Ci a ion: Villa , E.; Ma ínez-López,
Z.; Mayo, M.E.; B aña, T.; Rod íguez,
M.; Tinaje o, C. A Sys ema ic Re iew
and Na a i e Syn hesis o he
Rela ionship be ween Social Suppo
and Binge D inking among
Adolescen s and Eme ging Adul s.
You h 2022,2, 570–586. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/you h2040041
Academic Edi o s: Diego
Gomez-Baya, No a Wiium,
Denisse Man ique-Millones and
Ma ga ida Gaspa de Ma os
Recei ed: 20 Sep embe 2022
Accep ed: 27 Oc obe 2022
Published: 2 No embe 2022
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al
wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in
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Copy igh : © 2022 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Sys ema ic Re iew
A Sys ema ic Re iew and Na a i e Syn hesis o he Rela ionship
be ween Social Suppo and Binge D inking among
Adolescen s and Eme ging Adul s
E a Villa 1,* , Zel ia Ma ínez-López 1, M. Emma Mayo 1, Te esa B aña 2, Mau o Rod íguez 2
and Ca olina Tinaje o 1
1
Depa men o De elopmen al and Educa ional Psychology, Facul y o Psychology, Uni e sidade de San iago
de Compos ela, 15782 San iago de Compos ela, Spain
2Depa men o Social Psychology, Basic Psychology and Me hodology, Uni e sidade de San iago de
Compos ela, 15782 San iago de Compos ela, Spain
*Co espondence: e a illa [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
Binge d inking (BD) is a high- isk pa e n o alcohol consump ion ha is ema kably
p e alen among eenage s and eme ging adul s. This pa e n is hough o al e social ne wo ks,
a ec ing access o social suppo (SS), which is conside ed essen ial o adjus men du ing ansi ional
pe iods and may in u n play a p oac i e ole agains isk beha io s. In his e iew, we aim o
syn hesize he a ailable da a on he ela ionship be ween BD and SS in eenage s and eme ging
adul s. The e o e, a sea ch on h ee elec onic da abases was conduc ed (Web o Science, PsycIn o
and PubMed). A icles we e sc eened using eligibili y c i e ia in line wi h he in es iga ion ques ion
and he me hodological quali y o he s udies we e epo ed. Da a we e analyzed using a na a i e
syn hesis app oach. C oss-sec ional and longi udinal da a sugges ed ha SS is associa ed wi h he
onse , equency, and in ensi y o BD; his ela ion a ies wi h age, gende , and sou ce o suppo
( amily o pee s). F om de elopmen al and socio-cogni i e poin s o iew, he ollowing conclusions
we e eached: (a) e ec s beyond he de imen al consequences o BD mus be conside ed in o de o
in e p e he da a, and (b) social suppo should be aken in o conside a ion in in e en ion s a egies.
Keywo ds:
binge d inking; pe sonal social ne wo k; indi idual social capi al; social suppo ; adolescence;
eme ging adul hood
1. In oduc ion
The consump ion o alcohol and o he d ugs is a majo challenge in many coun ies due
o he impac on indi idual heal h and well-being [
1
]. In pa icula , binge d inking (BD) has
ecei ed much a en ion as i is conside ed a high- isk pa e n o alcohol consump ion [
2
,
3
].
BD is de ined as he in ake o ou o mo e d inks in women ( i e o mo e d inks in men)
wi hin app oxima ely wo hou s, a leas once du ing he p e ious mon h, leading o a
blood alcohol concen a ion o a leas 0.08 g/dL [4,5].
The cu en ly a ailable da a indica e a high p e alence o his d inking pa e n, pa -
icula ly among adolescen s (12 o 18 yea s old) and eme ging adul s (18 o 25 yea s old).
In a su ey conduc ed in he USA, 34.3% o eme ging adul s epo ed BD in he p e ious
mon h [
6
]. In Eu opean coun ies, one ou o h ee youngs e s aged 15 o 24 yea s epo ed
equen BD (a leas once a week) in he p e ious yea [
7
]. Despi e BD being adi ionally
mo e p e alen among males, ecen epo s sugges ha his gende di e ence may be
ading [
8
]. In ac , BD is nowadays ecognized as a no ma i e i e o passage o adolescen s
and eme ging adul s in gene al [9].
Va ious consequences o BD in adolescen s and eme ging adul s, bo h a he indi-
idual le el and in in e pe sonal ela ionships, ha e been iden i ied [
3
,
10
,
11
], and he BD
pa e n o alcohol consump ion is hough o ha e mo e se e e ou comes han egula
You h 2022,2, 570–586. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/you h2040041 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/you h
You h 2022,2571
consump ion [
12
]. Fu he mo e, an ea ly onse age is conside ed a isk ac o o long e m
consequences and has been associa ed wi h a highe p obabili y o de eloping a subs ance
use diso de in adul hood [13].
