In e na ional Jou nal o Ho icul u al Science 2022, 28: 50-56.
h ps://doi.o g/10.31421/ijhs/28/2022/10314
Ag onomic e alua ion o di e en le uce (Lac uca sa i a L.)
a ie ies unde unhea ed plas ic unnel
Ko ácsné Mada , Á. & Takácsné Hájos, M.
Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Facul y o he Ag icul u al and Food Sciences and En i onmen al Managemen , Ho icul u e Depa men ,
H-4032 Deb ecen, Böszö ményi S ee 138.
Au ho o co espondence: mada .ago a@ag .unideb.hu
Summa y: Among he lea y ege ables, le uce (Lac uca sa i a L.) is he mos widely g own species in he wo ld. Wide anges o physical
p ope ies o he p oduc s a e used o assess he deg ee o ma u i y. In his s udy, di e en le uce a ie ies we e g own unde an unhea ed plas ic
unnel in sp ing ime. We e alua ed he ag onomic p ope ies o di e en le uce a ie ies, e alua ed he condi ion o he plan s, and de e mined he
bioac i e subs ances. La ge head weigh can be achie ed by he ‘King o May’ bu e head (259.31 g) and ‘G ea Lakes 659’c isphead (220.40 g)
geno ypes. A e y s ong co ela ion ( = 0.995) was obse ed be ween he le uce head index, and lea index and bo h had a s ong posi i e
co ela ion ( = 0.828 and 0.760) wi h NDVI. The highes SPAD alues we e measu ed o cos le uce ‘Romaine le uce’ (44.01) and icebe g le uce
‘G ea Lakes 659’ (42.71). Howe e , hese geno ypes showed he highes (9.52%; 8.74%) d y ma e con en , oo. The ed lea a ie y 'Lollo Rosso'
had he highes o al polyphenol con en (181.53 GAE/100 g FW). Among he e alua ed p ope ies, icebe g le uce showed a o able mo phology,
plan condi ion, and good d y ma e con en . In addi ion, be ween he loose-lea le uces, he ed lea lollo ype was ou s anding wi h bioac i e
con en .
Ko ácsné Mada , Á., Takácsné Hájos, M. (2022): Ag onomic e alua ion o di e en le uce (Lac uca sa i a L.) a ie ies unde
unhea ed plas ic unnel. In e na ional Jou nal o Ho icul u al Science 28: 50-56. p. h ps://doi.o g/10.31421/ijhs/28/2022/10314
Key wo ds: le uce, NDVI, SPAD, mo phology, o al phenol con en , d y ma e con en
In oduc ion
Among he lea y ege ables, le uce (Lac uca sa i a L.) is
one o he mos popula species in he wo ld. Acco ding o he
FAO (2018) da a, he le uce and chico y p oduc ion was 27
million ons, and he ha es ed a ea was 1.3 million ha in he
wo ld. Le uce is g own on all con inen s, bu he g ea es
consume s and p oduce s a e in China (14 million ons) and he
USA (4 million ons). In Eu ope, le uce p oduc ion was 2.9
million ons, and he ha es ed a ea was 123 housand ha.
Le uce consump ion con ibu es p o i amin A, i amin C,
i amin E, ca o enoids, and ibe o consume s' die (Agüe o e
al., 2008). So, he impo ance o consuming ege ables is due
o he many nu ien s hey con ain and he di e en bioac i e
subs ances. They include bu a e no limi ed o, phy ochemicals
(ca o enoids, phenols, and la onoids), mine als (calcium,
magnesium, and po assium), i amins ( i amin C, olic acid,
and p o i amin A), and die a y ibe (Oz & Ka kas, 2017; Liu,
2013).
In le uce genus has mo e han 100 species and 6 ypes.
Di e en ypes o le uce a e he ollowing – bu e head,
c isphead (icebe g), omaine (cos), s em (aspa agus), lea
(cu ing), and oilseed le uce (Mousa i e al., 2013; Křís ko á
e al., 2008).
