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E alua ion o oxygen abso be sys em
e ec i eness in bu e con aine s
Pablo O e o-Pazos, Raquel Sendón, Ismael Ma ínez, Goizane P.
Au ekoe xea, Inmaculada Angulo & Ana Rod íguez-Be naldo de Qui ós
To ci e his a icle: Pablo O e o-Pazos, Raquel Sendón, Ismael Ma ínez, Goizane P.
Au ekoe xea, Inmaculada Angulo & Ana Rod íguez-Be naldo de Qui ós (2018) E alua ion o
oxygen abso be sys em e ec i eness in bu e con aine s, CyTA - Jou nal o Food, 16:1, 205-212,
DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2017.1379561
To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/19476337.2017.1379561
© 2018 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma
UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis
G oup.
Published online: 15 Jan 2018.
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E alua ion o oxygen abso be sys em e ec i eness in bu e con aine s
Pablo O e o-Pazos
a
, Raquel Sendón
a
, Ismael Ma ínez
b
, Goizane P. Au ekoe xea
c
, Inmaculada Angulo
c
and Ana Rod íguez-Be naldo de Qui ós
a
a
Depa men o Analy ical Chemis y, Nu i ion and Food Science, Facul y o Pha macy, Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, San iago de
Compos ela, Spain;
b
I+D Depa men , Fei aco, Ames, Spain;
c
Depa men o Plas ic and Composi es, GAIKER (Resea ch Cen e), Zamudio, Spain
ABSTRACT
The oxygen can ha e an ad e se e ec on he quali y o some oods leading o a dec ease in hei
shel -li e. Se e al app oaches ha e been applied o emo e he oxygen concen a ion in packed
ood; among hem, oxygen sca enge s ha e been widely used o p ese e oxygen-sensi i e oods.
In he p esen s udy, an expe imen al se -up was designed o e alua e he e ec i eness o oxygen
sca enge s, in emo ing oxygen om bu e con aine s. Two ypes o oxygen abso be s adhesi e
labels and sache s and wo caps wi h and wi hou adjus able closu e we e es ed. The plas ic caps
used in he s udy we e cha ac e ized by di e en ial scanning calo ime y and Fou ie ans o m
in a ed spec oscopy. The oxygen concen a ion in he headspace o he con aine s was moni o ed
using a gas analyse . The bes esul s we e achie ed wi h he oxygen abso be sache s and using
caps wi h adjus able closu e. Unde hese condi ions, he oxygen concen a ion inside he con aine
emained below 3% du ing 150 h.
E aluación de la e icacia de un sis ema de abso bedo es de oxígeno en en ases
pa a man equilla
RESUMEN
El oxígeno puede ene un e ec o ad e so en la calidad de algunos alimen os que puede conduci a
una disminución de su ida ú il. Se han aplicado a ios mé odos pa a elimina o educi la
concen ación de oxígeno en los alimen os en asados; en e ellos los abso bedo es de oxígeno
han sido ampliamen e u ilizados pa a conse a alimen os sensibles al oxígeno. En es e es udio se
diseñó un expe imen o pa a e alua la e icacia de los abso bedo es de oxígeno, basados en la
oxidación de pol o de hie o, en la eliminación del oxígeno de los ecipien es de man equilla. Se
ensaya on dos ipos de abso bedo es, e ique as adhesi as y bolsi as y dos ipos de apas con y sin
cie e ajus able. Las apas de plás ico u ilizadas en el es udio se ca ac e iza on po calo ime ía de
ba ido di e encial (DSC) y espec oscopía in a oja po ans o mada de Fou ie (FTIR). Se con oló
la concen ación de oxígeno en el espacio de cabeza de los ecipien es u ilizando un analizado de
gas. Los expe imen os se ealiza on simulando las condiciones de almacenamien o de la man e-
quilla. Los mejo es esul ados se ob u ie on con los abso bedo es de oxígeno ipo bolsi as y con
apas con cie e ajus able. En es as condiciones, la concen ación de oxígeno den o del ecipien e
pe maneció po debajo del 3% du an e 150 h.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 21 June 2017
Accep ed 10 Sep embe
2017
KEYWORDS
Oxygen sca enge s; bu e
con aine s; sache s; adhesi e
labels; caps cha ac e iza ion
PALABRAS CLAVE
abso bedo es de oxígeno;
en ases pa a man equilla;
bolsi as; e ique as adhesi as;
ca ac e ización de apas
1. In oduc ion
Oxygen is one o he majo causes o ood de e io a ion. I is
esponsible o undesi able eac ions and p ocesses ha can
occu in oods u s such as, ancidi y o a s and a y oods,
discolo a ion o ce ain oods (i.e. mea p oduc s, he bs, ea,
d ied ege ables and so on) and loss o oxygen sensi i e
mic onu ien s (i.e. i amin C, i amin E, β-ca o ene, e c.).
