The Influence o he Co ona Vi us
Pandemic on Sus ainable
De elopmen Goal 13 and Uni ed
Na ions F amewo k Con en ion on
Clima e Change P ocesses
Wal e Leal Filho
1
, Thomas Hickmann
2
, Gus a o J. Nagy
3
, Pa icia Pinho
4
, Ayyoob Sha ifi
5
,
Ap aji a Minhas
1
*, M Rezaul Islam
6
, Riyan i Djalan i
7
, An onio Ga cía Vinuesa
8
and
Ismaila Rimi Abubaka
9
1
Facul y o Li e Sciences, Resea ch and T ans e Cen e “Sus ainable De elopmen and Clima e Change Managemen ”Hambu g
Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ulmenlie , Ge many,
2
Cope nicus Ins i u e o Sus ainable De elopmen , U ech Uni e si y,
U ech , Ne he lands,
3
Ins i u o de Ecología y Ciencias Ambien ales, Facul ad de Ciencias, IECA, Uni e sidad de la República,
Igua, U uguay,
4
Ins i u e o Ad anced S udies (IEA), Uni e si y o Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, B azil,
5
G adua e School o Humani ies
and Social Sciences, and Ne wo k o Educa ion and Resea ch on Peace and Sus ainabili y, Hi oshima Uni e si y, Higashi-
Hi oshima, Japan,
6
Ins i u e o Social Wel a e and Resea ch, Uni e si y o Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
7
ASEAN Sec e a ia , Jalan
Sisingamanga aja, Jaka a, Indonesia,
8
SEPA-in e ea, Social Pedagogy and En i onmen al Educa ion Resea ch G oup,
Uni e sidade de San iago de Compos ela, San iago de Compos ela, Spain,
9
College o A chi ec u e and Planning, Imam
Abdul ahman Bin Faisal Uni e si y, Dammam, Saudi A abia
Apa om many social and economic p oblems wo ldwide, he COVID-19 pandemic has
also led o sudden hal in ace- o- ace clima e- ela ed mee ings. Mo eo e , i has also
nega i ely influenced he wo ks ela ed o he p epa a ions o he six h Assessmen
Repo o he In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change (IPCC) and o ganizing he 26 h
Con e ence o he Pa ies o he UN F amewo k Con en ion on Clima e Change
(UNFCCC), namely COP26 o be held in Glasgow, which was pos poned o
No embe 2021. This a icle p esen s a global s udy unde aken among UNFCCC
con ac poin s and o he clima e expe s, o asce ain he impac s o he pandemic on
he implemen a ion o SDG13 and UNFCCC p ocesses. The me hodological app oach
en ails an bibliome ic analysis, online su ey, and au ho s’expe judgmen . Resul s o he
bibliome ic analysis show ha he mos common e ms associa ed wi h his heme a e
COVID-19, clima e change, CO
2
, ene gy, “pandemic- ela ed,”and “adap a ion- ela ed.”In
addi ion, he su ey e ealed some di ficul ies associa ed wi h online pa icipa ion in he
p ocesses om many de eloping coun ies. The s udy concluded ha he e is nega i e
impac o COVID-19 pandemic on he UNFCCC p ocess, mo e mino go e nmen
p io i ies ega ding clima e ac ion, loss o ac ion o he p ocess, and a challenge o
achie e he Pa is Ag eemen , wi h less significan suppo om he esponden s om less
de eloped coun ies. The findings sugges ha u gen ac ion is needed, o make up o he
los ime, and place clima e issues mo e p ominen ly on he global agenda.
Keywo ds: COVID-19, clima e change, IPCC, UNFCCC (uni ed na ions amewo k con en ion on clima e change),
wo ld egion, de elopmen
Edi ed by:
Xande Wang,
Uni e si y o P ince Edwa d Island,
Canada
Re iewed by:
Ricca do Secomandi,
Uni e si y o Fe a a, I aly
Roge B ian S ee ,
Uni e si y o Ox o d, Uni ed Kingdom
*Co espondence:
Ap aji a Minhas
ap aji a.minhas@haw-hambu g.de
Special y sec ion:
This a icle was submi ed o
In e disciplina y Clima e S udies,
a sec ion o he jou nal
F on ie s in En i onmen al Science
Recei ed: 01 Decembe 2021
Accep ed: 20 Janua y 2022
Published: 16 Ma ch 2022
Ci a ion:
Filho WL, Hickmann T, Nagy GJ,
Pinho P, Sha ifiA, Minhas A, Islam MR,
Djalan i R, Ga cía Vinuesa A and
Abubaka IR (2022) The Influence o
he Co ona Vi us Pandemic on
Sus ainable De elopmen Goal 13 and
Uni ed Na ions F amewo k Con en ion
on Clima e Change P ocesses.
F on . En i on. Sci. 10:784466.
doi: 10.3389/ en s.2022.784466
F on ie s in En i onmen al Science | www. on ie sin.o g Ma ch 2022 | Volume 10 | A icle 7844661
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 16 Ma ch 2022
doi: 10.3389/ en s.2022.784466
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Backg ound
The clima e c isis is s ill aging, bu COVID-19 has educed he
le el o a en ion i used o ha e (Leal Filho e al., 2020).
Mo eo e , he heme “clima e change”has ecen ly slipped
om he op o he global poli ical agenda because o he need
o ackle he immediacies o he COVID-19 pandemic (Lance ,
2020). Howe e , he implica ions o he pandemic a e c ippling
economic g ow h and s agna ing de elopmen p og ess in
clima e change p og ammes, including clima e esea ch (Leal
Filho e al., 2021a). While he esponse ac ion ocuses on
add essing people’s immedia e heal h needs, o he h ea s,
including clima e ex emes, ha e s ill a ec ed mo e han 168
million people in 2020 (OCHA, 2020). Mo eo e , he le els o ai
pollu ion educed in he pandemic due o a d as ic educ ion in
economic ac i i ies (Dasgup a and S ikan h, 2020;Ven e e al.,
2020), which a e now bouncing back o he p e-pandemic le els.