The ou comes mos equen ly expe ienced by binge d inke s pe ain o he social
domain [
14
–
16
]. Some issues ypically conside ed wi hin his ca ego y include neglec ed
obliga ions, dis up ion o amily ela ionships, and eg e ing some hing ha has been said
o done [
3
,
12
,
17
]. As hese consequences a e conside ed inhe en ly in e ac i e, hey a e
likely o al e pe sonal social ne wo ks, a ec ing ole pe o mance and pe cei ed access o
social suppo (SS) [
18
] and, in u n, nega i ely a ec ing he p o ec i e ole o SS in ega d
o unheal hy beha io , pa icula ly alcohol consump ion.
1.1. Social Suppo as De i ed om Pe sonal Social Ne wo ks
Social ne wo ks a e de ined as a se o social ela ionships in which he membe s
main ain s able in e ac ions [
19
]. The unc ionali y o hese ne wo ks (e.g., egula ion and
con ol o beha io ) will be condi ioned by s uc u al (e.g., densi y, homogenei y) and
in e ac ional (e.g., le el o in eg a ion, equency o con ac o ecip oci y) p ope ies, as
well as by ce ain pe sonal cha ac e is ics (e.g., gende , age, socioeconomic s a us) [
20
–
22
].
A sub-ne wo k o signi ican o he s, denomina ed he pe sonal social ne wo k, is usually
dis inguished, as he p esence o his g oup is expec ed o enhance heal h and well-being.
Sub-ne wo ks in ol ing di e en ypes o ela ionships (e.g., amily o iends) ha e also
been independen ly examined [19].
Indi idual social capi al comp ises he se o ules, no ms, obliga ions, ela ionships
o ecip oci y and us , social s uc u es and ins i u ional se ices ha membe s o a social
ne wo k can access [
23
,
24
] and h ough which hese social ne wo ks a e expanded [
22
].
These esou ces, which a y depending on he ela ionship (e.g., amily, school), enable
ne wo k membe s o achie e a ious communal and pe sonal goals [
25
] and impac hei
de elopmen , heal h and well-being [26,27].
SS is one o he main de i a ions o indi idual social capi al [
28
]. I has been concei ed
as he pe cep ion o expe ience o esou ces p o ided by o he s, leading o he sense ha
one is es eemed, alued and o ms pa o a social ne wo k o mu ual assis ance [
29
]. The
e m hus encompasses wo di e en psychosocial dimensions: a beha io al dimension
(suppo i e ac ions p o ided o ecei ed) and a cogni i e dimension (pe cei ed a ailabili y
o suppo ) [
30
]. Pe cei ed SS has been assessed om bo h a global pe spec i e (in e ms o
gene al a ailabili y and sa is ac ion wi h suppo ) [
31
], by conside ing i s unc ionali y (i.e.,
speci ic p o isions, such as emo ional, social in eg a ion o es eem suppo ) [
32
] and by
aking in o accoun i s ela ional base ( ega ding di e en sou ces, such as amily o iends,
who p o ide, o could p o ide, suppo ) [
33
]. This heo e ical amewo k is depic ed in
Figu e 1.
1.2. Social Suppo du ing Adolescence and Eme ging Adul hood
The size and composi ion o pe sonal social ne wo k a y h oughou he li e ime o
an indi idual and ha e been conside ed, om a de elopmen al pe spec i e, in ela ion
o he p ominence o ce ain pe sonal goals and no ma i e li e e en s [
19
]. Thus, du ing
adolescence and eme ging adul hood, he numbe and di e si y o social ela ionships
usually inc eases; he ime spen and he equency o in e ac ions wi h he amily diminish,
while ime sha ed wi h pee s inc eases [
34
,
35
]. Du ing his pe iod, ga he ing knowledge
and in o ma ion becomes a salien goal, and ansi ional changes a e expe ienced (physical
ma u a ion, es ablishing au onomy and pe sonal iden i y, dealing wi h new esponsibili ies
and demands). All o hese changes a e po en ial oppo uni ies o acqui e new a ibu es
and abili ies, bu can also be h ea s o well-being, making indi iduals mo e suscep ible o
engage in isk beha io s such as BD [36].
You h 2022,2572
You h 2022, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 3
Figu e 1. Theo e ical Rela ionship Be ween he Ta ge ed Va iables.
