Galician and Spanish in Galicia: Prosodies in contact

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Galician and Spanish in Galicia: p osodies in con ac
Elisa Fe nández Rei
Ins i u o da Lingua Galega, Uni e sidade de San iago de Compos ela
Abs ac
The cu en s udy analyses he in ona ion o h ee ypes o u e ances (b oad ocus
s a emen s, in o ma ion-seeking yes-no ques ions and in o ma ion-seeking wh-
ques ions) in Galician and Spanish, in o de o esea ch he e ec s on he in ona ion o
he p olonged con ac be ween hese wo languages in Galicia. The main aims a e o
de ec possible hyb idisa ion p ocesses in he in ona ion o hese a ie ies and de e mine
whe he he in ona ion beha iou is di e en depending on he language used o on he
language p o ile o he speake s. To ha end, his s udy p esen s an empi ical s udy
which analyses hese h ee ypes o u e ances in Spanish and Galician, p oduced by 22
in o man s wi h di e en linguis ic p o iles. The esul s indica e li le a iabili y in he
in ona ion based on he ini ial and habi ual languages o he speake s o he language in
which hey p oduce he co pus. Howe e , he exis ence o some hyb id pa e ns in wh-
ques ions has been de ec ed. The heo e ical implica ions o hese esul s will be
discussed wi hin he amewo k o hyb idisa ion.
Keywo ds: In ona ion, Language con ac , Galician Spanish.
1. In oduc ion
Languages and language a ie ies sha ing he same e i o y, as in he case o Galician
and Galician Spanish (GS), unde go linguis ic change as a esul o con ac . Thomason
(2001) poin s ou ha hese changes may occu a any le el o he language. Thus, a
language's p osodic sys em may also be a ec ed by con ac wi h ano he language
(Bullock 2009, Colan oni and Gu lekian 2004, Elo die a 2003, Simone 2011). Some o
he wo ks ci ed examine ypologically and gene ically closely ela ed languages as in
he case o Galician and GS (e.g. Spanish and I alian in Colan oni and Gu lekian 2004
o Spanish and Ca alan in Simone 2011), and ind ha p osodic change esul s om
con e gence, i.e. he p ocess whe eby wo languages become mo e simila o each o he
ollowing con ac .
In desc ip ions o con ac be ween Galician and GS, howe e , i has o en
adi ionally been main ained ha GS adop s, ully o pa ially, he p osodic ea u es o
Galician (Cas o 2003 and Pé ez Cas illejo 2012 and 2014, o men ion only hose wi h
an empi ical basis), implying ha Galician in ona ion is ha dly a ec ed, i a all, by
con ac wi h GS, since a ans e p ocess is posi ed in he di ec ion om Galician o GS
only. This appea s o un coun e o phenomena obse ed in he o he componen s o
Galician g amma whe e nume ous s udies d aw a en ion o ans e om Spanish o
Galician (see Dube 2005, 290). The e o e, he in ensi y o con ac has no p oduced
he same ou come wi h espec o in ona ion, o judge om he indings o he ea lie
s udies ci ed as well as imp essionis ic obse a ions exp essed in many o he s (e.g. Rojo
2004). The beha iou o in ona ion in GS, on he con a y, ma ches he pa e n obse ed
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a o he le els o he language gi en ha nume ous ins ances o di ec ans e o
phone ic, g amma ical o lexical peculia i ies om Galician ha e been desc ibed (see
Rojo 2004, 1093-1099), jus as wi h in ona ion.
The cu en s udy p oposes analysing Galician and GS oge he , in o de o
de e mine he e ec s ha his si ua ion o long- e m language con ac may ha e on he
in ona ion o bo h languages and in bo h di ec ions ( he e ec o Galician on GS and GS
on Galician). Wi h his pu pose, empi ical da a we e collec ed h ough a Discou se
Comple ion Task (see 4.2.2) wi h emale Galician uni e si y s uden s1 who we e
selec ed acco ding o hei sociolinguis ic p o ile ( i s language and habi ual language)
as de ailed below (see 4.2.1), in o de o ob ain a co pus eco ded in Galician and
Spanish. The da a p esen ed co espond o he in ona ion o b oad ocus s a emen s,
in o ma ion-seeking yes-no ques ions and in o ma ion-seeking wh-ques ions which
we e analysed in sea ch o answe s o he ollowing ques ions:
1. Wha a e he in ona ion cha ac e is ics o hese u e ances in Galician and GS?
2. Do speake s who speak bo h Galician and GS p esen dis inc in ona ion pa e ns
in each o hese languages o hese u e ances?
3. Do speake s who only use one o hese languages (Galician o GS) p esen
di e en pa e ns o hese u e ances om hose who habi ually use bo h
languages?
