Ma ine Policy 147 (2023) 105327
A ailable online 19 Oc obe 2022
0308-597X/© 2022 The Au ho . Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
The p osecu ion o ishe ies c ime in Spanish c iminal law: The impac o
Eu opean Union egula ions
Inma Valeije ´
Al a ez
Depa amen o de De echo Público Especial y de la Emp esa, Facul ad de De echo, Uni e sidad de San iago de Compos ela, A da, ´
Angel Jo ge Eche e i, s/n, 15782
San iago de Compos ela, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Illegal ishing
IUU ishing
Fishe ies c ime
Adminis a i e sanc ions ela ing o ishing
Accesso y penal ies
G een C iminology
ABSTRACT
This con ibu ion o e s a c i ical e lec ion on ishe ies c ime as desc ibed in he Spanish Penal Code. I se s ou
he easons why i s ea men is conside ed ine ec i e, and why he adminis a i e o ences and sanc ions
p o ided o in Law 3/2001 on Ma i ime Fishe ies a e mo e e ec i e and dissuasi e. Howe e , i also conside s
ha a legisla i e policy elying on he se e i y o adminis a i e sanc ions o i s e ec i eness may be coun-
e p oduc i e. The mos ecen judgemen s o he EC HR conside ha a disp opo iona e adminis a i e sanc ion
is equi alen o a penal y and should he e o e be imposed wi h he same p ocedu al and subs an i e sa egua ds.
Finally, i is concluded ha in o de o a oid impuni y o se ious c imes in he ield o IUU ishing ac i i ies,
o en managed by ansna ional and o ganised c iminal ne wo ks wi h links o o he c iminal ac i i ies, he
con ibu ion o c iminal ju isdic ion is essen ial. The e o e, a e o m o he Spanish C iminal Code is equi ed,
ex ending he conduc s punishable as ishing c imes, inc easing he penal ies and es ablishing he c iminal lia-
bili y o legal pe sons.
1. In oduc ion
Faced wi h he challenge o illegal, un epo ed, and un egula ed
(IUU) ishing, egula ions ha e been de eloped o p osecu e ishing in-
ac ions in which public and p i a e (en i onmen al NGOs) agen s
collabo a e in d awing up so and ha d laws and in e na ional, egional,
o na ional s anda ds. Wi hin his legal amewo k, he FAO’s Com-
mi ee on Fishe ies has aken on a leading ole, pa icula ly in ela ion o
i s In e na ional Plan o Ac ion o P e en , De e and Elimina e Illegal,
Un epo ed and Un egula ed Fishing (IPOA-IUU). This olun a y in-
s umen coined he e m IUU ishing o encompass a wide a ie y o
ishing ac i i ies ha iola e he ules o conse a ion and managemen
o li ing ma ine esou ces, di e en ia ing be ween illegal ishing, un-
epo ed ishing, and un egula ed ishing.
The IPOA-IUU p o ides a wide ange o measu es ha can be
adop ed by S a es and Regional Fishe ies Managemen O ganisa ions
(RFMOs) agains IUU ishing. Among hese measu es, S a es may impose
sanc ions (including c iminal sanc ions) ha a e se e e enough o
e ec i ely p e en , de e and elimina e IUU ishing and dep i e o -
ende s o he bene i s de i ed om such ishing. Al hough he IPOA-
IUU does no abandon he c i e ion o he lag S a e (p inciple o e i-
o iali y) as he main basis o ju isdic ion, i should be highligh ed ha i
also ecommends ha S a es employ he p inciple o pe sonali y o
sanc ion hei na ionals ega dless o he exclusi e ju isdic ion o he
lag S a e (A . 2) o IUU ishing p ac ices [1]. In addi ion, S a es a e
encou aged o pass na ional legisla ion which should add ess, in e alia,
e iden ia y s anda ds and admissibili y including, as app op ia e, he
use o elec onic e idence and new echnologies, and should coope a e
wi h each o he in he in es iga ion o IUU ishing [2].
Howe e , he p osecu ion o ishe ies o ences is p oblema ic due o
he peculia i ies o he managemen o li ing ma ine esou ces [3]. The
complexi y o in e na ional and Eu opean ishe ies managemen leads o
such c imes being commi ed in e y di e en con ex s: small-scale
ishing in in e nal wa e s (in he case o Spain, p esc ip i e ju isdic-
ion is di ided be ween he S a e and he Au onomous Communi ies);
ishing in EU wa e s ( egula o y powe s a e assumed by he Eu opean
Union); ishing in ma i ime zones unde he so e eign y o ju isdic ion
o a hi d S a e o on he high seas wi hin he amewo k o he RFMOs.
In he la e case, as demons a ed by he Judgemen o he Sup eme
Cou o Spain, No 974/2016, o 23 Decembe 2016 in he Vidal A ma-
do es Case, known as “Ope a ion Yuyus”, impuni y is equen [4].
In iew o he di icul ies in penalising IUU ishing, his pape will
ocus on analysing he ex en o which Spanish c iminal law allows o
he e ec i e p osecu ion o ishing c imes, conside ing he impac o
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed].
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Ma ine Policy
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ma pol
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ma pol.2022.105327
Recei ed 7 Feb ua y 2022; Recei ed in e ised o m 26 Sep embe 2022; Accep ed 29 Sep embe 2022
Ma ine Policy 147 (2023) 105327
2
Eu opean Union egula ions in his a ea.
2. Comba ing IUU ishing in EU law: he ele ance o sanc ions
EU ac ion agains IUU ishing is en us ed o a se o independen bu
ela ed Communi y Regula ions adop ed wi hin he amewo k o he
Common Fishe ies Policy (CFP). Council Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008
o 29 Sep embe 2008 es ablishing a Communi y sys em o p e en ,
de e and elimina e illegal, un epo ed and un egula ed ishing
1
and
Council Regula ion (EC) No 1224/2009 o 20 No embe 2009 es ab-
lishing a Communi y con ol sys em o ensu ing compliance wi h he
ules o he common ishe ies policy
2
a e no able examples o such
egula ions.
Bo h o hese Regula ions p o ide de ailed ules ega ding he
in oduc ion o ca ches om hi d S a es in o he in a-communi y
ma ke and es ablish ules which mus be ul illed by essels in o de
o access a po o in he case o anshipmen o landing [5]. Likewise,
hey de ine he condi ions o be espec ed by impo s, expo s, ansi o
e-expo o ish and ishe ies p oduc s o igina ing om hi d S a es. As
a as hese egula ions a e conce ned, he de ini ion o illegal ishing
encompasses a b oad a ie y o illici ac i i ies: ishing wi hou a licence
o du ing a closed season; he use o p ohibi ed ishing gea ; no
espec ing he assigned ca ch quo as; he ca ch o p ohibi ed species o
o hose subjec o a mo a o ium o which ha e no eached he
au ho ised ma u i y; and no ha ing ul illed he obliga ion o eco d
and epo ca ch o ca ch- ela ed da a (including da a o be ansmi ed
by he sa elli e essel moni o ing sys em). The concep o illegal ishing
also includes any o he ac i i y ela ed wi h ishing as an economic
ac i i y, om landing o he inal p oduc ion chain (canning, p oduc ion
o eed o medica ion), sale o consump ion, i.e., he whole ishe ies
alue chain.