1.2. Social Suppo du ing Adolescence and Eme ging Adul hood
The size and composi ion o pe sonal social ne wo k a y h oughou he li e ime o
an indi idual and ha e been conside ed, om a de elopmen al pe spec i e, in ela ion o
he p ominence o ce ain pe sonal goals and no ma i e li e e en s [19]. Thus, du ing ad-
olescence and eme ging adul hood, he numbe and di e si y o social ela ionships usu-
ally inc eases; he ime spen and he equency o in e ac ions wi h he amily diminish,
while ime sha ed wi h pee s inc eases [34,35]. Du ing his pe iod, ga he ing knowledge
and in o ma ion becomes a salien goal, and ansi ional changes a e expe ienced (physi-
cal ma u a ion, es ablishing au onomy and pe sonal iden i y, dealing wi h new esponsi-
bili ies and demands). All o hese changes a e po en ial oppo uni ies o acqui e new a -
ibu es and abili ies, bu can also be h ea s o well-being, making indi iduals mo e sus-
cep ible o engage in isk beha io s such as BD [36].
SS plays an essen ial ole in adjus men du ing ansi ional pe iods o de elopmen .
I is hough o ac by enhancing one’s sense o belonging, sel -wo h and secu i y, as well
as by mode a ing he app aisal o si ua ions as h ea ening and also inc easing sel -con i-
dence o cope wi h such si ua ions [20,37]. Du ing adolescence and eme ging adul hood,
a change in he p eponde ance o he main sou ces o suppo is gene ally obse ed. The
incidence o amily suppo dec eases, due o he inc eased au onomy and independence
o young adul s [38]. The opposi e pa e n is obse ed ega ding he ela ionship wi h
pee s, which has g ea e in luence du ing adolescence and declines owa ds he end o
eme ging adul hood [39], mainly h ough p ocesses o pee selec ion and socializa ion
[40]. On he o he hand, women ha e been shown o ecei e and demand mo e SS han
hei male coun e pa s [41].
Social ela ionships a e conside ed key ac o s in modula ing alcohol consump ion
du ing adolescence and eme ging adul hood, ep esen ing a ocal poin o esea ch in
he ield o heal h [42–45]. In ecen yea s, he p o ec i e ole o SS has d awn he a en ion
o esea che s [46]. Con e sely, as p e iously men ioned, pe sonal social ne wo k can also
be a ec ed by d inking beha io , sugges ing a ecip ocal in luence be ween consump ion
and SS [18]. The p esen e iew aims o o e a comp ehensi e ision o he da a and in-
e p e a ions cu en ly a ailable ega ding he bidi ec ional ela ionship be ween SS and
BD. Hence, he ollowing objec i es we e es ablished:
Figu e 1. Theo e ical Rela ionship Be ween he Ta ge ed Va iables.
SS plays an essen ial ole in adjus men du ing ansi ional pe iods o de elopmen . I
is hough o ac by enhancing one’s sense o belonging, sel -wo h and secu i y, as well as
by mode a ing he app aisal o si ua ions as h ea ening and also inc easing sel -con idence
o cope wi h such si ua ions [
20
,
37
]. Du ing adolescence and eme ging adul hood, a
change in he p eponde ance o he main sou ces o suppo is gene ally obse ed. The
incidence o amily suppo dec eases, due o he inc eased au onomy and independence
o young adul s [
38
]. The opposi e pa e n is obse ed ega ding he ela ionship wi h
pee s, which has g ea e in luence du ing adolescence and declines owa ds he end o
eme ging adul hood [
39
], mainly h ough p ocesses o pee selec ion and socializa ion [
40
].
On he o he hand, women ha e been shown o ecei e and demand mo e SS han hei
male coun e pa s [41].
Social ela ionships a e conside ed key ac o s in modula ing alcohol consump ion
du ing adolescence and eme ging adul hood, ep esen ing a ocal poin o esea ch in he
ield o heal h [
42
–
45
]. In ecen yea s, he p o ec i e ole o SS has d awn he a en ion o
esea che s [
46
]. Con e sely, as p e iously men ioned, pe sonal social ne wo k can also
be a ec ed by d inking beha io , sugges ing a ecip ocal in luence be ween consump ion
and SS [
18
]. The p esen e iew aims o o e a comp ehensi e ision o he da a and
in e p e a ions cu en ly a ailable ega ding he bidi ec ional ela ionship be ween SS and
BD. Hence, he ollowing objec i es we e es ablished:
(I) o explo e he ela ionships be ween SS and BD, and (II) o analyze whe he he
a o esaid ela ionships (when iden i ied) a y depending on he ype o social bonds ( amily,
pee s) and he de elopmen al s age.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
This sys ema ic e iew ollowed he P e e ed Repo ing i ems o Sys ema ic Re iews
and Me a-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [
47
]. The Web o Science (WoS), PsycIn o and
PubMed da abases we e consul ed, h ough he ad anced sea ch op ion in he ields “All
ields” and/o “Topic” (in “all da abases” in he WoS). The o iginal sea ch was pe o med
be ween No embe and Decembe 2019, and i was egula ly upda ed h ough sea ch
ale s c ea ed in he da abases. No ime ame was included in he sea ch, in o de o
cap u e s udies anging om ea ly heo e ical elabo a ions and empi ical esea ch o he
mos ecen con ibu ions. This app oach is also consis en wi h he ac ha BD is a ecen
phenomenon, de ined a he beginning o he cen u y [4].
