Sus ainabili y 2015, 7, 7049-7085; doi:10.3390/su7067049
sus ainabili y
ISSN 2071-1050
www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
A icle
Assessmen and Managemen o he Geomo phological
He i age o Mon e Pindo (NW Spain): A Landscape as a
Symbol o Iden i y
Manuela Cos a-Casais 1,*, Ma ía Isabel Cae ano Al es 2,† and Ramón Blanco-Chao 1,†
1 Depa men o Geog aphy, Facul y o Geog aphy and His o y, Uni e si y o San iago de
Compos ela, P aza da Uni e sidade, 1, 15782 San iago de Compos ela, Spain;
E-Mail: [email p o ec ed]
2 Ma ía Isabel Cae ano Al es, Ins i u e o Ea h Sciences-ICT/UM/CCT, Uni e si y o Minho,
Campus de Gual a , 4710-057 B aga, Po ugal; E-Mail: [email p o ec ed]
† These au ho s con ibu ed equally o his wo k.
* Au ho o whom co espondence should be add essed; E-Mail: [email p o ec ed];
Tel.: +34-881-811-000 (ex . 12607); Fax: +34-881-812-710.
Academic Edi o : Ma ia Helena Hen iques
Recei ed: 13 Ma ch 2015 / Accep ed: 21 May 2015 / Published: 2 June 2015
Abs ac : This s udy ocuses on he g ani e moun ain known as Mon e Pindo (627 m abo e
sea le el) in he Au onomous Communi y o Galicia (NW Spain). This e i o y is included
in he a ea classi ied as “Cos a da Mo e” in he “Poli ica de O denación Li o al” (POL)
(Coas al Planning Policy) o he egion o Galicia. This coas al uni , loca ed be ween “Rías
Baixas” and “Cape Fis e a” has g ea po en ial o demons a ing geological p ocesses and
i s geomo phological he i age is cha ac e ized by a high deg ee o geodi e si y o g ani e
land o ms. The main objec i e o ou wo k is o assess he geomo phological he i age o he
si e, hus e ealing i s wide geodi e si y. We shall analyze and highligh : i s scien i ic alue,
de eloping an in en o y o g ani e land o ms; i s educa ional aluel and i s geo ou is ic
po en ial. I mus be ensu ed ha he Adminis a ion unde s ands ha na u al di e si y is
composed o bo h geodi e si y and biodi e si y. Only hen will he sus ainable managemen
o Mon e Pindo become possible by in eg a ing na u al and cul u al he i age alues. The goal
is o ensu e ha Mon e Pindo and i s immedia e su oundings become a geopa k wi h he
aim o p omo ing local de elopmen p ojec s based on he conse a ion and alo iza ion o
i s geological he i age.
OPEN ACCESS
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7050
Keywo ds: geomo phological he i age; geodi e si y; sus ainable managemen ;
geomo phosi es; landscape; Mon e Pindo; geopa k; Galicia-NW Spain
1. In oduc ion
The sys ema ic s udy o geological he i age and geodi e si y is ela i ely ecen . In some coun ies,
like B i ain, i was pionee ed in he mid- wen ie h cen u y, al hough in Spain and in mos o Eu ope i
was no uly ecognized un il he ea ly wen y- i s cen u y. O e he las decade, a knowledge base,
along wi h he legisla ion ha his implici ly equi es, has been buil up wo ldwide in ela ion o he
cha ac e iza ion, conse a ion and managemen o bo h geological he i age and geodi e si y.
Du ing 2007, o he i s ime in he his o y o Spain, impo an laws we e passed by he Spanish
Pa liamen explici ly men ioning geological he i age and geodi e si y. Law 5/2007 (Na ional Pa ks
Ne wo k) [1] inco po a es a lis o geological con ex s ha a e mos ep esen a i e o Spanish
geodi e si y. Law 42/2007, 13 Decembe 2007 (Na u al He i age and Biodi e si y) [2], elabo a es on
he conse a ion and managemen o geological he i age and geodi e si y and inco po a es he lis o
geological amewo ks iden i ied o Spain unde UNESCO’s Geosi es P og am. This includes he
concep s o geodi e si y and geological he i age. This law iden i ies he public adminis a ions o
Spain’s au onomous egions (communi ies) as he en i ies esponsible o he p ese a ion o
na u al he i age and s a es ha geohe i age mus be in en o ied as Geosi es (Luga es de In e és
Geológico-LIG—Si es o Geological In e es ). Law 45/2007 (Sus ainable De elopmen o Ru al
En i onmen ) es ablishes ha u al de elopmen plans mus conside he conse a ion and sus ainable
use o a chaeo-indus ial and geological he i age [3]. In gene al, he new legisla i e amewo k e e ing
o na u al conse a ion, supposes ha in en o ies and on-going s udies o he s a e o conse a ion o
geodi e si y and geological he i age be ca ied ou . The e a e a mul i ude o concep s and de ini ions in
scien i ic li e a u e conce ning geodi e si y, geological he i age, geosi es, and geoconse a ion [4–12].
Howe e , hese concep s ha e o en been misused and, e en oday, i is common o see hem applied in
qui e uncon en ional ways [13]. Geodi e si y is an impo an e m o u u e geohe i age managemen
s a egies. I is modeled on he e m biodi e si y ha oday domina es he wo k o na u e conse a ion.
I desc ibes a complexi y o na u al a ibu es on all le els and ep esen s bo h oppo uni ies and
challenges o managemen s a egies [14]. Geological in e p e a ion is a s a egy ha aims o acili a e
communica ion be ween di e en kinds o publics, aiding he p omo ion o hei scien i ic cul u e and
he gene a ion o eelings o es eem and p o ec ion o geohe i age [15]. The iden i ica ion and
cha ac e iza ion o si es a e decisi e s eps in any geoconse a ion s a egy [13,16].
This s udy ocuses on he g ani e moun ain known as Mon e Pindo in he Au onomous Communi y
o Galicia (NW Spain). This e i o y is included in he a ea classi ied as “Cos a da Mo e” es ablished
in he Coas al Planning Policy (Poli ica de O denación Li o al—POL) o he egion o Galicia [17].
This uni is loca ed be ween he a eas classi ied in he POL as “Rías Baixas’” and “Cape Fis e a”.
Cu en ly, Mon e Pindo’s bio ic alues a e pa ially p o ec ed. I is designa ed as SCI (Si e o Communi y
In e es ) 1110008 Ca no a-Mon e Pindo, and is included in he Na u a 2000 ne wo k as an a ea o special
p o ec ion o na u al alues ela ed o bo h i s ege a ion and bi dli e (ZEPA). Howe e , he abio ic
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7051
alues and geological he i age o his e i o y ha e been o go en, and a e, he e o e, unp o ec ed. I is
necessa y o u gen ly ind a solu ion ha p o ec s bo h i s biodi e si y and geodi e si y. The e is an
u gen need o accen ua e he p inciple ha na u al di e si y is composed o bo h geodi e si y and
biodi e si y, and ha p o icien conse a ion equi es a holis ic app oach ha iews na u e as a complex
in e ac ion o biodi e si y and geodi e si y pa e ns and p ocesses. This geo-ecological app oach would
encou age a shi away om conse ing indi idual bio ic species and abio ic land o ms and iewing
na u e h ough a s a ic, “balance o na u e” lens, owa ds a holis ic agenda aimed a conse ing
landscapes, acknowledging episodic dis u bance and change as na u al phenomena, ecognizing he
impo ance o ecological p ocesses, and managing landscapes acco dingly [18]. Unde s anding he links
be ween geodi e si y and biodi e si y is pa icula ly c ucial o conse a ion managemen in dynamic
en i onmen s whe e na u al p ocesses (e.g., loods, sedimen anspo and low egimes) main ain
habi a di e si y and ecological unc ions. Conside a ion o geomo phological sensi i i y is a i al pa
o wo king in sympa hy wi h na u al p ocesses, in assessing na u al haza ds and implemen ing he
sus ainable managemen o ecosys ems, pa icula ly unde u u e clima e change scena ios [19]. The e
a e many elemen s o geodi e si y ha do no ha e a pa icula scien i ic alue bu which a e s ill
impo an esou ces o educa ion, ou ism, o he cul u al iden i y o hei communi ies [13]. The
momen um o he i age in he ield o geomo phology does no depend on he land o ms, bu a he
depends on he willingness o people o communica e and ecognize he geomo phological he i age o
hei egion [20]. Mon e Pindo is also a symbol o iden i y wi h he landscape o bo h he local
popula ion and isi o s om ou side he a ea. This ac leads o he si e being alued in di e en ways.