Mo eo e , i s p esence a ou s he g ow h o moulds, yeas
and ae obic bac e ia (An hie ens e al., 2011; Busolo &
Laga on, 2012; Byun, Da by, Cooksey, Dawson, & Whi eside,
2011; de K uij y e al., 2002; Ke y, O’G ady, & Hogan, 2006;
López-Rubio e al., 2004; Mills, 2005; Sänge laub e al., 2013;
Suppakul, Mil z, Sonne eld, & Bigge , 2003). Also unwan ed
odou s can appea (e.g. as a esul o he lipid oxida ion)
which make he p oduc unaccep able by he consume s
(Ba iuso, As iasa án, & Anso ena, 2013; Coupland &
McClemen s, 1996; Ka pińska, Bo owski, & Danowska-
Oziewicz, 2001).
To con ol he oxygen concen a ion is c ucial o p o ec
he packed oods. Di e en echnologies ha e been
employed o emo e he oxygen including acuum packa-
ging, ac i e modi ied a mosphe e packaging and oxygen
sca enge s (Busolo & Laga on, 2012; Byun e al., 2011;
Ke y e al., 2006; Mu e al., 2013; Sänge laub e al., 2013).
The la e ones ha e been success ully applied o elimina e
oxygen om di e en packed ood i ems such as nu s, mea
p oduc s, bake y p oduc s, cheese, co ee, ish, pas a, ui
juices, ege ables and so on (Cha les, Sanchez, & Gon a d,
2006; López-Ce an es, Sánchez-Machado, Pas o elli, Rijk, &
Pasei o-Losada, 2003; Res uccia e al., 2010; Ve mei en,
De lieghe e, an Bees , de K uij , & Debe e e, 1999).
In a s udy conduc ed by Pas o elli, Valzacchi, Rod iguez,
and Simoneau (2006), he oxygen sca enge s we e
employed in he s o age o hazelnu s wi h sa is ac o y
esul s. The oxygen con en was educed un il 0.001% in
samples s o ed wi h oxygen sca enge s, while in he
CONTACT Ana Rod íguez-Be naldo de Qui ós [email p o ec ed] Depa men o Analy ical Chemis y, Nu i ion and Food Science, Facul y
o Pha macy, Uni e si y o San iago de Compos ela, 15782 San iago de Compos ela, Spain
© 2018 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup.
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed use,
dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
CYTA –JOURNAL OF FOOD, 2018
VOL. 16, NO. 1, 205–212
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/19476337.2017.1379561
samples wi hou he ac i e sys em, he O
2
% was 18%.
An unez, Bo e o Oma y, Rosen a e , Pascall, and Wins one
(2012) also ound p omising esul s in he use o oxygen
abso be s o he conse a ion o p ese a i e- ee lou o -
illas. These ac i e sys ems ha e as well p o en o be e ec-
i e o ex end he shel -li e o whea c acke s (Be enzon &
Saguy, 1998). The oxygen abso be s ha e also demons a ed
o be e icien in a oiding discolou a ion in g ound bee (Gill
& McGinnis, 1995). Mohan, Ra ishanka , and S ini asagopal
(2008) epo ed ano he applica ion o oxygen sca enge
echnology o he imp o emen o he shel -li e o ca ish
(Pangasius su chi) s eaks. Wi h his ac i e sys em, he oxygen
le el inside he packages was g ea ly educed and conse-
quen ly he shel -li e o he p oduc s was conside ably
inc eased.