The sea ch exp essions used-[“Binge D inking” OR “Hea y Episodic D inking”]
AND “Social Suppo ”-yielded he ollowing numbe o hi s in each da abase: 244 in he
WoS, 144 in PsycIn o, and 132 in PubMed. The ini ial o al was 522, bu 289 en ies we e
inally e ained a e duplica es we e emo ed. The i les and abs ac s o he 289 en ies
You h 2022,2573
we e ead, and documen s we e p eselec ed acco ding o he inclusion/exclusion c i e ia
lis ed in Table 1. In his ega d, he lis ed exclusion c i e ia we e es ablished in o de o
s ablish he gene alizabili y o ou indings, which led us o disca d 99 documen s. In
o al, 68 documen s we e p eselec ed and ead in ull be o e being included in o excluded
om he inal e iew. Al hough he ocus o he p esen e iew was he ela ionship
be ween SS and BD, s udies in ol ing he ela ionships be ween bo h he pe sonal social
ne wo k and indi idual social capi al and BD we e e ained, as hey may be aluable o
in e p e ing he ela ionship(s) being explo ed. No s udies on ecei ed SS we e ound. Two
eam membe s independen ly and blindly sc eened, p eselec ed and hen inally selec ed
he documen s. In e - a e eliabili y, measu ed using Cohen’s Kappa coe icien , was
in e media e (k = 0.56) du ing he p eselec ion s age and high (k = 0.75) du ing he selec ion
s age. All disag eemen s du ing he p e-selec ion and selec ion phases we e esol ed
h ough discussion, and consensus was eached by all au ho s o he e iew.
Table 1. Eligibili y C i e ia o he Sc eening o Documen s.
Inclusion C i e ia Exclusion C i e ia
The BD-SS ela ion mus be add essed in
he documen .
The sample should consis o adolescen s (12 o
18 yea s old) and/o eme ging adul s (18 o
25 yea s old).
The a icles mus be w i en in English,
Spanish, F ench o Po uguese.
Pa icipan s wi h any psychia ic o
physical diagnosis.
Popula ion unde di icul ci cums ances
( iolence, p egnancy, COVID-19, e c.).
The me hodological quali y was assessed using a empla e c ea ed as a syn hesis o
he Joanna B iggs Ins i u e C i ical App aisal Tool o Quali a i e Resea ch and o C oss-
sec ional S udies [
48
,
49
], as well as he NIH Quali y Assessmen Tool o Obse a ional
Coho and C oss-sec ional S udies [
50
]. The s udies we e ca ego ized as in e media e
(44%), high (28%) and low quali y (28%). The main s udy limi a ions we e he lack o
con ol o po en ial con ounding a iables and ailu e o ob ain ep esen a i e samples.
Finally, 26 documen s (25 empi ical s udies, 1 c i ical e iew [
18
]) ha me he eligibil-
i y c i e ia we e selec ed a e de ailed, c i ical sc eening. A e a manual sea ch p ocess,
1 a icle was added o he lis . This p ocess is depic ed in a low diag am (Figu e 2).
In he inal phase (da a ex ac ion), acco ding o he PRISMA guidelines, he main
empi ical esul s we e summa ized in a able. To his end, a ma ix was c ea ed wi h
he ollowing a iables: au ho s, publica ion yea , quali y o he s udy, measu es, and
esul s (see Table 2in Resul s sec ion). The possibili y o pe o ming a me a-analysis was
conside ed, ye he cha ac e is ics o he s udies included in he sys ema ic e iew did
no allow us o do i . The e o e, a na a i e syn hesis was used, o ga he he in o ma ion
on he indings and designs o he e iewed s udies. Theo e ical con ibu ions we e also
syn he ized and in eg a ed in he ex .
The whole p ocess was conduc ed using he Co idence sys ema ic e iew so wa e
(h ps://www.co idence.o g/, accessed on 28 Oc obe 2022), he sc eening and in o ma ion
selec ion ool selec ed by Coch ane as he s anda d p oduc ion pla o m o Coch ane
Re iews. The comple e p o ocol was egis e ed a PROSPERO (CRD42020184639).