Since ancien imes, in ellec uals ha e ega ded Mon e Pindo as he “Cel ic Olympus” [21,22]. This
iden i y wi h he landscape can be suppo ed on a scien i ic le el [23–25]. In his sense, an associa ion has
been se up by some membe s o he local popula ion wi h he aim o p o ec ing he landscape. This
associa ion (Asociación Mon e Pindo Pa que Na u al—Mon e Pindo Na u al Pa k Associa ion) is
suppo ed by o he g oups, poli ical pa ies and esea che s, who a gue ha Mon e Pindo mus be
p oclaimed a “Na u al Pa k” in o de o p o ec he landscape wi h he aim o ensu ing i s p ese a ion
o u u e gene a ions [26]. In his con ex , he Adminis a ion is awa e o he si ua ion bu s ands by and
e uses o gi e a de ini i e answe . Mon e Pindo is cha ac e ized by i s coas al geodi e si y wi h a la ge
numbe o po en ial geosi es. I s p i ileged loca ion on he coas be ween Cape Fis e a and Mon e Lou o
and Lagoon, make i an a ea o special in e es on bo h a na u al and cul u al le el. In ela ion o cul u al
aspec s, i can be said ha Cape Finis e e is abou a 90-km walk om San iago de Compos ela. The e
is a ecen adi ion o pilg ims o bu n hei clo hes o boo s a he end o hei jou ney a he Cape.
The e a e es imonies om se e al p e ious i uals om he wen ie h cen u y, bu his habi da es om
he 1990s when i ela ed o he Camino de San iago [27,28]. Howe e , oday i is p ohibi ed o bu n
hings in Cape Fis e a. This s e ch o coas includes h ee SCIS (Cape Fis e a—SCI ES 111005 Cos a
da Mo e; Ca no a beach—SCI ES 1110008 Ca no a-Mon e Pindo; and Mon e Lou o and lagoon—SCI
ES 1110012) and Miña zos Ma ine Fishing Rese e loca ed in Li a (Ca no a) (Figu e 1). The a ious
le els o go e nmen do no ag ee on who should g an he si e p o ec ion. The e o e, i is necessa y o
ob ain ecogni ion o he geological-geomo phological and cul u al he i age in e es o Mon e Pindo
and i s immedia e su oundings as a Geopa k (Cape Fis e a, Ca no a beach, Mon e Lou o and lagoon
and Miña zos Ma ine Fishing Rese e). Ob aining his s a us would help o p omo e a local de elopmen
p ojec based on he conse a ion and alo iza ion o he si e’s e es ial and ma i ime geological
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7052
he i age [12]. Based on he conse a ion o na u al and cul u al asse s and on he p omo ion o educa ion
and geo ou ism, geopa ks a e ools designed o p omo e he sus ainable de elopmen o local
popula ions. The geological in e p e a ion is a key ac o o he p ope managemen o geosi es, mainly
in geopa ks and p o ec ed a eas [13].
Figu e 1. Loca ion o he a ea o s udy wi h he p o ec ed a eas ci ed in he ex .
The main objec i e o ou wo k is o assess he geomo phological he i age o Mon e Pindo, hus
e ealing i s wide geodi e si y and i s land o ms. This s udy aims o demons a e he impo ance and
in e es o i s g ani e landscape in he hope ha will be ecognized as an a ea, con aining a high numbe
o po en ial geosi es. We will analyze and highligh : i s scien i ic alue; i s educa ional alue and i s
geo ou is ic po en ial in o de o p omo e i s p ese a ion as Geological He i age, ha is o say, i s
Geoconse a ion [13,16,29,30]. The goal is o ensu e ha Mon e Pindo and i s immedia e su oundings
ob ain he s a us o Geopa k wi h he objec i e o p omo ing a local de elopmen p ojec based on he
conse a ion and alo iza ion o i s geological he i age.
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7053
2. Ma e ial and Me hods
2.1. Regional Se ing and Analysis o Geological Con ex o Mon e Pindo
The landscape is cha ac e ized by i s coas al geodi e si y wi h a la ge numbe o po en ial geosi es.
Mon e Pindo, loca ed on he coas , has g ea po en ial o explaining geological p ocesses and i s
geomo phological he i age is ep esen ed by he high deg ee o geodi e si y o i s g ani e land o ms.
The massi o Mon e Pindo is made up o La e He cynian calc-alkaline g ani oids, wi h a
p edominance o bio i e, wi hin he g oup o he la e g anodio i es [31]. I belongs o he migma i ic
domain o g ani ic ocks. The p edominan ype o ock is la e g anodio i e, which in uded a e he la e
phases o olding. I is, he e o e, no de o med and can be ound in localized massi s in mo e o less
ci cula o ms. I is possible o di e en ia e wo ypes in he massi : la e g anodio i e, wi h ma ginal
acies occupying he no he n hal and la e g anodio i e, wi h cen al acies, occupying he sou he n
pa [32] (Figu e 2). These di e ences ha e an e ec on he inal o ms. They a e bio i ic g ani es, pink
in colo , which ha e acies wi h medium o hick g ain (some imes po phy i ic) and a e wi hou
o ien a ion [33]. They a e composed o : qua z, plagioclase, po assium eldspa and bio i e. They also
ha e apa i e, zi con, clinozoisi e, zoisi e, luo i e and opaques as accesso ies. The only di e ence
be ween he cen al and he ma ginal g anodio i e acies is he p esence o musco i e in he o me .
In usions o qua z a e equen , and a e usually ound in La e He cynian ac u es in a NE-SW o
NNW-SSE di ec ion. Mine alogically, hese in usions a e made up o qua z, plagioclase, po assium
eldspa and bio i e.
The g anodio i es, we e a ec ed by La e He cynian ec onics, which de e mined hei u u e
e olu ion. The geomo phological ea u es appea o show ha Neogene ec onics caused a pe iod o
decomp ession leading o he c ea ion o an in ense se o blocks, eac i a ing he La e He cynian
NE-SW ac u es [34]. This ac i i y p oduced an ex ensi e ne wo k o e ical join s, om which a ious
di e en wea he ing p ocesses began, hus de e mining he g ani ic modeling. The b eakdown o he
g ani e occu ed by means o bo h physical and chemical wea he ing, which a ec ed i s in e nal
s uc u e, in di ec ela ion wi h i s componen ma e ials. This can be seen, o example, in he hyd olysis
p ocesses a ec ing o hoclase, an abundan mine al in he a ea.
