Co-benefits of the EAT-Lancet diet for environmental protection in the framework of the Spanish dietary pattern

Co-benefi s o he EAT-Lance die o en i onmen al p o ec ion in he
amewo k o he Spanish die a y pa e n
C is ina Cambeses-F anco ⁎, Gume sindo Feijoo, Ma ía Te esa Mo ei a, Sa a González-Ga cía
CRETUS, Depa men o Chemical Enginee ing, School o Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de San iago de Compos ela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Ma zoa s/n, 15782 San iago de Compos ela, (Spain)
HIGHLIGHTS
•The Spanish die a y pa e n has beencom-
pa ed wi h he EAT-Lance die om ca -
bon and wa e pe spec i es.
•S a ch-based p oduc s and oils and a sa e
he main con ibu o s o ca bon and wa e
oo p in s in he EAT-Lance die .
•Mea and dai y a e esponsible o he
g ea es ca bon and wa e oo p in s in
he Spanish die a y pa e n.
•Majo educ ions in mea and dai y a e
needed o ansi ioning o low ca bon
and wa e oo p in ea ing habi s in Spain.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
ABSTRACTARTICLE INFO
Edi o : Deyi Hou The immedia e need o build esilien ood sys ems wi h lowe g eenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and p o ec ion o
wa e esou ces is a global challenge. To add ess his, he EAT-Lance Commission desc ibed he global e e ence
die wi h p inciples o nu i ional quali y and en i onmen al sus ainabili y. Wi h his in mind, he ca bon and wa e
oo p in s o he cu en Spanish die a y pa e n ha e been compa ed wi h he EAT-Lance global die a y ecommen-
da ions, aking in o accoun de ia ions in ood in ake. To p o ide addi ional con ex , di e ences be ween he a e age
Spanish die a y pa e n and die a y guidelines applied in o he coun ies in Eu ope (I aly, he Ne he lands and he
Medi e anean egion) and Ame ica ha e also been analyzed and discussed om a sus ainabili y app oach.
We ound ha he EAT-Lance die equi es less wa e esou ces (3056 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) and lowe le el o GHG
emissions (2.13 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) in compa ison wi h he Spanish die a y pa e n (3732 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
and 3.62 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
, espec i ely). S a ch-based p oduc s and oils and a s we e iden ified as la ges
con ibu o s o bo h en i onmen al indica o s in he EAT-Lance die . On he o he hand, mea and dai y we e he en-
i onmen al ho spo s in he Spanish die a y pa e n. Compa ison wi h o he ood-based die a y pa e ns also aisesen-
i onmen al conce ns abou he high mea consump ion in Spain.
O e all, his analysis sugges s ha educing he consump ion o bee mea and dai y o a le el in line wi h he global
en i onmen al a ge s se by he EAT-Lance Commission would ensu e a shi in Spanish die a y habi s owa ds mo e
en i onmen ally sus ainable ood consump ion pa e ns.
Keywo ds:
Wa e oo p in
Ca bon oo p in
Sus ainable heal hy die
Spanish ea ing habi s
Die a y ecommenda ions
1. In oduc ion
Unsus ainable ood sys ems a e posing a global dange o he heal h o
he plane (Wille e al., 2019). P ima y ood p oduc ion is he main d i e
o biodi e si y loss and pu s cons an p essu e on land, soil and wa e
(Ben on e al., 2021). A d as ic and sus ainable ans o ma ion o con en-
ional ood sys ems is equi ed o achie e he UN Sus ainable De elopmen
Goals and he Pa is Ag eemen (Funabashi, 2018). Wi h hese needs and
challenges in mind, ini ia i es ha e been de eloped o lay he ounda ion
o public ood and nu i ion a na ional and global le els. Na ional ood-
based die a y guidelines (FBDGs) a e go e nmen -endo sed policy
Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
⁎Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: c is ina.cambeses. [email protected] (C. Cambeses-F anco).
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/j.sci o en .2022.155683
Recei ed 4 Feb ua y 2022; Recei ed in e ised o m 22 Ap il 2022; Accep ed 30 Ap il 2022
A ailable online 5 May 2022
0048-9697/© 2022 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Science o he To al En i onmen
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/sci o en
documen s aimed a educa ing consume s in hei espec i e coun ies
abou heal hy die s and li es yles (UNICEF, 2021;WHO, 1998). Fo in-
s ance, in he Eu opean con ex and in line wi h he FOOD 2030 policy
amewo k (Eu opean Commission, 2020), FBDG ac ions ha e been p o-
mo ed such as he “Linee guida pe una sana alimen azione”in I aly
(CREA, 2019) o he Du ch die a y guidelines in he Ne he lands (Heal h
Council, 2015). In he Uni ed S a es, he Die a y Guidelines o
Ame icans, published join ly by he Heal h and Human Se ices (HHS)
and he Depa men o Ag icul u e (USDA), a e he co ne s one o ede al
nu i ion p og ams (USDA and HHS, 2020).
Globally, he EAT-Lance Commission add esses he need o eed he
wo ld's g owing popula ion wi h a heal hy die while defining sus ainable
ood sys ems ha minimize damage o ou plane in e ms o g eenhouse
gas(GHG), phospho us and ni ogen emissions,wa e sca ci y, biodi e si y
loss and land use change (Sp ingmann e al., 2018a, 2018b). The EAT-
Lance e e ence die is cha ac e ized by a high in ake o ui s, ege ables,
whole g ains, legumes, nu s, and unsa u a edoils, and a d as ic educ ion in
consump ion o ed mea , suga , and efined g ains (Wille e al., 2019).
Recen s udies documen ed he consequences o adhe ence o his die in
ela ion onu i ional quali y, heal h, en i onmen al and economic c i e ia.
The Cance and Nu i ion (EPIC)-Ox o d s udy epo ed he associa ion o
his e e ence die wi h a lowe isk o ischaemic hea disease and diabe es
(Knuppel e al., 2019)andHi onen e al. (2020) compa ed i s a o dabili y
in di e en economic con ex s. F om a nu i ional pe spec i e, Blacks one
(2020) conduc ed a compa ison be ween he EAT Lance die and he
Die a y Guidelines o Ame icans and Sha ma e al. (2020) iden ified
de ia ions wi h he Indian die in e ms o calo ic in ake and die a y
composi ion. F om an en i onmen al pe spec i e, Kesse-Guyo e al.