The answe o he i s ques ion will make i possible o disco e whe he ou da a
bea ou he con en ion ound in he li e a u e ha he e is di ec ans e o Galician
in ona ion in o GS, o on he con a y, con e gence p ocesses a e unde way so ha we
ind pa e ns ha a e no hose o Galician o hose o Spanish, bu a he a mix u e o
bo h.
The answe s o he second and hi d ques ions will ell us whe he i s language and
he language habi ually used a e ac o s wi h a bea ing on in ona ion o u e ances unde
s udy, and whe he speake s' deg ee o bilingualism a ec s in ona ion ans e o
con e gence.
The a icle is o ganised in he ollowing sec ions: sec ion 2 deals wi h he his o ical
con ex o language con ac in Galicia and he impo an sociolinguis ic changes
unde gone in ecen decades, as well as he p o iles o cu en speake s. Sec ion 3
p esen s some heo e ical aspec s ela ed o languages con ac and in ona ion,
concen a ing on he concep s o di ec ans e , con e gence and hyb idisa ion. Sec ion
4 p esen s he expe imen , me hodology and esul s. Sec ion 5 p o ides a discussion on
he esul s ob ained in he expe imen and shows he main conclusions o his s udy.
2. Language con ac and sociolinguis ic speake p o iles
2.1 His o ical and sociolinguis ic con ex
Linguis ic con ac is no a s a ic si ua ion, bu one ha a ies o e ime, o en owing o
changing social, poli ical o economic ci cums ances in he a ea conce ned and among
i s inhabi an s, shi s in he ela i e p eponde ance o di e en speech communi ies o
language a ie ies, he poli ical s a us o each language o o he ac o s. The e o e, i is
1 I was decided only o in e iew women in o de o a oid any a iabili y ha migh possibly ha e a isen
due o he sexual pa ame e . O cou se, i would be in e es ing o comple e he in o ma ion h ough a
s udy o da a o male speake s.
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necessa y o ake in o accoun he si ua ion o con ac ha a ec ed Galician his o ically
(Ma iño 2008; Mon eagudo 1999) because i explains how Galician and GS in ona ion
pa e ns ha e a isen, bu he subs an ial changes ha ha e aken place in Galicia o e
he pas o y yea s o so also need o be conside ed.
Up un il he 1980s2, a subs an ial majo i y o he popula ion o Galicia spoke
Galician a home, acqui ed Spanish ou side he home and only used i when i was
called o by speci ic communica i e needs. The e also exis ed a mino i y g oup whose
i s language was Spanish, and ha was wha hey spoke in all con ex s. S a ing in he
eigh ies, when he language no maliza ion p ocess commenced and Galician was
o icially ecognised as one o he languages o Galicia, he p esence o Galician in he
media, schools and he adminis a ion, along wi h o he impo an poli ical and social
de elopmen s da ing back o he se en ies, led o he eme gence o new a ie ies o
Galician besides he adi ional ones (Reguei a 2005, 82). Fu he mo e, as a
consequence o inc eased mobili y o he popula ion due o imp o ed means o
anspo a ion, mig a ion and he appea ance o de elopmen o u ban and semi-u ban
a eas, many dialec al and sociolec al a ie ies we e b ough in o con ac (Dube 2002,
Ramallo 2010). These economic, social, poli ical and legisla i e changes o e he las
h ee o ou decades ha e igge ed s iking sociolinguis ic de elopmen s:
1. New g oups o speake s ha e eme ged who, e en hough hei i s language is
Spanish, use Galician wi h ela i e ease (and in some cases e en speak i
exclusi ely) (Ramallo 2013).
2. The e has been a conside able inc ease in bilingualism, as exempli ied by he
g owing numbe o hose who lea n o speak simul aneously in bo h languages
(RAG 2016, 190).
3. In he con e sa ions in which speake s do no sha e he same language, he e is a
g ea e endency owa ds choosing only one o hem (abou 60%), bu in abou
20% o in e ac ions each pa icipan uses a di e en code, some speaking
Galician and o he s Spanish (RAG 2016, 118 .).
4. The numbe o speake s in u al, adi ionally e y Galician-speaking a eas
whose i s language is Spanish has inc eased, as a consequence o which he e
is a ise in he equency o in e ac ions be ween speake s whose i s language
is Galician and o he s o whom i is Spanish in a eas which we e o me ly
unc ionally monolingual.
Thus, he e has been an inc ease in he numbe o con ac si ua ions, al hough he
ex en o exposu e o language con ac o di e en g oups o speake s s ill a ies
depending on hei place o o igin ( u al, u ban o semi-u ban) and hei socio-economic
and socio-cul u al s anding.