Al hough 2020 was designa ed he “yea o clima e ac ion”by
he UN F amewo k Con en ion on Clima e Change (UNFCCC),
COVID-19 has e e sed p og ess, including he pos ponemen o
COP26 om 2020 o 2021 and in e e ed wi h he imely
submissions o he Na ionally De e mined Con ibu ions
(NDCs). The e o e, whe eas accomplishing esilience h ough
clima e change adap a ion (CCA) and disas e isk educ ion
(DRR) p og ammes is becoming mo e c ucial, he occu ence o
COVID-19 has made access o CCA and DRR finance mo e
di ficul due o compe ing p io i ies and pe sonnel sho ages (Cao
e al., 2020).
Ano he c ucial aspec is he di e sion o de elopmen unds
o ackling he pandemic, meaning ha some o which was no
used o add ess clima e change. . Despi e nega i e ends, he
Eu opean Commission has made unds a ailable o eco e y and
esilience, in addi ion o he “G een Deal”(Wol e al., 2021).
Addi ionally, a a ie y o coun ies aliena ed hemsel es om he
in e na ional communi y o ackle he pandemic. On accoun o he
G20-d i en deb se ice suspension ini ia i e (DSSI), each
pa icipa ing coun y has o accep o u ilize he esou ces hey
wouldha eused o hedeb onsocial,heal handeconomicnow
spending di e ed o he implica ions o COVID-19 (Cao e al., 2020).
Un o una ely, en i onmen al issues we e no p ope ly conside ed.
Fu he mo e, ques ions ha e been aised abou he wisdom o he de-
p io i iza ion o unding o clima e and disas e esilience.
howe e e ious o COVID-19, CCA and DRR finance we e
al eady inadequa e o accomplish he objec i es a icula ed in he
Pa is Ag eemen on clima e change (UNFCCC, 2015). Public and
p i a e sec o s we e s uggling o mee he a ge o $100 billion o
unding pe yea by 2020 o assis low-income coun ies in
figh ing clima e change (UNFCCC, 2009). Fu he mo e,
finance alloca ions o mi iga ion ha e domina ed hose o
adap a ion. Only a ound $30 billion was alloca ed o CCA in
2017/2018 (CPI, 2019).
Fu he mo e, many ecipien coun ies ha e eques ed
unding des ined o CCA and DRR o be edi ec ed o ackle
COVID-19. Fo ins ance, India and Pakis an ha e eques ed i
(Dono T acke , 2020).
In conclusion, he need o alloca e finance o COVID-19
esponses has aken p io i y, bu his should no dec ease
finance o CCA and DRR. On he con a y, ebuilding
economies o be g een, equi able, and esilien o a ious
clima e h ea s, may ensu e ha hey will no be exace ba ed
(Cen e o he S udy o Exis en ial Risks, 2020).
1.2 COVID-19, he Wo k o IPCC and he
Clima e Nego ia ions
In 1988, he Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og amme (UNEP)
and he Wo ld Me eo ological O ganiza ion (WMO) join ly
es ablished he In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change
(IPCC) wi h he manda e o egula ly conduc assessmen s o
he scien ific knowledge on clima e change. The IPCC unc ions
as a scien ific ad iso y body ha is mainly unded by s a es
olun a ily. I is o ganised in h ee Wo king G oups (WG) (WG
1: Physical Science Basis; WG2: Impac s, Adap a ion, and
Vulne abili ies; WG3: Mi iga ion o Clima e Change) whose
go e nmen s appoin leading au ho s. In plena y sessions,
go e nmen ep esen a i es adop he scien ific assessmen
epo s and app o e he summa ies o policymake s o he
scien ific epo s line by line. The IPCC is now in i s six h
assessmen cycle (AR6), wi h an expec ed publica ion in 2022.
Because o he COVID-19 pandemic, he IPCC plena y
mee ings ha e been held i ually since he beginning o 2020.
The pandemic has also led o inc eases in d he dispa i ies in
clima e change esea ch among schola s om he global sou h
and global no h Ins i u ions (Leal Filho e al., 2021a), a ec ing
mainly he women (especially mo he s). Du ing he pandemic,
he au ho s (and among hem mo he s) aced mul iple challenges
e e ywhe e (Minello, 2020), especially in global sou h
ins i u ions. Managing mul iple wo k- ela ed demands unde
p eca ious wo k condi ions p e en s a ending o he
es ablished in e na ional academic s anda ds. These in ol e a
lack o app op ia e in e ne connec ion, a ailable lib a ies, and
jou nal subsc ip s compounding o challenge and o making i
impossible o compe e wi h he same me ics o schola s based in
he global no h Ins i u ions (Schippe e al., 2021). Ano he
s udy om Leal Filho e al. (2021a) ound simila esul s based on
he Human De elopmen Index (HDI) ins ead o he Global
No h-Sou h di ide.
In he IPCC p ocess, o ins ance, he e has been an inc ease in
he numbe o emale au ho s o e he pas ecen yea s, despi e
o e 100 emale au ho s s ill eeling unde ep esen ed and acing
ba ie s o ully pa icipa ing in he p ocess associa ed wi h
English p oficiency, ace, na ionali y, and discipline o in e es
(Gay-An aki and Li e man, 2018). Du ing he COVID-19
pandemic, mo ing he IPCC mee ings o a i ual pla o m
exace ba ed he challenges aced by emale au ho s in he
Global Sou h whose language p oficiency has p e en ed ull
pa icipa ion and engagemen in he p ocess. This is so as
he e a e addi ional cos s in communica ing in English o
non-na i e speake s associa ed wi h comp ehension, w i ing
ease, ime, and anxie y (Ramí ez-Cas añeda, 2020). I is also
ue ha No he n-based au ho s domina e he discussions,
F on ie s in En i onmen al Science | www. on ie sin.o g Ma ch 2022 | Volume 10 | A icle 7844662
Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
sha ing ideas and w i ing un ai ly, placing non-English na i e
speake s ma ginal in he p ocess.