(2021) explo ed he link be ween he adhe ence o he EAT-Lance die
among F ench adul s and h ee associa ed en i onmen al p essu es
(GHG emissions, cumula i e ene gy demand, and land occupa ion),
and Ko acs e al. (2021) modelled he ca bon oo p in (CF) o se en
ood-based die a y guidelines (Ge many, India, Ne he lands, Oman,
Thailand, U uguay and he Uni ed S a es) and compa ed hem wi h
he EAT-Lance die .
Howe e , li le is known abou he magni ude o di e gence in he
en i onmen al impac s o cu en die s compa ed o he EAT Lance ec-
ommenda ions. This ques ion is pa icula ly challenging in Spain,
whe e wo well- anked omni o ous die a y ecommenda ions unde
economic, heal h and en i onmen al c i e ia (González-Ga cía e al.,
2020): he Medi e anean die (MD) and he Spanish s a egy o nu i-
ion, physical ac i i y and p e en ion o obesi y (NAOS) ha e a s ong
influence on die a y habi s. The Medi e anean die is a p edominan ly
plan -based die , which emphasizes plen y o ui s, ege ables, nu s and
oli e oil as a sou ce o a (T ichopoulou and Vasilopoulou, 2016). On
he o he hand, NAOS die eme ged as a esul o a Spanish public heal h
planne whose goal was o e e se he inc easing obesi y p e alence
h ough he p omo ion o heal hy ood habi s and physical ac i i y
(Nei a and Onis, 2006).
An open deba e is how media and educa ional campaigns o p omo e
hese win- o-win die s ha e had an impac on an inc easingly wes e nized
Spanish consump ion pa e n in e ms o ca bon and wa e oo p in s. To
ou bes knowledge, wo pape s ha e examined he e ec o hedie a y pa -
e ns o he di e en clima ic zones and au onomous communi ies o Spain
on CF and o he nu i ional and socio-economic c i e ia (Es e e-Llo ens
e al., 2021, 2020). Food habi s associa ed wi h each clima ic zone could
be explained based on geo-clima ic condi ions, ood cul u e and adi ion,
and economic le els. The assessmen o he CF o ood habi s in no he n
Spain e ealed highe CF alues in No he n Spain in compa ison wi h
hose ob ained om Sou he n Spain due o he majo consump ion o
animal-based p oduc s and mo e calo ic die a y pa e ns in he No h
(Es e e-Llo ens e al., 2021). Mo eo e , se en au onomous communi-
ies showed sus ainable die a y pa e ns (Andalusia, Communi y o
Mad id, Basque Coun y, Na a e, Ca alonia, Balea ic Islands and
Cana y Islands) (Es e e-Llo ens e al., 2020). On he o he hand, a
s udy on he CF o he a e age Spanish die a y pa e n in 2006 and
2016 has been pe o med wi hou conside ing wa e consump ion
(Ba lle-Baye e al., 2019).
Thus, he main objec i es o his esea ch we e: i) o ansla e he EAT-
Lance ecommenda ions o he Spanish socio-cul u al scena io, ii) o com-
pa e he en i onmen al indica o s (CF and WF) o he EAT-Lance and he
a e age Spanish die a y pa e nand, iii) o discuss he en i onmen al impli-
ca ions o he adop ion o FBDGs om Spain (MD and NAOS) and o he e-
gions o he wo ld (Ne he lands, Uni ed S a es and I aly) by he Spanish
popula ion. F om a public pe spec i e, his may shed ligh on he changes
ha may be necessa y o modi y he cu en Spanish die a y pa e n o a
heal hy and sus ainable uni e sal e e ence die .
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Desc ip ion o die a y scena ios
2.1.1. A e age Spanish die a y pa e n
The Spanish a e age die a y pa e n was based on he 2019 Household
Consump ion Su ey o he Minis y o Ag icul u e, Fishe ies and Food
(MAPA, 2019). This su ey is conduc ed e e y yea and co e s a ep esen-
a i e sample o mo e han 12,000 households. The mos ecen da a p io
o COVID-19 we e used, as condi ions o confinemen such as educed so-
cial ac i i y, could ha e d i en changes in die a y p e e ences. The a e age
consump ion pe capi a and yea o each ood ca ego y was ob ained om
he da abase conside ing ha 82% o ood consump ion akes place a
home and 18% ou side o he home (Minis e io de Ag icul u a Pesca y
Alimen ación, 2020).
The e o e, he a e age Spanish die a y scena io was designed conside -
ing he in o ma ion o his da abase ega ding he in ake equencies pe
ood ca ego y and he amoun o he mos consumed oods u s in g ha
cons i u es each ood g oup wi hin Spanish popula ion. The associa ed ca-
lo ic in ake o he Spanish die a y pa e n was calcula ed mul iplying he
numbe o g ams o each oods u by he amoun o ene gy pe g am o
each one. The BEDCA ood composi ion da abase was used o find he calo-
ic con en o each ood p oduc (BEDCA, 2017). Thus, he ene gy supply
es ima ed conside ing in-home and ou -o -home consump ion was es i-
ma ed on 2214 kcal·pe son
−1
·day
−1
. The scena io includes a wide a ie y
o 59 ep esen a i e oods, g ouped in o 14 ood ca ego ies as can be seen
in Table 1 acco ding o he classifica ion es ablished by González-Ga cía
e al. (2020).
2.1.2. EAT-Lance die
This scena io co esponds o he EAT-Lance die a y ecommenda ions
defined by Wille e al. (2019) o an indi idual in ake o 2500 kcal/day.
The e e ence die p oposes flexible in ake anges (weigh and calo ic in-
ake) o he eigh defined ood g oups (wholeg ains, ube s o s a chy eg-
e ables, ege ables, ui s, dai y, p o ein sou ces, added a s and added
suga s) and could be adop ed o di e en cul u es.
To p o ide a di ec compa ison wi h he Spanish a e age die a y pa -
e n, he eigh ood g oups defined by he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions
we e e-ca ego ized acco ding wi h he classifica ion es ablished by
González-Ga cía e al. (2020). The EAT-Lance die a y scena io has been
adjus ed o an in ake o 2500 kcal/day conside ing he flexible in ake
anges o each ood ca ego y based on EAT-Lance ecommenda ions o
a heal hy e e ence die .