Council Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008, speci ically desc ibes he
lis o ac i i ies which lead o he p esump ion ha a essel is in ol ed in
IUU ishing (A . 3), classi ying hem as se ious in ingemen s in
acco dance wi h A icle 42. This lis o IUU ac i i ies included in A icle
3 is o be aken in o accoun when moni o ing and inspec ing unloading
in EU po s ia he “ isk managemen ” sys em o when p ohibi ing he
impo a ion o ishe ies p oduc s. This is he case e en when he ca ch
ce i ica es issued by he lag S a e a e hose which acc edi ha he
ac i i y has been ca ied ou co ec ly (A . 20). This lis should also be
aken in o accoun by he membe S a e in he ac i a ion o he Com-
muni y ale sys em, he in ensi ica ion o inspec ions o landings and
he e i ica ions o impo a ions (A . 24) and, mos impo an ly, o he
Commission o include ishing essels in he Communi y lis o essels
p esumed o be in ol ed in IUU ishing, esul ing in he applica ion o
he measu es s a ed in A icles 37 and 38.
3
These a e also he same ypes
o ac i i ies ha na ionals o membe S a es a e no pe mi ed o ca y
ou o suppo , e en when wo king on hi d coun y essels.
Fo se ious in ingemen s (A . 42), Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008
es ablishes ines o a leas i e imes he alue o he ishe y p oduc s
ob ained h ough he commission o he se ious in ingemen . In such a
way, hose esponsible o he in ingemen will be dep i ed o he
economic bene i s de i ed om hei illici ac i i ies. These ines may be
complemen ed by o he sanc ions, pa icula ly hose desc ibed in A icle
45 (suspension o p ohibi ion o ac i i y, he wi hd awal o igh s o
licences, he seques a ion o empo a y o pe manen immobilisa ion o
he ishing essel in ol ed in he in ingemen , he educ ion o wi h-
d awal o ishing igh s, e c.). Acco ding o A icle 45.3, he con isca ion
o p ohibi ed ishing gea , ca ches o ishe y p oduc s is es ablished as a
possible complemen a y sanc ion. In ela ion o se ious o ms o IUU
ishing, he EU pa es he way o a double sanc ioning egime, s a ing
ha “membe S a es may also, o al e na i ely, use e ec i e, p opo -
iona e and dissuasi e c iminal sanc ions” (A . 44.3).
Likewise, Council Regula ion (EC) No 1224/2009 es ablishes a
global and in eg a ed sys em o con ol, inspec ion and en o cemen so
as o ensu e compliance wi h all he ules o he CFP, hus p o iding o
he sus ainable exploi a ion o li ing aqua ic esou ces. This Regula ion
also desc ibes se ious in ingemen s o he CFP in a much b oade way
han Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008 and obliges membe S a es o
inco po a e hem in o hei domes ic law (A . 90). Thus, a uni o m
sys em o e ec i e dissuasi e sanc ions p opo ional o he se e i y o
such in ingemen s is es ablished. These sanc ions a e aimed a annul-
ling he economic bene i de i ed om he illici ac and discou aging
any epe i ion o he in ingemen . In his ega d, he Regula ion e-
qui es membe S a es o ake in o accoun he alue o he damage o he
ishing esou ces and he ma ine en i onmen conce ned when calcu-
la ing he se e i y and amoun o he sanc ion o be applied (A . 90.4).
Regula ion No 1224/2009 de elops a poin s sys em o se e e in-
ingemen s as de ailed in A icle 42 o Council Regula ion (EC) No
1005/2008, acco ding o which an app op ia e numbe o poin s a e o
be imposed upon he holde o he ishing licence and he cap ain o he
ishing essel as a consequence o he in ingemen o CFP ules. The
sanc ion imposed and he numbe o poin s assigned a e o be en e ed in
a na ional egis e o in ingemen s commi ed by ishing essels lying
hei lag o by hei na ionals.
Acco ding o hese Regula ions, membe S a es should app op ia ely
punish legal pe sons suspec ed o ha ing in inged he ules o he
Common Fishe ies Policy in acco dance wi h hei na ional legisla ions.
Making use o he same legisla i e echnique as a signi ican numbe o
Di ec i es,
4
A icle 47 o Council Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008 s ip-
ula es ha he c i e ia o a ibu ing in inging conduc on legal pe sons
a e based on he bene i and ac ion o any na u al pe son wi h a de e -
mining posi ion based on a powe o ep esen a ion, an au ho i y o ake
decisions on behal o he legal pe son o an au ho i y o exe cise con ol
wi hin he legal pe son. This ule makes i possible o a ibu e liabili y
o he shipping company, which is he ul ima e au ho i y in e ms o
con olling he ishing ope a ions o i s lee and which holds he
co po a e con ol o he companies o he g oup. Fu he mo e, he legal
pe son could be sanc ioned due o a lack o supe ision and con ol o
he na u al pe sons who ha e made possible he commission o an
in ingemen o he bene i o he legal pe son. The liabili y o he legal
pe son is au onomous and ully compa ible wi h ha demanded o he
na u al pe son.
Ul ima ely, he conse a ion o ma ine biological esou ces unde
he CFP is an exclusi e compe ence o he EU (A . 3.1 and 43 TFEU), in
which membe S a es play a subo dina e ole. They should adop coe -
ci e measu es and sanc ions o in ingemen s o he ules o he CFP in
hei wa e s, by hei essels and by hei na ionals (based on he p in-
ciples o e i o iali y and ac i e pe sonali y). Fu he mo e, one
impo an nuance is ha hey also ha e he obliga ion o punish ishing
ca ied ou by o eign essels which use hei po s as a poin o landing
con a ening ha ule bo h in EU and in e na ional wa e s. The membe
S a es assume obliga ions o esul , i.e., hey should be able o ul il he
EU ule and apply i e ec i ely. I a membe S a e is awa e o an
in ingemen o he ules o he CFP and does no ac o ep ess i , his
may imply he in ingemen o EU legisla ion.
Council Regula ion (EC) No 1224/2009 adop s he same app oach as
Council Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008, gi ing membe S a es he
eedom o decide whe he hey adop adminis a i e and c iminal
sanc ions simul aneously o al e na i ely in o de o gua an ee he
1
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union L 286 o 29.10.2008.
2
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union L 343 o 22.12.2009.
3
See, Commission Implemen ing Regula ion (EU) 2020/269 o 26 Feb ua y
2020 amending Regula ion (EU) No 468/2010 es ablishing he EU lis o essels
engaged in illegal, un epo ed and un egula ed ishing.
4
See, e.g., A icle 6 (liabili y o legal pe sons) o Di ec i e 2008/99/EC o he
Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council o 19 No embe 2008, on he p o-
ec ion o he en i onmen h ough c iminal law.
I.V. ´
Al a ez
Ma ine Policy 147 (2023) 105327
3
ul ilmen o EU ishe ies legisla ion (A . 90.5). Thus, he Communi y
Regula ions ha e es ablished a uni o m sys em o sanc ions o in-
ingemen s o EU ishing legisla ion, pa icula ly in cases o IUU ishing.
Howe e , he e a e s ill signi ican di e ences among membe S a es as
a as ypes o in ingemen s and le els o sanc ions a e conce ned.
Some membe S a es speci ically punish ce ain se ious in ac ions o
IUU ishing h ough a dual c iminal and adminis a i e p ocedu e. This
is he case o I aly, whe e Legisla i e Dec ee 4/2012, o 9 Janua y, No 4
includes ac i i ies ela ed wi h IUU ishing wi hin he ca alogue o
c iminal sanc ions in he ield o p o essional ishing [6].