You h 2022,2574
You h 2022, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 5
Figu e 2. Flow Diag am o he P eselec ion and Selec ion Phases.
In he inal phase (da a ex ac ion), acco ding o he PRISMA guidelines, he main
empi ical esul s we e summa ized in a able. To his end, a ma ix was c ea ed wi h he
ollowing a iables: au ho s, publica ion yea , quali y o he s udy, measu es, and esul s
(see Table 2 in Resul s sec ion). The possibili y o pe o ming a me a-analysis was consid-
e ed, ye he cha ac e is ics o he s udies included in he sys ema ic e iew did no allow
us o do i . The e o e, a na a i e syn hesis was used, o ga he he in o ma ion on he
indings and designs o he e iewed s udies. Theo e ical con ibu ions we e also syn he-
ized and in eg a ed in he ex .
The whole p ocess was conduc ed using he Co idence sys ema ic e iew so wa e
(h ps://www.co idence.o g/, accessed on 28 Oc obe 2022), he sc eening and in o -
ma ion selec ion ool selec ed by Coch ane as he s anda d p oduc ion pla o m o
Coch ane Re iews. The comple e p o ocol was egis e ed a PROSPERO
(CRD42020184639).
3. Resul s
He e we p o ide a b ie desc ip ion o he s udies analyzed (see de ails in Table 2).
Mos (62%) o he documen s we e published a e 2010 and, o hese, 25% we e published
in he las i e yea s (2016-21). Only 11% o he a icles we e published be o e 2004 and
none we e published be o e 2000, e lec ing he ecen and inc easing in e es in he opic.
Figu e 2. Flow Diag am o he P eselec ion and Selec ion Phases.
3. Resul s
He e we p o ide a b ie desc ip ion o he s udies analyzed (see de ails in Table 2).
Mos (62%) o he documen s we e published a e 2010 and, o hese, 25% we e published
in he las i e yea s (2016-21). Only 11% o he a icles we e published be o e 2004 and
none we e published be o e 2000, e lec ing he ecen and inc easing in e es in he opic.
This end is pa icula ly no able in he US, whe e mos o he s udies we e pe o med
(55%).
3.1. Measu es
Rega ding how he a iables o in e es o his e iew we e e alua ed, mos o he
s udies (85%) used a single i em e lec ing bo h equency and quan i y o d inks o wo
i ems (e.g., “On a e age, how many days pe week do you d ink alcohol?” and “On a
ypical day when you d ink, on a e age, how many d inks do you ha e?”) combined in an
index in o de o iden i y BD. The AUDIT-C [
51
] and he Time-Line Follow Back (TLFB) [
52
]
we e he s anda dized measu es used o de ec BD. The ime ame du ing which BD was
e alua ed anged om 1 week and li e ime, wi h “ he las 30 days” being he mos equen
in e al (30%). S udies ha applied a wide ime window (e.g., las yea , li e ime) mainly
ocused on adolescence, a de elopmen al s age du ing which BD is less equen han in
You h 2022,2575
eme ging adul hood. As o he di e en ia ion o cu -o poin s in males and emales, hey
we e only conside ed in 40% o he s udies included in he p esen e iew.
Pe sonal social ne wo k and indi idual social capi al we e measu ed h ough di e se
indexes, such as ne wo k composi ion and indi idual popula i y.
Finally, among hose s udies add essing pe cei ed SS, mo e han hal used a a iable
numbe o ad hoc i ems (be ween 1 and 5) o measu e pa icipan s’ app aisals o global
a ailabili y o suppo (e.g., “How much do you eel ha you pa en s ca e abou you”? o
“How easy o di icul is i o ge help om iends i you need i ”?). The Mul idimensional
Scale o Pe cei ed Social Suppo (MSPSS) [
53
] was he mos commonly used scale in hose
s udies ha used s anda dized measu es. The MSPSS is a 12-i em ins umen ha measu es
pe cei ed a ailabili y o SS om di e en sou ces (e.g., amily, iends, and signi ican
o he ). The o he ins umen s used in he di e en s udies iden i ied aspec s such as
pe cei ed a ailabili y o di e se p o isions (e.g., emo ional, social in eg a ion o es eem
suppo ) [54–56] and sou ces [57] o suppo and/o sa is ac ion wi h he suppo [58,59].
All he s udies e iewed ocused on he possible p o ec i e ole o SS agains BD. The
indings o he a ious s udies a e p esen ed below. The s udies we e gene ally o ganized
in ela ion o he ype o app oach o SS (pe sonal social ne wo k, indi idual social capi al
and pe cei ed SS), de elopmen al s age and sou ces o suppo ( eache , amily and pee s).