The oxygen sca enge s a ailable a e based on di e en
mechanisms o ac ion mainly: chemical sys ems (powde ed
i on oxide, ca echol, e ous ca bona e, i on-sulphu , sulphi e
sal -coppe sulpha e, pho osensi i e dye oxida ion, asco bic
acid oxida ion, ca aly ic con e sion o oxygen by pla inum
ca alys ) and enzyma ic sys ems (glucose oxidase-glucose,
alcohol oxidase-e hanol apou ) (Ozdemi & Flo os, 2004).
These ac i e sys ems a e p esen ed in di e en o ms:
sache s, adhesi e labels ca ds o shee s. The sache s a e
no app op ia e o liquid and semi-liquid oods.
The las ends in he ac i e ood packaging ield a e
de o ed o inco po a e he oxygen sca enge s in o he
packaging ma e ials (An unez e al., 2012; Byun e al., 2011;
Cecchi, Passamon i, & Cecchi, 2010; Dainelli, Gon a d,
Spy opoulos, Zonde an- an den Beuken, & Tobback, 2008;
Ve mei en e al., 1999). Se e al examples ha e been
desc ibed in he li e a u e. Galdi, Nicolais, Di Maio, and
Inca na o (2008) epo ed he de elopmen o an ac i e
ma e ial by means o he inco po a ion o oxygen sca en-
ge s in o a polye hylene e eph hala e (PET) ma ix du ing
he ex usion p ocess. The de eloped ilms ha e demon-
s a ed e ec i e in p e en ing discolo a ion in esh apple
slices when compa ed wi h he samples packed wi h he
con ol PET ilms wi hou he oxygen sca enge .
A new oxygen sca enging sys em consis ed o a polyole-
in nanocomposi e con aining an i on-based kaolini e is
desc ibed in a wo k ca ied ou by Busolo and Laga on
(2012). Sänge laub e al. (2013) de eloped i on-based oxy-
gen sca enging mul ilaye ilms by ex usion o ood packa-
ging applica ions.
These las sys ems a e p e e ed by consume s and ep e-
sen a di e en op ion o he con en ional sache s and
labels. Bu , howe e , he sache s based on i on powde
oxida ion p esen a highe oxygen sca enging capaci y and
om he comme cial poin o iew a e he mos widely used
(Busolo & Laga on, 2012; de K uij y e al., 2002; Galdi e al.,
2008; Ke y e al., 2006; Ve mei en e al., 1999).
Bu e is a ood highly suscep ible o lipid oxida ion, his
phenomenon leads o he de elopmen o undesi able
odou s, esul ing in an al e a ion o he o ganolep ic
p ope ies and he nu i ional alue, and he e o e dec eas-
ing i s shel -li e (Aya , Özcan, Akgül, & Akin, 2001; Ba iuso
e al., 2013; Mallia, Esche , & Schlich he le-Ce ny, 2008; Mallia
e al., 2008; Panse i, Soncin, Chiesa, & Biondi, 2011).
In he p esen wo k, an expe imen al se -up was designed
o assess he e ec i eness o oxygen sca enge s in educing
o elimina ing he oxygen le els om bu e con aine s. Two
di e en o ms, sache s and adhesi e labels, and wo di e -
en ypes o caps wi h and wi hou adjus able closu e we e
e alua ed. The assays we e pe o med simula ing eal con-
di ions o s o age. Addi ionally, he plas ic caps used in he
s udy we e cha ac e ized by di e en ial scanning calo ime y
(DSC) and Fou ie ans o m in a ed spec oscopy (FTIR).
The oxygen ansmission h ough he cap in he closed
package was also e alua ed.
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Ma e ials
Two comme cial oxygen sca enge s, adhesi e labels (ATCO
OS 200) and sache s (ATCO LH 210), we e ob ained om
Labo a oi es S anda (Caen, F ance). The speci ica ions o
bo h sys ems a e p esen ed in Table 1. Acco ding he sup-
plie ’s ins uc ions, he oxygen abso be ATCO OS-200 mus
be used in a mosphe es wi h ela i e humidi y (RH) highe
han 85% RH whe eas he oxygen sca enge ATCO LH 210
can be used in ei he humid o d y a mosphe es.
