * * ns
L* 34.40 37.19 42.96 29.94 39.26 *** *** * * **
a* 6.34 19.83 11.64 11.47 13.43 * ns ** *** ns
b* 17.2 25.96 31.25 15.29 29.00 *** *** ** *** ***
C* 19.38 32.92 34.28 19.45 33.05 *** *** ** *** ***
H◦70.70 52.97 70.57 53.31 66.60 ns *** ns * ns
ΔE – 17.42 19.61 8.59 18.01 *** *** ** – –
AA (mg/100 g FW) 21.41 21.41 18.67 20.74 15.73 *** *** *** ns ns
TPC (mg GAE/100 g FW) 55.15 59.41 51.73 64.77 60.69 ** ns * * ns
TA: i a able acidi y; TSS: o al soluble solids; FW: esh weigh ; AA: asco bic acid; TPC o al phenolic con en ; : ime; P: packaging;
MAP: modi ied a mosphe e packaging; ns =no signi ican ; (*) p ≤0.05; (**) p ≤0.01; (***) p ≤0.001
V. Ol ei a-Bouzas e al.
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
7
and H◦du ing he s o age ime. Unpackaged oma oes had he mos
eddish colo , consis en wi h he highes in ensi y o colo (ex e nal and
in e nal) a senso y le el. Consis en wi h he esul s ob ained, he
packaging ac o had a signi ican e ec on he colo uni o mi y a 14
days o s o age, acco ding o he Pea sonchi-squa ed es . Tas e s indi-
ca ed ha 87.5% o he unpackaged samples had a uni o m ed–o ange
colo whe eas 87.5% o he MAP samples s ill had g eenish-yellowish
a eas. This ac seems o be ela ed o he as e ipening o unpack-
aged oma o.
The delay in he colo change o he MAP oma o could be a ibu ed
o he dec ease in he me abolic p ocess esponsible o he deg ada ion
o chlo ophyll pigmen s and syn hesis o lycopene and β-ca o ene du ing
s o age (Aneesh e al., 2008). Resul s we e simila o hose ob ained by
o he esea che s. Domínguez e al. (2016) indica ed ha MAP delayed
he colo e olu ion (H◦) in he Delizia and Pi enza cul i a s bu he e ec
was mo e e iden in he less ma u e cul i a . Sabi and Aga (2011)
epo ed han 1-MCP and, especially, 1-MCP +MAP signi ican ly slowed
down H◦changes in oma o (c . Pe la). Che y oma oes s o ed unde
modi ied a mosphe e (5% O
2
+5% CO
2
) showed signi ican changes in
all colo pa ame e s du ing s o age o 21 days, bu such changes we e
mo e p onounced in con ol samples. A sligh L* decline in MAP oma o
was associa ed o a modes amoun o b owning (Fagundes e al. (2015).
β-Ca o ene signi ican ly inc eased in unpackaged oma o a e 14
days o s o age and hen dec eased. Biosyn hesis o lycopene was also
obse ed a e he same pe iod o ime, bu in his case he change was
no signi ican . In packaged oma o, no changes we e obse ed o e ime
in any o he pigmen s, being he packaging ac o no signi ican .
Modi ied a mosphe es including ei he educed O
2
o ele a ed CO
2
a e usually conside ed o inhibi ca o enoids biosyn hesis. Od iozola-
Se ano e al. (2009) ound a ma ked dec ease in o al ca o enoids o e
s o age ime (21 days) in esh-cu oma oes unde MAP wi h 2.5 kPa o
O
2
+5 kPa o CO
2
o 10 kPa o O
2
+5 kPa o CO
2
. Domínguez e al.
(2016) epo ed educed biosyn hesis o lycopene in MAP oma o (c s.
Delizia and Pi enza) which ag eed wi h he esul s ob ained by Fagundes
e al. (2015) in che y oma o (c . Jose ina). Kau and Bha ia (2016)
epo ed a con inous inc ease o lycopene h ough he ipening p ocess
o wo a ie ies o oma o ha es ed a pink s age (Punjab Upma and
Punjab Ra a) and s o ed in ai o unde di e en packaging ma e ial in
ambien condi ions. This augmen a ion was co esponded o an inc ease
in he ed colo as indica ed by an inc ease in a* alue wi h s o age ime.
Howe e , packaged ui s showed lesse and slow accumula ion o
lycopene. An immedia e decline in o al chlo ophyll con en and a
s eady inc ease in o al ca o enoid con en du ing he ipening we e also
obse ed o bo h a ie ies and MAP slowed down bo h p ocesses o
deg ada ion and biosyn hesis, espec i ely.