5
Likewise, in
F ance, he Code Ru al e de la p ˆ
e che ma i ime e aquacul u e ma ine
es ablishes a mixed sys em o adminis a i e and c iminal sanc ions and,
al hough he use o adminis a i e sanc ions seems o be he p e e ed
choice he e, c iminally sanc ioned conduc s a e in line wi h A icle 42 o
Council Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008.
6
In Spain, he p osecu ion o
IUU ishing is ully en us ed o adminis a i e sanc ioning, despi e he
ac ha ishe ies c ime is included in he C iminal Code. Howe e , o
easons which will be ou lined below, he c iminal sanc ioning p o-
cedu es o hese c imes lack e iciency in e ms o he ep ession o he
mos se e e in ingemen s o CFP egula ions.
3. The Spanish adminis a i e sanc ioning sys em in he ield o
illegal ishing
The ul ilmen o EU ules ela ing o he CFP in Spain and he
ep ession o IUU ishing ha e been en us ed almos exclusi ely o
adminis a i e sanc ioning law se ou in Law 3/2001, o 26 Ma ch, on
Ma i ime Fishing o he S a e. This Law is complemen ed by he legis-
la ion o he Au onomous Communi ies ega ding ishing in in e nal
wa e s, shell ishing and ish a ming. In addi ion, he Na ional Regis e
o se ious in ingemen s o he CFP was se up in 2013, along wi h he
sys em o penal y poin s o ishing essels esponsible o se ious
in ingemen s.
7
Along gene al lines, he Spanish sanc ioning model is based on he
Communi y Regula ions. This is a “ wo-way” model which, in p inciple,
does no p e en adminis a i e sanc ions om being accumula ed o
c iminal sanc ions, acco ding o A icle 92 o Law 3/2001. This law
includes signi ican ines, which aim o annul illici ea nings and
discou age epe i ion o he o ence. They a e accompanied by accesso y
sanc ions which can e en be imposed as a p ecau iona y measu e a he
beginning o he sanc ioning p oceedings: emba gos, he empo a y o
pe manen immobilisa ion o he o ending essel, he con isca ion o
ishing gea , ca ches o p ohibi ed p oduc s, suspension o p ohibi ion
om ca ying ou ishing ac i i ies, he educ ion o annulmen o
ishing igh s and licences, he p ohibi ion o ob aining public assis ance
o subsidies o ce ain ax bene i s, e c.
The ad an age o hese accesso y sanc ions is ha , as hey a e
manda o y, hey canno be amo ised as an economic cos (unlike ines)
by way o he c ea ion o en u e unds o ia insu ance policies. They
possess a highe deg ee o dissuasi e and gene al p e en i e powe bo h
o na u al and legal pe sons, as hey imply a signi ican inancial cos
which canno be insu ed in any way, and hey p e en all o he sanc-
ioning weigh om alling upon he na u al pe son. They also ha e a
s ong impac on companies’ u no e and long- e m success and may
e en lead o hei closu e [7]. The e o e, he sys em o in ingemen s
and sanc ions s ipula ed in Law 3/2001 on Ma i ime Fishing is decisi e
in gua an eeing he e ec i e p o ec ion o ma ine biological esou ces
and is highly e ec i e in he p e en ion o hese conduc s.
Howe e , he e a e laws in his sanc ioning sys em. The minimum
and maximum amoun s o he ines a e ex emely high and ce ain
accesso y sanc ions can be ex emely long in du a ion as hey can be
subjec o he accumula ion o se e al in ingemen s due o hei
compa ibili y wi h he poin s sys em.
8
Acco ding o he ju isp udence,
he accesso y sanc ions o he suspension o p o essional ac i i y o o
ishing ac i i ies imposed by pa icipa ion in he exploi a ion, manage-
men and owne ship o a essel eco ded in he EU IUU essel lis
[se ious in ingemen o A icle 101 (l) o Law 3/2001] may add up o 23
yea s in du a ion i he owne o he essel o he cap ain ha e di ec ly o
indi ec ly pa icipa ed in he managemen o exploi a ion o se e al
essels included in he IUU essel lis s. These p o essional suspensions
may be imposed o conduc un ela ed o IUU ishing ac i i y and a e
much g ea e han hose which co espond o c iminal law o cases o
c iminal liabili y o legal pe sons.
9
The se e i y and du a ion o some o
he accesso y sanc ions included in Law 3/2001 (e.g., he immobilisa-
ion o con isca ion o a essel acco ding o A icle 105.1 (j) and (k)
10
)
b ings hem close o c iminal sanc ions, despi e hei adminis a i e
na u e [8,9]. Howe e , hey ha e he disad an age o being imposed
wi h a s anda d o e idence mo e app op ia e o adminis a i e p o-
ceedings, which ha e less gua an ees han would co espond o a
c iminal case. In his ega d, he Spanish adminis a i e sanc ioning
model in he ield o ma i ime ishing, independen ly o i s legal
denomina ion (adminis a i e sanc ion/penal y), alls wi hin wha he
Eu opean Cou o Human Righ s (EC HR), ollowing he decision in he
case o Engel and o he s . The Ne he lands o 8 June 1976, has
conside ed as a c iminal case o he pu poses o A icle 7 o he Eu o-
pean Con en ion on Human Righ s (ECHR). The e o e, in he long e m,
he Spanish adminis a i e sanc ioning model will be con on ed wi h
he p ocedu al and subs an i e gua an ees o e ed in c iminal cases by
he EC HR ( he igh o a ai ial, legali y, p opo ionali y, ne bis in
idem, e c.) [10–12]. This will possibly gi e ise o he e ision o a sig-
ni ican numbe o con en ious adminis a i e judgemen s due o he
lack o obse ance o hose p o ec i e p inciples. This has al eady
occu ed in he a ea o ma ke abuse ollowing he EC HR’s signi ican
decision in he G ande S e ens . I aly case o 4 Ma ch 2014 [13].
Likewise, accesso y adminis a i e sanc ions un he isk o being
applied wi h he same in ensi y o illici conduc wi h di e ing deg ees
o se iousness (e.g., ia he applica ion o he sanc ions o he in-
ingemen s included in A icle 42 o Regula ion (EC) No 1005/2008, o
IUU ishing o in ingemen s o egional legisla ion in he a ea o shell-
5
Legisla i e Dec ee 4/2012 No 4, e o med by Law No 154 o 8.07.2016.
6
Tex o he Code a ailable a h p://www.codes-e -lois. /code- u al-e -de-
la-peche-ma i ime/ oc-peche-ma i ime-aquacul u e-ma ine-con oles-sanc io
ns-sanc -a5c6688- ex e-in eg al.
7
Royal Dec ee 114/2013 o 15 Feb ua y (BOE No 51 o 23.02.2013) in
acco dance wi h he p o isions o A icle 134 o Council Regula ion No 404/
2011, o 8 Ap il.