All packaging samples we e p o ided by Fei aco (Fei aco
Sociedad Coope a i a Galega, Ames, A Co uña, Spain) and a e
shown in Figu e 1. The ci cula and he me ic packaging is
made o inpla e can and he capaci y is 250 mL. On op o
package is an easy open lid made o in. The e a e wo caps
ha can be employed once he easy open lid is emo ed: cap
wi h adjus able closu e and cap wi hou adjus able closu e.
These con aine s a e in ended o hold bu e pa icula ly
sensi i e o oxida ion because o i s a y acid composi ion.
This bu e p esen s a highe con en in polyunsa u a ed a y
acids pa icula ly in omega-3 a y acids and in conjuga ed
linoleic acid compa ed wi h a con en ional bu e . These
di e ences a e a ibu ed o he milk used in i s elabo a ion.
2.2. Expe imen al p ocedu e
An expe imen al se -up was designed in o de o e alua e
he e ec i eness o oxygen sca enge s in emo ing esidual
oxygen in bu e con aine s.
Two se ies o es s we e ca ied ou in o de o e alua e
he di e en oxygen sca enge s: sache s and adhesi e
labels. In he i s sequence o assays, adhesi e labels we e
checked. The labels we e pas ed o he in e nal ace o he
plas ic cap (Figu e 2(a)). The cans we e illed wi h 200 mL o
wa e o simula e he olume occupied by he bu e . Twice
a day, a ea ly mo ning and a noon, he cans we e opened,
and 25 mL o he wa e we e wi hd awn, simula ing he
Table 1. Cha ac e is ics o he oxygen sca enge s used in he s udy.
Tabla 1. Ca ac e ís icas de los abso bedo es de oxígeno usados en el es udio.
Sys em Re e ence Sca enging sys em Capaci y Weigh Size
Label ATCO OS-200 I on oxide 200 mL 50 × 50 mm
Sache ATCO LH 210 I on oxide 210 mL 4.5 g 50 × 50 mm
206 P. OTERO-PAZOS ET AL.
opening o he cans in eal li e and he inc emen o olume
in he headspace due o g adual consump ion o bu e .
Du ing he whole assay, he con aine s we e s o ed a 5°C.
The assays we e conduc ed wi h bo h ypes o plas ic
caps. Each expe imen was made by duplica e o iplica e.
In he second se ies o ials, sca enge sache s we e es ed.
Glass ings we e placed inside he cans and he sca enge
sache s we e placed on hem and hus a oiding he di ec
con ac wi h wa e acco ding he supplie ’ ecommenda ion
(Figu e 2(b)). The expe imen s we e also pe o med wi h bo h
ypes o caps.
2.3. Equipmen s
In he abo e–men ioned assays, he esidual oxygen was
measu ed by using a gas analyse PBI Dansenso Check
Ma e 9900 O
2
/CO
2
(Rings ed, Denma k). The gas sampling
was made wi h a needle h ough he sep um (Sep a 20 MM
Figu e 1. (a, b) Bu e packed in he packaging and (c) adjus able closu e cap and (d) no adjus able cap.
Figu a 1. (a, b) Man equilla en asada y (c) apa de cie e ajus able y (d) apa de cie e no ajus able.
Figu e 2. Expe imen al se -up used o e alua e he e ec i eness o he oxygen sca enge s in emo ing oxygen om he bu e con aine s adhesi e labels (a)
and sache s (b).
Figu a 2. Diseño expe imen al usado pa a e alua la e ec i idad de los abso bedo es de oxígeno en la eliminación de oxígeno desde los en ases de
man equilla, e ique as adhesi as (a) y bolsi as (b).
CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 207
TFE/SIL 0.130 FOR 20 mm SEAL). The oxygen concen a ion
in he headspace o he con aine was measu ed each hou .