Islam, Lee, Mele, Choi, and Kang (2019) s udied he e ec o ui
size (la ge, medium, and small) on quali y, shel -li e, and mic obial
ac i i y o MAP che y oma o (c . Unico n). A e 20 days o s o age a
5 ◦C, he lycopene con en inc eased ega dless o he ui s size in bo h
con ol and MAP ui s al hough he e ec was smalle in he la ge ui s.
The e o e, he la ge oma oes con ained less lycopene han he o he
sizes and his can be due o hei slowe ipening. As a esul , le els o
lycopene depended on he le el o ipeness o he ui s. In addi ion,
accumula ion o lycopene was lesse in MAP ui s o a ious sizes as
compa ed as con ol ui s. Di e en esul s we e epo ed by Sabi and
Aga (2011) who ound ha 1-MCP o 1-MCP +MAP ea men s
s ongly educed he lycopene accumula ion in oma o (c . Pe la) while
MAP alone was no e ec i e.
The AA con en main ained qui e s able du ing s o age o con ol
samples bu ended o decline in he MAP ui s. TPC inc eased signi i-
can ly o e ime bu no signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween he
packaging and non-packaging o he samples.
In his second assay, MAP oma o had a signi ican ly highe pe -
cen age o ui s wi h spo s (62.5%) han con ol oma o (12.5%) a e
14 days o s o age maybe caused by he condensa ion p oblems indi-
ca ed ea lie . Resul s a e shown in Fig. 1. In he i em “o he al e a ions”,
as e s indica ed he p esence o mechanical damage and o in bo h
unpackaged and MAP oma o a e 14 days o s o age as occu ed in he
i s assay. Resul s showed ha he decay o he packaged ui s was
accele a ed when compa ed o con ol ui s; he e o e, he 28 days-
sampling was no ca ied ou .
3.3. Thi d assay
The packaging condi ions used in he i s wo assays we e no he
mos sui able. Based on hese esul s, silica gel was used as an adso ben
in his hi d assay which conside ably educed condensa ion o wa e
apo which was concen a ed mainly in he a eas o he palle u hes
om box con aining adso ben .
Table 4 shows he physico-chemical da a ob ained, oge he wi h he
co esponding s a is ical esul s, o he con ol and MAP oma o a e 0,
7, 14 and 21 days o s o age in he hi d assay ca ied ou .
TA in oma o ended o dec ease du ing s o age, he packaging ac o
being no signi ican . As o he TSS con en , unpackaged oma o p e-
sen ed a sligh ly highe con en o TSS han he packaged one du ing he
i s wo weeks o s o age which indica ed ha he p ocess o ma u a ion
was slowe when oma o was s o ed unde modi ied a mosphe e.
Howe e , hese small di e ences we e no e lec ed in he g ea e
swee ness o he unpackaged oma o. I is conside ed ha oma o wi h
op imal a oma and la ou mus ha e pH o 4–5 and TSS con en o 4–6
◦B ix. In gene al, he alues ob ained in he h ee assays we e wi hin
hese anges.
The punc u e o ce and i mness sco e signi ican ly dec eased in
unpackaged oma o a e 7 days o s o age as expec ed due o he so -
ening o he ui s du ing he ipening p ocess. Howe e , no loss o
i mness o he MAP oma oes was obse ed du ing he en i e s o age
ime, indica ing he bene icious e ec o he use o silica gel. MAP also
educed he loss o i mness in o he oma o cul i a s, as epo ed by
o he esea che s (Aneesh e al., 2008; Domínguez e al., 2016;
Fagundes e al., 2015; Vunnam e al., 2014). I has been p o ed ha he
modi ied a mosphe es dec ease he ac i i y o he pec ines e ase and
poliga ac u onase enzymes in ol ed in he cell wall deg ada ion
(Domínguez e al., 2016). I was also sugges ed ha high CO
2
concen-
a ion esul s in supp ession o he deg ada ion o p o opec in o solu-
ble pec in hus educing ui so ening (Majidi e al., 2014). S udies
ca ied ou by Majidi e al. (2014) concluded ha CAS is be e han
MAP in main aining i mness o oma o (c . Supe Je ), bu bo h s o age
sys ems we e be e han he con en ional cold s o age.
Pa k e al. (2018) also obse ed condensa ion o wa e apo when
oma oes (c . De unis) we e bulk packaged in PE bags and cold-s o ed,
as in ou s udy. Howe e , he use o X end MA/MH (modi ied a mo-
sphe e/modi y humidi y) p e en ed condensa ion while main aining
high RH (~95%).
The oma oes ha es ed o his assay we e qui e g een in acco dance
Fig. 1. Pe cen age o samples wi h p esence/absence o spo s in con ol and
MAP oma o a e 14 days o s o age (second assay).