The nega i e consequences o he hegemony o English
pe pe ua e he global gap in science (Ramí ez-Cas añeda,
2020) and migh be e en so o emale clima e change
academics. This is so as academic mo he s e e ywhe e,
like hose based in he global sou h, a e alling behind hei
male coun e pa s as compounded housewo k, childca e, and
elde ly ca e, including gi ing he pa ia chal cul u e impo ance
and p io i y o male’s wo k (Ma in and Yusupo a, 2020)
(Table 1). As a esul , globally, gende di e ences in clima e
change esea ch ha e inc eased subs an ially despi e he g owing
engagemen o women’s academic p esence in he subjec (Huang
e al., 2020). Wi hou gende equi y app oaches in ins i u ions
and esea ch unding, he pe sis en inequali ies in he academy
now exace ba ed wi h COVID-19will con inue o exace ba e he
men al and emo ional dis ess, including he economic secu i y o
women in he academy (Malisch e al., 2020). Such inequali ies in
esea ch condi ions ac oss he No h and Global Sou h schola s,
oge he wi h he in e na ional me ics o judging esea ch-
ela ed academic p og ess (o success), a e pe pe ua ing he
legacy o colonising science (Schippe e al., 2021).
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed oo ed ulne abili ies and
inequali ies ac oss many domains o human li e and ecosys ems.
Howe e , i also p omo ed new isions and beha io s h ough
echnology, cul u e, educa ion, and ac oss he en i onmen and
humani y, indica ing many possibili ies o na iga e new
inno a i e and esilien pa hways.
The e o e, he au ho s pose wo un es ed p oposi ions ha
guide his esea ch and se e as depa ing poin s o he
subsequen analysis.
P oposi ion 1—COVID-19 a ec s he UNFCCC p ocess
quali y and iming.
P oposi ion 2—Pa icipan s om de eloping coun ies a e
mo e a ec ed han hose om de eloped socie ies.
2 METHODS
This esea ch examines some o he e ec s o he COVID-19 on
he UNFCCC p ocess based on a hyb id app oach o bibliome ic
analysis and an online su ey a ge ed on he UNFCCC agenda.
Bibliome ic analysis is a well- ied me hod, which has been
success ully deployed in a a ie y o clima e s udies (Wang
e al., 2018;Sha ifie al., 2021). The use o su eys o ga he
e idence ela ed o clima e change is also a p o en me hod (e.g.
Taylo a al. 2020), one being ecen ly unde aken among IPCC
au ho s o seek hei iews on ex eme e en s in he u u e
(Tolle son 2021).
Besides, he s udy ocuses on p oposi ions (P1 and P2).
2.1 Desc ip ion o Bibliome ic Analysis
Me hod
The au ho s conduc ed a e m co-occu ence analysis using
VOS iewe , a widely-used so wa e ool o bibliome ic
analysis ( an Eck and Wal man, 2010) o unde s and wha
issues ela ed o connec ions be ween he COVID-19
pandemic and achie emen o he SDG 13 on clima e ac ion
ha e been discussed in he li e a u e. Inpu da a o he analysis
we e pee - e iewed academic pape s indexed in he Web o
Science (WoS). The WoS was selec ed among di e en
da abases because i indexes quali y esea ch and p o ides
de ailed da a o analysis using VOS iewe . A b oad-based
sea ch s ing includes a combina ion o e ms ela ed o he
pandemic and clima e change adap a ion and mi iga ion
documen s. The li e a u e sea ch was conduc ed on 30 Janua y
2021, and e u ned 349 documen s. Ti les and abs ac s o hese
documen s we e sc eened, and 132 s udies ele an o he ocus o
his s udy we e selec ed o e m co-occu ence analysis using
VOS iewe . The analysis ou pu is p esen ed as a ne wo k o
nodes and links, whe e node size is p opo ional o he equency
o e m occu ence, and link wid h is p opo ional o he s eng h
o he connec ion be ween wo e ms. Te ms ha ha e equen ly
co-occu ed a e close o each o he and o m hema ic clus e s.
This a icle d aws on insigh s om a web-based expe su ey
sen o a ious UNFCCC con ac poin s and clima e expe s
in ol ed in he implemen a ion p ocess o clima e ag eemen s.
The ques ions o he su ey ha e been o mula ed based on p io
knowledge abou he specificfield anging om some gene al
ques ions posed in he beginning o a se o c ucial a ge
ques ions and some op ional open ques ions a he end o he
ques ionnai e.
Expe su eys a e a widely used me hod o collec da a on he
esponden s’pe cep ions o a pa icula domain o expe ise
(Gideon 2012;Wol e al., 2016). The expe su ey conduc ed
o his a icle aims o gain insigh s in o s akeholde s’
pe spec i es in ol ed in he UNFCCC p ocess. In addi ion, he
web-based su ey is pa icula ly sui ed o ou esea ch o explo e
he e ec s o he COVID-19 pandemic on he in e na ional
clima e nego ia ions shi ed owa ds a i ual se ing (Fleming
and Bowden 2009).
These a e o be complemen ed by some selec ed case s udies
whe e he influences o he pandemic on he nego ia ions leading
o COP26 a e showcased.
2.2 Au ho ’s Expe Judgmen
These pape au ho s conduc ed an in e nal expe judgmen
among se e al Lead Au ho s in he IPCC AR-6 WG II
ega ding he main changes since Janua y 2020 in he
assessmen p ocess, ocused on he se e e e ec s o he new
i uali y and he dialogue be ween pai s du ing he Lead Au ho s
Mee ing (LAMs) and BOGs.
2.3 Online Ques ionnai e Su ey
The au ho s conduc ed an online da a ga he ing h ough a
s uc u ed ques ionnai e su ey o unde s and he impac s o
COVID-19 on he UNFCCC p ocess. The su ey encompassed
fi e pa s. 1) Ques ions 1-7 desc ibed he sociog aphic
esponden in o ma ion. 2) Ques ions 8–12 desc ibed he
influence o he COVID-19 pandemic in he UNFCCC wo k
agenda. 3) Mul iple ques ion #13 desc ibed he e olu ion o he
UNFCCC p ocess. 4) Ques ions 14–15 add essed he
F on ie s in En i onmen al Science | www. on ie sin.o g Ma ch 2022 | Volume 10 | A icle 7844663
Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
esponden s’pe cep ions o he UNFCCC p ocess. Finally, 5)
Ques ions 16–19 allowed o some space o open-ended
ques ions.