2.3.1. Di e en ial scanning calo ime y
The he mo analy ical cu es we e ob ained in DSC module
using Me le Toledo equipmen , ope a ing unde he ol-
lowing condi ions: hea ing a e o 10°C/minu e in an a mo-
sphe e o ni ogen (Ramp 10°C/min o 300°C). Polyme
weigh was 10 mg a a empe a u e ange o 25–300°C.
2.3.2. Fou ie ans o m in a ed spec oscopy
FTIR was pe o med in Shimadzu equipmen . Samples we e
analysed by a enua ed o al e lec ance (ATR)-FTIR. The
spec a ocus on 4000–650 cm
−1
.
2.3.3. Oxygen ansmission a e (OTR)
OTR was measu ed acco ding o ASTM D3985:2010.
“S anda d es me hod o oxygen ansmission a e h ough
plas ic ilm and shee ing using a coulome ic senso ”in OX-
TRAN 2/21MH equipmen . (OTR was e alua ed o 4
empe a u es.
The es condi ions we e as ollows: sample: la a ea o
adjus able closu e cap and la a ea o no adjus able cap;
es empe a u e: 10°C, 20°C, 23°C, 30°C and 35°C and 0%
RH; p essu e: 760 mm Hg; sample gas was syn he ic ai : 21%
oxygen and 0% RH; and es ed a ea: 5 cm
2.
3. Resul s and discussion
Fi s o all, he plas ic caps used in he s udy we e cha ac e -
ized by DSC and FTIR. Figu e 3 shows he DSC cu es
ob ained o bo h ypes o caps, wi h and wi hou adjus able
closu e, espec i ely. As can be seen in Figu e 3(a), i s and
second mel ing peaks a e 102°C and 125°C which co e-
spond o polye hylene (PE wi h di e en densi y) and he
hi d mel ing peak a 164°C co esponds o polyp opylene
(PP). In Figu e 3(b), only a mel ing peak a 109°C was
obse ed which co espond o PE.
ATR-FTIR analysis (Figu e 4) con i ms PE and PP as plas ic
closu e o adjus able cap and PE as plas ic closu e o no
adjus able cap, espec i ely. Fo example, o PP and PE, he
bands in he egion a ound 2950 cm
−1
co espond o me hyl
and me hylene g oups. The coa ing o he in was also
analysed by ATR-FTIR and he spec a ob ained showed
ha he cans we e coa ed wi h an epoxy. The peak a ound
3050 cm
−1
co esponds o C–H s e ching o epoxy ing.
Figu e 3. (a) DSC measu emen in adjus able closu e cap and (b) DSC measu emen in no adjus able closu e cap.
Figu a 3. (a) Medida DSC en apa de cie e ajus able y (b) Medida DSC en apa de cie e no ajus able.
208 P. OTERO-PAZOS ET AL.
80010001200140016001800200024002800320036004000
1/cm
67.5
70
72.5
75
77.5
80
82.5
85
87.5
90
92.5
%T
RECUBRIMIENTO LATA MANTEQUILLA
8001000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000 1/cm
45
52.5
60
67.5
75
82.5
90
97.5
%T
P-12-12703-E-1
a
80010001200140016001800200024002800320036004000 1/cm
45
52.5
60
67.5
75
82.5
90
97.5
%T
TAPA INMA
b
c
Figu e 4. (a) ATR-FTIR spec a in adjus able closu e cap, (b) ATR-FTIR spec a in no adjus able closu e cap and (c) ATR-FTIR spec a in in coa ing.
Figu a 4. (a) ATR-FTIR espec o en apa con cie e ajus able, (b) ATR-FTIR espec o en apa con cie e no ajus able y (c) ATR-FTIR espec o en el ecub imien o.
CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 209
Mo eo e , oxygen ba ie p ope ies we e analysed in
bo h caps o e alua e oxygen ansmission h ough he
cap in he closed package. The esul s a e p esen ed in
Table 2 and he e ec o empe a u e on he OTR is shown
in Figu e 5. As can be in e ed om he da a, he e a e no
di e ences be ween bo h ypes o caps because hey ha e
simila oxygen ansmission a e.