Ma u i y o ha es is he s age o de elopmen in which a
plan o plan pa possesses he condi ions o u iliza ion by
consume s o a p ope pu pose. Wide anges o physical
p ope ies o p oduc s a e used o assess he deg ee o ma u i y
– changes in diame e , head leng h, head wid h, colou ,
i mness, compac ness and su ace. These pa ame e s a e used
as gene al ipening indices (Ba g e al., 2009). The
compac ness o he head, which can be comp essed wi h
mode a e hand p essu e is conside ed op imal ma u i y.
Depending on he des ina ion, di e en ipeness indica o s can
be used. These di e en pu poses may be needed o he esh-
cu p ocessing sec o .
Head weigh is an impo an ac o o quali y e alua ion o
he aw ma e ial o he esh-cu p oduce indus y.
Fu he mo e, he ipe lea es and pe iole leng h a e g ea
ma u i y indica o s o ensu e he quali y o he p ocessed
p oduc (Gil e al., 2012; Jenni & Yan, 2009).
In le uce cul i a ion, i appea s plan spacing is an
impo an c i e ion o achie ing maximum ege a i e g ow h,
he eby maximizing yield. In addi ion, op imum plan spacing
helps o inc ease he numbe o heal hy lea es and oliage
(Hasan e al., 2017; Maboko & Du Plooy, 2009; Zemichael e
al., 2017).
In ecen yea s, he ma ke o esh-cu , minimally
p epa ed o “ eady o ea ” lea y ege ables ha e been
con inuously inc easing. Consume accep ance is associa ed
wi h lea y ege ables’ isual cha ac e is ics such as shape,
colou , size and eshness, and ex u e and la ou (Fe an e e
al., 2004; Nicola & Fon ana, 2014).
The G een Seeke Model 505 measu ing de ice speci ies
he NDVI alue om which we can conclude he c op co e o
he ield and he ege a ion dis ibu ion. The NDVI is
compu ed as (NIR - Red)/(NIR + Red) whe e NIR and Red a e
he sum o nea -in a ed and ed ligh , e lec ed by he su ace.
The g een lea es ha e g ea isible ligh abso p ion oge he
wi h g ea nea -in a ed e lec ance, esul ing in posi i e NDVI
51 Ko ácsné Mada & Takácsné Hájos
alues (Pe o elli e al., 2011). The ege a ion index can help
assess ege a ion co e densi y, iden i y plan s, and moni o
plan g ow h (Zhang e al., 2019). In addi ion, he ea ly
de ec ion o pes in es a ion by non-des uc i e me hods is an
impo an p e equisi e o accu a e and a ge ed con ol o pes s
and diseases du ing c op p oduc ion (Sandmann e al., 2018).
The Minol a SPAD-502 ins umen is used o quick and
non-des uc i e de e mina ion o ela i e lea chlo ophyll
concen a ion. The ni ogen con en o plan s can be in e ed
om he chlo ophyll con en o he lea es since he amoun o
chlo ophyll is closely, posi i ely and linea ly ela ed o he
ni ogen con en o he lea es (Zeba h e al., 2002).
Fu he mo e, based on he SPAD alues, we can conclude he
chlo ophyll con en o he plan , which is co ela ed o he
heal h o he plan and he yield (Duzs e al., 2019). Some
epo s sugges ha SPAD is a dependable measu ing de ice
o es ima ing ni ogen concen a ion in le uce plan s. Thus,
ea ly e alua ion o chlo ophyll and ni ogen s a us can be used
o mo e e ec i e and scheduled e iliza ion du ing he
g owing season (Mendoza-Ta olla e al., 2019). Se e al ac o s
in luence he accumula ion o ni a e in plan s such as he soil
pH, he wea he condi ions (p ecipi a ion, ligh ), he ha es
ime, he ype o a ie ies and he use o ni ogen e ilize s
(Žnida čič & Kmecl, 2018). Based on he chlo ophyll con en ,
we can conclude he heal h s a us o he plan as i is one o he
mos impo an indica o s o pho osyn he ic capaci y,
nu i ional s ess and g ow h s a us o plan s (Kizil e al., 2012;
Ba y e al., 2009)
Ou esea ch aimed o e alua e he ag onomic p ope ies o
di e en le uce a ie ies, o e alua e he condi ion o he
plan s based on he NDVI and SPAD alues, and o de e mine
he bioac i e subs ances.