3.2. BD and Pe sonal Social Ne wo ks
Rega ding esea ch on he ela ionship be ween BD and pe sonal social ne wo k, i e
s udies we e iden i ied; all o hese epo ed s a is ically signi ican ela ionships be ween
di e en ne wo k p ope ies and BD bo h in adolescen s and in eme ging adul s. In
pa icula , in adolescen s, he numbe o g oups o iends was associa ed wi h a g ea e
likelihood o pa icipa ion in BD [
60
], while mainly male composi ion o pe sonal social
ne wo k was associa ed wi h a highe equency o BD, especially among boys [61].
Du ing eme ging adul hood, belonging o a social ne wo k ha includes pee s consid-
e ed d inking buddies inc eases he isk o BD, and a high incidence o BD in he ne wo k
has been shown o be a signi ican p edic o o indi idual BD equency [
62
]. Fu he mo e,
Lo an & Nicaise (2015) [
63
] compu ed he e ec i e size o uni e si y s uden s’ pe sonal
ne wo ks as an index o social capi al (numbe o al e s minus a e age numbe o ies
o each con ac o o he con ac s) and ound ha i nega i ely p edic ed BD equency in
eme ging adul s; he same esul was ob ained o gende he e ophily (i.e., c oss-gende
ela ionships), while popula i y posi i ely p edic ed BD.
Special conside a ion should be gi en o he esea ch conduc ed by Hahm e al.
(2012) [
64
], who ca ied ou a longi udinal s udy in which a sample was acked om
adolescence o eme ging adul hood. Low le els o he e ogenei y o he pe sonal ne wo k
(p opo ion o iends who we e no in he same school o g ade) and he p esence o
alcohol-using pee s led o a highe equency o BD du ing adolescence, al hough his e ec
dec eased h oughou he s udy pe iod. The opposi e end was obse ed o popula i y,
which had an inc easingly impo an impac on BD and was pa icula ly ele an du ing
eme ging adul hood.
3.3. BD and Indi idual Social Capi al
We iden i ied wo a icles add essing he ela ionship be ween indi idual social capi al
and BD. One o hese explo ed he a o emen ioned ela ionship in adolescen s [
65
], measu -
ing bo h us in people and communi y pa icipa ion, bu did no ob ain signi ican esul s.
Howe e , Wei zman and Chen (2005) [
66
] ound signi ican associa ions be ween BD and
o he indexes o indi idual social capi al o eme ging adul s. Thus, hese au ho s epo ed
ha as he le el o indi idual social capi al inc eased (e.g., ime spen olun ee ing), he
p obabili y o uni e si y s uden s pa icipa ing in BD dec eased. In addi ion, indi idual
social capi al was ound o be a signi ican p edic o o he onse o a binge-d inking pa e n
in i s -yea s uden s and BD equency h oughou he uni e si y pe iod.
You h 2022,2576
3.4. BD and Pe cei ed Social Suppo
Finally, pe cei ed SS was measu ed globally in h ee o he s udies iden i ied
[58,67,68]
;
none o hese epo ed any signi ican ela ionship be ween pe cei ed SS and BD. In-
deed, nei he pe cei ed a ailabili y no sa is ac ion wi h SS we e signi ican p edic o s o
BD [58,68].
Se e al s udies ha e speci ically explo ed he ela ionship be ween BD and pe cei ed
SS om amily du ing adolescence. Fi e o hese [
56
,
69
–
72
] epo ed a signi ican and
nega i e ela ionship, so ha high/mode a e le els o amilia suppo we e associa ed
wi h lowe p obabili y o and/o equency o BD.
O special men ion is he s udy by Wiley (2014) [
56
], in which pe cei ed pa en al
closeness (i.e., suppo p o ision o social in eg a ion) was speci ically measu ed and
di e en BD ajec o ies we e es ablished in a sample o adolescen s (be ween 15 and
18 yea s old). Measu emen o he le el o social in eg a ion di e en ia ed pa icipan s
who epo ed in equen BD (wi h highe le els o SS) om hose who ei he main ained a
cons an mode a e le el o BD o de eloped a mo e equen consump ion.
The lack o s a is ical signi icance in he ela ionship be ween amily suppo and
BD obse ed in he emaining wo s udies wi h samples o adolescen s [
57
,
59
] may be
due o he mean age o he s udy pa icipan s (17 and 16.6 yea s old, espec i ely), which
was highe han in he p e iously men ioned s udies. Indeed, in a s udy ollowing a
sample om adolescence o eme ging adul hood, Asel ine and Go e (2000) [
69
] ound an
in e ac ion be ween age and pe cei ed suppo , in ela ion o BD equency.
