ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2
DOI: 10.34101/ACTAAGRAR/2/9746
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P elimina y es : E alua ion and selec ion o oma o (Lycope sicon esculen um Mill.)
a ie ies esis an o d ough and powde y mildew
Mohunnad Massimi1,2* – Laszlo Radocz2
1Ke pely Kálmán Doc o al School o C op P oduc ion and Ho icul u al Sciences
2Ins i u e o Plan P o ec ion, Uni e si y o Deb ecen
*Co espondence: mohunnad.massimi@ag .unideb.hu
SUMMARY
Powde y mildew (Le eillula au ica) and (Oidium neolycope sici) a e wo ha m ul ungi ha in ade he oma o (Lycope sicon esculen um
Mill.) plan and g ow in d y condi ions. Unde he in luence o polye hylene glycol 6000 a a concen a ion o 12%, he o al seedlings esh
weigh , o al seedlings d y weigh , seedling g ow h a e o one seedling, seedling leng h, and issue wa e con en pe cen age o h ee oma o
a ie ies we e assessed. Despi e he supe io i y o he (Mobil) oma o a ie y in e ms o nume ical alues, he esul s e ealed no signi ican
di e ences be ween a ie ies. As a esul , (Mobil) has g ea e igo unde en i onmen al d ough s ess o lowe osmo ic s ess han o he
oma o a ie ies. Mo e wo k is equi ed o e alua e he esea ch selec ion o a ie ies esis an o bio ic s esses in d y a eas, such as powde y
mildew disease.
Keywo ds: d ough , olia , immuni y, o ganic, pes s, s ess, oma o
INTRODUCTION
In he pas decade, much esea ch has ocused on
in eg a ed pes s managemen and o ganic a ming
p o ocols (Massimi and Radocz, 2020). One o hese
app op ia e me hods o in eg a ed con ol is he
p e en i e olia sp ay o powde y mildew disease.
Powde y mildew (Le eillula au ica) is a se ious
ungal disease caused by a ungus ha h i es in d y
condi ions. I is ega ded as a signi ican oma o disease
du ing he ege a i e, lowe ing, and ui ing s ages.
Howe e , con adic o y e idence sugges s ha (Oidium
neolycope sici) causes se e e powde y mildew on all
ae ial pa s o he oma o, excep he ui (Jacob e al.,
2008). I emains unclea why powde y mildew disease
in oma oes (Lycope sicon esculen um Mill.) de elops
in d ough condi ions. This s udy assumes he exis ence
o a ela ionship be ween sensi i i y o d ough and he
high possibili y o in ec ion wi h powde y mildew
disease and i was buil on a e y impo an hypo hesis
i.e. he oma o plan is e y sensi i e o d ough . Co n,
soybeans, beans, and peas a e mildly d ough -s essed,
howe e , oma oes a e excep ionally d ough -sensi i e,
acco ding o epo s (Nemeske i and Helyes, 2019).
Fu he mo e, cabbage, maize, melon, onion, pea, and
peppe a e mode a e o highly d ough -sensi i e
ege ables (B ouwe and Heibloem, 1986).
I is usually ecommended, h ough esea ch and
ag icul u al ex ension, o selec he gene ic s uc u es o
summe c ops, especially open ield ones, ha a e
esis an o d ough and pes s. One o he pionee ing
esea ch expe imen s in his ield is he expe imen s o
selec ing geno ypes and a ie ies adap ed o d ough
om he summe maize plan . Fo example, (Ahsan e
al., 2013) ecommended choosing co n cul i a s based
on he weigh o he d y shoo mass. In a summe plan
maize, hyb id igo will be inc eased due o he
s onge dominan e ec s o genes (Ali e al., 2014).
O he simila expe imen s we e conduc ed by (Massimi
e al., 2020) o selec d ough - esis an maize hyb ids
based on biological g ow h indica o s, especially he
d y weigh o he seedlings. Howe e , he Associa ion
o O icial Seed Analys s (AOSA, 1983) p o ided a
comple e desc ip ion o he seedling g ow h a e es by
e alua ing seedlings' d y weigh .