Geomo phological [35] and palynological s udies [36] ha e p o ided mo e da a on he e olu ion o
he hillsides in mo e ecen imes (Cenozoic). The p e ailing geomo phological p ocesses du ing he
Qua e na y le hei ma k on he hillsides, especially hose o cold and pe iglacial clima e o igin, by
shaping he alleys and by o ming accumula ion o deb is.
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7054
Figu e 2. Geological map o he a ea (simpli ied om [32]).
2.2. Fieldwo k and Mapping
Topog aphical maps a a scale o 1:10,000, ae ial pho os ( ligh 1981–1983) a a scale o 1:18,000
and colo pho os ( ligh 1989) a a scale o 1:5000 we e used in o de o iden i y he land o ms and ca y
ou he geomo phological cha ac e iza ion o he sec o . This phase consis ed o ou s ages:
(a) di e en ia ing he elie uni s; (b) loca ing g ani e land o ms; (c) desc ibing and ca aloguing
ep esen a i e g ani e land o ms; and (d) analyzing he impac s on he a ea. The mos in e es ing ea u es
om a geomo phological poin o iew we e selec ed o desc ip ion.
2.3. Me hodological P oposal o he D awing up o an In en o y o Si es o Geological In e es (SGIs)
In o de o ca y ou a me hodological p oposal, we ollowed he guidelines se ou in he
Me hodological Documen o he D awing Up o he Spanish In en o y o Si es o Geological In e es
o he Spanish Geological Su ey (IGME) [11,37]. Fo he pu poses o his s udy, Mon e Pindo as a
whole has been selec ed as ep esen a i e o a g ani e massi o apply his me hodology. Howe e , we
a e awa e ha i is no a geosi e bu a he an a ea ha con ains many geosi es. The assessmen o he
si e o in e es unde each o he h ee ca ego ies (scien i ic, educa ional and ou is ic) was ca ied ou
by applying ixed pa ame e s o each ype o alue and co esponding coe icien s gi ing each
pa ame e a nume ical alue 0, 1, 2 o 4 in e ms o : ep esen a i e alue; cha ac e as a ypical si e;
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7055
a ailabili y o scien i ic s udies o he si e; s a e o p ese a ion; obse a ion condi ions; a i y;
geological di e si y; educa ional con en /educa ional use; logis ical in as uc u e; popula ion densi y
(po en ial immedia e demand); accessibili y; in insic agili y; associa ion wi h o he elemen s o na u al
and/o cul u al he i age; scenic alue o beau y; in o ma i e con en /in o ma i e use; po en ial o
ou is ic ac i i ies; p oximi y o ec ea ional a eas (po en ial immedia e demand) and
socio-economic issues [11,37] (Table 1).
Table 1. Pa ame e s and indica o s o calcula e si es o geological in e es (SGI) alue.
MONTE PINDO
Pa ame e s In insic Value
Poin s Rep esen a i e
0 No e y use ul as a model o ep esen a ion, e en in pa , o a ea u e o p ocess
1 Use ul as a model o pa ial ep esen a ion o a ea u e o p ocess
2 Use ul as a model o ull ep esen a ion o a ea u e o p ocess
4 The bes known example, as a as he geological domain aken in o accoun is conce ned,
o ully ep esen a ea u e o p ocess 4
Poin s Cha ac e as a ype locali y In insic alue
0 Does no ul ill he ollowing h ee c i e ia
1 A si e o egional e e ence 1
2
An in e na ionally ecognized si e o e e ence (due o me allogenic, pe ological,
mine alogical, ec onic, s a ig aphical, e c. easons), o a si e o e e ence o ossils o
biozones o wide scien i ic use
4 A s a o ype accep ed by he IUGS o an IMA ype locali y
Poin s Deg ee o scien i ic knowledge o he si e In insic alue
0 Published s udies and/o doc o al heses do no exis conce ning he si e
1 Published s udies and/o doc o al heses exis conce ning he si e
2 The si e has been esea ched by se e al scien i ic g oups and has been he objec o
doc o al heses and published s udies e e enced in na ional scien i ic jou nals
4 The si e has been esea ched by se e al scien i ic g oups and has been he objec o
doc o al heses and published s udies e e enced in in e na ional scien i ic jou nals 4
Poin s S a e o conse a ion In insic alue
0 G ea ly deg aded: he si e is p ac ically des oyed
0 Deg aded: he si e is signi ican ly de e io a ed
1 Al e ed: The e is de e io a ion which p e en s some in e es ing cha ac e is ics om being
app ecia ed
2 Fa o able wi h al e a ions: The e is some de e io a ion which does no signi ican ly a ec
he alue o deg ee o in e es o he Geosi e 2
4 Fa o able: The Geosi e in ques ion is in a good s a e o p ese a ion, i is
p ac ically in ac
Poin s Condi ions o obse a ion In insic alue
0 Wi h elemen s s ongly masking he ea u es o in e es
1 Wi h elemen s which mask he Geosi e and which p e en some in e es ing
cha ac e is ics om being app ecia ed
2 Wi h some elemen s which do no p e en he Geosi e om being obse ed in i s en i e y
4 Able o be easily and pe ec ly obse ed p ac ically in i s en i e y 4
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7056
Table 1. Con .
MONTE PINDO
Pa ame e s In insic Value
Poin s Ra i y In insic alue
0 The e a e se e al simila si es in he egion
1 One o he ew known examples on a egional le el
2 The only known example on a egional le el
4 The only known example on a na ional (o in e na ional) le el 4
Poin s Di e si y In insic alue
0 The SGI only possesses one main poin o in e es
1 The Geosi e possesses ano he poin o in e es , in addi ion o i s p incipal ea u e, which is no
ele an
2 The Geosi e possesses 2 poin s o in e es , in addi ion o i s p incipal ea u e, o only one which
is ele an
4 The Geosi e possesses 3 o mo e poin s o in e es , o only wo mo e bu bo h a e ele an 4
Poin s Educa ional con en In insic alue and use
0 Does no ul ill he ollowing h ee c i e ia
1 I illus a es con en s o he uni e si y cu iculum
2 I illus a es con en s o he cu iculum o any le el o he educa ional sys em o is being
used o uni e si y ac i i ies
4 I is equen ly used in educa ional ac i i ies o any le el o he educa ional sys em 4
Poin s Logis ical In as uc u e Use alue
0 Does no ul ill he ollowing h ee c i e ia
1 Accommoda ion and es au an s o g oups o up o 20 people less han 25 km away
2 Accommoda ion and es au an s o g oups o up o 40 people less han 25 km away 2
4 Accommoda ion and es au an s o g oups o 40 people less han 5 km away
Poin s Popula ion densi y (po en ial o immedia e demand) Use alue and p o ec ion
1 Less han 200,000 inhabi an s wi hin a adius o 50 km 1
2 Be ween 200,000 and 1,000,000 inhabi an s wi hin a adius o 50 km
4 Mo e han 1,000,000 inhabi an s wi hin a adius o 50 km
Poin s Accessibili y Use alue and p o ec ion
0 Does no ul ill he ollowing h ee c i e ia (asphal ed oad wi hou pa king acili ies, ack o
pa h, boa , e c.)