This pa e n is consis en wi h he esul s o he i e iden i ied s udies wi h samples
o eme ging adul s [
55
,
73
–
76
]. These s udies examined he ela ionship be ween amily
suppo and BD in ensi y and/o equency, and he ela ionship was no ound o be
s a is ically signi ican in any o hem.
Rega ding pe cei ed SS om pee s, ou s udies epo ed a posi i e and signi ican
ela ionship be ween his dimension and BD as globally e alua ed, in bo h high school
s uden s [
69
] and uni e si y s uden s [
77
,
78
]. This ela ionship can also be ecognized
in he esea ch ega ding speci ic suppo p o isions, as in he s udy by Czyzewska &
McKenzie (2016) [
54
], which e alua ed emo ional suppo om pee s. In a s udy ocused
on pe cei ed es eem, Tinaje o e al. (2019) [
55
] no ed a cu ilineal ela ionship be ween his
dimension and BD equency, wi h an inc ease in accep ance linked o inc easing a es o
consump ion, ollowed by a s able le el o accep ance a in e media e le els o BD, and a
subsequen decline.
Table 2. Syn hesis o Cha ac e is ics and Key Findings o Included S udies.
Au ho s Sample Cha ac e is ics Measu es/In e en ion Findings
Pe sonal social ne wo k
Rei man e al.
(2006) [62]1
Wa e 1/3: 274 i s -yea
uni e si y s uden s
(63.5% women) om US.
Wa e 3/3 (1 yea la e ): 43% o he
o iginal sample (73.9% women).
Social ne wo k: ne wo k d inking
(1 i em), d inking buddies (1 i em)
BD (2 i ems): numbe o
binge-d inking episodes (4+/5+
d inks) du ing he pas
wo weeks.
Pe cen age o d inking buddies in
Wa e 1 p edic ed own alcohol
misuse a Wa e 2.
High a e age le els o ne wo k
BD we e a signi ican p edic o o
indi iduals’ BD
Hahm e al.
(2012) [64]2
7966 adolescen s (11–18 yea s;
54% women emales) om US.
Followed o 7 yea s (3 wa es).
Social Ne wo k: he e ogenei y
(2 i ems), popula i y (Bonacich
cen ali y) and densi y
( ecip oci y in he nomina ion).
Alcohol using pee s (1 i em)
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 5+d inks in a ow
o e he pas 12 mon hs.
Lowe g oup he e ogenei y and
socializa ion wi h alcohol using
pee s we e associa ed wi h highe
equency o BD a Wa e 1. This
e ec dec eased o e ime.
High popula i y had a signi ican
e ec on he equency o BD, ha
g ew o e ime.
Densi y had no associa ion
wi h BD.
You h 2022,2577
Table 2. Con .
Au ho s Sample Cha ac e is ics Measu es/In e en ion Findings
Za za e al.
(2012) [60]1
891 adolescen s in B azil
(15–19 yea s, 59% women).
Social ne wo k: “G oups and
ne wo ks” domain o he
In eg a ed Ques ionnai e o he
Measu emen o Social Capi al
( iendship ne wo k
cha ac e is ics and numbe o
g oups o iends) a.
BD: AUDIT-C ( equency o
consump ion o 5+ d inks on
one occasion) b.
Women who alued school
iends mo e han hose om
hobbies we e less likely o
epo BD.
Women who alued school
iends less han hose om
chu ch we e less likely o
epo BD.
Female s uden s who epo ed
ha he mos impo an g oup o
iends we e om school (as
opposed o iends om chu ch)
had highe odds o BD.
Male s uden s wi h mo e han
2 g oups o iends we e mo e
likely o epo BD.
Lo an & Nicaise
(2015) [63]2
478 i s -yea college s uden s o
Psychology (n = 253) and
enginee ing (n = 234)
om Belgium.
Social ne wo k: popula i y,
gende -he e ophily (K ackha d
E-I index), and he e ogenei y.
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 6+ d inks in he
p e ious yea .
High popula i y was associa ed
wi h highe binge-d inking
equency.
High le els o ne wo k
he e ogenei y and c oss-gende
ela ionships nega i ely
p edic ed BD.
G a d e al.
(2018) [61]2
10,932 adolescen s (be ween 14
and 16 yea s old) om six
Eu opean ci ies.
Social Ne wo k: Coleman index
(same sex/o he sex iendships)
and school gende balance.
BD (1 dicho omous i em):
equency o occasions o
5+d inks (a leas wo) in he
las mon h.
Boys and gi ls in male-majo i y
schools we e mo e equen
binge d inke s.
O he -sex iendship was
associa ed wi h mo e BD
among gi ls.
Indi idual social capi al
Lundbo g (2005)
[65]2
1346 adolescen s (be ween 12 and
18 yea s old) om Sweden.