In es iga ing he subjec o he esea ch, which is
he oma o c op, one o he impo an expe imen s in
his ield is he expe ience o es ing oma o ge mplasm
a ou le els o wa e sca ci y using polye hylene
glycol (0, 20, 40, and 60 g L-1). Due o hei excep ional
pe o mance unde all le els o wa e s ess, he Hy-3
and MTG 1-4 oma o geno ypes we e disco e ed o be
d ough esis an compa ed wi h he o he 14 oma o
geno ypes (Manoj and Uday, 2007). This s udy ound
ha aising he le el o polye hylene glycol educed he
seedling g ow h o oma o geno ypes. A highe le el
means a highe simula ion o dehyd a ion and osmo ic
p essu e simila o en i onmen al d ough s ess on he
plan .
Wa e sca ci y has a signi ican impac on
ag icul u al c op g ow h and p oduc i i y. As a esul ,
a p ima y goal o plan b eeding is o imp o e ou pu in
d y ci cums ances. The quali y and igo o seeds and
he ield pe o mance o seedlings unde d ough
condi ions a e among he main me hods o selec ing
cul i a s, like in oma oes. In a s udy o in es iga e
d ough ole ance and p oduce beginning ma e ial o a
d ough ole ance b eeding p og am, ou comme cial
oma o cul i a s (Impe ial, Pakmo e VF, S ain-B, and
Tnshe S a ), a d ough - ole an b eeding line (L
03306), and hei hyb id combina ions we e chosen
(Wahb-Allah e al., 2011). All ege a i e pa ame e s
d opped d ama ically as de ici i iga ion le els
inc eased, acco ding o he expe imen . Unde se e al
de ici i iga ion egimes, Pakmo e VF and he
b eeding line L 03306 p oduced good yields (Wahb-
Allah e al., 2011). The alue o such a s udy can be
summa ized as ollows: plan p o ec ion p o essionals
will bene i om cul i a selec ion and plan b eeding
me hods because hey will gain a be e unde s anding
MASSIMI, M. – RADOCZ, L. ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2
DOI: 10.34101/ACTAAGRAR/2/9746
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o he complex in e ac ion be ween abio ic and bio ic
s ess a iables. Clima e change is expec ed o inc ease
he sp ead and in ensi y o bo h abio ic and bio ic
s esso s, making i mo e likely o c ops o be s essed
in bo h ways.
D ough s ess has an impac on a ious p ocesses
in he oma o c op, including physiology, g ow h,
de elopmen , yield, and quali y. Massimi (2021)
discusses he mos impo an esea ch needs on he
impac s o d ough s ess on he physiology and
de elopmen o oma o c op plan s, wi h a ocus on he
complica ed link be ween d ough s ess and nu ien
abso p ion. I is ad oca ed ha ag icul u al science
s udy o abio ic and bio ic s esses be expanded o
imp o e o ganic c op p oduc ion me hods such as
olia nu i ion as a unc ion o in eg a ed pes
managemen .
The pu pose o his esea ch ini ial es was o
e alua e he esponse o di e en d ough - ole an and
non-d ough ole an oma o geno ypes o simula ed
d ough s ess o an induced lowe osmo ic po en ial by
p o ing he a e o seedling g ow h. The ul ima e goal
is o enable he esea che o selec he bes a ie ies o
he ial o olia sp aying wi h salicylic acid which
s imula es sys ema ic acqui ed esis ance (SAR)
immuni y o plan s agains pes s, diseases, compe i i e
weeds. In pa icula , he selec ion and ecommenda ion
o he name o he cul i a esis an o powde y mildew,
which sp eads in d ough condi ions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two expe imen s we e ca ied ou in he labo a o y
o plan pa hology o he Ins i u e o Plan P o ec ion
a he school o ho icul u e doc o a e o he Uni e si y
o Deb ecen, Hunga y. Two d ough - ole an (Mobil,
and Ko all) a ie ies and one non-d ough ole an
(Tyking F1) oma o a ie y we e andomly selec ed.