1 Di ec access ia unpa ed ack sui able o use by ehicles
2 Di ec access ia asphal ed oad wi h coach pa k
4 Di ec access ia unpa ed ack sui able o use by bus 4
Poin s Size o SGI
0 Fea u es o me e s in leng h which a e ulne able o isi s, such as speleo hems, e c. 0
1 Fea u es measu ing decame e s in leng h which a e no ulne able o isi s bu which a e
sensi i e o o he , mo e agg essi e, human ac i i ies
2 Fea u es measu ing hec ome e s in leng h which could unde go a ce ain deg ee o
de e io a ion due o human ac i i y
4 Fea u es measu ing kilome e s in leng h which a e unlikely o su e de e io a ion due o
human ac i i y)
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7057
Table 1. Con .
MONTE PINDO
Pa ame e s In insic Value
Poin s Associa ion wi h o he elemen s o na u al and/o cul u al he i age Use alue
0 The e a e no elemen s o na u al o cul u al he i age wi hin a adius o 5 km
1 The p esence o a single elemen o na u al o cul u al he i age wi hin a adius o 5 km
2 The p esence o se e al elemen s o na u al o cul u al he i age wi hin a adius o 5 km
4 The p esence o se e al elemen s o bo h na u al and cul u al he i age wi hin a adius o 5 km 4
Poin s Spec acula na u e o beau y In insic alue
0 Does no ul ill he ollowing h ee c i e ia
1 (1) Ampli ude o he elie o (2) lowing i e s/la ge shee s o wa e (o ice) o (3)
ema kable ch oma ic a ie y. Also ossils and/o spec acula mine als
2 Coincidence o wo o he i s h ee cha ac e is ics. Also ossils and/o spec acula mine als
4 Coincidence o he i s h ee cha ac e is ics 4
Poin s Educa ional con en /Educa ional use de ec ed In insic alue and use
0 Does no ul ill he ollowing h ee c i e ia
1 I ins uc s g oups o a ce ain cul u al le el clea ly and exp essi ely
2 I ins uc s g oups o any cul u al le el clea ly and exp essi ely on he impo ance and use ulness
o Geology
4 I is equen ly used in in o ma i e con en 4
Poin s Po en ial o ou ism and ec ea ional ac i i ies In insic alue and use
0 No ou is ic oppo uni ies o ec ea ional ac i i ies
1 Po en ial o ou ism o he possibili y o ec ea ional ac i i ies
2 Po en ial o ou ism and possibili ies o ec ea ional ac i i ies 2
4 The e a e o ganized ac i i ies
Poin s P oximi y o ec ea ional a eas (po en ial immedia e demand) In insic alue and p o ec ion
0 Si e loca ed mo e han 5 km om a ec ea ional a ea (camp si es, beaches, e c.)
1 Si e loca ed less han 5 km and mo e han 2 km om a ec ea ional a ea (camp si es, well-
used beaches, na ional o na u al pa ks, isi o s cen e s, e c.)
2 Si e loca ed less han 2 km away and mo e han 500 m om a ec ea ional a ea
4 Si e loca ed less han 500 m away om a ec ea ional a ea 4
Poin s Socio-economic en i onmen Use alue
0 Region loca ed in an a ea wi h a es o pe capi a income, educa ion and employmen which
a e supe io o he egional a e age
1 Si e loca ed in an a ea wi h a es o pe capi a income, educa ion and employmen which a e
simila o he egional a e age bu less han he na ional a e age 1
2 Si e loca ed in an a ea wi h a es o pe capi a income, educa ion and employmen which a e
lowe han he egional a e age
4 Si e loca ed in an a ea in socio-economic decline
TOTAL Poin s 53
The mos ecen me hodological documen published ega ding he Spanish In en o y o Si es o
Geological In e es [11] akes in o accoun [38] c i e ia acco ding o which h ee ypes o alue should
be conside ed when a si e is assessed: i s in insic alue, i s alue ela ed o po en ial use, and i s alue
ela ed o he necessi y o p o ec ion.
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Figu e 7. (A) To s a e equen and can be easily iden i ied by isi o s due o hei peculia
mo phology, some o hem a e gi en popula names due o hei an h opomo phic o ms,
such as he “Gian ” (O Xigan e); (B) o he s ha e zoomo phic o ms.
The e a e c es s in he massi , esidual o ms ha domina e he ele a ed pa s. In gene al, he slopes
a e co e ed wi h abundan blocks (Figu e 8A). These a e he smalles examples o mac o o ms. They
a e a consequence o he s ipping p ocesses o he g ani e ock. The o igin o hese accumula ions is no
clea bu can be a ibu ed o di e en p ocesses: (i) hey espond o g a i a ional phenomena, which
a o he mo emen o blocks down he slope; (ii) hey we e gene a ed by su ace p ocesses ope a ing
in cold clima es du ing he La e Pleis ocene, hus making hem inhe i ed o ms. These accumula ions
can be compa ed o o he s exis ing in coas al chains, such as he Sie a de A G oba in he sou h o
Galicia [50,51].
Figu e 8. (A) The slopes a e co e ed wi h abundan blocks. (B) Al eole loca ed in Chan das
Lamas wi h a su ace a ea o 200 m.
Al eoles a e also p esen in his sec o , albei o a lesse deg ee. Due o hei mo phology, hey ha e
he capaci y o e ain and accumula e ma e , hus a o ing he o ma ion o soil. Thei p o ile is gen le,
in many cases almos la , soil can de elop mo e easily and small we lands can o m, which become
spaces wi h a high deg ee o paleoen i onmen al alue and biodi e si y o he a ea. Chan das Lamas
and Chan da Moa a e good examples (Figu e 8B).
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Mic o o ms a e de ined as ha ing a maximum size o one me e , al hough hey a e equen ly smalle .
They a e associa ed wi h mac o o ms. Two g oups can be dis inguished: (a) o ms wi hou any e iden
ela ionship o he ock s uc u e; and (b) o ms wi h an e iden ela ionship o he ock s uc u e
(Figu e 5). The i s g oup is ep esen ed by linea o ms and poin o ms. The linea o ms a e: unnels,
gu e s (de eloped on a ho izon al o e y sligh ly sloped opog aphy), o g oo es and lu ings
(co esponding o simila ea u es de eloped on inclined su aces). I is e y common o ind examples
in which hese mic o o ms concen a e he wa e lowing o e he ocky su aces. They a e ela ed o
small blocks, and a e linked o he d aining o he gnammas. The poin o ms a e conca e: gnammas,
a one, and asques. These a e ex emely common on Mon e Pindo [25]. Gnammas a e small ci cula
dep essions. They de elop bo h on la and sloped su aces and can be comple ely enclosed o ha e a
d ainage channel. Some imes he conca i ies appea on he inne pa o a wall. In his case he esul ing
land o m is known as a a one. On he coas he e a e beau i ul honeycomb s uc u es. These al eoles,
usually hey occu in g oups, no uncommonly along lines o weakness wi hin he ock, and a e sepa a ed
by na ow walls, o ming an in ica e pa e n. Ta oni, by con as , a e singula ea u es and e en i wo
o mo e a oni occu side by side, hey a e usually geome ically di e en [45].