2.2 The sociolinguis ic p o iles o Galician speake s and speake s o GS
The abo e and o he sociolinguis ic de elopmen s ha e led some esea che s o add ess
ques ions abou how o de ine he newly eme ging speake p o iles. The mos
exhaus i e classi ica ion o Galician speake s is ha o Ramallo (2010), which is o
in e es because i is based on he sociolinguis ic backg ound o speake s a he han a
2 The e is no 80's da a. Howe e , he sociolinguis ic maps based on 1992 (RAG 1994 and 1995) and 2004
(RAG 2007 and 2008) da a clea ly show a downwa d end. Fo example, in 1992, he ini ial language o
80.6% o he people o e 65 was Galician (RAG 1994), whe eas in 2004 only 35.7% o he popula ion
be ween 16 and 54 spoke Galician exclusi ely, o mos ly as hei ini ial language (RAG 2007).
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desc ip ion o he linguis ic ea u es cha ac e izing each g oup, i.e. on p e-exis ing
sociolec s (c . Dube 2005, Reguei a 2005). Ramallo posi s eigh ca ego ies, ou o
which a e o speake s om Galician speaking home en i onmen s ( adi ional speake -
home language, adi ional speake -communi y language, hidden speake in public and
unc ional bilingual speake ) and ou o speake s whose i s language is Spanish
(p o essional speake , occasional o spo adic speake , inciden al speake and new
speake ). The g oups ha come closes o unc ional monolingualism in Galician a e he
adi ional speake -home language and new speake g oups; while he closes app oach
o unc ional monolingualism in Spanish is ha o he inciden al speake s. The o he
p o iles a e cha ac e ized by a ious deg ees o bilingualism and, consequen ly, a ying
deg ees o linguis ic compe ence and use o each language.
Le us no e ha hese sociolinguis ic ca ego ies o p o iles do no imply ha each
one cons i u es a sepa a e language communi y in isola ion om he o he s. Ob iously,
all o hese g oups come in o mu ual con ac and in e ac equen ly, so code-swi ching
and e en code-mixing a e common (see Rod íguez Yáñez and Casa es 2002-2003).
In acco dance wi h i s p ocess o his o ical con o ma ion, GS is de ined as a Spanish
language a ie y ha ing a Galician subs a um. In he long- e m language con ac
si ua ion in Galicia, he e has always been a mino i y o Spanish speake s, ei he om
Cas ilian speaking e i o ies, o Galicia na i es, in close con ac wi h he popula ion
ha mos ly spoke Galician (Ma iño 2008). Al hough i is likely ha he language shi
p ocess ook place slowly h oughou cen u ies, i was since he six ies, as a esul o he
socioeconomic changes e e ed o in sec ion 2.1, ha he language shi was accele a ed
and Spanish p ominen ly began o sp ead socially and geog aphically (RAG 1994).
Thus, GS becomes consolida ed as he a ie y we know oday when Galician speake s
lea n o speak Spanish, chie ly o social and economic easons, and decided o
ansmi i o hei child en because o an unde s anding ha Spanish was necessa y o
upwa d mobili y. Galicia is adi ionally a land o emig an s whe e immig a ion is
uncommon, so speake s o o he a ie ies o Spanish did no make much o an impac
on he a ie y o Spanish ha eme ged in Galicia.
GS has he e o e adi ionally been conside ed a o m o Spanish spoken wi h he
phone ics, phonology and in ona ion o Galician (Rojo 2004). Now howe e , when a
subs an ial numbe o speake s a e beginning o exis who ha e acqui ed Spanish in he
home (as second o hi d gene a ion speake s), changes a e s a ing o ake place in GS
whe e he e is no longe a di ec ans e o Galician phonology, syn ax o mo phology.
Thus, he Galician ea u es p esen in GS come o i ia he a ie y o Spanish acqui ed
by speake s a home, and many o he ea u es ha cha ac e ized he GS spoken by he
i s gene a ion a e disappea ing. A good example o illus a e his is he owel sys em
o GS, which no longe has an in en o y o se en owels in unc ional opposi ion,
al hough he e a e phone ic ealiza ions o mid owels wi h wo deg ees o ape u e
(Rojo 2004, 1093-1094); in e es ingly, second and hi d gene a ion GS speake s who
a e s a ing o speak Galician in he public o e en he p i a e domain, some imes o
poli ical and ideological easons and some imes mo i a ed by p o essional conce ns,
p esen a i e- owel phonological sys em as in Spanish and ind he se en- owel
sys em e y ha d o acqui e (see Reguei a and Fe nández Rei, in p ess).
The ecen de elopmen s desc ibed abo e ha e ob iously a ec ed GS, and ha e had
consequences o Spanish speake s in Galicia. Ramallo and O’Rou ke (2014, 100)
p esen a classi ica ion o speake s whose i s language is Spanish in e ms o hei use
o Galician, which is also use ul as a way p o iling GS speake s, g ouping hem in o
essen ial new speake s, unc ional new speake s, occasional new speake s and po en ial
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new speake s. This classi ica ion is based on in ensi y o use o Galician on a scale om
g ea es ( he essen ial new speake s) o leas (po en ial new speake s).