The da a we e collec ed h ough an i e a i e p ocess ha
eques ed opinions and eedback om in e na ional clima e
change expe s. I was hen p e- es ed and adjus ed o
co obo a e i s adequacy (B yman 2016, pp. 260–261). The
ques ionnai e was ecei ed by a specific a ge g oup ela ed o
he UNFCCC p ocess. Besides, a snowball sampling included he
au ho ’s ne wo ks o capi alise on indi iduals’connec edness in
esea ch ne wo ks’(B yman 2016, p. 415). Responden s we e
om academia and go e nmen , and non-go e nmen al
o ganisa ions (NGOs).
The ques ionnai e was a ailable h ough he online Google
o ms pla o m om Ma ch 25 h o 20 July 2021. The esponses
o he ques ionnai e we e classed in o a 1-5 Like scale, e.g., 1 =
Doesn’ apply a all; 2 = Doesn’ apply p edominan ly; 3 =
Undecided; 4 = Pa ly applies; 5 = Fully applies, which allows
epo ing hem as a e ages.
2.2.1 Co ela ion Analyses
Pea son and Spea man ho co ela ion analyses explo ed
ela ionships be ween he ques ions (Qs) and HDI g oups
(VH-H and O he ), selec ing hose significan (p<0.05)
sha ed in bo h analyses.
2.2.2 Con as Analyses
The non-pa ame ic ( - es and ANOVA) and pa ame ic
(Mann-Whi ney U and K uskal–Wallis) es s analyse he
possible di e ences be ween he esponses, minimising he
Type I and II e o s ( alse posi i e and nega i e conclusions,
espec i ely). The analysis only includes hose a iables o which
bo h es s show a significance le el <0.05.
2.2.3 Sample
The sample consis ed o 68 esponden s om 38 coun ies; 43
we e male, and 25 we e emale. Rega ding hei educa ion
le els, 43 ob ained PhD deg ee, 18 a e pos g adua e
s uden s, se en g adua e s uden s, and 3 had high school
educa ion. Thei age g oup was 21–30 (n=4),31–40 (n=
18), 41–50 (n=16),51–60 (n=17),61–70 (n= 10), and 70+
(n= 3). Fo y-eigh pe cen o hem we e scien is s (n= 33),
32% we e NGO membe s, and 18% go e nmen employees.
Thi y-one esponden s ha e ne e pa icipa ed in a UNFCCC
mee ing. The o he 37 pa icipa ed once (n=1),2–3 imes (n=
11), 4–8 imes (n=7),9–15 imes (n= 9), and 15+ (n=3).The
coun ies (n= 38) mos ep esen ed in he su ey we e Nige ia
(n=6),Ge manyandSou hA ica(n=5),Kenya,Uganda,
Zimbabwe, India and The Uni ed S a es (n=4),Mexicoand
I aly (n= 2). Thei dis ibu ion by egion was A ica (n= 33),
Eu ope (n=15),Asia(n= 9), No h Ame ica (n=4),La in
Ame ica (n= 4), and Aus alia (n=3).
The 68 esponses we e di ided in o wo g oups acco ding o
he Human De elopmen Index (HDI) o he esponden s’38
coun ies. The di ide sepa a ed he esponden s om Ve y High
and High human de elopmen (n = 39) and Medium and Low
de elopmen (N= 29). The e o e, he HDI agg ega ion (UNDP,
2015) was p e e ed o egions o di ide he esponses and
e i y P2.
3 RESULTS
3.1 Resul s o he Bibliome ic Analysis
Figu e 1 p esen s he ou pu o he e m co-occu ence analysis,
which shows ha issues ela ed o connec ions be ween he
pandemic and mi iga ion and adap a ion ha e been add essed
in he li e a u e. Clus e s a he igh side o he figu e a e mainly
ela ed o ene gy and associa ed g eenhouse gas emissions
(GHGs). Two e ms, CO
2
and ene gy, ha e a mo e cen al
posi ion, indica ing hei dominance in he li e a u e. The
e m CO
2
ha is he mos equen ly occu ed (excluding
“COVID-19”and “clima e change” ha a e essen ial e ms o
he sea ch s ing and, he e o e, ha e occu ed mo e), has s ong
connec ions wi h o he e ms such as “ anspo ,”“lockdown,”
and “ene gy demand.”Much esea ch was published in 2020
demons a ing empo a y educ ions in CO
2
and o he GHGs
ollowing lockdown and social dis ancing measu es ha esul ed
in mobili y es ic ions (Abu-Rayash and Dince , 2020;
Balsalob e-Lo en e e al., 2020;Sa a ian e al., 2020). Howe e ,
change pa e ns ha e no been consis en ac oss di e en sec o s.
Fo ins ance, some s udies ha e epo ed inc easing esiden ial
sec o emissions due o inc eased ene gy demand (Bolaño-O iz
e al., 2020). Despi e his, e idence o emission educ ions is
p e alen (Sha ifiand Kha a ian-Ga msi , 2020), indica ing he
en i onmen al ex e nali ies o cu en anspo a ion, indus ial,
and global ade pa e ns ha ha e been adop ed in pu sui o
economic g ow h (Balsalob e-Lo en e e al., 2020). Such
obse a ions call o decoupling emissions and economic
g ow h and ansi ion owa ds enewable ene gy sou ces ha
con ibu e o achie ing clima e mi iga ion a ge s o he Pa is
Ag eemen and also p o ide heal h co-benefi s (Balsalob e-
Lo en e e al., 2020;Sha mina e al., 2020). Howe e , despi e
he CO
2
emissions educ ions du ing he fi s s ages o he
pandemic— he la ges e e decline—owing o he pandemic
hi ing demand o oil and coal ha de han o he ene gy
sou ces, while enewables inc eased, leading o he highes
e e global ene gy- ela ed C emissions. Apa om he da a
ga he ed om he bibliome ic analysis, i is wo h men ioning
ha in 2021, ca bon emissions we e p ojec ed o ebound and
g ow by 4.8% as demand o coal, oil and gas ebounds wi h he
economy (IEA, 2021).
Besides, some s udies wa n ha deca bonising he economy
may be challenging as he pandemic has caused significan
financial c ises in many pa s o he wo ld. As a esul , he e
is a isk ha economic s imuli packages o go e nmen s may
p io i ise economic eco e y a he expense o clima e ac ion
(Cojoianu e al., 2020;Shan e al., 2020). This highligh s he
significance o designing and implemen ing s a egies ha ensu e
g een eco e y om he c isis (Bui and de Villie s, 2021).