Conca i ies can also appea in connec ion wi h wa e cou ses. These can each se e al me e s in size,
as is he case o he asques, o plunge pools o la ge dimensions, which a e bes shown a he base o
he Xallas Wa e all, a he mou h o i e (Figu e 9A,B). The second g oup, mic o o ms wi h an e iden
ela ionship o he ock s uc u e, can be di ided in o: linea and plana o ms. In he i s , cle s can be
included and in he second, pseudo bedding, s uc u al ca es and ac u ed slabs. The p esence o
g ani ic slabs in he sec o mus be highligh ed, wi h hose loca ed nea he mou h o Xallas Ri e being
ex emely ine examples. They a e mino o ms ha a e ela ed o he s uc u e o he ock— hei join s
a e mainly la in shape and a e il ed sligh ly down. They a e associa ed wi h o he smalle linea o ms
no ela ed o he ock s uc u e and a e usually loca ed on e ical su aces, such as g oo es and
channels, wi h small pi s like gnammas.
Figu e 9. (A) The Xallas Wa e all is unique on he A lan ic coas o he Ibe ian Peninsula
due o he ac ha i alls di ec ly in o he sea. (B) Plunge pools a he base o he Xallas
Wa e all and he g ani ic slabs.
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The s udy o hese g ani e o ms p o ides aluable da a wi h ega d o he o ma ion and e olu ion
o g ani e massi s and hei geomo phological aspec s. G ani e ocks in gene al, and ca i ies in
pa icula [52] a e he necessa y subs a um o lichens, moss and g asses, which cons i u e he
pe manen o ci cums an ial e uges o ep iles. They also accumula e ainwa e o aqua ic
in e eb a es, la ae and e en occasionally o ba s o bi ds (gnammas o di e en ypes).
Po en ial geosi es exis in his a ea, such as he Xallas Wa e all, he a ie y o a one ound on he
hillside o he Xallas hyd o-elec ic powe s a ion [25], he A Moa Bo nha d , he cas le-kopje (e.g.,
Ped ullo, Peña iel) and he o s (e.g., Xigan e) and o he g ani e o ms which co e he hill (e.g., Ped a
da Cabalgada) (Figu e 10).
Figu e 10. O hopho o wi h he loca ion o geosi es o pa icula in e es and po en ially
h ea ening ac i i ies.
The geomo phic e olu ion o g ani e e ains is con olled by a mul i ude o ac o s and hey all need
o be simul aneously conside ed i hese landscapes a e o be p ope ly explained in hei wide
en i onmen al, geog aphical, and geo ec onic con ex . I is clea ha he e is a whole ange o g ani e
land o ms, a all possible spa ial scales, which o igina e due o ce ain s uc u al and li hological
p edisposi ions. I is mos e iden in he p og ess o deep wea he ing and descen o wea he ing on
and he e is usually good co ela ion be ween ock cha ac e is ics and p ope ies o wea he ing man les,
unless he du a ion o p o ile deepening has been long enough o e ase bed ock a iabili y in i s uppe
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7067
pa . The in luence o clima ic condi ions on he o ma ion o ce ain g ani e land o ms canno be denied.
Bu he mos e iden clima ic con ol is on he a es and in ensi y o deep wea he ing. The unique
appea ance o many g ani e landscapes and he speci ic de elopmen o indi idual land o ms a
indi idual si es usually esul s om a unique combina ion o hese con olling ac o s a he han om
a single unique cause [45].
The genesis and e olu ion o g ani e land o ms would be con olled by: (i) Geological con ol
assumes majo impo ance in g ani e landscapes. Geo ec onic se ing and speci ic ock cha ac e is ics
helps o explain he dis inc i eness o g ani e mo phology and geomo phic a iabili y wi hin he g ani e
a eas. Geological con ol is hie a chical and scale dependen . (ii) The empo al con ex o elie
de elopmen is impo an . Many g ani e land o ms, e en mo e so hei egional assemblages, a e
ela i ely slow o e ol e because o he s eng h and esis ance o he ock. (iii) G ani e su aces, once
exposed, a e e y du able. Bu ial and exhuma ion may b ing land o ms o widely di e en ages and
o igins in o close jux aposi ion. Thus, g ani e landscapes a e expec ed o ha e a signi ican inhe i ed
componen and i his is no p ope ly ecognized, spu ious conclusions can be made abou some alleged
clima e–land o m ela ionships. In e ms o o ma i e p ocesses, g ani e land o ms a e good examples
o equi inali y [45].
3.1.1.2. The Dis ibu ion o he Fo ms and Thei Ages
A eniza ion has no been obse ed in any o he geosi es. Pe haps some es iges could be p ese ed
unde he soils in he alley bo oms o in al eola dep essions. We a e awa e o he possibili y o
sea ching o new ou c ops exposed by wo k ca ied ou o open/widen oads, and, i a eniza ion is
isible, hen hese si es could be included o complemen he explana ion o he p ocesses. B oadly
speaking, he dis ibu ion o he g ani e o ms can be di ided in o wo sec o s [25]: (i) The pe iphe y o
mica g ani e (bio i e). This has he g ea es opog aphic highligh s and is also he younges pa
(Figu es 2 and 3). I has a pinkish hue, which can be a ibu ed o he oxida ion o he i on con ained in
he g ani e mine als by he oxygen in he a mosphe e. I has la ge ac u es in a N-S and NE-SW di ec ion
and i s no he n pa is di ided by he Xallas Ri e . Bo nha d s, o s, ac u ed slabs, a oni and
gnammas a e p esen in la ge numbe s. The cosmogenic measu emen s ca ied ou and applied o
exposed g ani e su aces gi e ages o 49 ± 24 Ka B.P. [23]; (ii) The cen al a ea, o med o g ani e wi h
wo ypes o po phy i ic mica (bio i e and musco i e), which do no o m ca i ies so well. This is he
oldes and mos deg aded a ea, which p esen s mo e mono onous landscapes whe e a eniza ion de elops,
gnammas o unnels– ills, ock domes, ha occu e y e oded, and he e is an abundance o blocks. This
a ea has la ge NW-SE, N-S and NE-SW ac u es (Figu es 2 and 3). I has a su ace a ea o 200 m (Chan
das Lamas), which is s ongly de ined by he shee s uc u e. The cosmogenic measu emen s ca ied ou
and applied o exposed su aces gi e ages o 88 ± 27 Ka B.P. [22].
3.1.2. Geocul u al Value
Mon e Pindo is, abo e all, a spec acula landscape, which can be app ecia ed on nume ous le els.
I is a landma k om he sea and om inland due o he ac ha he hill, wi h i s pinkish hue, s ands ou
on he ho izon, due o i s mac o o ms and also, om close up, i s g ani ic mic o o ms.
I domina es a landscape o g ea beau y, ising o he Al o da Moa a 627 m abo e sea le el. I is a
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7068
spec acula iewpoin o e he coas line ex ending om Cape Fis e a o beyond he Mu os-Noia Ria.
In La in, Fis e a means “ he end o he Ea h”. Cape Fis e a is loca ed in he no hwes o Spain in
Galicia. I is conside ed o be he wes e n-mos poin o con inen al Eu ope, al hough geog aphe s ha e
demons a ed ha he capes o Roca in Po ugal and Tou iñán— e y close o Fis e a, also in Galicia—
a e si ua ed u he o he wes . O he Eu opean my hical “ends o he wo ld” include Land’s End in
B i ain, Finis è e in B i any, F ance and Dingle in I eland. The end o he wo ld is linked o he idea o
conque ing e i o ies and expanding he limi s o he known wo ld [53,54].