Acco ding o published da a, only 5% o he popula ion alls ou side his
classi ica ion o Galician speake s and new speake s; hese a e people who s a e ha
hey a e unable o unde s and spoken Galician. Howe e , he pe cen age o people who
say hey can speak Galician " e y well" o "qui e well" is o e 85% (Consello da
Cul u a Galega 2011) and he pe cen age o hose who s a e ha hey use bo h
languages is 58.2% (RAG 2008: 40). So he deg ee o bilingualism in p esen -day
Galician socie y is clea ly e y high.
3. Galician and GS in ona ion
3.1 Language con ac and in ona ion
Two main p ocesses a ec ing in ona ion a e posi ed in s udies o in ona ion and
language con ac : di ec ans e and con e gence (Roseano, Fe nández Planas, El i a-
Ga cía and Ma ínez Celd án 2015 e iew he main li e a u e on he subjec ).
Di ec ans e is he mechanism whe eby speake s, on accoun o de ec i e
lea ning o a second language, in olun a ily ans e some p osodic ea u es om hei
i s language (L1) o hei second language (L2). This p osodic ans e mechanism is
he same as ha habi ually ound when indi iduals lea n a o eign language.
In cases whe e an in ona ion pa e n ha is clea ly he esul o mixing he pa e ns
o wo di e en languages occu s, ha is a case o con e gence ( e e ed o by some
au ho s as usion). In his pape , hey will be e e ed o as hyb id pa e ns, in
acco dance wi h he hyb idisa ion amewo k o be discussed below in 3.2.
Roseano e al. (2015) sugges he e may be a ela ionship be ween p ocesses o
p osodic change caused by con ac and he sociolinguis ic si ua ions in which he
p ocesses occu . We will concen a e on hose hey call adul diglossia and di use
bilingualism.
In adul diglossia membe s o a communi y lea n a language — le 's call i B — as
hei i s language (L1) and, a a la e ime in hei socializa ion, lea n a second
language — A, he p es ige language — which hey use o ce ain communica i e
pu poses (L2). In such si ua ions, he p osody o L1 di ec ly in luences he p osody o
L2 so he e is di ec ans e om L1 o L2.
In con as o his, in communi ies whe e he e is he ype o si ua ion ha hey call
di use bilingualism, all he membe s o he g oup can speak bo h language A and
language B up o a na i e le el, gi en ha hey ha e spoken hem bo h om in ancy,
al hough hei deg ees o compe ence in each language a e di e en . I is in his ype o
si ua ion p osody o L1 and L2 a e mixed as a esul o he so-called con e gence
p ocess (wha Roseano e al. 2015 call usion).
As we ha e seen abo e (see sec ion 2), he case o Galician is one o adul diglossia
because Spanish was acqui ed as L2 ou side he home in adul hood; ha si ua ion was
main ained un il he 1980s. S a ing in ha pe iod, he sp ead o bilingualism occu ed
(no only among L1 Galician speake s bu also h ough he bilingualism o L1 Spanish
speake s), possibly u ning Galicia in o a case o di use bilingualism. Roseano e al.
(2015) posi ha in he si ua ion o adul diglossia wi h a subs an ial demog aphic
p esence o he communi y whose L1 is language B ( he non-p es ige language), he
p osodic ans e p ocess ha occu s is di ec ans e om language B o language A;

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hen when mos o he popula ion has become bilingual (wi h all speake s ha ing some
deg ee o bilingualism), usion s a s o ake place.
3.2 Hyb idisa ion amewo k
This accoun o p osodic ans e o con e gence b ough abou by language con ac is
based on he idea o language a ie ies as di e en ia ed en i ies (language A e sus
language B) concei ed o as abs ac en i ies cha ac e ized by hei own g amma and
de ini e bounda ies. Howe e , ecen ly a hyb idiza ion model has appea ed
(Gugenbe ge 2013) which assumes a ie ies ha a e no concei ed o as de ini e,
disc e e g amma s; his app oach ocuses mo e on speake s and hei linguis ic epe o y
han on he g amma . Palacios (2011) pu s o wa d a dynamic concep o g amma and
language con ac which conside s ha bilingual speake s ake ad an age o he
esou ces and s uc u es p o ided by he languages hey know o exp ess meanings and
di e en ia e nuances: " he speake exploi s new communica i e s a egies and
inco po a es hem in o his day- o-day speech beha iou " (p. 20). Thus, in a language
con ac si ua ion changes can in ol e any elemen o he language (p o ided he e is
in ense, his o ically gene alized con ac ), wo k in bo h di ec ions, and bilinguals'
compe ence is no he sum o he compe ences o monolinguals bu some hing much
mo e c ea i e, which is hus able o lou pu a i e es ic ions on in e e ence and
bo owing (Palacios 2010).