A cen al heme on he le side o he figu e is significan
adap a ion- ela ed e ms such as esilience, ulne abili y, and
disas e s. The e has been some ocus on how he eme gence o
COVID-19 in he con ex o o he s esso s and ulne abili ies
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Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
may lead o cascading and compounded impac s ha can cause
significan challenges o socie al esilience (Phillips e al., 2020;
Webb, 2020;Simono ic e al., 2021). I is a gued ha dealing wi h
such mul i-haza d challenges equi es adop ing mo e
comp ehensi e and in eg a ed app oaches owa ds disas e isk
educ ion ha conside a ious ypes o isks and s esso s and
hei po en ial in e ac ions (Linh e al., 2020;Takewaki, 2020).
D awing analogies be ween he pandemic and he ongoing
FIGURE 1 | Resul s o Bibliome ic analysis.
FIGURE 2 | p esen s an o e all iew o he influences o he COVID-19 pandemic on he pu sui o SDG 13.
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Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
clima e c isis in e ms o po en ial impac s and consequences,
he e ha e been some a gumen s ha he ulne abili ies exposed
by he pandemic should be conside ed as a wake-up call o
inc ease awa eness abou he se iousness o he looming
clima e c isis and encou age u he ac ions owa ds clima e
esilience (Leal Filho e al., 2020;Manzanedo and Manning,
2020;P ideaux e al., 2020). Such ac ions could also help
p e en significan ly po en ial heal h e ec s o clima e change
and simila u u e pandemics (Salas, 2020). Discussing he need
o educe socie al inequali ies has been a common ocus a ea in
analogies be ween he pandemic and he clima e c isis. The
pandemic has demons a ed ha he poo , women, elde ly,
and ma ginalised g oups, a e mo e ulne able o disas e s (Lee
e al., 2020;Mabon e al., 2020), highligh ing he need o
p io i ising e o s on enhancing clima e jus ice o ensu e a
be e esponse o clima e-induced ad e se e en s ha a e
highly likely o occu in he u u e.
3.2. Resul s o he Online Su ey
The esponses om he ques ionnai e su ey we e di ided based
on na ional HDI in o wo classes: Ve y High and High coun ies
(>0.70) (VH-H) and o he coun ies (<0.70) (o he s), which is
close o he abo e and below he wo ldwide a e age (0.70). The
o me (n= 39) includes all Eu opean coun ies, plus Aus alia,
Bo swana, B azil, Egyp , Indonesia, Mexico, Malaysia, Mexico,
Philippines, Fiji, Sou h A ica, Thailand, he Uni ed S a es, and
Zimbabwe. The la e (n= 29) includes mos o he A ican
coun ies, plus a ew mo e om Asia, La in Ame ica (Gua emala),
and he Pacific Small Islands (Vanua u).
The HDI di ide, ela ed o P oposi ion 2, shows a mino bu
significan di e ence (e.g., Q 13.4), which is no he case o gende
and age. On he o he hand, he e we e s a is ical di e ences be ween
Scien is s (n= 33) and he ew go e nmen ep esen a i es (n= 10),
wi h 1.79 and 3.33 in he 1-5 scale o ag eemen , espec i ely, and
pos g adua e (n=18)andPh.D.(n=40),wi h4and2.75ag eemen
espec i ely. The e o e, o b e i y, he analyses o he esul s ocus on
he HDI- ela ed di e ences.
Influence o COVID-19 Pandemic in UNFCCC Wo k
Agenda (Q8—Q12)
Table 1 summa izes he pe cen age o esponses om ques ions
8–12. While 60.3% o he esponden s epo ed no ha ing any
delays “a all”o “p edominan ly”in he communica ion wi h
UNFCCC, abou hal (51.5%) indica ed ha hei o ganiza ions
had asked hem o dedica e mo e ime on COVID-19 ela ed
ma e s o he de imen o hei wo k ela ed o UNFCCC.
Simila ly, a li le o e hal (55.2%) s a ed ha hey aced
pe sonal g ie ances due o he pandemic educed hei ime
wo king on he UNFCCC p ocess. Con e sely, 56% o he
pa icipan s ha e gained ime o a end UNFCCC wo k due o
he lockdown.
3.2.2. E olu ion o he UNFCCC P ocess (Q13)
In mos o he ques ions, 50% o mo e esponden s ag ee wi h he
s a emen s, excep ques ion 13.3 ( ega ding he limi ed
possibili ies o NGOs o be in ol ed in online mee ings), he
answe s a e equally di ided be ween disag eemen , he middle
poin op ions, undecided, and ag eemen op ions. Table 2
summa izes he esponses ega ding he UNFCCC p ocesses.
3.2.3. The Impac o Po e y (Q14—Q15)
Table 3 summa ises he esponses ega ding he ela ionship
be ween po e y and clima e change. Responses o ques ion 14
indica ed ha he as majo i y (75%) o he esponden s belie e
ha lack o knowledge is he oo cause o po e y. Also, 47.8 and
19.4% o he esponden s ag ee o a g ea ex en o o some ex en
ha hei na ional Clima e Change F amewo ks add esses he
issues o po e y (Q15).
3.2.4 Co ela ion and Con as Analyses
Table 4 p esen s he significan Pea son and Spea man ho
co ela ions ocused on he di ide in wo HDI g oups o he
esponden s’coun ies.
Bo h g oups sha e posi i e co ela ions ega ding he influence
o he pandemic in hei wo k wi h UNFCCC. Those esponden s
ha decla ed ha hey had been able o p oceed wi h hei wo k
agenda mo e o less in he same way as be o e he pandemic also
decla ed ha hey had been asked o wo k on COVID-19 ma e s.
They ha e encoun e ed pe sonal g ie ance and, consequen ly, hey
had educed ime o wo k on UNFCCC ma e s.
The e a e also eigh co ela ions ega ding Q13 ( he e olu ion
o he UNFCCC p ocess) exclusi e o one o he wo g oups; ou
posi i e co ela ions om H-VH and he o he ou om o he ,
h ee posi i es and one nega i e.
TABLE 1 | Resul s on ques ions ega ding he influence o he COVID-19 pandemic on he UNFCCC wo k agenda.
12345(%)
Q8. Ha e you encoun e ed any delays in you communica ion wi h he UNFCCC Sec e a ia a e he ou b eak o he Co id-
19 pandemic?