EAT-Lance ecommenda ions gi e ad ice ega ding he mac onu ien
in ake (g·day
−1
) and calo ic in ake (kcal·day
−1
) pe ood ca ego y. How-
e e , i does no pay a en ion o he amoun o each oods u in g ha con-
s i u es each g oup. This gap in guidelines was used as a s a egy o adap
he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions o he Spanish socio-cul u al scena io.
The e o e, he ep esen a i e oods u s o each ood ca ego y we e
asce ained om he mos consumed ood p oduc s wi hin he Spanish pop-
ula ion ga he ed in he Household Consump ion Su ey by he Spanish
Minis y o Ag icul u e, Fishe ies and Food (MAPA, 2019). Table 1 shows
he a e age daily ecommended in ake pe ood g oup in he Spanish adap-
a ion o he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions.
C. Cambeses-F anco e al. Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
2
2.2. En i onmen al impac assessmen
2.2.1. Ca bon oo p in
TheLi e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) app oach was ollowed o allow a com-
p ehensi e assessmen o he CF, he bes -known indica o o clima e
change and he ocus o many sus ainable policies in he ood sec o . LCA
is a s anda dized me hod o assessing he en i onmen al aspec s and po-
en ial impac s associa ed wi h a p oduc (ISO, 2006). The s eps in LCA
a e (1) goal and scope defini ion, (2) li e cycle in en o y analysis, (3) li e
cycle impac assessmen and (4) in e p e a ion o he esul s.
2.2.1.1. Goal and scope. As a o emen ioned, he goal o his s udy was o com-
pa e he en i onmen al p ofile o wo die a y pa e ns om a c adle- o-
consume pe spec i e, he a e age Spanish die a y pa e ns and he EAT-
Lance die . To do so, i is necessa y o choose a unc ional uni . Acco ding
o he ISO s anda ds, he unc ional uni (FU) is a measu e o he unc ion
o he sys em exp essed in quan i a i e e ms and i p o ides a e e ence o
which all he inpu s and ou pu s o he p oduc sys em a e calcula ed. The a -
e age daily e e ence die a y in ake pe pe son was chosen as unc ional uni .
2.2.1.2. Sys em desc ip ion. The desc ip ion o he sys em unde s udy im-
plies he defini ion o he sys em bounda ies. The wo die a y pa e ns
we e analyzed wi h he scope limi ed o he c adle- o-consume phases
along he li e cycle (Fig. 1).
i) Ag icul u al o indus ial p oduc ion: This subsys em includes all ag i-
cul u al and indus ial ac i i ies in ol ed in he ans o ma ion o aw
ag icul u al p oduc s in o ood p oduc s eady o dis ibu ion.
Table 1
Daily- ecommended in ake (g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) pe ood g oup o EAT-Lance die and Spanish Die a y Pa e n (SDP).
Nu s Lance SDP
Oli es - 12.6
Almonds 6.8 1.3
Walnu 18.2 3.4
Peanu 26.0 1.5
Pulses Lance SDP
Chickpeas 20.7 4.7
Beans 13.9 3.2
Len ils 14.5 3.3
Mea Lance SDP
Bee 9.5 27.8
Chicken 35 71.0
Po k 9 55.3
P ocessed - 13.5
Dai y Lance SDP
Milk 153.9 282.5
Yogu 21.8 40.0
Cheese 17.3 31.8
Ice-C eam - 12.0
Soy oods Lance SDP
Flou 12.5 -
Soybean oil 12.5 -
S a ch-based Lance SDP
B ead 242.3 107.4
Rice 29.9 13.3
Pas a 32.3 14.3
Po a oes 53.4 95.5
Fish Lance SDP
Hake 9.1 17.6
Macke el 1.1 2.0
Salmon 4.5 8.7
Pilcha d 4.5 8.7
Cod 3.2 6.2
Tuna 1.7 3.4
P awns 6.5 12.5
Squids 4.8 9.2
Mussels 3.7 7.1
Eggs Lance SDP
Eggs 12.5 27.9
F ui s Lance SDP
O anges 68.2 79.3
Manda ine 24.5 28.4
Banana 51.6 59.9
Apple 39.9 46.4
Pea 19.7 22.9
Melon 32.7 38.0
Wa e melon 34.0 39.5
Ready
meals Lance SDP
Soups and
c eams - 24.2
Pizza - 10.3
P ese ed
ood - 12.3
Sauces - 11.2
Swee s Lance SDP
Honey 3.4 1.4
Suga 26.6 10.7
Vege ables Lance SDP
Toma oes 125.7 97.3
Onion 67.0 51.9
Peppe s 45.5 35.3
Le uce 37.4 29.0
Ca o s 31.8 24.6
Cou ge e 37.4 28.9
Cucumbe 19.2 14.8
Oils and
a s
EAT-
Lance
SDP
Palm oil 6.7 -
Oli e oil 39.9 39.0
La d o
allow 5.0 -
Pas y Lance SDP
Biscui s - 25.5
Ce eal
b eak as -7.6
Nouga - 3.7
Chocola e - 17.0
Snacks - 2.7
1
Ag icul u al o
indus ial p oduc ion
3
Household
dis ibu ion
Wholesale and
e ail dis ibu ion
2
C adle- o-consume ga e
Food losses Food was e
Food losses
Food was e
Food was e
Fig. 1. Sys em bounda ies conside ed in he ca bon oo p in assessmen .
C. Cambeses-F anco e al. Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
3
ii) Wholesale and e ail dis ibu ion: This subsys em includes he deli e y
o he ood p oduc s o he wholesale and e ail buye s. The calcula ion
o he CF co esponding o his subsys em was made conside ing he
geog aphical o igin o all oods included in he die a y scena ios.
Food was e and losses in he wholesale and e ail dis ibu ion subsys-
em we e aken in o accoun .
iii) Household dis ibu ion: This subsys em encompasses he anspo a-
ion om supe ma ke s o households. Household ood was e was con-
side ed in his s age.
Food p epa a ion a home was no aken in o accoun because bo h di-
e a y scena ios we e adap ed o he Spain's ood cul u e and he e o e bo h
use simila cooking echniques, a oiding complex cooking me hods. Mo e-
o e , he exclusion o cooking om he sys em bounda ies was also consid-
e ed in o he simila s udies a ailable in he li e a u e o o he guidelines
in Eu ope and Ame ica, acili a ing he compa ison (Cambeses-F anco
e al., 2021;González-Ga cía e al., 2020).