These s udies also aise doub s abou he concep o con e gence ha is gene ally
used in con ac linguis ics o o he g amma ical, phone ic o lexical phenomena,
ques ioning whe he i is compa ible wi h a hyb idis , dynamic concep o language
con ac . I is common in he li e a u e o see con e gence and hyb idiza ion employed
as i ual synonyms, gi en ha i would seem ha whe he we speak o hyb idiza ion o
o con e gence we end up in he same place: wo i ems a e combined o o m some hing
new ha is nei he o hem. Bu con e gence e e s o a p ocess in which he iden i y o
he wo i ems ha we s a ou om is main ained, whe eas hyb idiza ion appea s o
consis o a p ocess ha gi es ise o a hi d i em while cas ing doub on he exis ence,
o he han pu ely as an abs ac ion, o wo pe ec ly di e en ia ed i ems.
This app oach seems especially pe inen o he p esen s udy because, as we ha e
obse ed, bo h he di e si y o di e en speake s' p o iles and he a ie y o daily
in e ac ions make necessa y a heo e ical amewo k ha does no na ow down con ac
me ely o wo languages c ossing pa hs, bu akes in o accoun a wide a ie y o
a ailable linguis ic epe o ies. We a e no dealing wi h a mee ing o wo abs ac
en i ies bu wi h a a ie y o speake s wi h asso ed linguis ic backg ounds, a ying
linguis ic compe ences and di e en a i udes and eelings abou iden i y, who in e ac
and ha e a ange o linguis ic epe o ies a ailable o hem. Thus, a language con ac
si ua ion is no in e p e ed, in e ms o hyb idiza ion, as an a ea o "con agion," bu
a he as a domain which a ou s speake s' con ac wi h o he epe o ies, who may use
hese esou ces as hey see i .
4. The expe imen
4.1 Hypo hesis
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The heo e ical amewo ks se ou in 3.1 and 3.2 allow us o make some p edic ions o
he beha iou which we will ind in he in ona ion o he u e ances o he speake s we
s udy in ou expe imen .
The Roseano e al. (2015) model p edic s ha he e will ha e been a adi ional
p ocess o di ec ans e o Galician p osody in o GS du ing he adul diglossia s age,
bu sociolinguis ic changes ga e ise o a di use bilingualism which would ha e
a ou ed he appea ance o p ocesses o p osodic usion. As will be seen in 4.2, ou
in o man s we e bo n in he 90s and ep esen a gene a ion ha g ew up in di use
bilingualism and, as a esul , will show examples o hyb id pa e ns. I his p edic ion is
co ec , he answe o ques ion 1 in sec ion 1 ("Wha a e he in ona ion cha ac e is ics o
hese u e ances in Galician and GS?") will be ha he in ona ions o Galician and GS
p esen examples o hyb idisa ion and ha i will no longe be ac i e di ec ans e
om Galician o GS.
The hyb idisa ion amewo k and he dynamic language con ac model p edic all
hose speake s ha sha e his si ua ion o linguis ic con ac be ween GS and Galician
ha e a common epe o y which hey use in ei he o bo h languages. The e o e, i
seems necessa y o examine he beha iou o hose speake s who s a e hey a e bilingual
and hose who say hey a e monolingual o ind ou whe he his p edic ion is co ec . I
so, he answe o he second esea ch ques ion (“Do speake s who speak bo h Galician
and GS p esen dis inc in ona ion pa e ns in each o hese languages o hese
u e ances?”) will be hey use he same in ona ional epe o y independen ly on he
language hey a e speaking. The answe o he hi d esea ch ques ion (“Do speake s
who only use one o he languages (Galician o GS) p esen di e en pa e ns o hese
u e ances om hose who habi ually use bo h?”) will be hey could be di e en om
hose p esen ed by bilingual speake s, since he esou ces hese speake s will use will be
only o mainly hose o he language hey speak. Thus, he hyb idisa ion examples a e
expec ed o appea mo e equen ly in bilingual speake s han in monolingual speake s.
4.2 Me hod
4.2.1 In o man s
The co pus desc ibed he e con ains da a o wen y- wo in o man s who a e good
ep esen a i es o he di e en sociolinguis ic p o iles iden i ied abo e (see 2.2), and
se es o s udy and compa e in ona ion pa e ns in he a ie ies o Galician and Spanish
used by hese in o man s in o de o con i m o e u e ou hypo heses.
The in o man s we e emale uni e si y s uden s who came om di e en
geog aphical a eas, in o de o be able o compa e hem in e ms o sociolinguis ic
p o ile (i.e. i s language and habi ual language). The in o man s unde wen wo
p elimina y es s, a w i en ques ionnai e h ough which o sho lis candida es and
balance he sample, and secondly a eco ded o al in e iew in which hey spoke abou
hei linguis ic backg ounds, hei language beha iou in daily in e ac ions and hei
deg ee o exposu e o he language ha was hei L2. Once selec ion was comple ed, he
co pus desc ibed below was eco ded wi h wen y- wo s uden s aged be ween 18 and
22.