47.1% 13.2% 8.8% 27.9% 2.9
60.3%* 8.8% 30.9%**
Q9. Ha e you been able o p oceed wi h you UNFCCC wo k agenda mo e o less in he same way as be o e he ou b eak o
he Co id-19 pandemic?
35.3% 17.6% 4.4% 36.8% 5.9
52.9%* 4.4% 42.6%**
Q10. Ha e you been asked by you o ganisa ion o dedica e wo king hou s on ma e s ela ed o he COVID-19 pandemic,
which educed you ime o UNFCCC ma e s?
38.2% 5.9% 4.4% 38.2% 13.2
44.1%* 4.4.% 51.5%**
Q11. Ha e you encoun e ed pe sonal g ie ances caused by he COVID-19 pandemic ha limi ed he ime you ha e allo ed
o wo king on he UNFCCC p ocess?
34.3% 7.5% 3.0% 43.3% 11.9
41.8%* 3.0% 55.2%**
Q12. Did he lockdowns and a el es ic ions allow you o sa e ime ( ha would ha e o he wise been spen on a el/
mee ings) and alloca e i o you UNFCCC wo k agenda?
23.5% 14.7% 5.9% 27.9% 27.9
38.2%* 5.9% 55.9%**
No e: 1 = Doesn´ apply a all; 2 = Doesn´ apply p edominan ly; 3 = Undecided; 4 = Pa ly applies; 5 = Fully applies. *Sum up o 1 and 2 op ions. ** Sum up o 4 and 5 op ions, highligh ing
hose >50pe cen .
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Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
TABLE 2 | summa izes he esponses ega ding he e olu ion o he UNFCCC p ocess.
13. To which ex en do you ag ee o disag ee wi h he ollowing s a emen s abou he e olu ion o he UNFCCC p ocess
S ongly
disag ee
Disag ee
(%)
Undecided
(%)
Ag ee S ongly
ag ee
(%)
13.1. Na ional delega ions o he UNFCCC ha e cu en ly less ime o p epa e o he COP-
26 in Glasgow o be scheduled 1–12 No embe 2021
3.3% 4.9 27.9 42.6% 21.3
8.2%* 27.9 63.9%**
13.2. Na ional go e nmen s h oughou ha e shi ed hei p io i ies om mi iga ing and
adap ing o clima e change owa ds add essing Co id-19
3.1% 6.2 15.4 50.8% 24.6
9.2%* 15.4 75.4%**
13.3. The limi ed possibili ies o NGOs o be in ol ed in online e en s and mee ings
o ganised by he UNFCCC Sec e a ia enhances he e ec i eness o he UNFCCC
p ocess
17.7% 14.5 30.6 21% 16.1
32.3%* 30.6 37.1%**
13.4. The Vi ual Clima e Dialogues las yea (No embe 23 d—4 Decembe 2020) ha e
been success ul in keeping he momen um o he pos -Pa is p ocess
6.3% 15.9 27 30.2% 20.6
22.2%* 27.0 50.8%**
13.5. The online o ma o cu en and u u e UNFCCC mee ings has he po en ial o
imp o e he chances o de eloping coun ies o pa icipa e in he discussion
9.4% 17.2 18.8 32.8% 21.9
26.6%* 18.8 54.7%**
13.6 The achie emen o he clima e a ge s s ipula ed in he Pa is Ag eemen is se e ely
h ea ened due o he ongoing Co id-19 pandemic
7.9% 14.3 23.8 39.7% 14.3
22.2%* 23.8 54.0%**
13.7. The UNFCCC p ocess has los ac ion due o Co id-19 and COP-26 will p esumably
no lead o any subs an ial nego ia ion ou comes
4.5% 7.6 19.7 43.9% 24.2
12.1%* 19.7 68.2%**
No e Valid pe cen ages. NAND, Nei he ag ee no disag ee. *Sum up o S ongly disag ee and Disag ee op ions. ** Sum up o Ag ee and S ongly Ag ee op ions, highligh ing hose
>50pe cen .
TABLE 3 | Resul s on ques ions ega ding po e y.
Q14. How do you a e he impo ance o knowledge on oo causes o po e y?
No impo an a all No so impo an (%) Neu al (%) Impo an (%) Ve y impo an (%)
0% 1.5 4.5 19.4 74.6
Q15. Does you na ional clima e change amewo k make p o isions o add ess ansien po e y?
No Yes, o a limi ed ex en Yes, o some ex en Yes, o a g ea ex en
7.5% 25.4% 47.8% 19.4%
TABLE 4 | Pea son and Spea man’s ho co ela ions esul s. G oups by HDI le els.
Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13.1 Q13.2 Q13.3 Q13.4 Q13.5 Q13.6 Q13.7 Q14 Q15
Q8 1
Q9 H/O 1
Q10 H/O H/O 1
Q11 H/O H/O H/O 1
Q12 OH/OOH/O1
Q13.1 1
Q13.2 O 1
Q13.3 O* H H1
Q13.4 OH1
Q13.5 H* HH1
Q13.6 O1
Q13.7 O H 1
Q14 1
Q15 HO* 1
No e. H = High- Ve y High HDI; O = O he s HDI., In bold co ela ions ha independen a iables could influence. * Nega i e co ela ion.
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Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
On he one hand, a ending he H-VH g oup, he fi s co ela ion
e e s o he Q13.1 ega ding he ewe ime delega ions ha e o
p epa e heCOP26andQ13.3, o which,asmuchas esponden s
confi m i , hey also a fi m ha he limi ed ime o NGOs o assis in
online e en s will enhance he e ec i eness o he UNFCCC p ocess.
Ques ion 13.3 also co ela ed wi h Q13.4 and Q13.5, ega ding he
po en ial ha he Vi ual Clima e Dialogues and he u u e online
mee ings ha e o keep he momen um o he pos -Pa is p ocess and
he imp o emen s o chances o de eloping coun ies o pa icipa e,
espec i ely. Finally, Q13.6, which asse s ha he a ge s achie ed in
Pa is a e h ea ened due o he pandemic, co ela es wi h Q13.7,
which s a es ha he UNFCCC p ocess will no lead o any
nego ia ion.