2.2.1.3. In en o y da a. Li e cycle in en o ies o each oods u we e com-
piled h ough a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew. P io i y c i e ia we e:
i) scien ific pee - e iewed LCA a icles, ii) Spain as he coun y o e e -
ence, iii) li e cycle s udies om a c adle- o-ga e pe spec i e (whe e no
o low-quali y s udies using his LCA app oach we e a ailable, addi-
ional s ages ha e been disca ded). A de ailed summa y o he GHG
emissions associa ed wi h each ood i em was ga he ed in Supplemen-
a y Table SM1.1.
Ca bon oo p in associa ed o he anspo a ion o a ood p oduc om
i s p oduc ion si e o households was calcula ed acco ding o he me hodol-
ogy p oposed by González-Ga cía e al. (2020). The Mul idimensional
Da acomex pla o m p o ided ee access o he o igin and olumes o im-
po s and expo s pe ood i em and coun y ( o de ails, see Supplemen a y
Table SM1.2). Fo in e na ional logis ics, ansoceanic essels (18.60 mg
CO
2
eq·kg
−1
·km
−1
) and ucks (92.10 mg CO
2
eq·kg
−1
·km
−1
) we e consid-
e ed (González-Ga cía e al., 2020). Fo na ional logis ics, anspo by
uck o wholesale s and e aile s was assumed o be 400 km by Eu o 5 die-
sel eigh ucks (>32 ons) (Cas añé and An ón, 2017). A diesel ehicle
(106 g CO
2
eq·km
−1
)(Ba lle-Baye e al., 2019) was chosen as a means o
anspo o a el om homes o he nea es supe ma ke wi h a shopping
equency o once a week (a e age dis ibu ion dis ance o 3.3 km)
(González-Ga cía e al., 2020).
To add ess he challenge o finding a balance be ween ood was e
and ood policy and secu i y (Chen e al., 2020), he p opo ions o
ood losses and ood was e du ing wholesale and e ail anspo
(Gus a sson e al., 2013) and ac o s o ood was e a he household con-
sume le el (Ga cia-He e o e al., 2018) we e inco po a ed in o he CF
assessmen .
2.2.2. Wa e oo p in
Simila o LCA, he Wa e Foo p in Assessmen (WFA) me hodology
is de eloped in ou s ages, namely goal and scope, WF accoun ing, WF
sus ainabili y assessmen and WF esponse o mula ion (Mu hu, 2020).
The fi s wo s eps o WF assessmen we e add essed in his s udy and
he h ee key wa e componen s (g een, blue and g ey) we e acked
using he comp ehensi e s udy o he ag icul u al and li es ock WFs
as a e e ence da ase (Mekonnen and Hoeks a, 2011, 2012). As cli-
ma ic and p oduc ion condi ions a e he main ac o s influencing
g een and blue WF, o ensu e he geog aphical basis o ood p oduc s,
he me hodological app oach p oposed by González-Ga cía e al.
(2020) was adop ed.
The e o e, he WF o he ca ego y j o he ood i em F (m
3
·
−1
)na ion-
ally p oduced (NWF
j,F
)(m
3
·
−1
) was ob ained di ec ly om he epo ed
alues in he Mekonnen and Hoeks a da ase o Spain (Mekonnen and
Hoeks a, 2011, 2012). On he o he hand, he impo ed o al WF
j
o a
ood i em F (IWF
j,F
)(m
3
·
−1
)wases ima edbasedon heWFo eachca e-
go y j and coun y c, conside ing a ep esen a i e numbe o impo ing
coun ies (n) ( he ones ha supply a pe cen age o he o al olume o im-
po s supe io o 70%), and being R
c,F
, he ecalcula ed impo ing a io
o a coun y c aking in o accoun only he ep esen a i e coun ies (see
Eq. (1))
IWF j,F¼∑
n
c¼1
WFj,c,FRc,F(1)
The WF pe ood p oduc F (m
3
·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) was calcula ed based
on Eq. (2).
WFF¼∑
3
j¼1
IWF j,FXI,FþNWF j,FXN,F

MF10 6(2)
whe e X
I,F
and X
N,F
a e he a e age a ios o ood impo ed and na ionally
p oduced, espec i ely, and M
F
(g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) is he ood in ake by di-
e a y scena io o he ood i em F. Food losses and ood was e along he dis-
ibu ion chain and a he household consume le el we e conside ed as o
he CF assessmen .
Finally, he WF pe die a y scena io was es ima ed based on Eq. (3).
WFdie ¼∑
k
F¼1
WFF(3)
Fo aquacul u e species, we es ima ed he WF ela ed o comme cial
eeds (Pahlow e al., 2015) and o non-aquacul u e, a WF o ze o was as-
sumed (Blas e al., 2019;Ha is e al., 2017).
3. Resul s
3.1. Ca bon oo p in assessmen
The GHG emissions alue a ibu ed o he cu en Spanish die a y
pa e n was 3.62 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
. On he o he hand, he CF o
he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions was app oxima ely 1.7 imes lowe
(2.13 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
). The ag icul u al o indus ial p oduc ion
s age (MAPA, 2019) is esponsible o he la ges sha e o GHG emissions
in bo h scena ios, co e ing 91% and 96% o he o al CF in EAT Lance
and he cu en Spanish die a y pa e n, espec i ely. As a p opo ion o
o e all GHG emissions, he emaining s ages o he supply chain ep e-
sen ed a smalle con ibu ion in he wo die s analyzed. While he EAT-
Lance die accoun ed o 0.13 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in wholesale and
dis ibu ion, he GHG emissions de i ed om his s age in he cu en Span-
ish die a y pa e n we e 0.09 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
. The highe le els
o peanu consump ion pe capi a in he EAT-Lance die , oge he wi h
he high dis ibu ion dis ances ( uck and ship) o his ood, could explain
he di e ences in he CF esul s o he wholesale and he dis ibu ion be-
ween bo h die a y pa e ns.
The CF associa ed wi h he household dis ibu ion phase was 0.06
kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
ega dless o he scena io. In e ms o ood
was e, 0.13 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
and 0.21 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
we e a ibu ed o ood losses and ood was e o he EAT Lance and he
cu en Spanish die a y pa e n, espec i ely. The highes CF ela i e o
ood was e o he Spanish die a ypa e n was associa edwi h he mos sig-
nifican con ibu ion o dai y, mea , fish and hei associa ed ood was e
and loss.