Social capi al: us
(1 dicho omous i em) and
communi y pa icipa ion
(10 i ems).
BD (1 dicho omous i em): in ake
o 4+ d inks du ing he
pas mon h.
Nei he us no social
pa icipa ion p edic ed he
p obabili y o BD.
Wei zman & Chen
(2005) [66]1
27,687 college s uden s
(18–24 yea s, 53.44% women)
om US.
Social capi al: a e age daily ime
commi ed o olun ee ing in he
pas 30 days.
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 4+/5+ d inks in
he pas wo weeks.
S uden s wi h highe social
capi al showed lowe odds o BD.
Indi idual social capi al
nega i ely p edic ed up ake BD
among eshman and equency
o BD in college.
Social Suppo
Asel ine &Go e
(2000) [69]1
Wa e 1/5: 1208 adolescen s ( om
14 o 16 yea s old, 57% women)
om US.
Wa e 5/5 (9 yea s la e ): 69% o
he o iginal sample ( om 22 o
25 yea s).
Pe cei ed SS om amily (3 i ems)
and iends (2 i ems) om he
Pe cei ed Social Suppo Scale c.
BD (1 i em): equency o
occasions o 5+ d inks on one
occasion, du ing he las
week/mon h.
S a is ically signi ican and
nega i e e ec o PSS om
pa en s on BD. This e ec
dec eased o e ime.
PSS om iends was posi i ely
associa ed wi h BD.
You h 2022,2578
Table 2. Con .
Au ho s Sample Cha ac e is ics Measu es/In e en ion Findings
Von Ah e al.
(2004) [68]3
161 college s uden s (mean age =
19.7; 73,3% women) om US.
Pe cei ed a ailabili y o and
sa is ac ion wi h SS: Social
Suppo Ques ionnai e d.
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 5+ d inks in he
las 30 days and 6 mon hs.
PSS (a ailabili y/sa is ac ion) did
no p edic equency o BD.
Windle
(2004) [57]3
1049 adolescen s (mean age = 17.3,
51.9% women) om US.
Pe cei ed SS om Family:
Pe cei ed Social Suppo Scale c.
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 6+ d inks o e
he pas 6 mon hs
Pe cei ed SS om amily did no
p edic BD.
Sp inge e al.
(2006) [71]2
930 adolescen s (mean age = 15,
48% women) om El Sal ado .
Pe cei ed SS om pa en s:
7 i ems based on he
Mul idimensional Scale o
Pe cei ed Social Suppo e.
BD (1 dicho omous i em): in ake
o 5+ d inks in he pas 30 days.
Fo women, PSS om pa en s was
a p edic o o BD: low le els in
his index mul iplied by 3 he
chances o BD.
Ichiyama e al.
(2009) [73]1
863 i s -yea college s uden s
(be ween 18 and 19 yea s old, 63%
women) om he US.
347 included in an
in e en ion p og am.
Pa en Based In e en ion
designed o inc ease
pa en al suppo .
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 4+/5+ d inks on
one occasion, du ing he las
wo weeks.
The e was no signi ican
in e en ion e ec .
Piko & Ko ács
(2010) [59]2
881 adolescen s (mean age = 16.6,
46% women) om Hunga y.
Pe cei ed SS om mo he and
a he : Measu es o Pe cei ed
Social Suppo .
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 5+ d inks on one
occasion in he pas h ee mon hs.
Pe cei ed pa en al suppo did
no p edic BD.
Pea son &
Wilkinson
(2013) [70]3
13,140 adolescen s (mean age =
15.9, 53.1% women) om US.
Pe cei ed SS om amily
(5 i ems).
BD (1 dicho omous i em): in ake
o 5+ d inks du ing he
p e ious yea .
Pe cei ed amily suppo
p edic ed BD.
Schwinn & Schinke
(2014) [75]2
400 young adul s (mean age =
17.3, 54% women) om US.
Pe cei ed SS om amily:
Mul idimensional Scale o
Pe cei ed Social Suppo e.
BD (1 i em): equency o
consump ion o 5+ + d inks on
one occasion o he pas 30 days.
PSS om amily did no
p edic BD.
Zhao
(2013) [76]1
140 g adua e s uden s (mean age
= 27.61, SD=5.76, 73% women)
om US.
Pe cei ed SS om amily, iends
and signi ican o he :
Mul idimensional Scale o
Pe cei ed Social Suppo e.
BD (2 i ems): equency o
consump ion o 5+ d inks a leas
once in he p e ious yea .
PSS was no co ela ed wi h BD.
PSS was no a p edic o o he
ype o d inke (abs aine s, social
d inke s, mode a e d inke s,
binge d inke s, and
p oblema ic d inke s).
You h 2022,2585
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