On he o he hand, a ending o he “o he s”g oup, hose
esponden s asse ha na ional delega ions ha e less ime o
p epa e o he COP26 (2021) (Q13.1) also confi m ha
go e nmen s ha e shi ed hei p io i ies ega ding clima e
change managemen (Q13.2) and ha he UNFCCC p ocess
has los ac ion and COP-26 will no lead o subs an ial
nego ia ions ou comes (Q13.7). Also, hose ha ela ed he
limi ed possibili ies o he ONGs wi h he enhancemen o he
e ec i eness o he UNFCCC p ocess (Q13.3) a fi m he h ea
posed by he pandemic on achie ing Pa is Ag eemen s a ge s
(Q13.6). Finally, he ques ion s a ing ha ime in es ed in
COVID-19 ma e s has educed he wo k ime in UNFCCC
issues (Q10) co ela es nega i ely wi h Q13.3, indica ing ha
hose who confi m ha ing less ime o wo k on he agenda do no
hink ha he limi ed p esence o ONGs in online e en s will
enhance he e ec i eness o he p ocess.
The las co ela ions o bo h g oups a e wi h ques ion 15
abou he na ional clima e change amewo k’s p o isions o
add ess ansien po e y. Again, wi hin he H-VH g oup,
Q13.6 (... he UNFCCC p ocess has los ac ion) co ela es
posi i ely, whe eas, wi hin he O he s, Q13.7 (... he Pa is
ag eemen a ge s se e ely h ea ened) co ela es nega i ely.
Rega ding he con as analysis, he e is only a significan
di e ence o Q13.4 ega ding he Pa is ag eemen h ough he
clima e change i ual dialogues (in 2020), showing a lowe le el
o ag eemen om he VH-HI (3.16) han o o he (3.81) g oups.
3.2.5 Open Ques ions
Table 5 summa ises he esponses o he open-ended ques ions
16–19 (see supplemen a y ma e ial). Mo e han wo ou o fi e
esponden s answe ed each o he ou ques ions wi h he highes
esponses (n= 44) o he ques ion on COVID-19 challenges,
while he leas esponded ques ion (n= 27) solici ed addi ional
in o ma ion.
3.3 Au ho ’s Expe Judgmen o he IPCC
AR-6 Wo king G oup II Du ing he Pandemic
Acco ding o se e al au ho s o his pape who a e lead au ho s in
he IPCC AR-6 Wo king G oup II, he COVID-19 pandemic has
a ec ed he wo k o he IPCC in di e en ways, as ollows:
•Mo ing o online mee ing
•Changes o all due da es
•Ha ing su eys o all au ho s o e en sugges ing suppo o
se e ely impac ed au ho
•G ea e eliance on BOGs as communica ion ools among
au ho s
•Longe discussion imes, i.e., 2 weeks o he LAMs as
opposed o only one as in physical e en s
•Poo connec ions made he pa icipa ion o some au ho s
di ficul
•Non-na i e speake s o English ha e a mo e significan
impac on ully unde s anding and pa icipa ing in he
online BOGs du ing eLAM4
•In coun ies, gende dispa i ies exace ba e di ficul ies o
women o wo k on IPCC du ing eLAM4.
TABLE 5 | Responses om open ques ions.
Open ques ions and numbe o esponses (n) O e all pe cep ion and selec ed esponses
Q16, Do you ha e any u he ema ks on how he Co id-19 pandemic a ec ed he
UNFCCC p ocess in he pas and p esumably in he u u e? n = 31
Mos ly nega i e
“I slows hings down.”“The much a en ion gi en o COVID-19 by de eloped
coun ies may limi UNFCCC p ocess”
“Online sys em has been use ul o communica e in o ma ion, and in u u e, i can also
help as i inc eases he pa icipa ion o people”
Q17 Do you see pa icula oppo uni ies in he COVID-19 pandemic o he global
esponse o clima e change and he UNFCCC p ocess? n = 36
Posi i e
“The oppo uni y is abou changing mindse how esou ces can be balanced o ackle
he pandemic and biodi e si y p o ec ion”
“Nope, a he he pandemic s a ed s ess in wo ldwide"
Q18 Do you see pa icula challenges in he COVID-19 pandemic o he global
esponse o clima e change and he UNFCCC p ocess? n = 44
Highly nega i e
“Responses o Co id-19 pandemic should no only be o he u gency/sho e ms
side”.“Too many esou ces which would be alloca ed o clima e change and
UNFCCC p ocess has been di e ed o add ess COVID-19 pandemic”
“I hink he e a e no big insu moun able challenges as all mee ings can be mig a ed o
i ual pla o ms"
Q19 please add any addi ional commen s in he COVID-19 pandemic o he global
esponse o clima e change and he UNFCCC p ocess n = 27
Focused on po e y
“We need unds o empowe small o ganisa ions in A ica o do ad ocacy”.“COVID-
19 and clima e change a e also po e y- ela ed challenges. Unless po e y is
add essed as he main ac o in de eloping coun ies, li le p og ess will be achie ed in
comba ing bo h challenges”
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Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
•Inc eased wo k demand, such as de eloping new online
cou ses and lec u ing, and “in e ne pla o ms mee ings”
educed he a ailable ime o many au ho s.
3.4 DISCUSSION
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced o is likely o a ec he
Sus ainable De elopmen Goal (SDG) # 13 “Clima e ac ion”
wo ldwide. Fo ins ance, he pandemic d ew a en ion away
om clima e policy du ing i s fi s phase (Leal Filho e al., 2021a).
The SDG Repo 2021 shows he pandemic’s oll on he 2030
Agenda; because, besides he high dea h oll, he de elopmen
p og ess was hal ed o e e sed, yea s o e en decades. As a
esul , ex eme po e y ose wo ldwide o he fi s ime since
1998; hunge was exace ba ed, economic g ow h and decen job,
educa ion gains, and clima e ac ion we e a ec ed, like all o he SDGs
(UN, 2021).
The esul s p esen ed, whe he om bibliome ic analysis,
expe judgmen , o online su ey, suppo he li e a u e abou
he ad e se e ec s on clima e ac ion, gende inequali y, and he
clima e p ocess (e.g., Cao e al., 2020;Dono T acke , 2020;
Huang e al., 2020;Minello, 2020;OCHA, 2020;Leal Filho
e al., 2021a;Schippe e al., 2021).