The daily CF a ibu ed o bo h die a y scena ios, b oken down by
ood ca ego ies, is shown in Fig. 2. The CFs o dai y p oduc s, eggs,
mea , fish and sea ood o he a e age Spanish die a y pa e n a e
highe han he CF alues calcula ed o he mac onu ien in ake
anges ecommended by EAT-Lance o hese ood g oups. Foods o
animal o igin we e he main die a y con ibu o s o his en i onmen al
me ic, accoun ing o 47% in he EAT-Lance ecommenda ion
and 72% in he cu en Spanish die a y pa e n. Mea and dai y
we e hemainho spo sin heSpanishdie a ypa e n(1.42and
0.70 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
, espec i ely). On he o he hand, he
CF o s a ch-based p oduc s we e quan i a i ely he mos impo an in
he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions (0.45 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
),
C. Cambeses-F anco e al. Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
4
al hough closely ollowed by mea (0.39 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
)and
dai y (0.35 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
).
EAT-Lance does no publish g am anges o pas ies and eady meals.
In his die , he CF sco es ela ed o o al ege ables, pulses, soy oods,
s a ch-based p oduc s, nu s, and oils and a s we e highe han hose o
he Spanish pa e n. The ac ha he EAT-Lance die emphasizes he con-
sump ion o plan -based oods is behind he highe p oduc ion-based GHG
emissions. The CF o ui s and swee s was simila be ween he EAT-lance
pa e n and he Spanish pa e n.
3.2. Wa e oo p in assessmen
Ou analysis epo ed he a e age WF o he Spanish die a y pa e n
(3732 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) and ha o he EAT-Lance die (3057
L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
). The die a y g een WF ep esen ed by a he la ges
ac ion in he o al WF o bo h die s (74% and 79% o he EAT-Lance
die and he Spanish die a y pa e n, espec i ely). Da a on he con ibu ion
o ood ca ego ies o die a y WFs o each die a y pa e n a e depic ed in
Fig. 3 and Supplemen a y Table SM1.3.
Fig. 2. Ca bon oo p in es ima ion (kgCO
2
eq·pe son
-1
day
-1
) pe ood g oups o EAT-Lance die and a e age Spanish die a y pa e n.
Fig. 3. Wa e oo p in es ima ion (L·pe son
-1
day
-1
) pe ood g oups o EAT-Lance die and a e age Spanish die a y pa e n.
C. Cambeses-F anco e al. Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
5

Dai y p oduc s, mea , and oils and a s we e he main con ibu o s o di-
e a y WF in he a e ageSpanish die a ypa e n. Howe e , la ge di e ences
in he in e p e a ion o WF sco es o hese h ee main con ibu ing ood
g oups ha e been explo ed o bo h die s. The WF sco es o dai y and
mea in he Spanish mean die a y pa e n (834 and 1024 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
,
espec i ely) we e significan ly highe han he EAT-Lance ecommenda-
ions (423 and 297 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
, espec i ely), while hose o oils
and a s we e sligh ly lowe (679 and 745 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o Spanish di-
e a y pa e n and EAT-Lance , espec i ely). These esul s could be ex-
plained on he basis o he daily in ake amoun s o hese ood g oups in
he defini ion o he die a y pa e ns.
Plan -based p oduc s, such as s a ch-based p oduc s and nu s, we e also
p esen ed as la ge con ibu o s o he die a y WF o he EAT-Lance ecom-
menda ions (538 and 470 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
, espec i ely). Howe e , hey
we e among he lowes WF sco es on he a e age Spanish die a y pa e n
(253 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o s a ch-based p oduc s and 119 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o nu s). The eason behind his finding is ha he e e ence die is la gely
plan -based. O he plan -based p oduc s wi h lowe WF con ibu ions,
legumes and soy oods, also showed highe WF alues in he EAT-Lance
e e ence die (213 and 90 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
, espec i ely) compa ed o
hose o he Spanish a e age die a y pa e n (49 and 0 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
,
espec i ely). Howe e , no significan di e ences we e ound o he ui s
and ege ables ca ego ies be ween he EAT-Lance ecommenda ion
(123 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o ui s and 60 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o ege ables)
and he Spanish ood consump ion pa e n (143 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o ui s
and46L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o ege ables). Al hough ui s and ege ables con-
ibu ed in a di e en p opo ion o hedailyin akein heEAT-Lance die
(271 and 364 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o ui s and ege ables, espec i ely) com-
pa ed o he Spanish die a y pa e ns (314 and 282 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o
ui s and ege ables, espec i ely), hei associa ed wa e equi emen s a e
no so high o accoun o significa i e di e ences. Compa ed o he e e ence
die , he WF o o he oods o animalo igin (eggs, fish and sea ood) o he cu -
en a e age Spanish die a y pa e n was highe . The associa ed WF o pas-
ies and p epa ed oods was no conside ed in he EAT-Lance e e ence die .
4. Discussion o esul s
4.1. Compa ison wi h li e a u e
The adop ion o he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions in Spain led o
changes in he CF o he Spanish die a y pa e n. In his sense, ood-
ela ed GHG emissions could be educed by 41% by adop ing he ecom-
menda ions in he Spanish die a y pa e n, mos o which we e d i en by
s ic e limi s on animal-based p oduc s (mea , fish and sea ood, and
dai y) and we e o se by highe consump ion o plan p oduc s (whole
g ains, ege ables, nu s, seeds and legumes). This is in ag eemen wi h
he findings o he modelling s udy by Sp ingmann e al. (2020), who e-
po ed la ge ne educ ions in GHG emissions o 42% by adop ing he
EAT-Lance ecommenda ions.
Fu he mo e, i he CF sco e o he EAT-Lance die is compa ed wi h
hose es ima ed in he li e a u e, some di e ences a ise. Kesse-Guyo e al.
(2021) obse ed h ough a p ospec i e coho s udy ha pa icipan s wi h
highe adhe ence o he EAT-Lance die ( anked by quin iles) we e associ-
a ed wi h lowe GHG emissions. The mean CF o indi iduals wi h he
highes le el o adhe ence o he EAT-Lance die was 2.73 kg
CO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
. Di e en esea ch bounda ies ( hei esul s we e e-
e ed a he a m le el), calcula ion me hods and da a sou ce we e behind
he di e ences in he CF sco e be ween bo h s udies. Ko acs e al. (2021)
also es ima ed he GHG emissions associa ed wi h he e e ence EAT Lance
die ,whoseCFwason1.36kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
. This sco e is consid-
e ably lowe han ha epo ed he e (2.13 kgCO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
). The
ac ha hei assessmen was scaled o a 2000-kcal die and only accoun ed
o GHG emissions om esou ce ex ac ion o he ac o y o he a m ga e
(c adle- o- a m ga e) could explain hese conside able di e ences.