8
Law 3/2001 on Ma i ime Fishing o he S a e does no con ain speci ic ules
o calcula ing he amoun o ines and accesso y sanc ions. I desc ibes a
ca alogue o sanc ions which do no co espond o a co ela i e in ingemen
(as is he case in I aly and F ance). I me ely indica es ce ain maximum du-
a ions in ela ion o he na u e o he in ac ion. Howe e , he accesso y
sanc ions manda ed o mino in ingemen s a e ex emely se e e ( o example,
he suspension o he s a us o au ho ised economic ope a o o a pe iod o wo
yea s). Nei he a e speci ic c i e ia con empla ed, as occu s in A icle 66 bis o
he Spanish C iminal Code ( ules on he imposi ion and ex en o penal ies
imposed on legal pe sons), which can be aken in o conside a ion in es ab-
lishing which speci ic accesso y sanc ion o he dep i a ion o igh s should be
imposed upon he na u al o legal pe son o he commission o he in inge-
men . As he e a e no clea ules, con ol o p opo ionali y o he sanc ion and
i s app op ia eness o he speci ic case emains en us ed o he mo i a ion,
which is es ablished in he adminis a i e sanc ioning esolu ion.
9
In his ega d, see he Judgemen s o he Na ional High Cou (Audiencia
Nacional). Con en ious-Adminis a i e Chambe , o 24 Sep embe 2021, JUR
2021/334798 [ECLI:ES:AN:2021:4230], and o 22 Ma ch 2019, JUR 2019/
114019 [ECLI:ES:AN:2019:836].
10
The con isca ion o a essel can be imposed o ex emely se ious in-
ingemen s, e.g., hose desc ibed in A icle 104 o Law 3/2001, conside ing
conduc such as: a) The ob en ion o he necessa y au ho isa ions based on alse
documen s o in o ma ion; b) Resis ing o se iously disobeying inspec ion au-
ho i ies, p e en ing hem om ca ying ou hei wo k.
I.V. ´
Al a ez
Ma ine Policy 147 (2023) 105327
4
ishing ac i i ies)
11
ia he analogous o ex ensi e applica ion o EU IUU
ishing ules. The e o e, an une en dis ibu ion o sanc ions can occa-
sionally be obse ed in he ep ession o illegal ishing.
O he laws in he adminis a i e sanc ioning p ocedu e o he
ep ession o ishing in ac ions in o eign wa e s a e de i ed om
di e en ac o s, such as he limi ed capaci y o in es iga ion o ce ain
o ms o IUU ishing. This is pa icula ly ue when a emp s a e made o
sanc ion ac ions ca ied ou wi hin he con ex o complex co po a e
s uc u es o inside o ganisa ions c ea ed ou side he law; an ex emely
common occu ence in IUU ishing ope a ions, which a e o en managed
by ansna ional o ganised c ime ne wo ks, wi h possible links o o he
c iminal ac i i ies [14].
Las o all, he weakness o he adminis a i e sanc ioning p ocedu e
in e ms o ishing is linked o issues ela ing o he maximum ime
allowed o p ocessing he case. Acco ding o A icle 94, he deadline
es ablished o he esolu ion and no i ica ion o he sanc ion is nine
mon hs o se ious and ex emely se ious in ac ions. This pe iod o ime
is coun ed om he momen when he decision o begin he p oceedings
is adop ed. I is well known ha such sho p ocessing deadlines make i
impossible o p osecu e complex o ganised schemes.
4. Fishe ies c ime in he Spanish C iminal Code
So-called ishe ies c ime is included in Chap e IV o he Spanish
C iminal Code o 1995, among c iminal o ences ela ed o lo a, auna
and pe s (A icles 332–337 bis) [15–17].
12
The cu en C iminal Code
(CC) join ly punishes hun ing and ishing conduc s ca ied ou on animal
species ( auna) in he same p o isions. Howe e , i dis inguishes be-
ween p o ec ed species o species a isk o ex inc ion, he hun ing o
ishing o which is always illegal (A . 334), and o he species no
classi ied as endange ed o a isk o ex inc ion. Hun ing o ishing o he
la e is only conside ed a c ime “when his is exp essly p ohibi ed by
speci ic egula ions on he hun ing and ishing o hose species” (A .
335). The e o e, wo g oups o c imes can be di e en ia ed depending
on he species caugh :
A. The ishing o hun ing o p o ec ed species o hose a isk o ex inc ion.
A . 334 punishes he ollowing ac ions wi h p ison sen ences o
be ween 8 mon hs and 2 yea s and he special ba ing o he igh o
hun o ish:
a) Hun , ish, acqui e, possess o des oy p o ec ed species o wild
auna;.
b) T a ic wi h hem, hei pa s o de i a i es he eo , o ;.
c) Ca y ou ac i i ies ha p e en o hinde hei ep oduc ion o
mig a ion;.
d) Des oy o se iously al e hei habi a .
The penal y shall be imposed in i s uppe hal in he case o species o
sub-species a isk o ex inc ion.
B. The ishing o hun ing o unp o ec ed species o hose which a e no in
dange o ex inc ion. He e, a dis inc ion is made be ween:
– Regula ed ishing o hun ing o unp o ec ed species (A . 335.1): The
ishing o hese species is only punished when his is exp essly p o-
hibi ed by he speci ic ules on hei ishing.
– Fishing, hun ing o shell ishing wi hou he necessa y licence (A .
335.2): Hun ing, ishing o pa icipa ion in ele an shell ishing ac i -
i ies on public o p i a e land pe aining o o he s, subjec o special
hun ing egime, is punished when i is ca ied ou wi hou due
pe mission by hei owne , o in an a ea subjec o a shell ish o ishing
concession o au ho isa ion wi hou he necessa y licence.
Penal ies become mo e se e e i he hun ing, ishing o shell ishing
ac i i ies cause se ious damage o hun ing p ope y, on an es a e subjec
o a special hun ing egime, o o he sus ainabili y o esou ces in zones
subjec o a ishing o shell ishing concession o au ho isa ion. This is
also he case i he ishing ac i i y is pe pe a ed by g oups o h ee o
mo e pe sons using ackle o means ha a e p ohibi ed by laws o by-
laws. Bo h cases a e punishable by imp isonmen (maximum o wo
yea s) and he p ohibi ion o exe cising he igh o hun , ish and un-
de ake shell ishing ac i i ies ( o a maximum o i e yea s).
A icle 336 punishes indi iduals who, wi hou being legally
au ho ised, use poison, explosi e de ices o o he ins umen s o ackle
o a simila des uc i e, non-selec i e e ec on auna o hun o ish.
Penal ies in hese cases a e al e na i e: imp isonmen be ween ou
mon hs and wo yea s o ines o eigh o 24 mon hs and, in all cases,
special disquali ica ion om p o ession o ade and p ohibi ion om
he exe cise o he igh o hun o ish o a e m o one o h ee yea s.
5. The ine ec i eness o he no ion o ishe ies c ime de ined in
A icle 335 o punish IUU ishing
5.1. On he g ounds o he ac i i ies punished
A icle 335.1 gi es equal ea men o ishing and hun ing ac i i ies
in e ms o punishmen . Howe e , in he second pa ag aph o A icle
335, punishmen is added o pa icipa ing in ele an shell ishing ac-
i i ies in an a ea subjec o a shell ish o ishing concession o au ho -
isa ion wi hou he necessa y licence, which sugges s he possibili y o
conside ing ha shell ishing is a sepa a e and dis inc ac i i y om
hun ing and ishing. The c iminalisa ion o illegal hun ing and ishing as
compa able conduc s alling wi hin he ealm o he same c iminal
p ecep con as s wi h he ac ha hun ing is a me ely ec ea ional (no
p o essional) ac i i y, whe eas ishing can be bo h p o essional and
ec ea ional, and can ha e impac s on ma ine esou ces o ex emely
di e en in ensi ies.