Ma e ials and me hods
The expe imen was conduc ed a he Bo anical and
Exhibi ion Ga den o he Fa m and Regional Resea ch Ins i u e
in he Uni e si y o Deb ecen in an unhea ed plas ic unnel (in
sp ing ime), on limes one che nozem soil. The soil es esul s
o he expe imen al a ea a e gi en in Table 1, which was
pe o med a he Ag icul u al Labo a o y Cen e o he
Uni e si y o Deb ecen.
In he expe imen , we e alua ed he ollowing ypes and
a ie ies o le uce – non-heading ype (‘Lollo Rosso’, ‘Lollo
Bionda’), heading ype (‘G ea Lakes 659’, ‘King o May’) and
cos ype (‘Romaine le uce’).
Rega ding he condi ions o he expe imen , sowing was
pe o med in 84-cell ays on 9 Ma ch 2019. T ansplan s o 5–
6 lea es we e plan ed ou on 9 Ap il 2019 wi h ow and plan
dis ances 25 cm unde unhea ed plas ic unnel. Fe ica e
e ilize (24:8:16 + 3,8MgO + mic oelemen ) was applied in
0.75 % concen a ion 3 imes du ing he ege a ion pe iod.
The ollowing mo phological pa ame e s we e measu ed a
he ha es :
• Head weigh (g)
• S em leng h (cm)
• Head i mness (1-5 scale) 1 – e y so  5 – ex a ha d
• Closing o base (1-5 scale) 1 – open  5 – comple ely
closed
• Head shape index (heigh / diame e )
• Lea shape index (leng h / wid h)
Du ing ins umen al measu emen s, he ollowing we e
measu ed:
Measu emen o pho osyn hesis ac i i y:
• SPAD alue (Minol a SPAD-502) – easy non-des uc i e
measu emen o he chlo ophyll con en o plan lea es
wi hou damaging he lea es.
• NDVI alue (G een Seeke Model 505) – can be used o
ollow c op g ow h and de elopmen .
Labo a o y measu emen s he ollowing we e measu ed:
• To al d y ma e con en (%) – D y ma e was de e mined
a e d ying in an o en a 105°C.
• To al polyphenol con en (TPC) was analyzed by he
Folin–Ciocal eu me hod. The esul s we e gi en in Gallic
acid equi alen alue (Meda e al., 2005).
Table 1: The soil analysis o expe imen al a ea.
Measu ed pa ame e s (uni o measu emen ) Amoun
pH (KCl) 7.35
Plas ici y index acco ding o A any (KA) 42
To al wa e -soluble sal (%) 0.10
CaCO3 (%) 4.20
Humus (%) 2.88
AL-soluble P2O5 (mg kg-1) 313.7
AL-soluble K2O (mg kg-1) 459
KCL-soluble NO3- (mg kg-1) 130
AL-soluble Na (mg kg-1) 69.7
KCL-soluble Mg (mg kg-1) 584
KCL-soluble S (mg kg-1) 98.7
EDTA-soluble Mn (mg kg-1) 135
EDTA-soluble Zn (mg kg-1) 35.9
EDTA-soluble Cu (mg kg-1) 9.514
S a is ical analysis
The da a we e submi ed o analysis o a iance (ANOVA)
and di e ences be ween means we e de e mined by pos hoc
Duncan and Tukey’s es a he 5% (0.05) le el o signi icance
(n=5). Pea son’s co ela ion coe icien be ween some da a
pai s was also calcula ed (n=25). Co ela ion was signi ican a
p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 le el (2- ailed). The analyses we e
ca ied ou using IBM SPSS so wa e ( e sion 25).