Then, he e iciency o wo oxygen sca enge s, based on
i on powde oxida ion, o educe he oxygen concen a ion
om bu e con aine s was e alua ed.
Oxygen sca enge echnology is a aluable and con eni-
en ool o emo ing esidual oxygen in packed oods and
in his way main ains he quali y and consequen ly ex ends
he shel -li e o he p oduc s.
In he i s se ies o expe imen s, wo adhesi e labels
(A co OS 200) we e es ed acco ding he expe imen al
p ocedu e desc ibed ea lie . Figu e 6(a) shows ha when
he oxygen abso be labels (ATCO OS 200) we e applied o
bu e con aine s wi h a cap wi hou adjus able closu e,
an inadequa e educ ion o oxygen le els (>9%) was
obse ed. On he con a y, when caps wi h adjus able
closu e we e used, a oxygen concen a ion inside he
package a a concen a ion lowe han 3% was main ained
o app oxima ely 70 h (Figu e 6(b)). This could be
a ibu ed o he ype o closu e bu no o he pe me-
abili y o he ma e ials hey a e made o , i he esul s o
OTR a e aken in o accoun .
Secondly, es s we e ca ied ou wi h wo oxygen abso -
be sache s (ATCO LH 200). As in he p e ious assay, he
inco po a ion o he oxygen sca enge s in he con aine s
wi h cap wi hou adjus able closu e p oduces a less e ec i e
oxygen emo al (Figu e 6(c)) han when he abso be s we e
in he con aine s wi h cap wi h adjus able closu e (Figu e 6
(d)). In his las case, he oxygen concen a ion inside he
con aine emained below 3% du ing 150 h. I is in e es ing
o no e ha hese condi ions would co e he expec ed
bu e consump ion pe iod.
On he o he hand, when compa ed wi h adhesi e labels,
he sache s showed a highe oxygen-abso bing speed; like
his, wi hin he i s hou , oxygen concen a ions <5% we e
eached.
The ollowing expe imen was conduc ed wi h a single
oxygen abso be . Caps wi h adjus able closu e we e selec ed
due o he be e esul s ob ained p e iously.
The oxygen concen a ion in he con aine s wi h he
adhesi e label was ini ially 20% and was dec eased un il
3%. This concen a ion emained o 40–45 h (Figu e 6(e)).
In he case o he con aine s s o ed wi h oxygen abso be
Table 2. OTR esul s o adjus able and no closu e adjus able cap.
Tabla 2. Resul ados de elocidad de ansmisión de oxígeno (OTR) pa a apas con cie e ajus able y no ajus able.
OTR esul s o adjus able closu e cap OTR esul s o no adjus able closu e cap
Sample Thickness
Tes
condi ions
Resul s syn he ic ai
(cc/m
2
.day)
Resul s oxygen 100%
(cc/m
2
.day) Sample Thickness
Resul s syn he ic ai
(cc/m
2
.day)
Resul s oxygen 100%
(cc/m
2
.day)
1 0.812 10°C 30.57 145.56 1 0.894 26.78 127.52
2 0.828 27.48 130.88 2 0.89 28.77 136.99
A e age 29.0 ± 1.5 138.2 A e age 27.8 ± 1.0 134.3
1 0.812 20°C 52.45 249.76 1 0.894 47.26 226.84
2 0.828 48.18 229.44 2 0.89 50.03 240.14
A e age 50.3 ± 2.1 239.6 A e age 48.6 ± 2.0 233.28
1 0.812 23°C 59.44 283.04 1 0.894 55.02 262.0
2 0.828 55.98 266.59 2 0.89 55.46 264.1
A e age 57.7 ± 1.7 274.8 A e age 55.2 ± 0.2 263.0
1 0.812 30°C 85.05 405.0 1 0.894 79.77 382.56
2 0.828 85.83 408.71 2 0.89 78.48 376.71
A e age 85.4 ± 0.4 406.9 A e age 79.1 ± 1.0 379.8
1 0.812 35°C 110.94 528.28 1 0.894 105.56 506.68
2 0.828 105.96 504.58 2 0.89 104.17 500.02
A e age 108.4 ± 2.5 516.4 A e age 104.9 ± 1.0 503.5
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
cc/m2 day
T
OTR BUTTER CAPS
Adjus able closu e
wi hou adjus able closu e
Figu e 5. OTR cap wi h adjus able closu e and cap wi hou adjus able closu e s. empe a u e.