A icle 335.1 punishes he conduc o ishing. In his case, he li e al
sense o he e b used in he de ini ion o he c ime is o decisi e
impo ance in de e mining he scope and he momen o he commission
o hese o ences. The mos common meaning o he e m “ ishing” in
A icle 355.1 is “ he cap u e o ish o o he aqua ic animals using any
p ocedu es a ailable”, i.e., he ha es ing o ish om ma ine, i e o
lake en i onmen s. This es ic ion implies he impuni y o a whole se-
ies o ac i i ies linked o ishing, such as he landing, anshipmen ,
ans o ma ion and comme cialisa ion o illici p oduc s, e c. O cou se,
he b eeding and cul i a ion o li ing ma ine esou ces ( ish a ming) is
no included wi hin he de ini ion o ishe ies c ime.
Consequen ly, i an indi idual is in e cep ed d i ing a ehicle wi h
illegally-caugh ish, he/she canno be punished, unless illegal ishing
ac i i ies ha e been pe pe a ed by his indi idual, alone o in collab-
o a ion wi h o he people. O cou se, his does no disca d he possibili y
o punishing he indi idual anspo ing illegal ish o some kind o
pa icipa ion (coope a ion o complici y), bu only i i can be p o ed
ha he/she has aken pa in he commission o he c ime [18]. I he
indi idual in e enes in he phase ollowing he commission o he
c ime, a cha ge could be conside ed o a c ime o concealmen ,
con aband o money launde ing bu only i i is demons a ed ha he
indi idual s opped knows ha he/she is anspo ing o selling an illegal
p oduc ha es ed om he sea [19–21].
5.2. I is no a c ime o which legal pe sons a e c iminally liable
Co po a e c iminal liabili y is only o eseen in he Spanish C iminal
Code o c imes agains na u al esou ces and he en i onmen (A .
325–331). The ype o co po a e c iminal liabili y in illegal ishing ac-
i i ies o endange ed species o hose a isk o ex inc ion is no o e-
seen, which pa ly con adic s Di ec i e 2008/99/EC o he Eu opean
Pa liamen and o he Council, o 19 No embe 2008, on he p o ec ion
11
In his ega d, see he Judgemen o he Galician High Cou o Jus ice
(HCJ) Con en ious-adminis a i e Chambe No. 87/2021 o 15.02.2021 [ECLI:
ES:TSJGAL:2021:1171].
12
O ganic Ac 10/1995, o 23 No embe , o he C iminal Code. A ailable a :
h ps://www.mjus icia.gob.es/es/A eaTema ica/Documen acionPublicaci
ones/Documen s/C iminal_Code_2016.pd .
I.V. ´
Al a ez
Ma ine Policy 147 (2023) 105327
5
o he en i onmen h ough C iminal Law, which equi es he e-
sponsibili y o legal pe sons o c imes agains p o ec ed species o lo a
and auna (A . 6).
The liabili y o legal pe sons is limi ed exclusi ely o adminis a i e
sanc ions. The absence o co po a e c iminal liabili y cons i u es a sig-
ni ican loophole as ishe ies c ime is one o he pa icula ly se ious
cases o socio-economic delinquency and i is deba able whe he a legal
pe son can be punished o money launde ing when he c ime which
gene a es he illici ea nings, namely illegal ishing, is no applicable in
he case o co po a e en i ies.
I is ue ha ce ain o ms o illegal ishing ca ied ou by legal
pe sons (undecla ed ishing) could be sanc ioned ia O ganic Law 12/
1995 on he supp ession o smuggling, which does indeed con empla e
he c iminal liabili y o legal pe sons. Howe e , his c iminal esponse is
insu icien in he con ex o EU ishe ies legisla ion as some o he
conduc s which should be penalised a e no .
5.3. Limi a ions on punishmen
The maximum penal y o he c ime o illegal ishing in Spanish law
is wo yea s’ imp isonmen . To his can be added he co esponding
p o essional suspensions when se ious damage is caused o he sus-
ainabili y o he esou ces o he zones subjec o a ishing o shell -
ishing concession o au ho isa ion, when he conduc is pe pe a ed by
g oups o h ee o mo e pe sons o when p ohibi ed o non-selec i e
poison, explosi e de ices o o he ins umen s o ackle a e employed.
Fines which a e dissuasi e o p opo ional o he alue o he p oduc ,
he p o i ob ained o he damage caused o he ishing g ound a e no
included among he penal ies o his c ime.
The e o e, punishmen is ex emely ligh , wi h ines no p opo ional
o he eno mous p o i s ob ained. This seems o indica e ha he c im-
inal o ences de ined in he ield o ishing a e aimed a he ep ession o
indi idual ishe men o hose who ish ec ea ionally. The le el o
mone a y sanc ions mus be adjus ed in such a way as o make hem
uly dissuasi e. Howe e , his would equi e he adop ion o a di e en
legisla i e echnique ocused on he ep ession o illegal p o essional
ishing and some o i s ela ed ac i i ies.
P ison sen ences do no exceed wo yea s in leng h, hus impeding
he pu ing in o p ac ice o di e en means o in es iga ion, which limi
undamen al igh s, such as he new echnology- ela ed in es iga i e
measu es es ablished in O ganic Law 13/2015 amending he C iminal
P ocedu e Law.
13
Acco ding o A icles 579 and 588 qua e (b), hese
measu es can only be au ho ised in he case o in en ional c imes pun-
ished wi h a sen ence o a maximum o h ee yea s’ imp isonmen o in
he case o c imes o e o ism o c imes commi ed as a membe o a
c iminal g oup o o ganisa ion.
5.4. The con using de ini ion o he no ion o ishe ies c ime in A icle
335.1
Pe haps he mos se ious p oblem conce ning ishe ies c ime in he
Spanish C iminal Code is he imp ecision and ambigui y in he
desc ip ion o he punishable conduc , i.e., in he meaning o ishing
when his is speci ically p ohibi ed by he speci ic ules on hei ishing.
The p e ious wo ding o A icle 335, p io o he 2015 e o m,
punished ishing when i was no exp essly au ho ised by speci ic eg-
ula ions o his ac i i y. This wo ding was decla ed uncons i u ional by
Judgemen 101/2012 o 8 May o he Spanish Cons i u ional Cou , due
o i s iola ion o he p inciple o legal ce ain y and o he legali y
p inciple in c iminal law (A icle 9.3 and 25.1 o he Spanish Cons i u-
ion) [22,23]. Howe e , he new wo ding o his A icle has no
dispelled he doub s p e iously aised by his c ime. Ra he , i has
me ely inc eased such misgi ings. Thus, he ew judgemen s handed
down by Spanish cou s ega ding his c ime ha e gene a ed a clea
di ision o opinions esul ing in he punishmen o impuni y o he same
e en s, wi h he consequen e osion o legal ce ain y [24].
Thus, he cons i uen elemen s o ishe ies c ime (A . 335.1), a
blanke c iminal clause, should be in e p e ed in acco dance wi h he
ules o adminis a i e ishe ies law, as i is upon hese ules ha he
c iminal sanc ion leans.