Resul s and discussion
Rela ionship be ween esh weigh and s em leng h o he
head by di e en le uce a ie ies
The leng h o he s em can de e mine he numbe o
lea es, in his way he weigh o he head. I is impo an
because le uces a e also de e mined by hei head weigh . I
can be s a ed ha a simila endency can be obse ed be ween
he de elopmen o s em size and head weigh o di e en
le uce ypes (Figu e 1). Among he cul i a s, he smalles
(1.95 ± 0.27 cm) s em size was measu ed by he non-heading
le uce ‘Lollo Rosso’. This geno ype also had he smalles
head weigh (129.00 ± 14.05 g). D ăghici e al. (2016) ha e
de ec ed a simila endency o lollo ype le uce a ie ies
Ag onomic e alua ion o di e en le uce (Lac uca sa i a L.) a ie ies unde unhea ed plas ic unnel 52
(‘Lollo Bionda’: 201.33 g/plan ; ‘Lollo Rosso’: 187.25
g/plan ) by applying chemical e ilize (NPK a io o 4-1-2)
o he g owing. The ‘King o May’ bu e head ype le uce
has imp o ed he la ges s em size (4.22 ± 0.48 cm) and head
weigh (259.31 ± 16.83 g).
E alua ions o head i mness
The head i mness was classi ied in o i e g oups om 1
o 5. In g oup 1 he e is le uce wi h e y loose heads, while
in he g oup 5 had belonged he mos compac ed heads.
Conside ing he ma ke accep ance, i mness and
compac ness a e impo an equi emen s. Bu i is known ha
he a ie ies wi h compac heads a e mo e sensi i e o
physiological diseases, leading o quali y decline. Figu e 2
shows ha he highes head i mness (4.01 ± 0.32) was
de ec ed by bu e head le uce ‘King o May’ (Figu e 3),
while he looses head s uc u e (1.00 ± 0.00) was imp o ed
by ‘Lollo Rosso’ (Figu e 4).
Visual assessmen o he closing o base o le uce heads
This pa ame e was classi ied in o i e classes – om
open (1) o comple ely closed (5). Va ie ies wi h a well-
closed base a e mo e esis an o Bo y is sp. and scle o ic
diseases. The appea ance o his ungus (Scle o inia
scle o io um) is e y equen by ield-g own le uce
p oduc ion causing g ea p oblems wo ldwide (Cla kson e
al., 2014). I can be seen in Figu e 5 ha he bu e head ype
le uce has a signi ican ly mo e closed base (4.08 ± 0.41)
compa ed o he o he le uce ypes, which is a a o able
p ope y. Fo he lollo ype le uce (‘Lollo Rosso’) we ha e
de ec ed a e y open (1.00 ± 0.01) base pa , o espond mo e
sensi i ely o diseases.
E olu ion o head shape and lea shape index by di e en
le uce ypes and a ie ies
Di e en le uce a ie ies ha e di e en head shape indexes
( a io be ween plan heigh and diame e ), which play a
signi ican ole in he appea ance o diseases and de e mining
he g owing a ea. Mo eo e , he up igh lea a ie ies a e
a o able, because he lowe lea es nea ly ha e no o con ac
wi h he soil, in his way, he occu ence o ungal in ec ion is
a he less. Fo he plan ing design, i is majo o know he head
size o he di e en le uce ypes because he la ge headed
a ie ies need g ea e ow- and plan dis ance (25x30 o 30x30
cm), while he smalle ones a e enough 20x20 cm. The highe
plan densi y can dec ease he head weigh and ea liness, while
he oo la ge dis ance educes he p o i abili y o p oduc ion
pe uni a ea.