Figu a 5. Velocidad de ansmisión de oxígeno en apa con cie e ajus able y en apa con cie e no ajus able en e a la empe a u a.
210 P. OTERO-PAZOS ET AL.
sache s, oxygen con en lowe han 3% can be obse ed
du ing 70–80 h (Figu e 6( )). Thus, he abso be sache s
p o ide an a mosphe e low in oxygen o longe pe iods.
4. Conclusions
B ie ly, he ac i e sys ems ha e demons a ed e ec i eness
and u ili y in educing oxygen le els om he bu e con-
aine s and could be a good op ion o p o ec bu e sam-
ples om oxida ion. The abso be sache s ha e p o ed o be
mo e e icien han he adhesi e labels p o iding low oxy-
gen concen a ions longe . The lowe oxygen concen a ions
achie ed in he con aine s wi h adjus able closu e sugges
ha he ype o cap is an impo an ac o o conside .
Acknowledgmen s
The s udy was inancially suppo ed by he Di ec o a e Gene al o
Technology T ans e and Business De elopmen (Na ional R&D&I Plan
2008–2011; INNPACTO 2010 Call) o he Minis y o Economy and
Figu e 6. Oxygen concen a ion in he headspace o he bu e con aine s o samples con aining wo adhesi e labels and no adjus able cap (a) and adjus able
cap (b). Ve ical lines indica e he opening o he con aine . Oxygen concen a ion in he headspace o he bu e con aine s o samples con aining wo
abso be sache s and no adjus able cap (c) and adjus able cap (d). Oxygen concen a ion in he headspace o he bu e con aine s o samples con aining
adjus able caps and one adhesi e label (e) and one abso be sache ( ).
Figu a 6. Concen ación de oxígeno en el espacio de cabeza de los en ases de man equilla pa a mues as que con ienen dos e ique as adhesi as y apa con
cie e no ajus able (a) y apa con cie e ajus able (b). Las líneas e icales indican la ape u a del en ase. Concen ación de oxígeno en el espacio de cabeza de
los ecipien es de man equilla pa a mues as que con ienen dos abso bedo es de oxígeno ipo bolsi a y apa con cie e no ajus able (c) y apa con cie e
ajus able (d). Concen ación de oxígeno en el espacio de cabeza de los en ases de man equilla pa a mues as que con ienen apa con cie e ajus able y una
e ique a adhesi a (e) y un abso bedo de oxígeno ipo bolsi a ( ).
CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 211
Compe i i eness o he Spanish Go e nmen , e no. IPT-060000-2010-
014 “MIPFOOD”and by he “Conselle ía de Cul u a, Educación e
O denación Uni e si a ia, Xun a de Galicia”, e . no. GRC 2014/012. R.
Sendon is g a e ul o he “Pa ga Pondal”P og am inanced by
“Conselle ía de Inno ación e Indus ia, Xun a de Galicia” o he pos -
doc o al con ac . The au ho s a e also g a e ul o C. Casal, P. Blanco and
G. He melo o hei excellen echnical assis ance.
Disclosu e s a emen
No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho s.
Funding
The s udy was inancially suppo ed by he Di ec o a e Gene al o
Technology T ans e and Business De elopmen (Na ional R&D&I Plan
2008–2011; INNPACTO 2010 Call) o he Minis y o Economy and
Compe i i eness o he Spanish Go e nmen , e no. IPT-060000-2010-
014 “MIPFOOD”and by he “Conselle ía de Cul u a, Educación e
O denación Uni e si a ia, Xun a de Galicia”, e . no. GRC 2014/012. R.
Sendon is g a e ul o he “Pa ga Pondal”P og am inanced by
“Conselle ía de Inno ación e Indus ia, Xun a de Galicia” o he pos -
doc o al con ac .
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