Rega ding he CF o he cu en Spanish die a y pa e n, compa isons
should be made wi h cau ion. Ou esul (1321 kg CO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·yea
−1
)
di e s om he ones epo ed by Es e e-Llo ens e al. (2020) (1024 kg
CO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·yea
−1
)andBa lle-Baye e al. (2019) (1120 kg
CO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·yea
−1
). Es e e-Llo ens e al. (2020) and Ba lle-Baye
e al. (2019) used he same da abase as in ou s udy (MAPA, 2019), albei
aking 2018 and 2017, espec i ely, as e e ence yea s. On he o he
hand, e en i Es e e-Llo ens e al. (2020) used simila da a sou ces, ood
consump ion ou side home was no accoun ed and he p oduc ion phase
was only conside ed wi hin he sys em bounda ies o analysis. On he
o he hand,Ba lle-Baye e al. (2019) chose a c adle- o-consume app oach.
Rega dless o he s udy, be e ages we e included as a ood ca ego y.
Secondly, a swi ch o he EAT-Lance die may educe he WF o he
Spanish die a y habi s as also epo ed by Vanham e al. (2021),who
es ima ed a consump i e WF sco e (g een plus blue WF) o he Spanish
die a y pa e n o 4238 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
, conside ably high compa ed o
he EAT-Lance die (2414 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
). Significan di e ences
we e ound wi h ou esul s in e ms o he consump i e WF o he EAT-
Lance (2660 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) and he Spanish die a y pa e n
(3375 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
). The a ionale behind hese esul s is ha
Vanham e al. (2021) used he a e age annual FAO Food Balance Shee s
o es ima e ood supply da a o he pe iod 2011–2013, and we used he
2019 Household Consump ion Su ey (MAPA, 2019) o ob ain na ional
ood in ake da a. Mo eo e , we conside ed as e e ence he Mul idimen-
sional Da acomex pla o m ega ding he co esponding olumes o im-
po s and expo s, and Vanham and colleagues conside ed p opo ions o
domes ic p oduc ion and impo s o he o al domes ic supply in he FAO
Food Balance Shee s.
4.2. Compa ison wi h o he ood-based die a y guidelines
A compa a i e analysis o he cu en Spanish die a y pa e n wi h o he
FBDGs in e ms o die a y in ake, CF and WF was pe o med, wi h he aim
o con ibu ing in o ma ion o he li e a u e in his a ea o esea ch. In pa -
icula , he FBDGs selec ed we e he Medi e anean Die (MD), he I alian
Die a y Guidelines (CREA, 2019), he Spanish S a egy o Nu i ion, Phys-
ical and Obesi y P e en ion (NAOS) (Nei a and Onis, 2006), he Du ch
Die a y Guidelines (Heal h Council, 2015) and he Ame ican Die a y
Guidelines (USDA and HHS, 2020). These guidelines a e no he only
ones ha include en i onmen al conside a ions; we chose a pu posi e
sample o p io i ize s udies conduc ed wi h he same me hodology, sys-
em bounda ies and ood ca ego iza ion as ou s. In addi ion, hese die s
co e a sample o coun ies ep esen ing a wide ange o wo ld's popu-
la ion om he no he n and sou he n egions o Eu ope and Ame ica.
CF and WF esul s o hese FBDGs we e aken om Cambeses-F anco
e al. (2021) and González-Ga cía e al. (2020). Fo compa ison, ou e-
sul s we e adap ed o a c adle- o-ga e app oach (paying a en ion only
o he p oduc ion s age). In addi ion, he designed FBDG scena ios do
no include he pas y and p epa ed meals subg oup in he mass-based
ecommenda ions.
4.2.1. Die a y in ake
The Spanish die a y pa e n di e s om he ecommended in ake
amoun s o each ood subg oup in he exis ing die a y guide. Compa ed
o he Sou he n Eu opean FBDGs (MD, NAOS and I alian), he Spanish die-
a y pa e n included, on a e age, mo e mea ( ange among he Sou he n
Eu opean FBDGs 2.7 o 3.9 imes highe ) and ewe ui s (0.6 o 0.7
imes lowe ), ege ables (0.40 o 0.80 imes lowe ) and s a ch-based p od-
uc s (0.5 o 0.7 imes lowe ) (see Fig. 4a). The MD con ained lowe amoun s
o dai y (270 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) in compa ison wi h he Spanish die a y
pa e n (366 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
). In con as , NAOS and he I alian die a y
guidelines do no sugges limi ing dai y in ake o a highe pe cen age
han he Spanish die a y pa e n.
Compa ed o he Du ch die a y guidelines, he Spanish die a y pa e n
included less s a ch-based p oduc s (0.5 imes) and dai y p oduc s (0.8
imes), and mo e mea (2.4 imes), ui s (1.6 imes) and fish and sea ood
(5.4 imes). On he o he hand, he main di e ence be ween he
Ame ican FBDGs and he Spanish die a y pa e n was he consump ion o
C. Cambeses-F anco e al. Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
6
dai y p oduc s.The Spanish popula ion consume lowe dai y p oduc s (366
g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) han he ecommended se ings in he Ame ican Die-
a y Guidelines (712 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
).
The compa ison o he Spanish die a y p ofile no only wi h he EAT-
Lance ecommenda ions, bu also wi h he es o he die a y guidelines,
showed he con enience o inc easing he consump ion o s a ch-based
p oduc s among he Spanish popula ion while educing he consump ion
o mea , pas ies and eady meals. On he o he hand, dai y consump ion e-
mained oo high, bo h in he cu en Spanish pa e n and in he o he
FBDGs (excep MD) compa ed o he global ecommenda ions o he EAT-
Lance die .