F om ancien imes, many his o ians, geog aphe s and w i e s ha e made e e ence o he g ea ness
and he mys e y su ounding Mon e Pindo, one o he mos my hical places in Galicia. The i s clea
documen a y e e ence o i s name came om Pad e Sa mien o who desc ibed he massi in his book
“Viaxe a Galicia” and e e ed o i as “Mon e Pindo”, hus a i ming ha i was named due o i s
simila i y o he Pindos Moun ains in G eece [21]. Ano he amous name also made e e ence o he si e
in his “Guía de Galicia”, da ing om 1926 [22,55]. He e e s o he hill in his way: «Se le ha llamado
uno de los Olimpos Cél icos de Galicia y es, en e dad, uno de los más bellos mon es li o ales de ella»
(“I has been called one o he Cel ic Olympus o Galicia and is, uly, one o he mos beau i ul coas al
moun ains i possesses”). I is, pe haps, due o his e e ence ha Mon e Pindo has come o be known as
he Cel ic Olympus o Galicia. Thus, he hill came o be a e e ence poin and a symbol o iden i y in he
s eng hening o Galician oo s and was used by he in ellec uals o he ime belonging o he Xe ación
Nós, such as O e o Ped ayo and Vicen e Risco.
Howe e , he si e is also, acco ding o o al adi ion, a place whe e he sun, he s a s and he elemen s
we e wo shipped. The pa icula shape o he hill has led o he c ea ion o a mul i ude o legends and
an as ical s o ies. Fu he mo e, e y eal s o ies, close o he hea o he local popula ion, ha e been
o ged, such as hose in which he ocks o he hillside se ed as a e uge o hose escaping he enemy
du ing he Spanish Ci il Wa .
On an a chaeological le el, Mon e Pindo is ich in cul u al he i age. A chaeological emains can be
ound da ing om di e en his o ical pe iods. Rock a ca ed ou o he pink g ani e, emains o
Neoli hic s uc u es, o s ( he cas le o San Xu xo, buil in he 10 h cen u y and des oyed by he
I mandiños in 1467, and he cas le o Peña iel), he mi ages, walls, pa hs, e c., all e lec he ac ha his
place has been occupied and used by di e en cul u es h oughou his o y [56–60] (Figu e 11A).
Figu e 11. (A) A chaeological emains loca ed in he le side o Cas le-kopje;
(B) Que cus lusi anica in he small alley, be ween cas le-kopjes.
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Mon e Pindo is a symbol o iden i y wi h he landscape o bo h he local popula ion and isi o s om
ou side he a ea. This ac leads o he hill being alued in di e en ways. Some membe s o he local
popula ion ha e se up an associa ion wi h he aim o p o ec ing he landscape. This associa ion is
suppo ed by o he g oups, poli ical pa ies and esea che s, who a gue ha Mon e Pindo should be
p oclaimed a “Na u al Pa k” in o de o p o ec he landscape wi h he aim o ensu ing i s p ese a ion
o u u e gene a ions [26]. On he o he hand, ano he pa o he local popula ion is agains his idea
due o he es ic ions, which would be pu in place ega ding cons uc ions, ou es, e en s, e c., al hough
he Mon e is also a symbol o iden i y o hem, an idea ha is o en ein o ced by he sense o p ide hey
ob ain om isi o s’ opinions o he si e. Geomo phological he i age becomes a local he i age, cap u ed
by local popula ion and isi o s. All his con ibu es o he e alua ion and dissemina ion o
geomo phological he i age [20].
The conce n o he p o ec ion o Mon e Pindo is no only a cu en ma e . The i s e e ence o he
si e’s p o ec ion comes om a 1917 Royal Dec ee da ed 23 Feb ua y, is ci ed by he geog aphe [61].
As he esul o a s udy en us ed o he dis ic o es y enginee s (Ped o Pidal and Be naldo de Qui ós),
Mon e Pindo was p oposed as one o 46 “no able si es” which we e candida es o becoming Na ional
Pa ks o Na ional Si es ( he equi alen o mode n-day Na u al Pa ks). This was a pionee ing
en i onmen al policy in he Eu ope o he ime, which, un o una ely, would ne e become
ully-de ined o de eloped.
3.1.3. Biodi e si y Value
Mon e Pindo is designa ed as SCI ES (Si e o Communi y In e es ) 1110008 Ca no a-Mon e Pindo,
and is included in he Na u a 2000 ne wo k as an a ea o special p o ec ion o na u al alues ela ed o
bo h i s ege a ion and bi dli e (ZEPA). The moun ain has a p o ec ion ca ego y a Communi y le el
(SCI) due o i s weal h o plan species (abou 650 species ha e been ca alogued, i y o hem p o ec ed
and some in “c i ical” dange o ex inc ion). I has i e habi a s p o ec ed by a Eu opean di ec i e, eigh
plan species and wel e di e en species o wildli e also ha e egional p o ec ion. He e, he Que cus
lusi anica, a sh ub exis ing only in Galicia, cen al Po ugal, he sou he n p o inces o Cadiz and Malaga
and in he no h o A ica, dese es special men ion (Figu e 11B). The bio ic aspec s o Mon e Pindo a e
p o ec ed by he public adminis a ion, bu he abio ic aspec s, which a e he li eline o he Mon e, a e
cu en ly comple ely unp o ec ed. Fu he mo e, he h ea o i e canno be igno ed. Fi es occu
equen ly and he e ec s a e de as a ing. Fauna and ege a ion (mainly oaks, we land ege a ion and
h ea ened species) su e di ec ly om in en ional i es. These a e epea ed cyclically. The e ec s a e
ca as ophic o wildli e, ege a ion and soil. Bu he e is no p e en i e policy on he pa o he
Adminis a ion o his no o happen again.
3.1.4. Vulne abili y
Mon e Pindo is an a ea wi h a spec acula g ani e landscape bu i is se e ely h ea ened and ex emely
ulne able. The Adminis a ion is awa e o his si ua ion bu s ands by and e uses o gi e a solu ion.
The cons uc ion o an elec ic powe s a ion, wind a ms, a ese oi , qua ies and a ish a m ha e had
a g ea impac on he a ea, which is no e lec ed economically in he local popula ion (Figu e 10).
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7070
The cons uc ion o an elec ic powe s a ion loca ed in he council o Éza o, a he oo o Mon e
Pindo, has had a g ea isual impac on he a ea, bo h due o he cons uc ion o he plan and o he
pipelines which sca he hillside (Figu e 12A).
Figu e 12. (A) The cons uc ion o an elec ic powe s a ion, pipeline, wind a ms, e c., ha e
had a g ea impac on he a ea. (B) Gnammas wi h ege a ion in A Moa (627 m), his su ace
is ma ked wi h g a i i.
The ese oi , buil by he company Ca bu os Me álicos, was inished a he end o he 1980s. I was
buil a he mou h o he i e wi hou espec ing i s en i onmen al low. This has esul ed in al e a ions
o he minimum low necessa y o he p ese a ion o he i e ’s ecological alues (such as he na u al
habi a s o a weal h o lo a and auna), i s en i onmen al unc ions (such as he dilu ion o con aminan s,
he abso p ion o clima ological and hyd ological ex emes) and he p ese a ion o he landscape. I s
cons uc ion modi ied he bio ope’s na u al condi ions, wi hou gua an eeing he unc ioning o na u al
li e as had exis ed p io o i s exis ence. This i e , be o e i mee s he sea, has o med h ee wa e alls
o e g ani ic ma e ial and wide pools wi h sculp ed columns. The la ges o he wa e alls lies a he
i e ’s mou h and is known as “A Fe enza do Xallas” (Xallas Wa e all), unique on he A lan ic coas
o he Ibe ian Peninsula due o he ac ha i alls in o he sea. The cons uc ion o he ese oi , as well
as al e ing he dynamics o he Xallas Ri e , led o he des uc ion o he illage o S a. Uxía and i s
a mland. I also caused al e a ions o a biological na u e. The el e , he y o he eel, om he
anguillidae amily, su e ed he al e a ion o i s mig a ion due o he educ ion in he quan i y o wa e ,
which is now e ained by he dam. F om he cons uc ion o he ese oi in 1988, he Xallas Ri e did
no main ain he minimum en i onmen al low a i s mou h un il 2011. The ga es we e only opened o
he wa e all o low on speci ic da es and acco ding o a ime able es ablished by he egional
go e nmen . The cu en lease-holde , “Fe oA lán ica”, has been obliged o main ain he i e ’s
minimum en i onmen al low in acco dance wi h he law en i led “Resolución de Aguas de Galicia”.