14
I is adminis a i e legisla ion ha in luences
he le el o in ensi y o c iminal p o ec ion dispensed o ma ine species
o comme cial in e es . The c iminalisa ion o ishing is no dependen
on he lack o au ho isa ion (as is he case in A icle 335.2 CC), bu on
he exis ence o a p ohibi ion in he adminis a i e egula ions in o ce,
which is he equi emen o A icle 335.1.
Likewise, i should be cla i ied ha p ohibi ions on he ishing o
speci ic ma ine species ha e di e en scopes. They may be absolu e in
na u e, bu may also ha e a ela i e scope, educing he p ohibi ion o
limi s o a empo al o geog aphical na u e o ela ed o he size o
weigh o he specimen. The adminis a i e sanc ioning legisla ion
clea ly punishes p ohibi ed ishing ac i i ies which a e pe pe a ed on
species he ishing o which is no pe mi ed in acco dance wi h hese
ules. I also punishes ishing when i is ca ied ou ou side o he em-
po al o geog aphical limi s es ablished in he egional legisla ion o , i
app op ia e, in S a e o EU legisla ion in ela ion o he species in
ques ion. Howe e , o he pu poses o in e p e ing he c iminal ules,
wha does i mean o he species o be speci ically p ohibi ed by he
speci ic laws on hei ishing? How should his legisla i e emission be
in e p e ed? As a emission o he ules on he species o also on he
ules, which egula e he me hods, ackle, imes o spaces o ish he said
species? In o he wo ds, i is necessa y o cla i y whe he he c iminal
o ence ex ends o se ious conduc s which a e also damaging o un-
p o ec ed species, such as ishing in a p ohibi ed zone o closed season o
wi hou ha ing a quo a, con inuing o ha es ha ing exhaus ed he
quo a o ishing a a g ea e dep h han is pe mi ed (conduc s classi ied
as ex emely se ious in ingemen acco ding o A icle 99 o Regula ion
1224/2009). Depending on which in e p e a ion is adop ed, he p ac-
ical consequences a y subs an ially. I i is conside ed ha he p o-
hibi i e ules o A icle 335 e e only o he p ohibi ion o ishing
ce ain species, which a e classi ied as p ohibi ed (clashing in pa wi h
he p o ec ed species men ioned in A icle 334 CC), he ca ching o
species he ishing o which is au ho ised wi h a licence o pe mi canno
be conside ed o be a ishe ies c ime, e en i i is ca ied ou ou side o
he geog aphical, empo al o quan i a i e limi s es ablished in admin-
is a i e law. In all cases, hese conduc s shall cons i u e an adminis-
a i e in ingemen o Law 3/2001 on Ma i ime Fishing and o he
applicable EU legisla ion, al hough hey canno be c iminally p ose-
cu ed acco ding o A . 335 CC.
The majo i y o he judicial esolu ions ha e clea ly decla ed ha he
ishing o un h ea ened species, which a e no he objec o an exp ess
p ohibi ion applicable in all imes and places, does no cons i u e a
ishe ies c ime.
15
I he ishing is he objec o adminis a i e au ho -
isa ion in ce ain imes o places, he conduc shall no be punished, e en
i he accused ha e ished ou side o he pe mi ed geog aphical o
empo al limi s. The cou s ha e based hei decision on he ac ha
A icle 335.1 CC canno be downg aded o a pu ely o mal c ime o
disobedience o adminis a i e legisla ion, as he p inciple o minimum
13
O ganic Law 13/2015, o 5 Oc obe , amending he C iminal P ocedu e Law
o s eng hen p ocedu al gua an ees and egula e echnology- ela ed in es i-
ga ion measu es (BOE No 239, o 6.08.2015).
14
A lis o he laws which in eg a e S a e and egional c iminal o ences can be
ound in Judgemen o he Sup eme Cou o Spain, No 570/2020, o 3
No embe . [ECLI: ES:TS:2020:3566](3 d Pa ag aph).
15
This ma e is deal wi h by Judgemen o he P o incial Cou o Ba celona
No 759/2011, o 31 Oc obe [ECLI:ES:APB:2011:12197].
I.V. ´
Al a ez
Ma ine Policy 147 (2023) 105327
6
in e en ion imposes he need o ese e a c iminal esponse o he
mos se ious o ences.
16
Only a ew judgemen s ha e op ed o punish ishing in he closed
season o ha p ohibi ed by pa icula ci cums ances. The mos ecen
case was Judgemen o he Sup eme Cou No 570/2020, o 3
No embe , which s a es ha hun ing (bu which can also be applied o
ishing) in closed seasons i s in o A icle 335.1 CC, main aining ha
“ he es ablishmen o closed seasons o any o he ype o limi a ions
does no espond o a pu ely con en ional and cap icious dis ibu ion,
bu a he o easons o a biological o de in o de o acili a e he
ep oduc ion o he species and sus ainable use, p ese ing he ecosys-
ems o which he a ge animals o hese ac i i ies o m pa . The
de ini ion o p ohibi i e cycles o a cyclical na u e has a s a egic alue
o he p o ec ion o animal li e” (pa ag aph 3.4).
6. High seas ishing ca ied ou by Spanish na ionals on boa d
essels lying lags o con enience
The weakes poin o he ep ession o IUU ishing is he use o lags
o con enience, as demons a ed by he acqui al in he Vidal A mado es
Case [25,26].
To my iew, he mos e ec i e esou ce in he ep ession o IUU
ishing on he high seas on boa d essels lying lags o con enience is
cu en ly being ca ied ou in he adminis a i e sanc ioning ield. Many
sanc ions ha e been handed down o he ex emely se ious in inge-
men desc ibed in A icle 101 le e l) o Law 3/2001 on Ma i ime
Fishing. This a icle e e s o he pa icipa ion in ha es ing, manage-
men and owne ship o s a eless essels o essels om hi d coun ies
iden i ied by he RFMOs o o he in e na ional o ganisa ions as ha ing
commi ed IUU ishing ac i i ies o o he s con a y o ini ia i es o he
conse a ion and managemen o ishe y esou ces o he exe cise o
me can ile, comme cial, co po a e o inancial ac i i ies ela ed o
hem.
17
This in ac ion leads o conside able mone a y ines and, as has
p e iously been men ioned, accesso y sanc ions, such as he impossi-
bili y o ecei ing loans, subsidies and public assis ance (o g ea
impo ance in he ishing sec o ) and long- e m ba ing om exe cising
o ca ying ou ishing ac i i ies (e en longe han hose o eseen in he
CC) (A . 105.1 Law 3/2001).
Gi en he a ie y o conduc s included in he adminis a i e o ence,
A icle 101 le e l) o Law 3/2001 sanc ions any ac i i y implying
pa icipa ion in he owne ship o a essel, i s managemen o use o any
o he ype o me can ile, comme cial, co po a e o inancial ac i i y in
ela ion o a essel included in he Eu opean lis o IUU essels, inde-
penden ly o whe he o no hey ca y ou any ishing ac i i y (e.g., he
p ocu emen o nego ia ion o insu ance, sales ope a ions, epai ope -
a ions, e c.). This is he case e en when he owne appea s as a me e de
ac o adminis a o in he ne wo k o co po a e g oup. The ini ia ion o
hese sanc ioning p oceedings is o en acili a ed by he abundance o
documen a ion sen by he au ho i ies o o he S a es in he amewo k
o he mechanism o mu ual assis ance o eseen in Council Regula ion
(EC) No 105/2008 ob ained in he cou se o inspec ions in o eign
wa e s.