We classi y he in o man s in e ms o hei sociolinguis ic p o iles in: Galician
unc ional monolinguals (GM), unc ional bilinguals (BI), new speake s (NS) and
Cas ilian unc ional monolinguals (CM). The labels used o each ca ego y we e chosen
aking in o accoun in o man s' s a ed language beha iou , whence he quali ica ion
unc ional added o monolingual and bilingual. The mo i a ion o he e m "new
speake " (neo alan e in Galician) is pu ely p ac ical, gi en ha his is he mos
8
widesp ead and commonly used e m by speake s hemsel es whose i s language is
Spanish bu who speak mos ly o exclusi ely in Galician (Ramallo 2013, Ramallo and
O’Rou ke 2014). The p oposed ca ego ies appea o be he mos ep esen a i e ones in a
ypology o oday's young speake s, bu ob iously do no co e he whole ange o all
speake s and a e no comple ely disc e e ca ego ies since he usage equency o ei he
language is g adual. The main pa ame e s used we e i s language and language
habi ually spoken. In all e en s we ied o selec in o man s who we e p o o ypical o
each ca ego y wi h he help o in o ma ion ob ained in hei accoun s o hei linguis ic
backg ound:
(1) Galician unc ional monolinguals (GM): This g oup consis ed o se en young
women o u al o semi-u ban o igin whose i s language is Galician and who
speak Galician almos exclusi ely in hei daily li es in a p opo ion ha hey
hemsel es es ima e a close o 100%. By hei own accoun , hey only speak
Spanish when hey go o a Spanish-speaking a ea o when isi o s come who speak
Spanish and do no unde s and Galician. They co espond app oxima ely o
Ramallo's (2010) alan e adicional (lingua amilia ).
(2) Cas ilian unc ional monolinguals (CM): In his g oup he e a e ou young women
om u ban a eas whose i s language is GS, and who almos exclusi ely speak
Spanish in a pe cen age ha hey es ima e a close o 100%. They ecognise ha
hey can speak s anda d Galician bu hei use o i is e y spo adic (in class, in
ce ain limi ed in e ac ions, e c.), bu in hei home and in hei habi ual
su oundings hey ha e li le o no con ac wi h Galician. They a e called
occasional speake s o po en ial speake s in Ramallo (2010).
(3) Func ional bilinguals (BI): He e he e a e i e young women o u al o semi-u ban
o igin whose i s language is Galician and who speak bo h languages in hei daily
li es o a ying ex en s which hey es ima e a a ound 50%. In mos cases hey
speak Galician in hei immedia e en i onmen and Spanish wi h Spanish-speaking
co-wo ke s o s ange s. They belong o he ype ha Ramallo (2010) calls
unc ional bilingual speake s.
(4) New speake s (NS): These a e six young women o u ban o semi-u ban o igin
whose i s language is GS and who almos exclusi ely use Galician in hei daily
li es in a pe cen age hey es ima e a close o 100%. They only speak Spanish when
hey go o a Spanish-speaking a ea o when isi o s come who speak Spanish and
do no unde s and Galician; unlike he Galician monolinguals, howe e , hey o en
keep up hei Spanish wi h ce ain close amily membe s, ypically b o he s o
sis e s, o some imes one o hei g andpa en s o pa en s. They i wha Ramallo
and O’Rou ke (2014, 99-100) call neo alan es esenciais.
4.2.2 The co pus
A semi-spon aneous co pus based on a Discou se Comple ion Task (DCT) was eco ded
oge he wi h a Map Task, bu only he u e ances ob ained in he DCT a e discussed in
he p esen a icle. The me hod employed o elici da a in he DCT was an in e iew in
which in o man s we e p esen ed wi h di e en communica i e si ua ions and asked o
u e in di ec speech wha e e hey hough was he igh hing o say in each con ex . A
o al o 53 communica i e con ex s we e p oposed o ob ain 30 di e en ypes o
u e ances depending on he sen ence ype (decla a i e, in e oga i e, impe a i e ...) o
acco ding o hei p agma ic o communica i e meaning (echo-ques ions, con i ma ion-
seeking ques ions, oca i e o insis ence...). The cu en pape only analyses b oad
ocus s a emen s (3 u e ances), in o ma ion-seeking yes-no ques ions (2 u e ances) and
9
in o ma ion-seeking wh-ques ions (2 u e ances). In all hese cases we p esen he
con ex s whe e hese u e ances a e deli e ed in a neu al manne , i.e. seeking o make a
s a emen , ob ain an a i ma i e o nega i e eply, o ob ain a speci ic piece o
in o ma ion. Thus, we will omi u e ances whe e he in o man s added p agma ic o
exp essi e nuance.
The u e ances s udied in his pape we e ob ained h ough he ollowing con ex s,
adap ed om IARI co pus (P ie o and Cab é 2007-2012, P ie o and Roseano 2009-
2013) and om ou AMPER co pus (Mai ano 2011) (Table 1):
Table 1. Types o u e ances ha a e in ended o elici and p oposed
communica i e si ua ions (in Galician and in Spanish)
U e ance Galician Spanish
B oad ocus
s a emen s
You’ e asked i you p e e pea s o o anges. You eply o anges.