4.2.2. Ca bon oo p in
The GHG emissions associa ed wi h he die a y ecommenda ions ana-
lyzed anged om 1.95 kg CO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o he EAT-Lance die
o 2.98 kg CO
2
eq·pe son
−1
·day
−1
o he Ame ican die a y guidelines (con-
side ing only he p oduc ion phase). The e o e, he adop ion o some o
hese FBDGs would allow a educ ion in CF ela ed o a e age Spanish
ood in ake in a ange be ween 14% (adop ion o he Ame ican die a y
guidelines) and 44% (adop ion o he EAT-Lance die ). The CF p ofiles (es-
ima ed as he di e ence be ween he associa ed CF o he cu en Spanish
die a y pa e n and he co esponding one o he FBDG by ood g oup)
we e e y simila o all FBDGs as can be seen in Fig. 4b.
Fig. 4. Di e ences be weenSpanish die a y pa e n and global and na ional ood based die a y guidelines: EAT-Lance ecommenda ions, Medi e anean Die (MD), Spanish
S a egy o Nu i ion, Physical Ac i i y and Obesi y P e en ion (NAOS), I alian Die a y Guidelines, Du ch Die a y Guidelines and Ame ican Die a y Guidelines. Posi i e
alues indica e g ea e in ake (a), CF (b) and WF (c) in Spanish die a y pa e n and nega i e ones indica e lowe .
C. Cambeses-F anco e al. Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
7
The adop ion o FBDGs (na ional o global) led o significan educ ions
in he CF o mea ( anging om 83% in he I alian Die a y Guidelines o
27% in he Ame ican die a y guidelines) and fish and sea ood ( anging
om 28% in he Du ch Die a y Guidelines o 6% in NAOS) subg oups.
The educ ions in GHG emissions om mea o he I alian Die a y Guide-
lines could be explained no only by hei limi a ions on mea consump ion
(43 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) wi h a highe CF, bu also because hey p io i ize
whi e mea o e ed mea , as does he EAT-Lance die .
On he o he hand, he FBDG ecommenda ions we e associa ed wi h a
highe in ake o s a ch-basedp oduc s ( anging om 315 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in MD o 465 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in NAOS) in compa ison wi h he Spanish
die a y pa e n (231 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
). The e o e, adop ion o he global
EAT-Lance ecommenda ions o some o he o he na ional o egional
FBDGs would esul in a mode a e inc ease in CF o his ood subg oup.
Compa ing he Spanish die a y pa e n and he FBDGs in e ms o dai y
was no s aigh o wa d. Nega i e de ia ions a ound he CF o dai y using
he Spanish die a y pa e n as a e e ence could be seen o NAOS, he
I alian, Ame ican and Du ch die a y guidelines and posi i e de ia ions o
he EAT-Lance and MD (see Fig. 4b). This esul sugges s ha e o ming
he na ional FBDG wi h a mode a e consump ion o dai y p oduc s as
ou lined in he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions could be beneficial o he
ansi ion o mo e sus ainable die s.
In gene al, limi ing mea consump ion as ecommended by all he
FBDGs analyzed, and mode a ing dai y consump ion in acco dance wi h
he global EAT-Lance ecommenda ions, would inc ease he en i onmen-
al sus ainabili y o he cu en Spanish die a y pa e n.
4.2.3. Wa e oo p in
Taking in o accoun ha WF depends no only on ecommended daily
in akes, bu also on geog aphical conside a ions, local ag icul u al p oduc-
ion me hods, and clima ic condi ions, compa ison wi h he Spanish e e -
ence scena ios is he mos accu a e. We conclude ha adhe ence o he
EAT-Lance , MD o NAOS die s by he Spanish popula ion would esul in
educ ions in wa e esou ce demand anging om 10% in NAOS, which e-
po ed he highes WF (3181 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) o20%inMD,wi haWF
o 2826 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
.
As a fi s impo an obse a ion, highe sco es we e shown o legumes
( anged om 79 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in MD o 186 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in EAT-
Lance ), s a ch-based p oduc s ( anged om 362 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in
NAOS o 504 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in EAT-Lance ), and nu s ( anged om
209 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in MD o 419 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
in EAT-Lance ) in
he Spanish e e ence die a y ecommenda ions in compa ison wi h hei
co esponding alues in he Spanish die a y pa e n (42, 237 and
104 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
, espec i ely).
In con as , mea showed posi i e de ia ions as can be seen in Fig. 4c.
Fo a Spanish ci izen, he educ ion in WF associa ed wi h mea when
adop ing he Spanish e e ence die a y ecommenda ions would ange
om 57%, i he choice is NAOS, o 71%, i EAT-Lance die we e he one
chosen. On he o he hand, conside ing ha EAT-Lance and MD we e asso-
cia ed wi h mo e ambi ious educ ions in dai y consump ion han NAOS,
he adop ion o some o hese die a y guidelines would allow educ ions
in dai y WF (26% o MD and 48% o NAOS), which would no happen
i adhe ence we e o he NAOS die a y pa e n.
Compa ison wi h he o he die a y guidelines no amed in Spain
should be made wi h cau ion. The minimum wa e equi ed was associa ed
wi h he adop ion o he I alian die a y guidelines (1761 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
),
wi h a lowe WF associa ed wi h o oils and a s (250 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
),
mea (150 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) and dai y (470 L·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) due o
hei lowe consump ion compa ed o he Spanish die a y pa e n.
Mo eo e , he na ional a e age alues o he o al WF o oli e oil
(9103 m
3
·
−1
), milk (805 m
3
·
−1
) and bee (11,500 m
3
·
−1
) in I aly we e
lowe han hose in Spain (13,190, 1847, 13,608 m
3
·
−1
, espec i ely)
(Mekonnen and Hoeks a, 2011).
Compa ed o he Du ch FBDGs, he Spanish die a y pa e n showed, on
a e age, a highe WF impac o mea (3.9 imes highe ) and dai y (2.3
imes highe ), and a lowe impac o s a ch-based p oduc s (0.5 imes
lowe ) and oils and a s (0.8 imes lowe ). Al hough dai y p oduc s
con ibu ed a high pe cen age o he daily in ake in he Du ch FBDG
(471 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) in compa ison wi h he Spanish die a y pa e n
(366 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
), a posi i e di e ence could be explained in he
compa a i e WF analysis. The o al WF o milk a he na ional le el, consid-
e ing he Ne he lands ins ead o Spain as he e e ence coun y, explains
he esul ing de ia ion p ofile (Mekonnen and Hoeks a, 2011).