This ela ionship be ween he head- and lea shape index is
a he clea (Figu e 6), he e is a s ong co ela ion ( = 0.955)
o each le uce ype and a ie y. Highe head shape (Figu e 7)
and lea shape (Figu e 8) we e de ec ed by ‘Roman le uce’
(cos le uce). Fu he mo e, he up igh lea es a e no in con ac
wi h he soil su ace, in his way, he p obabili y o soil bo ne
in ec ion is educed. Among he lollo ype a ie ies ‘Lollo
Bionda’ showed (0.60 ± 0.03; 0.83 ± 0.01) he less head shape
(Figu e 9) and lea shape (Figu e 10). This geno ype p oduced
a ound lea shape, which is close o he soil, he e o e he
lowe lea es ha e a highe isk o diseases.
Figu e 1: Rela ionship be ween head weigh (g) and s em leng h.
Means ollowed by he same le e s do no di e en acco ding o he Tukey es
(P ≤ 0.05).
Figu e 2: Le uce head s uc u e (1-5) by di e en ypes le uce a ie ies.
Means ollowed by he same le e s do no di e acco ding o
he Tukey es (P ≤ 0.05).
Figu e 3-4: ’King o May’– compac head and
’Lollo Rosso’ – non-heading a ie y.
Figu e 5: Closing o he base (1-5) by di e en ypes and a ie ies o le uce.
Di e en le e s be ween cul i a s deno e signi ican di e ences
(Tukey’s es , p < 0.05).
c d b cd a
ccc
b
a
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Lollo
Bionda Lollo Rossa G ea
Lakes 659 Romaine
le uce May King
S em lengh (cm)
Head weigh (g/plan )
Le uce a ie y/species
Head weigh (g/plan ) S em lengh (cm)
c
d
b
c
a
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
Lollo
Bionda Lollo RossoG ea Lakes
659 Romaine
le uce King o
May
Head compac ness (1-5)
Le uce a ie y/species
b
c
bb
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
Lollo
Bionda Lollo RossoG ea Lakes
659 Romaine
le uce King o
May
Closing o he base (1-5)
Le uce a ie y/species
53 Ko ácsné Mada & Takácsné Hájos
Figu e 6: E olu ion o he shape index o le uce lea and heads by di e en
ypes. Means ollowed by he same le e s do no di e acco ding o
he Tukey es (P ≤ 0.05).
Figu e 7-8: ’Romaine le uce’ – head shape and ’Romaine le uce’ – lea shape.
Figu e 9-10: ’Lollo Bionda’ – head shape and ’Lollo Bionda’ – lea shape.
Rela ionship be ween le uce heads shape index and NDVI
alue
Wi h he NDVI alue, we can conclude he ege a ion
co e o he g owing a ea because i co ela es well wi h lea
a ea index and biomass. This measu emen is sui able o c op-
ela ed ield pheno ype de e mina ion (Baue e al., 2019).
Figu e 11 shows ha he e is a s ong co ela ion ( = 0.828)
be ween he head shape index o each le uce ype and he
NDVI alue. Among he e alua ed le uce ypes, he highes
head shape index (1.06 ± 0.06) was measu ed o he cos
le uce (‘Romaine le uce’) and his ype also had he highes
NDVI alue (0.72 ± 0.03). The lowes alues o his pa ame e
we e shown in loose-lea le uces, ’Lollo Bionda’ and ’Lollo
Rosso’.
SPAD alue measu ed o di e en le uce ypes
The chlo ophyll con en o he lea es di ec ly de e mines
he e iciency o plan pho osyn hesis. Based on he colou
in ensi y (g een) o he lea es o he plan s, he ni ogen supply
o he plan can be concluded. Fu he mo e, chlo ophyll
con en is an indica o o plan heal h, and i can be used o
op imize he iming o nu ien supply and he amoun o
supplemen al e ilize applica ion o achie e highe quali y
and yield. Se e al s udies men ion ha in many species, he e
is a high co ela ion be ween SPAD alue and ex ac able
chlo ophyll con en (León e al., 2007). The highes SPAD
alues we e measu ed o icebe g le uce (‘G ea Lakes 659’)
and cos-le uce (‘Romaine le uce’), and hese geno ypes also
had he mos in ense g een colou (Figu e 12). The e was no
s a is ically signi ican di e ence be ween he wo ypes. The
lowes SPAD alue was measu ed by he ‘Lollo Bionda’. Son
& Oh (2013) ha e measu ed a highe SPAD alue by he ed
lea ype ‘Sunmang’ (mo e han 20 SPAD alue) compa ed o
he g een lea ype ’G and Rapid TBR’ (less han 20) unde
a ious combina ions o ed and blue ligh -emi ing diodes
(LEDs).