18
7. Conclusions
C iminal sanc ions in he ield o ishing ha e a ma ginal na u e in
Spanish Law and he in e sely p opo ional ela ionship be ween
adminis a i e sanc ions and he c iminal o ences o A icles 334, 335
and 336 o he CC a e cha ac e ised by a o al lack o con inui y and o
ea nes ness: he adminis a i e ines and o he accesso y sanc ions ha
may be imposed unde Law 3/2001 on Ma i ime Fishing a e highe and
mo e se e e espec i ely han he penal ies es ablished in he CC.
Nei he is he legal p ocedu e employed o punish he ishing c ime
sa is ac o y. In Spanish c iminal law, only na u al pe sons a e punished
o so-called c imes agains lo a and auna. Hun e s and hose who ish
p o essionally and ec ea ionally a e a ec ed equally and he conduc s
subjec o punishmen a e no accu a ely de ined, wi h legal pe sons no
being c iminally liable. Consequen ly, hey a e no e ec i e in sanc-
ioning se ious o ences in he ield o p o essional ma i ime ishing,
especially in cases o IUU ishing ac i i ies ca ied ou in an o ganised
manne beyond wa e s unde Spanish so e eign y o ju isdic ion o on
boa d essels lying a lag o con enience.
The du a ion and complexi y o he c iminal p oceedings applicable
compa ed wi h he lexibili y and lesse du a ion o he adminis a i e
sanc ioning p oceedings is a posi i e ac o which should be aken in o
conside a ion wi h ega d o he decision o op o c iminal p osecu-
ion. Howe e , he con ibu ion o he c iminal ju isdic ion o each S a e
o he in es iga ion and c iminal ep ession o he mos se ious conduc s
ela ing o IUU ishing seems o be undamen al.
The Common Fishe ies Policy is a ield which equi es an in-dep h
e alua ion o de e mine whe he i is necessa y o ha e ce ain mini-
mum ules ega ding he de ini ion o ishe ies c imes and c iminal
sanc ions in o de o gua an ee he e ec i e en o cemen o EU legis-
la ion. Some imes, he Eu opean Commission has s a ed i s in en ion o
unde ake ze o ole ance campaigns in he igh agains IUU ishing
[27]. The e o e, he app op ia eness o adop ing a Di ec i e on his
ma e should be assessed. This Di ec i e could ind a legal basis in
A icle 83.2 o he TFEU, which au ho ises he Eu opean Pa liamen and
he Council, a he p oposal o he Commission, o es ablish “minimum
ules wi h ega d o he de ini ion o c iminal o ences and sanc ions i
he app oxima ion o c iminal laws and egula ions o he Membe
S a es p o es essen ial o ensu e he e ec i e implemen a ion o a Union
policy in an a ea which has been subjec o ha monisa ion measu es”.
19
Funding
This wo k has ecei ed inancial suppo om he Spanish S a e
Resea ch Agency, Minis y o Science and Inno a ion (DOI: 10.13039/
501100011033) wi hin he amewo k o he esea ch p ojec “The
implemen a ion o SDG 14 in Spain and he EU: egula o y challenges
o in e na ional coope a ion and ma i ime secu i y (ESPODS14)”
(PID2019-109680RB-I00).
16
Among hem: he Judgemen s o P o incial Cou s o Mad id No 36/2014,
o 17 Janua y; o Gi ona No 37/2015, o 22 Janua y [ECLI:ES:APGI:2015:215].
As he judgemen o P o incial Cou o C´
o doba No 121/2018 o 4 Ap il [ECLI:
ES:APCO:2018:296] poin s ou , he in e p e a ion o A . 335 CC was (and s ill
is) a legal ma e subjec o discussion, in which he majo i y opinion is inclined
owa ds a es ic i e in e p e a ion.
17
In his ega d, see he Judgemen s o he Na ional High Cou (Audiencia
Nacional). Con en ious-Adminis a i e Chambe , o 16 Ap il 2021 [ECLI: ES:
AN: 2021:1773], o 7 Janua y 2020 [ECLI:ES:AN:2020:522], o 23 May 2019
[ECLI:ES:AN:2019:2383], o 22 Ma ch 2019 [ECLI:ES:AN:2019:836].
18
O pa icula in e es is Sec ion 8, A icles 34, 35 and 36 o Royal Dec ee
182/2015 o 13 Ma ch (BOE, 14 Ma ch 2015) app o ing he egula ion o he
sanc ioning p ocedu e o ma i ime ishing in o eign wa e s. Speci ically, A -
icles 34, 35 and 36 a e dedica ed o he sanc ioning p ocedu es linked o
essels lying lags o con enience.
19
This accesso y powe has been de eloped by he ju isp udence o he Cou
o Jus ice o he Eu opean Union in he ield o en i onmen al c ime and
pollu ion o igina ing om essels. CJEU Judgemen o he Cou o 13
Sep embe 2005, case C-176/03, Commission . Council. CJEU o 23 Oc obe
2007, case C-440/05, Commission . Council.
I.V. ´
Al a ez
Ma ine Policy 147 (2023) 105327
7
Au ho s a emen
The au ho wishes o acknowledge he insigh ul commen s made by
he anonymous e iewe s o Ma ine Policy, which ha e helped imp o e
his a icle.
Decla a ions o in e es
None.
Da a a ailabili y
No da a was used o he esea ch desc ibed in he a icle.
Re e ences
[1] A. Nie o Ma ín, El De echo Penal en los e i o ios sin sobe ano, in: Homenaje al
P o . Gonzalo Quin e o Oli a es, J. Tama i Sumalla, F. Mo ales P a , R. Ga cía
Albe o (Eds.), Rep esi´
on penal y Es ado de De echo, A anzadi, C uz Mino , 2018,
pp. 983–984.
[2] J. Jo ge U bina, La coope aci´
on in e nacional en la aplicaci´
on de medidas
come ciales de pa a lucha con a la pesca ilegal, no decla ada y no eglamen ada,
in: Re is a elec ´
onica de Es udios in e nacionales, 33, 2017. h p://www. eei.o
g/index.php/ e is a/num33/a iculos/coope acion-in e nacional-aplicacion-
medidas-come ciales-pa a-lucha -con a-pesca-ilegal-decla ada- eglamen ada.
[3] J. Jo ge U bina, Implicaci´
on de los Es ados en las ac i idades pesque as ilíci as
lle adas a cabo po sus nacionales: ele ancia de las sanciones penales, in: La
con ibuci´
on de la Uni´
on Eu opea a la p o ecci´
on de los ecu sos biol´
ogicos en
espacios ma inos de in e ´
es in e nacional. (E. Jim´
enez Pineda e al .) Ti an Lo
Blanch, Valencia, 2021, pp. 102–105.
[4] G. Quin e o Oli a es, Pesca Ilegal, en aguas in e nacionales y ju isdicci´
on penal, in:
Re is a Teo ía y De echo Re is a del Pensamien o ju ídico 2/2017, Ti an Lo
Blanch, Valencia, 2017, pp. 103–132.
[5] C. Teijo Ga cia, La limi ada in eg aci´
on de la lucha con a la pesca ilegal en las
es a egias de segu idad ma í ima de Espa˜
na y la Uni´
on Eu opea, in: J. Alcalde
Fe n´
andez, E.W. Pe i de Gab iel (Eds.), Espa˜
na y la Uni´
on Eu opea en el o den
in e nacional, Ti an Lo Blanch, Valencia, 2017, pp. 886–877.