V. Ol ei a-Bouzas e al.
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
8
wi h hei alues o H◦(86.81◦) and a* (1.92). The e o e, only small
changes in he colo pa ame e s we e ound in ag eemen wi h he e-
sul s om he i s ha es ing. In he same way, packaged oma oes
shown signi ican ly highe L* han unpackaged ui s o e s o age ime.
The ini ial β-ca o ene con en signi ican ly inc eased in con ol
samples a e 7 days o s o age, emaining la e wi hou signi ican
changes. β-Ca o ene in packaged ui s sligh ly inc eased du ing s o age,
al hough changes in i s con en we e no signi ican .
As o lycopene, i s ini ial amoun was 3.60 mg/100 g FW. La ge
biosyn hesis o lycopene was ound in con ol samples a 7 days o
s o age (6.21 mg/100 g FW); hen signi ican changes o e ime we e
no ound. MAP delayed biosyn hesis o his ca o enoid. Lycopene en-
ded o inc ease in packaged ui s om 7 days o s o age eaching he
alue o 5.54 mg/100 g FW a he end o s o age, al hough di e ences
we e no signi ican .
The ini ial AA con en in unpakaged ui s signi ican ly inc eased
a e 7 days o s o age and hen declined eaching lowe alues han he
ini ial ones a he end o s o age. Domínguez e al. (2016) obse ed a AA
decline in oma o (c s. Pi enza and Delizia) a e ew days ha es ing
and hen a no able inc ease in he mo e ma u e cul i a .
AA in MAP oma oes dec eased o e ime showing lowe concen-
a ions han hose in con ol oma oes in all sampling days as occu ed
in he second assay when he same packaging a mosphe e was used.
O he esea che s epo ed a bene icial e ec o MAP on he AA con en
which can be ela ed o he O
2
concen a ions inside he packages.
Hence, he highe amoun o O
2
in he bag’s headspace, he g ea e
dec ease in i amin C con en . In a s udy conduc ed by Fagundes e al.
(2015), MAP (5% O
2
+5% CO
2
) educed deg ada ion o AA in che y
oma o s o ed o 21 days a 5 ◦C. Od iozola-Se ano e al. (2009)
s udied he e ec o di e en ini ial in-package O
2
and CO
2
concen a-
ions (2.5 kPa o O
2
+5 kPa o CO
2
, 10 kPa o O
2
+5 kPa o CO
2
, and 21,
60, and 80 kPa o O
2
) on he i amin C con en in esh-cu oma oes (c .
Bola) s o ed a 4 ◦C o 21 days. A subs an ial deg ada ion o i amin C
o e he s o age ime was obse ed unde ≥10 kPa o O
2
and he mos
d ama ic e ec was unde 80 kPa. Ins ead oma oes slices s o ed unde
2.5 kPa o O
2
+5 kPa o CO
2
kep hei ini ial i amin C con en o e
s o age ime.
Islam, Mele, Pa k, Kim, and Kang (2017) s udied he e ec o su ace
s e iliza ion wi h ClO
2
gas on he pos ha es quali y and shel -li e o
MAP oma o (c . Da nis). F ui s we e p e iously dipped in ungal sus-
pension and, a e wa d, ea ed wi h ClO
2
a di e en concen a ions
and imes (1 ppm/6h, 1 ppm/12 h, 1 ppm/24 h, 5 ppm/6h; and 5 ppm/
12 h). The au ho s ound ha he ea men wi h 5 ppm/12 h yielded he
highes i mness, TA, and i amin C con en . Con ol ui s (un ea ed
wi h ClO
2
) had he lowe alues o hese pa ame e s. The highe TA and
i amin C con en in ui s ea ed wi h ClO
2
may occu due o educing
ungal and bac e ial decay ha helps o educe he i amin C oxida ion
as compa ed o con ol ui s.
TPC was signi ican ly highe in unpackaged han MAP oma o. The
s o age ac o was signi ican al hough a clea end depending on he
ime was no obse ed. Di e en esul s we e ob ained by o he e-
sea che s who ound highe TPC in MAP han con ol oma o (c .
Delizia) and conside ed ha he high CO
2
accumula ion migh be
in ol ed (Domínguez e al., 2016).
In his hi d assay, signi ican di e ences in he desc ip o “spo s”
be ween unpackaged and packaged oma o we e obse ed a 21 days o
s o age. 100% o he unpackaged ui s showed spo s while only 42.9%
o packaged ui s had hem. Resul s a e shown in Fig. 2A. This indica es
ha silica gel was e ec i e in educing mois u e accumula ion inside
packaging bags, hus dec easing condensa ion and decay a e o oma o.