Figu e 11: E alua ion o connec ion o shape index and NDVI alue by
di e en le uce ype and a ie y. Means ollowed by he same le e s do no
di e acco ding o he Tukey es (P ≤ 0.05).
Figu e 12: SPAD alue o di e en le uce ypes and a ie ies.
Means ollowed by he same le e s do no di e acco ding o he
Tukey es (P ≤ 0.05).
D y ma e con en (%)
To al d y ma e con en is an impo an componen o
ege ables. Among he a ie ies, we ha e ound highly
signi ican di e ences in his pa ame e (Figu e 13). The
‘Romaine le uce’ (cos le uce) showed he highes (9.52 ±
0.12%) and he lea le uce ‘Lollo Bionda’ showed he lowes
o al d y ma e con en (6.02 ± 0.30%) on he che nozem soil.
In hei expe imen , Ba ickman e al. (2018) e alua ed wo
ypes o Roman le uce (‘Sal ius’ and ‘Thu inus’). Fo he d y
mass con en (DM) hey measu ed lowe alue o hese
a ie ies – ‘Sal ius’ (5.26 %) and ‘Thu inus’ (6.21 %).
c c b a c
c
bc
b
a
bc
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
Lollo
Bionda Lollo
Rosso G ea
Lakes 659 Romaine
le uce King o
May
Lea sahpe index (1-5)
Head sahpe index (1-5)
Le uce a ie y/species
Head shape index Lea shape index
c c b a c
cc
aab b
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
Lollo
Bionda Lollo
Rossa G ea
Lakes 659 Romaine
le uce May King
NDVI
Head shape index (1-5)
Le uce a ie y/spacies
Head shape index NDVI
cb
aa
b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Lollo
Bionda Lollo Rosso G ea Lakes
659 Romaine
le uce King o May
SPAD
Le uce a ie y/spacies
Ag onomic e alua ion o di e en le uce (Lac uca sa i a L.) a ie ies unde unhea ed plas ic unnel 54
To al polyphenol con en (TPC)
Polyphenols a e seconda y plan me aboli es ha ha e a
bene icial e ec on human heal h. The TPC alue o he i e
selec ed le uce a ie ies (Table 2) has changed be ween 37.80-
181.53 mg gallic acid equi alen (GAE) pe 100g esh weigh .
Among he di e en ypes o le uce, he ed lea a ie y (‘Lollo
Rosso’) showed he highes TPC alue (181.53 ± 3.29 mg
GAE/100 g FW). The lowes alue (37.80 ± 2.07 mg GAE/100 g
FW) was measu ed by cos le uce (‘Romaine le uce’). Gan &
Az ina (2016) e alua ed he TPC con en o di e en lea le uce
species (icebe g, bu e head, omaine, g een co al and ed co al)
by DPPH assay. Simila ly, hey also measu ed he highes alue
in ed lea le uce, al hough hey ound a lowe alue (76.05 mg
GAE/100 g FW) han ou esul s. Liu e al. (2007) e alua ed he
o al phenolic con en and an ioxidan capaci y o le uce by
Folin–Ciocal eu me hod and DPPH assay. The esul s p o ed he
highes TPC con en (52.4 mg GAE/g d y mass) and DPPH
sca enging abili y (es ima ed alue o 76.4%) o ed lea le uce
compa ed o omaine (70.0%) and bu e head (51.7%) ype.