[6] L. Ponzoni, La disciplina penale della pesca dopo il d.lgs. 4/2012: a pun i e mi,
p oblemi nuo i e scena i u u i, Ri . Gui idica dell Ambien . 6 (2012) 727.
[7] I. Valeije ´
Al a ez, De echo adminis a i o sancionado en ma e ia de pesca
ma í ima y sis emas de cumplimien o no ma i o, in: Homenaje al P o eso Gonzalo
Quin e o Oli a es, J. Tama i Sumalla, F. Mo ales P a , R. Ga cía Albe o (Eds.),
Rep esi´
on penal y Es ado de De echo, A anzadi, Cizu Meno , 2018, pp. 711–726.
[8] J. Ga be i Llob ega , G. Bui ´
on Ramí ez, El p ocedimien o adminis a i o
sancionado . Comen a ios, ju isp udencia, o mula ios (7ª ed.) Ti an Lo Blanch,
Valencia, 2021, pp. 69–70.
[9] D. Blanque C iado El inicio del p ocedimien o adminis a i o, Los ac os
adminis a i os 3.2. Ti an Lo Blanch, Valencia, 2020, pp. 1149–1150.
[10] O. Ga cía Paz, Los concep os au on´
omos del T ibunal Eu opeo de De echos
Humanos y las cues iones p ocesales. Un ema pendien e, in: C. S´
anchez
He n´
andez, M. Fe n´
andez Palma, O. Ga cía P´
e ez, M. P a a Roque (Eds.), La
in luencia de la ju isp udencia del T ibunal Eu opeo de De echos humanos en el
de echo in e no, Ti an Lo Blanch, Valencia, 2019, pp. 298–324.
[11] N. Ga cía Ri as, El di´
alogo en e ibunales de la Uni´
on Eu opea en ma e ia de “ne
bis in idem”, in: J. Tama i Sumalla, F. Mo ales P a , R. Ga cía Albe o (Eds.),
Rep esi´
on penal yEs ado de de echo. Homenaje al P o . Gonzalo Quin e o Oli a es,
A anzadi, Cizu Meno , 2018, pp. 105–133.
[12] L. Mase a, La nozione cons i uzionale di ma e ia penale, Giappichelli Edi o e,
To ino, 2018.
[13] L. Fo ani, Ve so un modello amminis a i o di illeci o e sanzione di imp esa “ipe
puni i o” e ungibile alla sanzione penale? in: M. Donni, L. Fo ani (Eds.), La
“Ma e ia Penale” a Di i o Nazionale ed Eu opeo Giappicheli Edi o e, To ino,
2018, pp. 249–258.
[14] J.M. Sob ino He edia, Una nue a mani es aci´
on de delincuencia o ganizada
ansnacional: las ac i idades de pesca ilegal, no decla ada y no eglamen ada, in:
J.M. S´
anchez Pa ´
on, V. Bou F ancha, J. Jus e Ruíz (Eds.), De echo del ma y
sos enibilidad ambien al en el Medi e ´
aneo, Ti an Lo Blanch, Valencia, 2014,
pp. 166–172.
[15] M. Ma qu´
es I. Banqu´
e, Deli os ela i os a la p o ecci´
on de la lo a, auna y animales
dom´
es icos, in: G. Quin e o Oli a es (Ed.), Comen a ios a la Re o ma penal de
2015, Thomson Reu e s-A anzadi, Na a a, 2015, pp. 667–672.
[16] A. Ma allín E angelio, La p o ecci´
on penal de la biodi e sidad (a s. 332, 333, 334
y 335), Comen a ios a la e o ma del C´
odigo Penal de 2015. 2ª Ed. J.L. Gonz´
alez
Cussac, A. Ma allin E angelio, E. G´
o iz Royo (Eds.), Valencia 2015, pp.
1047–1073.
[17] E. Mo elle Hung ia, La pesca ilegal como ac i idad delic i a una ap oximaci´
on a la
p oblem´
a ica espa˜
nola, Ac ual. Ju íd. Ambien . 74 (2017) 1–24. 〈h ps://www.ac
ualidadju idicaambien al.com/wp-con en /uploads/2017/12/2017_12_11_Mo
elle_Pesca-ilegal-ac i idad-delic i a.pd 〉.
[18] M. Ga cía Mosque a, Rele ancia penal del u i ismo ma ino: el deli o de
ma isqueo ilegal, Re . Elec ´
on. Cienc. Penal C iminol. (21–18) (2019) 1–56.
〈h p://c imine .ug .es/ ecpc/21/ ecpc21-18.pd 〉.
[19] A. Ma allin E angelio. Deli os ela i os a la p o ecci´
on de la biodi e sidad, Ti an
Lo Blanch, Valencia, 2013, pp. 116–221.
[20] A. Ma allin E angelio, Mecanismos de la p e enci´
on de u u as zoonosis. La
esponsabilidad penal de las pe sonas ju ídicas en los deli os con a la di e sidad,
in: M.L. Cue da A nau, J.J. Pe iago Mone (Eds.), De animales y no mas: p o ecci´
on
animal y de echo sancionado , Ti an Lo Blanch, Valencia, 2021, pp. 291–294.
[21] F. V´
azquez-Po ome˜
ne Seijas. El deli o de con abando, Dykinson, Mad id, 2022,
pp. 151–187.
[22] M. Ma ques-Banque, The posi i e lis app oach and he legali y p inciple in
C iminal Law in he Eu opean Union, Re . Ca alan De D e Ambien . XII (1) (2021)
39. 〈h ps:// e is es.u .ca /index.php/ cda/a icle/ iew/3084〉.
[23] L. Mu˜
noz Llo en e, La modi icaci´
on de los deli os ela i os a la lo a, auna y
animales dom´
es icos po la Ley O g´
anica 15/2003, de 25 de no iemb e de e o ma
del C´
odigo Penal, in: Lib o Homenaje al P o eso Josep Miquel P a s Canu , G.
Quin e o Oli a es, F. Mo ales P a s (Eds.), Es udios de De echo ambien al Ti an Lo
Blanch, Valencia, 2008, pp. 1107–1113.
[24] M. Ga cía Mosque a, Rele ancia penal del u i ismo ma ino: el deli o de
ma isqueo ilegal, op. ci . pp. 23–26.
[25] M. Ga cia Ga cía–Re illo, La Sen encia del T ibunal Sup emo de 23 de diciemb e
de 2016 y la al a de ju isdicci´
on de los ibunales espa˜
noles pa a conoce de
deli os de Pesca IUU come idos po espa˜
noles en al a ma median e buques de
pabell´
on ex anje o: algunas conside aciones c í icas, in: L. Ca ballo Pi˜
nei o, J.M.
Bosch (Ed.), Re os p esen es y u u os de la Polí ica Ma í ima In eg ada de la Uni´
on
Eu opea, Espa˜
na 2017, pp. 619–636.
[26] G. Quin e o Oli a es, Pesca Ilegal, en aguas in e nacionales y ju isdicci´
on penal”
op. ci ., pp.117–119, 122–125.
[27] C. Mapelli Ma chena. El modelo penal de la Uni´
on Eu opea, Thomson Reu e s
A anzadi, Na a a, 2014, pp. 233–234.
I.V. ´
Al a ez