Say wha he woman in he pho o is doing.
You a e doing he shopping wi h a la ma e. You a e in he ui
shop and she does no know i o choose pea s o o anges and
you’ e asked wha Olalla will p e e . You eply ha she p e e s
o anges.
In o ma ion-
seeking yes-no
ques ion
You go in o a shop whe e you’ e
ne e been and ask i hey ha e
o anges.
You go in o a shop and ask i
hey ha e jam.
You had o ake you b o he o
he oo ball ield o a li le
while, bu you' e in a hu y. Ask
a iend i he’ll ake him.
You' e in he s ee and you ask
somebody i hey' e go he ime.
In o ma ion-
seeking wh-
ques ion
You ha e o a el o Pa is and
wan o buy a gi o a pe son
you know li le abou and whom
you wan o imp ess. You wan a
iend o you s o ad ise you and
ask him wha he would b ing
back.
Ask wha ime i is.
A iend o you s en s houses
and says ha he has en ed a
house ha hadn’ been en ed o
a long ime. Ask him who en ed
i .
You ha e walked up
Guada ama. When you ge
he e, you come ac oss a
colleague and ask him wha own
he has le om.
The eco dings we e made in Spanish and Galician, as ollows: bilingual speake s
(BI) and new speake s (NS) ga e wo in e iews in sepa a e sessions; monolinguals
(CM and GM) ga e one in e iew in he language hey speak. In his way, we analysed
105 u e ances in GS (7 si ua ions x 15 in o man s) and 126 u e ances in Galician (7
si ua ions x 18 in o man s).
16
I is in e es ing o no e ha he in ona ion o Can ab ia Spanish (López Bobo and
Cue as 2010) is in e media e be ween Galician and Cas ilian: i di e s om Galician
and esembles Cas ilian Spanish in ha he nuclea one is no associa ed wi h he wh-
wo d, and om Cas ilian ( he second Cas ilian Spanish pa e n desc ibed) in ha i ends
in a low one, as in Galician.
5. Conclusions
In ou expe imen we selec ed a g oup o in o man s conside ing hei linguis ic
compe ence and hei use o he wo con ac languages o Galicia, Galician and GS. We
collec ed da a o hei p oduc ion in bo h Galician and GS o b oad ocus s a emen s,
yes-no ques ions and wh-ques ions. The esul s show a lack o a ia ion in he
in ona ion pa e ns o s a emen s and yes-no ques ions: he o me ha e a low nuclea
one and a global downwa d o e all con ou ; yes-no ques ions p esen he so-called
common pa e n (a deep all associa ed wi h he las s essed syllable and a p enuclea
con igu a ion in a high F0 le el). These pa e ns appea in all he speake s, speaking
Galician and Spanish ega dless o hei ini ial language o whiche e hei usual
language.
This homogenei y, especially in he case o yes-no ques ions, seems no o be due o
Cas ilian, which is ecognised as s anda d Spanish by Spanish speake s in Galicia
(Reguei a 2005), om which i di e s no iceably. On he o he hand, i is he same
in ona ion ha olde speake s, o u al o igin and wi hou e ia y s udies p esen (see
Fe nández Rei 2007 and Fe nández Rei e al. 2005 o a desc ip ion o his kind o
Galician a ie ies). These esul s sugges , hen, ha hese in ona ion pa e ns a e
au och honous and o igina ed in Galician, om whe e hey we e ans e ed di ec ly o
GS.
We do no sha e Pé ez Cas illejo's iew which assumes he exis ence o a a ie y o
Spanish in Galicia ha unde wen a linguis ic change consis ing o he "elimina ion o a
p osodic-p agma ic con as " (Pé ez Cas illejo 2012: 263), since we would a gue ha
he p osodic ea u es which cha ac e ize he Mad id a ie y o Spanish we e ne e
p esen in GS, and such a language a ie y is he e o e no he poin o depa u e; we
mus s a ou om he Spanish spoken by Galicians whose i s language was Galician
and who had been unc ional monolinguals in Galician o cen u ies. Thus, i is no he
case ha he GS dialec in ques ion p esen s ha in ona ion pa e n in in o ma ion-
seeking yes-no ques ions as a consequence o a linguis ic change caused by con ac wi h
Galician; a he , ha pa e n is in insic o ha a ie y o Spanish, ha ing been p esen
in i since i s incep ion, being he esul o a di ec ans e om Galician. Tha will
change, o cou se, i he pa e n is modi ied as a esul o con ac wi h Spanish o wi h
o he a ie ies, o o any o he eason.