Co ela ion analysis
The e is a s ong, high co ela ion be ween he pa ame e s,
which a e highligh ed (Table 3). Le uce head index and lea
index had e y s ong co ela ions ( = 0.955) and s ong
posi i e co ela ions ( = 0.828 and 0.760) wi h NDVI. The d y
ma e con en is also highly co ela ed wi h he head index,
lea index, NDVI and SPAD alue. Pe o elli e al. (2011) also
men ioned ha NDVI measu emen s s ongly co ela ed wi h
o al d y ma e accumula ion o he baceous o e an
obse a ion pe iod. Ou expe imen p o ed a high co ela ion
( = 0.840) be ween NDVI and SPAD. Be ween he s em leng h
and he head weigh , he e is a medium co ela ion ( = 0.664)
and a signi ican ela ionship.
Figu e 13: D y ma e con en (%) o di e en le uce ypes and a ie ies.
Means ollowed by he same le e s do no di e acco ding o
he Tukey es (P ≤ 0.05).
Table 2: To al polyphenol con en (TPC) o di e en le uce a ie ies.
Le uce a ie y/species To al polyphenol con en
(TPC)
’Lollo Bionda' 45.40b ± 2.80
’Lollo Rosso' 181.53a ± 3.29
’G ea Lakes 659' 40.80b,c ± 2.58
’Romaine le uce' 37.80c ± 2.07
’King o May' 46.13b ± 2.48
Table 3: Pea son’s co ela ion coe icien s among physiological and biochemical pa ame e s by le uce
Pea son co ela ion coe icien o a pa o pa ame e s. Co ela ion was signi ican a *p ≤ 0.05 and **p ≤ 0.01 (2- ailed).
d
c
ba
c
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Lollo Bionda Lollo Rosso G ea Lakes
659 Romaine
le uce King o May
D y ma e con en (%)
Le uce a ie y/species
Pea son Co ela ions
Head weigh
(g/plan )
S em
leng h
(cm)
D y ma e
con en
(%)
Le uce
lea index Le uce
head index NDVI SPAD To al
polyphenol
con en (TPC)
Head weigh (g/plan ) 1 0.664** 0.119 -0.294 -0.135 0.061 0.076 -0.584**
S em leng h (cm) 1 0.389 0.239 0.266 0.312 0.317 -0.432*
D y ma e con en (%) 1 0.738** 0.796** 0.896** 0.785** -0.273
Le uce lea index 1 0.955** 0.760** 0.612** -0.300
Le uce head index 1 0.828** 0.682** -0.442*
NDVI 1 0.840** -0.385
SPAD 1 -0.339
To al polyphenol con en
(TPC) 1

55 Ko ácsné Mada & Takácsné Hájos
Conclusions
The head weigh o le uce is an impo an ac o because
he lowe le el can educe he e icacy o he p ocess o he
esh cu indus y. A simila endency can be obse ed be ween
he de elopmen o head size and head weigh by di e en
le uce a ie ies. La ge head weigh can be achie ed wi h
bu e head and c isphead geno ypes. Howe e , he lollo ype
le uce wi h a smalle head weigh is asked, oo, o aw
ma e ial o a ious salad mixes. The i mness o le uce heads
is an impo an ac o , oo, because a ie ies wi h highe
compac ness may be mo e sensi i e o ungal diseases and
physiological diso de s. Fo designing he g owing a ea, i is
impo an o know he head size o he le uce o achie e
op imal plan ing space and p o i able yield. I is possible o
apply a smalle g owing a ea by up igh lea le uces (cos
le uce) a ie ies.
Acco ding o ou esul s, we can conclude, ha he
ege a ion co e o he g owing a ea (e alua ed wi h NDVI
alue) s ongly co ela es wi h he head shape index. Wi h
in ense g een colou (icebe g and cos le uce), le uce has a
highe SPAD alue. The chlo ophyll con en is an indica o o
plan heal h and can op imize e ilize applica ion o achie e
highe quali y and yields. NDVI and SPAD alues showed a
s ong co ela ion wi h d y ma e con en (%), oo. Di e en
alues we e ound o he o al polyphenol con en (TPC), bu
he highes alue was de ec ed by ed lea le uce ‘Lollo Rosso’
and by bu e head le uce ‘King o May’.
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