This decision was mo i a ed by he complain s made by esiden s o he a ea along wi h an ecological
g oup called “Ríos Sin Vida”, who made hei complain s hea d in Eu ope, demanding ha he Xallas
Ri e ha e i s en i onmen al low a i s mou h. One o he mos damaging ac ions su e ed by Mon e
Pindo is he uncon olled exploi a ion o he Xallas [62]. I e e s o he deple ion o he low o a li ing
i e , i s ly made in o a d y i e bed, hen a Sunday wa e all and inally a p os a ic d ibble.
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7071
Ye ano he h ea o he si e is he cons uc ion o wind a ms, which su ound he a ea. I is s ill
ea ed ha new wind u bines may be ins alled, lea ing Mon e Pindo as an island besieged by a sea o
windmills. “Eu o en o’s p ojec ” o cons uc mo e wind a ms h ea ens an e en mo e se ious g adual
des uc ion o he weal h o he i age o he a ea. This company’s documen a ion ecognizes ha i plans
o build h ee new a ms, which would ha e an impac on bo h he en i onmen and he landscape o he
hill. Howe e , he company alleges, o i s own bene i , ha hese ins alla ions would be much smalle
han o he s ha al eady exis in he a ea [63] (Figu e 12A).
Mon e Pindo is also unde h ea om qua ies, a ac ed by i s pink g ani e. The e ec s o qua ying
a e i e e sible [62] (an open-cas qua y o he cons uc ion o he San a Uxía ese oi , heaps le
ollowing he ins alla ion o he pipelines o he Éza o hyd o-elec ic powe s a ion and he Caldeba cos
qua y). The mos di ec impac is isual. Howe e , he ex ac ion o g ani e leads o he des uc ion o
he mos impo an alue o he hill, i s abio ic aspec , he ock wi h i s g ani ic model, which sus ains
g ea biodi e si y. I should be highligh ed ha he g ea alue o he ock o he cons uc ion indus y,
wi hou p io con ol on he pa o he local adminis a ions, means ha his a ea is ex emely ulne able
o his kind o h ea .
The cons uc ion o a ish a m, he “S ol Sea Fa m”, a he oo o he hill, in he illage o
Quilmas-Ca no a, has also had a signi ican e ec on he coas line. The ish a m, some 123,935 m2 in
size, lies wi hin he SCI Ca no a-Mon e Pindo, an a ea o high ecological alue, which o ms pa o he
Galician Red Na u a. Wha is mo e, i s loca ion a ec s habi a s and species o Eu opean in e es
acco ding o EU Di ec i e 92/43. The immedia e su oundings o he a m, which is coas line, is no
looked a e . The ins alla ions ha e a s ong isual impac on he a ea. T acks ha e been opened up o e
he dunes, was e is no disposed o co ec ly and he pipes o he ish a m a e isible. All o his
con ibu es owa ds a high le el o ulne abili y o such a agile habi a as he coas line. In addi ion,
complain s om nea by esiden s mus be aken in o accoun ega ding he dumping o was ewa e .
Faced wi h his si ua ion, he di ec o s o he a m ha e no in e es in, o e en s and agains , Mon e Pindo
acqui ing legal p o ec ion. A p o ec ion s a us would oblige hem o keep o ce ain guidelines in he ish
a m, which, a he p esen ime, hey do no ul ill. The numbe o jobs c ea ed is negligible. Fish a ms
on land only gene a e 9% o he o al o employmen in he a ea o ish a ming, wi h an a e age o 31
p o essionals pe company, acco ding o da a om he su ey on he popula ion employed by he ma ine
ishing and ish a ming sec o s in Galicia (Ocupesca), ecen ly published by he Conselle ía de Medio
Ru al e do Ma [64]. The bene i s p o ided by he a m o he local popula ion do no compensa e o
he impac caused on he landscape, pa icula ly on coas al he i age, o i s geodi e si y and biodi e si y.
The lack o p o ec ion om all le els o go e nmen (local, egional and na ional) has led o a se iously
damaging use o he coas line. I is, he e o e, necessa y o Mon e Pindo o ob ain ecogni ion and
p o ec ion, so ha he a ms ins alled he e can be be e con olled and ul ill he equisi e
Eu opean egula ions.
The hill is pe iodically bu n by delibe a e i es, usually in he summe when he no hwes wind
blows mo e s ongly. I he e is ex eme p ecipi a ion ollowing he i es, his can lead o ca as ophic
e en s on he landscape. The in ensi y o he ain can ha e a g ea impac on he o ma ion and
de elopmen o collu ial soil [65]. No all p ecipi a ion leads o e osi e p ocesses on he hillsides, as i
also depends on o he associa ed ac o s, such as he in ensi y o he ain, he ype o geomo phological
uni a ec ed, he exis ence, o no , o ege a ion, e c. The e o e, he e ec s o he ain a e added o hose
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7072
o he i es, hus causing he g ound o be mo e sensi i e o he e ec s o e osion [66]. In his way, a
sec ion o land unp o ec ed by ege a ion becomes e oded and a signi ican amoun is los in he sea.
The e is also e idence ha he p ope ies o he soil a e a ec ed by a combina ion o de o es a ion, i e,
e osion and modi ica ions o he ege a ion. One o hese p ope ies is he eac ion o he soil
(pH) [67,68]. Thus, he change in he o es y co e is accompanied by he acidi ica ion o he soil. The
mos wo ying e ec o he i es is he loss o soil. This means ha he e is a geomo phological
econ igu a ion o he landscape. The ma e ial accumula es in s eambeds and basins, wi h he hillsides
becoming mo e and mo e dep i ed o soil and he ock, o en blackened by i e, coming o he o e [69].
These i es a e s a ed delibe a ely o no appa en eason. The a ea is o ally unp o ec ed by he
go e nmen , as he e is no kind o main enance o he hill. No p e en i e wo k is ca ied ou . The e is
no policy o con ol and his does no appea o be o in e es o he Adminis a ion. The ege a ion
des oyed by he i es is mainly pine and eucalyp us, which a e in asi e species. Fo his eason, he
eco e y o he a ea should a oid he ein oduc ion o hese species. Al hough Que cus lusi anica
su e s damage, i s g ea e esis ance o i e means ha i can hide in small alleys and ocky a eas wi h
li le soil. Finally, he high olume o isi o s mus be men ioned. The numbe o people who climb
Moun Pindo (627 m abo e sea le el) is e y high. Tou s a e conduc ed wi hou any con ol o planning,
pa hs a e made, he ocks a e g a i ied, people use mo o bikes and quads and mass spo ing e en s a e
o ganized (Figu e 12B). The e o e, heigh ened social esponsibili y owa ds he use o Ea h’s esou ces
is needed, speci ically o i s geomo phological elemen s wi h excep ional scien i ic, educa ional,
ou is ic o cul u al alue.