In “o he al e a ions”, he as e s indica ed he p esence o c acks/
s e ch ma ks in 42.9% o he unpackaged ui s e sus 14.3% in MAP
ui s, a he end o s o age (Fig. 2B). In he h ee assays ca ied ou ,
as e s did no de ec he p esence o o -a omas in oma o h oughou
he s o age ime nei he in unpackaged no packaged ui s.
4. Conclusions
The MAP sys em wi h palle s assessed, using a packaging a mosphe e
composi ion o 10% O
2
- 10% CO
2
and silica gel as an adso ben ,
ex ended he shel -li e o he oma o s o ed a e ige a ion empe a u e.
Silica gel conside ably diminished he accumula ion o mois u e inside
he packaging bags, hus p e en ing wa e apo condensa ion and
p ema u e spoilage o oma o. MAP delayed colo e olu ion and educed
he i mness loss, biosyn hesis o lycopene, and he decay a e o oma o.
Ne e heless, i would be in e es ing o e alua e o he ma e ials o he
packaging bags wi h highe wa e apo pe meabili y as an al e na i e
o he use o silica gel.
Funding
This esea ch was suppo ed by he Au onomous Go e nmen o
Galicia (Spain) p ojec PGIDIT09TAL003E.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Vanesa Ol ei a-Bouzas: Me hodology, In es iga ion. Consuelo
Pi a-Cal o: Fo mal analysis, W i ing - o iginal d a , W i ing - e iew &
edi ing. Mª Lou des V´
azquez-Od´
e iz: Concep ualiza ion, Visualiza ion,
W i ing - e iew & edi ing. Mª
´
Angeles Rome o-Rod íguez: P ojec
Table 4
E ec o he s o age ime and MAP on he physico-chemical pa ame e s o oma o ( hi d assay).
Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Two-way ANOVA wi h in e ac ion -S uden es (days 0–7)
Con ol Con ol MAP Con ol MAP Con ol MAP P *P Con ol MAP
pH 4.20 3.81 3.60 4.02 4.04 4.25 4.26 *** ns *** *** ***
TA (g ci ic acid/100 g FW) 0.44 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.35 0.34 0.36 ** ns ns ns ns
TSS con en (%) 4.23 4.63 4.13 4.97 4.43 4.30 4.40 ns * ns ns ns
Mois u e (%) 93.50 93.61 94.27 93.67 94.22 93.59 93.89 – – – – –
Fi mness (N) 28.98 25.03 23.06 20.90 25.16 26.63 19.28 ns ns ns ** ns
Lycopene (mg/100 g FW) 3.60 6.21 2.56 6.84 4.32 6.44 5,54 ns ** ns * ns
β-Ca o ene (mg/100 g FW) 2.21 3.31 2.40 3.10 3.14 3.06 3.38 ns ns ns * ns
L* 44.00 42.98 39.81 40.89 40.47 42.65 40,46 ns * ns ns ***
a* 1.92 6.46 8.76 8.83 5.44 9.59 6.16 ns ns ns ns ns
b* 30.71 30.98 29.65 29.68 29.35 29.60 32.09 ns ns ns ns ns
C* 31.53 32.92 32.76 31.95 31.00 31.64 33.69 ns ns ns ns ns
H◦86.81 79.77 79.63 74.27 85.74 72.59 80.25 ns ns ns ns ns
ΔE – 10.35 13.54 10.93 10.20 10.87 10.61 ns ns ns – –
AA (mg/100 g FW) 18.52 21.55 16.90 20.78 16.95 16.95 15.56 *** *** * * ns
TPC (mg GAE/100 g FW) 61.58 58.23 57.64 60.34 51.92 63.34 62.25 *** ** ns ns ns
TA: i a able acidi y; TSS: o al soluble solids; FW: esh weigh ; AA: asco bic acid; TPC o al phenolic con en ; : ime; P: packaging;
MAP: modi ied a mosphe e packaging; ns =no signi ican ; (*) p ≤0.05; (**) p ≤0.01; (***) p ≤0.001
V. Ol ei a-Bouzas e al.
Food Chemis y 364 (2021) 130309
9
adminis a ion, Resou ces, Funding acquisi ion, Supe ision, W i ing -
e iew & edi ing.
Decla a ion o Compe ing In e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Acknowledgemen s
Ou hanks o he Au onomous Go e nmen o Galicia (Spain) o he
unding o he s udy Re . PGIDIT09TAL003E), o AGACA (Asociaci´
on
Gallega de Coope a i as Ag oalimen a ias) by he supply and s o age o
samples, and o Ca bu os Me ´
alicos Company by packaging samples in
modi ied a mosphe es.
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