The Spanish die a y pa e n ep esen ed a highe WF ela ed o mea
and oils and a s compa ed o Ame ican FBDGs. The a e age mea con-
sump ion pe capi a (168 g·pe son
−1
·day
−1
) and he la ge olumes o
wa e used o bee ca le (13,608 m
3
·
−1
) in Spain explain he de ia ions
om he Ame ican FBDGs. O he wise, soybean oil, wi h a ela i ely small
WF pe g am o a , may be an oli e oil subs i u e in he Ame ican guide-
lines, which explains he lowe WF o his ood ca ego y.
4.3. Key findings and hei policy implica ions
This wo k is based on he p oposal ha he EAT-Lance die a y ecom-
menda ions can help o enable sus ainable ood ansi ions in Spain and
o he Eu opean and Ame ican coun ies, eaching child en, amilies and
communi ies. In his sense, a ou ing plan -based o e animal-sou ce
meals can s eng h he po en ial o die a y pa e ns o enable sus ainable
ood sys ems. Howe e , educing emissions om mea and dai y oachie e
EAT-Lance die a y guidelines do no seem plausible wi hou u he p og-
ess in planning and policy-making.
Fi s , go e nmen s should include, in addi ion o heal h and nu i ional
issues, sus ainabili y conside a ions in o ood-based die a y guidelines. The
app oach discussed in his pape could be a good s a ing poin o o mu-
la ing na ional ood-based die a y guidelines upda ed o pe o m be e in
e ms o en i onmen al implica ions.
Second, school can eens p o ide a g ea oppo uni y o imp o e educa-
ion on ood sus ainabili y wi h a u u e impac on ood sys ems. School
meals can influence he b oade communi y by p o iding a wide unde -
s anding o nu i ional lea ning expe iences o child en and hei amilies.
Pa icula ly, school ga dens a e a powe ul en i onmen al educa ional
ool wi h po en ial c oss-sec o al implica ions o en i onmen al awa eness,
economic de elopmen , heal h and wellness ac oss he local communi y.
Thi d, he de elopmen o sus ainable, nu i ious and heal hy mea an-
alogue p oduc s ha educe eliance o li es ock p oduc ion and mee he
EAT-Lance and Uni ed Na ions SDGs. Howe e , plan -based p o ein mea
analogues lead o poo nu i ional in ake, mainly due o amino acid, i a-
mins and n-3 PUFAs deficiency. Fo mula ion o al e na i e hyb id mea an-
alogues could be a p omising solu ion o clima e change mi iga ion and
wa e sca ci y, wi hou comp omising heal h and nu i ional issues. The e-
o e, go e nmen should und academic esea ch on mea subs i u es.
5. Conclusions
The EAT-Lance die is a uni e sal e e ence die o people and plane-
a y heal h. Based on he en i onmen al analysis made, i is e iden ha
cu en Spanish die a y pa e n di e s significan ly om EAT-Lance a -
ge s on adop ing heal hy die s p oduced in sus ainable ways.
As discussed in he pape , a shi owa ds EAT-Lance ecommenda ions
by Spanish people will equi e a significan educ ion in animal sou ce
oods (dai y p oduc s, mea , fish and sea ood), pas y and eady-meals,
and an inc ease in plan -based oods ( ege ables, pulses, soy oods,
s a ch-based p oduc s, nu s, and oils and a s). Pa icula ly, bee mea and
dai y educ ions ha e a significan po en ial o ansi ioning o low ca bon
and low wa e oo p in ea ing habi s in Spain.
When compa ed he Spanish die a y pa e n o o he Eu opean and
Ame ican ecommended die s, he la ges di e gences in e ms o CF and
WF we e in mea ca ego y. Al hough compa ed wi h Spanish cu en in-
ake, he FBDGs included, on a e age, mo e plan -based p oduc s, such as
ege ables o s a ch-based p oduc s, hei ela i e impac on CF and WF
was no as significa i e as mea , since plan -based p oduc s a e associa ed
wi h lowe en i onmen al emissions pe uni weigh .
C. Cambeses-F anco e al. Science o he To al En i onmen 836 (2022) 155683
8
Unde s anding he limi a ions o he s udy is impo an o place e-
sea ch findings in con ex and in e p e he alidi y o he esul s. The
wide di e si y o LCA s udies, which we e aken in o conside a ion o
he a ibu ion o a CF o each oods u , makes di ficul o known unce -
ain y o each alue. The e o e, a eliabili y unce ain y analysis in he
CF impac could no be conduc ed. On he o he hand, lacking in o ma ion
in he quan ifica ion o he WF o non-aquacul u e fish species and assump-
ions made o o he oods u s included in pas y and eady meals ood ca -
ego ies could ha e gene a ed de ia ion in he WF assessmen .
To summa ize, he esul s o his s udy can con ibu e o gi e in o ma-
ion abou he en i onmen al implica ions (GHG emissions and wa e de-
mand) o adop ing he EAT-Lance ecommenda ions. Fu u e esea ch
could ocus on accoun ing de ia ions om EAT-Lance a ge s in o he
dimensions: die -heal h ela ions, nu ien s need, economic ea u es, o cul-
u al accep ance. Ensu ing compliance wi h he global a ge s on achie ing
sus ainable heal hy die s ou lined by EAT-Lance will enable achie emen
o he Sus ainable De elopmen Goals and he Pa is Ag eemen .
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Concei ed and designed he expe imen s: C.C.-F., S.G.-G., G.F., M.T.M.;
Pe o med he expe imen s: C.C.-F.; Analyzed he da a: C.C.-F., S.G.-G.,
M.T.M; Con ibu ed ma e ials/analysis ools: G.F., M.T.M; W i ing o he
o iginal d a : C.C.-F.; Re iew &Edi ing: C.C.-F., S. G.-G., G.F., M.T. M.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing financial in e -
es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o influence he
wo k epo ed in his pape .
Acknowledgemen s
C.C.-F. would like o hank he Minis y o Science, Inno a ion and
Uni e si ies o financial suppo (G an e e ence FPU 19/06648). C.C-F,
S.G.-G., G.F. and M.T.M. belong o he Galician Compe i i e Resea ch
G oup (GRC ED431C 2017/29) and o he C oss-disciplina y Resea ch in
En i onmen al Technologies (CRETUS Resea ch Cen e , ED431E 2018/
01). All hese p og ams a e co- unded by FEDER (EU).
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