The bibliome ic analysis shows he issues associa ed wi h he
connec ions be ween he pandemic and clima e change
managemen and disas e s. The cen al e ms a e COVID-19
and Clima e Change, while he main seconda y e ms a e, on he
one side, “pandemic- ela ed e ms”, e.g., anspo , lockdown,
and ene gy demand, and on he o he side, “adap a ion- ela ed
e ms”, e.g., esilience, ulne abili y, and disas e s.
Rega ding he pandemic- ela ed e ms, he e a e a ied and
opposed ends, showing emission educ ion (Sha ifiand
Kha a ian-Ga msi , 2020)du ing hefi s s ages o he ou b eak,
calling o decoupling emissions and economic g ow h
(deca bonisa ion) and he achie emen o he Pa is Ag eemen
wi h addi ional heal h benefi s (Balsalob e-Lo en e e al., 2020;
Sha mina e al., 2020). Howe e , he o al C emission inc eased in
2020due o enewable esou cesandwilldo hesamein2021(IEA,
2021). On he o he hand, deca bonisa ion is no ee o challenges o
clima e ac ion due o he alloca ion o esou ces o economic eco e y
(Cojoianu e al., 2020;Shan e al., 2020), highligh ing he need o
g een eco e y app oaches (Bui and de Villie s, 2021).
Conce ning he adap a ion- ela ed e ms, he analysis calls
a en ion o he inc easing complexi y o mul i-haza d isks due o
COVID-19 and o he en i onmen al s esso s and ulne abili ies and
disas e managemen (Linh e al., 2020;Takewaki, 2020).
This new complex ulne abili y is appealing o he sea ch o
analogies be ween he pa allel global c ises and he wake-up call
because o hei appa en common oo s o o e -consump ion and
en i onmen al deg ada ion and he need o clima e esilience (Leal
Filho e al., 2020;Manzanedo and Manning, 2020;P ideaux e al.,
2020;Leal Filho e al., 2021a). Ne e heless, he pe cep ion o he
clima ec isisisno asu gen as hepandemicc isisLeal Filho e al.,
2020).
The pandemic accen ua es he ele ance o he SDGs 1 “No
Po e y”and 13 “Clima e Ac ion”(UN, 2021) due o he social
inequali ies and he disas e -p one ulne able g oups (Lee e al.,
2020;Mabon e al., 2020).
The au ho ’s judgmen on he IPCC WG II AR-6 p ocess
ocuses on h ee main disad an ages. Fi s ly, he in e ne -based
communica ions di ficul ies o many de eloping coun ies.
Secondly, mo e wo king- ime demands. Thi dly, English
fluency makes online communica ion mo e di ficul o many
non-na i e speake s, han ace- o- ace dialogue, complemen ing
Ramí ez-Cas añeda’s esea ch (2020) o w i ing p oficiency.
Rega ding he online su ey and he p oposi ion P1: COVID-19
a ec s he UNFCCC p ocess quali y and iming, mos esponden s
(50–60%) o Qs 8–12) (abou he impac s on he UNFCCC wo k
agenda) (Table 6) say hey we e no a ec ed (Qs 8–9, 12), while, a
he same ime, had o pay a en ion o o encoun e ed pe sonal
g ie ances ela ed o he pandemic (Qs 10–11). Ne e heless, he
opposing iews each a ound one- hi d o he answe s.
When i comes o he e olu ion o he UNFCCC p ocess
(Table 1), mos answe s ag ee (55–75%) wi h he posed
ques ions, e.g., ha ing less ime o p epa e he COP-26 o a
nega i e iew abou he loss o ac ion o he p ocess, and
achie ing he Pa is Ag eemen . Howe e , he esponses a e
di ided ega ding he alleged ad an age o less pa icipa ion o
NGOs (Q 13.3).
P oposi ion P-1 ecei es suppo om esponses wi h an
ag eemen >3 (1-5 scale) and wi h significan co ela ions
among hem, e.g., ques ions 9–12 and 13.2 (showing a
di e ence be ween g adua e (3.33) and Ph.D. esponden s
(4.11)— o 13.7.
Rega ding i na ional policies add ess ansien po e y (Q15),
despi e a s ongly posi i e iew, only 20% esponded o a g ea
ex en , which does no suppo SDG 1.
Conce ning he HDI di ide and he p oposi ion
P2—Pa icipan s om de eloping coun ies a e mo e a ec ed
han hose om de eloped socie ies; Table 3 shows ha bo h HDI
g oups ag ee wi h Qs 8–12, no alida ing he P2. On he o he
hand, he esponses o Q 13, depic ing he UNFCCC p ocess,
mos ly posi i ely in a-co ela ed, show some di e ences and
opposi e iews, e.g., 13.1–3, 5-7.
Ques ion 13.4, abou he success o he i ual dialogue held in
2020 o keep he Pa is Ag eemen momen um, wi h 50% o he
o e all ag eemen , significan ly di ide HDI g oups, which is,
besides se e al o e all suppo s (≥60%) o Qs 8, 13.1, 2, 7,
and 14, he only e ifica ion o he P- 2. Hence, he e is no
obus e ifica ion o P2, excep o 13.4.
In summa y, he online su ey showed a mo e ema kable
ag eemen wi h he nega i e impac s o he pandemic on he
UNFCCC p ocess han a sha p di ide. Howe e , Q 13.4 ocuses
on an issue whose ele ance is likely second o none, ecei ing
mo e suppo om he o he (less de eloped) g oup.
Finally, conce ning he open ques ions Q16 ( u he ema ks
on how he COVID-19 pandemic a ec s he UNFCCC p ocess),
he answe s a e mos ly nega i e; o Q17 (oppo uni ies in he
pandemic o he global esponse o clima e change and he
UNFCCC p ocess), a e o e all posi i e; o Q18 (challenges o
he global esponse o clima e change and he UNFCCC p ocess)
a e s ongly nega i e; o Q19 ( ee addi ional commen ), se e al
esponses ocused on po e y and A ica.
F on ie s in En i onmen al Science | www. on ie sin.o g Ma ch 2022 | Volume 10 | A icle 7844669
Filho e al. COVID-19 and SDG13/UNFCC P ocesses