This di ec ans e om Galician o GS seems no longe o be ac i e, as is shown
by he ac ha some o ou Galician speake s use he common in ona ion pa e n o
yes-no ques ions e en hough hey come om a eas whe e he Galician e nacula lacks
ha melody, such as he sou hwes e n a ea o Cos a da Mo e (c . he in ona ion pa e ns
eco ded o hese a eas in Fe nández Rei and Escou ido 2008). The common yes-no
ques ion pa e n appea s o ope a e as a s anda d pa e n o hese speake s. I also
seems o be he s anda d pa e n o GS gi en ha all speake s use i when hey speak
GS (Fe nández Rei 2016).
The si ua ion is di e en o wh- ques ions: he e he e exis s a di e en in ona ion
pa e n in GS om ha gene ally ound in Galician, al hough i compe es wi h he la e .

17
Compa ing i wi h Mad id Spanish, i looks like a hyb id pa e n since i does no
eplica e he Mad id con ou exac ly, bu esembles i in he bounda y one, while
keeping he nuclea one on he wh- wo d and ha ing pi ch con ou associa ed wi h he
in e oga i e elemen as in Galician. In he case o wh- ques ions, hen, he language
being spoken appea s o be mo e decisi e han ei he he i s language o he habi ual
language: nei he new speake s no bilinguals use a ising inal in ona ion when
speaking Galician, only when hey speak Spanish.
The hypo heses ha we o mula ed in ou expe imen p edic ed ha we would ind
examples o hyb id pa e ns, ha he e would be no di e ence in beha iou depending
on he language in which hey we e spoken and ha hyb idisa ion ins ances would
appea mo e equen ly in bilingual speake s han monolingual speake s. The only
hypo hesis ha is con i med is ha we ind some examples o hyb idisa ion, al hough
hey a e no e y abundan (only 12 o a o al o 172 u e ances analysed). The o he wo
hypo heses a e no con i med, because ou da a show a di e en beha iou depending
on he language used and he ew exis ing hyb idisa ion examples appea in bo h
monolingual and bilingual speake s.
So we can answe he ques ions aised in sec ion 1:
1. Wha a e he in ona ion cha ac e is ics o hese u e ances in Galician and GS?
Galician and GS in ona ion pa e ns a e e y simila in b oad ocus s a emen s and
yes-no ques ions, bu he e a e ce ain di e ences in wh- ques ions whe e we ha e
documen ed hyb id pa e ns in GS ha a e con e gen wi h Mad id Spanish.
2. Do speake s who speak bo h Galician and GS p esen dis inc in ona ion pa e ns in
each o hese languages o hese u e ances? Yes, in he case o wh- ques ions, bu
no in he case o b oad ocus s a emen s and yes-no ques ions.
3. Do speake s who only use one o hese languages (Galician o GS) p esen di e en
pa e ns o hese u e ances om hose who habi ually use bo h languages?
Bilinguals do no p esen di e ences om monolinguals who sha e he same L1, ha
is o say, when new speake s speak GS, which is hei L1, hey do no di e om
monolingual Spanish speake s, and when bilinguals speak Galician, hei L1, hey
beha e jus like monolingual Galician speake s.
Las ly, he da a do no con i m p edic ions abou hyb idiza ion by p o iding
e idence ha he Galician and GS epe o ies a e bo h a ailable o use in ei he o he
language. On he con a y, in he case o wh- ques ions speake s choose di e en
epe o ies depending on which language hey a e speaking. The e is also no hing o
indica e ha he bi-di ec ionali y p edic ed by Palacios (2010) is aking e ec , no is
Colan oni and Gu lenkian's (2004) o ecas con i med, acco ding o which bilinguals
will exhibi one pa e ns ha di e om hose o monolinguals in ei he language. I
migh be ha such p ocesses o hyb idiza ion o con e gence a e a such an ea ly s age
ha i is s ill ha d o ecognise any a ia ion ha ep esen s e idence o hei exis ence.
Na u ally we also canno ule ou comple ely he possibili y ha he ask he speake s
we e ca ying ou somehow had an in luence, he consequence o which migh ha e
been a ce ain deg ee o le elling o hei language a ie ies.
Acknowledgemen s
I would like o exp ess my g a i ude o Alba Ague e o he help wi h collec ion o he
Spanish co pus. I also wan o hank he in o man s, mos o whom we e Philology
Facul y s uden s, o hei pa ience. And inally, I am e y g a e ul o F ancisco Dube
18
Ga cía, Gab iel Rei-Do al and wo anonymous e iewe s o hei ca e ul eading o he
manusc ip and hei many aluable commen s and sugges ions. All e o s emain mine.
This s udy has ecei ed inancial suppo om he Xun a de Galicia and he Eu opean
Union (unde he g an GRC2013/40) and om he p ojec s Cambio lingüís ico en
gallego (FFI2012-33845) and Con ac o y cambio lingüís ico en gallego (FFI2015-
65208-P), inanced by he Minis y o Economy and Compe i i i y.
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