3.2. P oposal o he Assessmen o Deg ada ion Risk and Es ima e o P o ec ion P io i y o Mon e Pindo
Mon e Pindo, loca ed on he coas , has g ea po en ial o explaining geological p ocesses and i s
geomo phological he i age is cha ac e ized by a high deg ee o geodi e si y o g ani e land o ms.
He i age alues a e ep esen ed by geological, geomo phological, bio ic, geocul u al and educa ional
ea u es. Mon e Pindo should be conside ed as an a ea, wi h a high numbe o po en ial geosi es,
in e ms o i s scien i ic alue based on geological, geomo phological, coas al geomo phology and
o he c i e ia.
The sco e ob ained o he “VC” (Scien i ic Value) was 8.75, The “VD” (Educa ional alue) sco e was
7.75 and he sco e o “VT” (Tou is ic Value) was 6.87 (Table 3).
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7073
Table 3. Calcula ion o scien i ic, educa ional and ou is ic alue.
Poin s Value o In e es Scien i ic
(VIc)
Educa ional
(VId)
Tou is ic o
Rec ea ional (VI )
Mon e Pindo
VIc VId VI
Rep esen a i e (R)
0 No e y use ul as a model o ep esen a ion, e en in pa , a ea u e o p ocess ×30 ×5 ×0
1 Use ul as a model o pa ial ep esen a ion o a ea u e o p ocess ×30 ×5 ×0
2 Use ul as a model o ull ep esen a ion o a ea u e o p ocess ×30 ×5 ×0
4 The bes known example, as a as he geological domain aken in o accoun is conce ned, o ully ep esen a
ea u e o p ocess ×30 ×5 ×0 120 20 0
Cha ac e as a ype locali y (T)
0 Does no ul ill he ollowing h ee c i e ia ×10 ×5 ×0
1 A si e o egional e e ence ×10 ×5 ×0 10 5 0
2 An in e na ionally ecognized si e o e e ence (due o me allogenic, pe ological, mine alogical, ec onic,
s a ig aphical, e c. easons), o a si e o e e ence o ossils o biozones o wide scien i ic use ×10 ×5 ×0
4 A s a o ype accep ed by he IUGS o an IMA ype locali y ×10 ×5 ×0
Deg ee o scien i ic knowledge o he si e (K)
1 Published s udies and/o doc o al heses exis conce ning he si e ×15 ×0 ×0
2 The si e has been esea ched by se e al scien i ic g oups and has been he objec o doc o al heses and published
s udies e e enced in na ional scien i ic jou nals ×15 ×0 ×0
4 The si e has been esea ched by se e al scien i ic g oups and has been he objec o doc o al heses and published
s udies e e enced in in e na ional scien i ic jou nals ×15 ×0 ×0 60 0 0
S a e o conse a ion (C)
0 G ea ly deg aded: he si e is p ac ically des oyed ×10 ×5 ×0
0 Deg aded: he si e is signi ican ly de e io a ed ×10 ×5 ×0
1 Al e ed: The e is de e io a ion which p e en s some in e es ing cha ac e is ics om being app ecia ed ×10 ×5 ×0
2 Fa o able con al e a ions: The e is some de e io a ion which does no signi ican ly a ec he alue o deg ee o
in e es o he Geosi e ×10 ×5 ×0 20 10 0
4 Fa o able: The Geosi e in ques ion is in a good s a e o p ese a ion, i is p ac ically in ac ×10 ×5 ×0
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7080
deg ee o in e es , ele ance and ulne abili y quan i ied, he nex s ep is o wo k owa ds hei
geoconse a ion [6,16,29].
4. Conclusions
Mon e Pindo is a symbol o iden i y wi h he landscape o bo h he local popula ion and isi o s om
ou side he a ea. The associa ion “Mon e Pindo Na u al Pa k” is suppo ed by o he g oups, poli ical
pa ies and esea che s, who a gue ha Mon e Pindo mus be p oclaimed a “Na u al Pa k” in o de o
p o ec he landscape wi h he aim o ensu ing i s p ese a ion o u u e gene a ions. On he o he hand,
ano he pa o he local popula ion is agains his idea. Fo hem, howe e , he Mon e is also a symbol
o iden i y, an idea ha is o en ein o ced by he assessmen made o his landscape by isi o s. The
Adminis a ion is awa e o his si ua ion bu s ands by and e uses o gi e a de ini i e answe . The e o e,
heigh ened social esponsibili y owa ds he use o Ea h’s esou ces is needed, speci ically o i s
geomo phological elemen s wi h excep ional scien i ic, educa ional, ou is ic o cul u al alue.
Mon e Pindo is po en ially an open-ai museum o g ani e land o ms and i is a poin o scien i ic
e e ence o esea ch in his ield. He i age alues a e ep esen ed by geomo phological, bio ic,
geocul u al and educa ional and didac ic ea u es. The p i ileged loca ion o Mon e Pindo on he
Galician coas line be ween Cape Fis e a and Mon e Lou o makes his a ea one o special in e es , bo h
in e ms o na u e and cul u e. Cu en ly, he bio ic alue o his a ea is pa ially p o ec ed. Howe e , i
is necessa y o ind a solu ion no only o he p o ec ion o i s na u al alues, among which is i s
biodi e si y bu also o i s geodi e si y and i s cul u al alues. Due o he lack o unde s anding be ween
local and egional go e nmen s ega ding he p o ec ion s a us o Mon e Pindo, as a Na u al Pa k o
example, as p oposed by he Asociación Mon e Pindo, i would be necessa y o ob ain ecogni ion o Mon e
Pindo’s (and i s su ounding a ea) he i age in e es on a geological-geomo phological le el and i s
cul u al in e es on a wo ldwide le el (Cape Fis e a, included in he SCI ES 111005 Cos a da Mo e;
Ca no a Beach, included in he SCI ES 1110008 Ca no a-Mon e Pindo; Mon e Lou o and i s Lagoon,
included in he SCI ES 1110012 and he Miña zos Ma ine Fishing Rese e loca ed in Li a, Ca no a
council). The inal objec i e is o name all hese sec o s a Geopa k and, hus, o m pa o a wo ldwide
ne wo k suppo ed by UNESCO, whose main aim is o p omo e a p ojec o local de elopmen based on
conse a ion and he alue o geological he i age. In his sense, hese sec o s, in which he A ea o
Geological In e es o Mon e Pindo is included, would ep esen an excellen pla o m o wo king and
sha ing expe iences in Science, Geoconse a ion, Educa ion and Geo ou ism.
Acknowledgmen s
This esea ch was conduc ed unde he esea ch p ojec s CPC2014/009 and R2014/001 unded by he
Xun a de Galicia.
Au ho Con ibu ions
The au ho s con ibu ed equally o his wo k. Manuela Cos a-Casais and Ma ía Isabel Cae ano Al es
designed he esea ch, which was pe o med by Manuela Cos a-Casais. The maps we e gene a ed by
Sus ainabili y 2015, 7 7081
Ramón Blanco-Chao and he pic u es by Manuela Cos a-Casais. The discussions we e ealized
conjoin ly by he au ho s. All au ho s ha e ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip .
Con lic s o In e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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