On he o he hand, he wa e up ake pe cen age
expe imen wi h pu e dis illed wa e ex ends o only
24 hou s. In comple ely andomized design and o
each a ie y, 5 seeds we e plan ed in 3 epe i ions in 9-
mm Pe i dishes lined wi h wo laye s o il e pape
ype (AHLSTROM/Munksjo). Each pla e was i iga ed
wi h 5-cm3 o dis illed wa e whe e he pla es we e le
unco e ed o 24-hou s a oom empe a u e o (20.8
C), and (35%) ela i e humidi y. The weigh o he
i e seeds was measu ed be o e and a e 24 hou s, hen
he ollowing equa ion o wa e up ake (%) was applied
acco ding o Sozha ajan and Na a ajan (2014) o mula:
WU=[(Weigh A e –Ini ial Weigh )/Ini ial Weigh ]×100
(1)
The second expe imen ex ends o 12 days and was
o i iga ion wi h polye hylene glycol 6000 (ACROS
O ganic Ge many) a a concen a ion o 12%. In his
expe imen , each a ie y and ea men was eplica ed
andomly h ee imes in a spli comple ely andomized
design. Ten seeds we e aken andomly om each
oma o a ie y and seeded andomly in Pe i dishes o
9-mm diame e on wo laye s o il e pape s. Each
pla e was i iga ed wi h 10-ml (o 10 cm3) o he
polye hylene glycol solu ion 6000 o 12%
concen a ion (24 ppm) once on he i s day, wi h he
pla e being co e ed o 12-days o p e en he
o ma ion o he gel. A ade name o (Pancellen )
digi al senso wi h h ee eplica es was used o measu e
he o al dissol ed sal s (TDS) in he used solu ions.
On he wel h day, i e no mal seedlings ( ull
s uc u es o shoo , oo , and e minal bud) we e aken
om each ea men , whe e he o al esh weigh was
measu ed, hen d ied a 70 C o 48 hou s in a
en ila ed o en, and he o al d y weigh o he i e
seedlings was measu ed. The digi al scale o (OHAUS
ad en u e ) in he molecula biology lab was used. The
seedling g ow h a e (SGR) concep was simula ed as
desc ibed in he Associa ion o O icial Seed Analys s
(AOSA, 1983). The o al d y weigh o no mal
seedlings pe ea men was di ided by he numbe o
seedlings included a i ing a a seedling g ow h a e o
g am pe seedling. The issue wa e con en (TWC) o
combined i e seedlings was de e mined using Black
and P i cha d's o mula (2002):
TWC=[(F esh Weigh –D y Weigh )/F esh Weigh ]×100
(2)
The a e age labo a o y empe a u e and humidi y we e
eco ded daily using a ype (SENCOR SWS 5051)
wea he s a ion whe e he a e age empe a u e and
humidi y we e (23.16 C, and 34.71%).
Ano he i e andom plan s o each a ie y we e
aken o measu e he heigh wi h a cen ime e ule . The
leng h was measu ed including he shoo and oo
oge he .
The in e en ial pa ame ic esul s o his s udy
we e collec ed, con i med, and hei no mal
dis ibu ion is es ed h ough an examina ion o
no mali y using SPSS ( e sion 26). Then, analysis o
a iance o a single ac o (ANOVA-One Way) was
used as desc ibed by (Ca lbe g, 2014). Means we e
sepa a ed acco ding o he Leas Signi ican Di e ence
(LSD) a a p obabili y le el o 0.05. ANOVA indings,
on he o he hand, ha do no e eal which a ia ions
be ween pai s o means a e impo an . To in es iga e
gaps be ween mul iple g oups' means, Pos Hoc Tes
(Tukey-K ame a Pos Hoc Tes in Excel) was used.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In he wa e up ake pe cen age expe imen
e alua ion, he seeds we e i iga ed wi h dis illed wa e
ha does no exe any osmo ic p essu e on he seeds in
an a emp o dis inguish he a ie ies. The e a e no
signi ican di e ences be ween he cul i a s in he
pe cen age o wa e up ake, al hough he d ough -
esis an cul i a s we e dis inguished nume ically (bo h
Mobil, and Ko all) compa ed o he non- esis an
cul i a (Tyking F1). The equa ion o he pe cen age
o wa e in ake ma hema ically ep esen s an equa ion
co esponding o he pe cen age o inc ease in weigh .
I can he e o e be concluded ha (Mobil and Ko all)
seeds ha e highe p imi i e seed weigh s (Figu e 1).
ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2
DOI: 10.34101/ACTAAGRAR/2/9746
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Figu e 1. Wa e up ake pe cen age o h ee oma o a ie ies
Ve ical ba s (±) indica e he s anda d de ia ion o he mean (n=3)
The highe wa e abso p ion a io o (Mobil, and
Ko all) seeds a e weigh gain in a io o o iginal seed
weigh by abso bing wa e indica es he speed o
imbibi ions'. Hence as e ge mina ion compa ed o
o he s. The s a o i al p ocesses and he ans e o
ood me aboli es o seed emb yo wi h he highe
ela i e speed han o he a ie ies. This expe imen
canno be ca ied ou in polye hylene glycol media
because opening he dish a e 24 hou s will lead o he
c ys alliza ion o he medium and he di icul y o
ex ac ing he seeds. E en i he seeds a e ex ac ed, he
eadings will be inaccu a e due o he iscosi y o he
liquid and i s a achmen o he seeds.
The g ow h a e o one seedling unde he in luence
o simula ed d ough s ess was a o able o he
oma o a ie y o (Mobil). I is no iced om Table 1
ha (Mobil) cul i a excelled in he weigh o he i e
esh seedlings and he i e d y seedlings weigh ,
al hough he e we e no signi ican di e ences wi h
s a is ical signi icance be ween he h ee cul i a s. The
eason o his is due o he s eng h ( igo ) o he
a ie y in condi ions simila o d ough , whe e
abso p ion and ge mina ion a e as e han he es o
he a ie ies. The ad ance o he (Mobil) a ie y
nume ically o e o he s may be due o gene ic easons.
This b eed can ini ially be selec ed o d y condi ions.
Seed weigh , ge mina ion, and seed igo inc eased as
wa e imbibi ions inc eased, as measu ed by seedling
d y weigh and seedling g ow h a e. This could be
because (Mobil) plan ed seedlings ha e a g ea e
espi a o y a e. Wahb-Allah e al. (2011) also eco ded
an associa ion be ween d ough s ess and lea d y
ma e con en %, and s em diame e o oma o
geno ypes. When he amoun o wa e deli e ed is
educed, i al e s physiological p ocesses and exposes
plan s o d ough s ess, esul ing in limi ed wa e
abso p ion and ansmission o a ious plan sec ions.
Simila ly, when es ed a 0, 20, 40, and 60 g L-1 o
polye hylene glycol, he d ough - esis an Hy–3 oma o
geno ype had he highes oo weigh (102, 44, 30, 22
mg), whe eas he suscep ible cul i a TG–5 had he
lowes oo weigh (20, 18, 14, 10 mg) (Manoj and
Uday, 2007). Fu he , d ough - esis an oma o
cul i a s Hy-3, and MTG 1-4 eco ded he highes
shoo weigh s unde d ough le el o 60 g L-1 o
polye hylene glycol (Manoj and Uday, 2007).
O he in es iga o s ha e ound ha , due o he
s onge dominan e ec s o genes in a summe plan
maize, hyb id igo will also be inc eased (Ali e al.,
2014). D y seedling weigh exhibi ed s onge gene ic
p og ess, implying ha selec ing oma o geno ypes
based on seedling weigh , o g ow h a e could be
bene icial in de eloping d ough - ole an oma o
geno ypes. Simila indings we e epo ed on summe
plan co n by (Ahsan e al., 2013; Massimi e al., 2020).
Table 1. Means o ge mina ion-imbibi ions seedlings ai s o oma o a ie ies g own in Polye hylene glycol 6000 (12%)
Geno ype
Seedling esh weigh
[(gm) 5 seedlings-1]
Seedlings d y weigh
[(gm) 5 seedlings-1]
Seedling g ow h a e
(gm seedling -1)
Mobil
0.075 A
0.0083 A
0.0017 A
Tyking F1
0.072 A
0.0077 A
0.0015 A
Ko all
0.066 A
0.0077 A
0.0015 A
Signi icance
NS
NS
NS
Means in columns sha ing he same le e s a e no signi ican a he 5 Pe cen (%) LSD p obabili y le el. NS: Non-Signi ican & S: Signi ican
In Figu e 2, he e a e no signi ican di e ences
be ween he cul i a s ega ding issue wa e con en
when cul i a ing unde simula ed d ough condi ions
and osmo ic p essu e. This equa ion is a dec ease
equa ion ha explains he pe cen age dec ease in he
issue con en o wa e upon d ying. I is no ed ha he
as es in losing wa e is he non-d ough - esis an
a ie y (Tyking F1) o 89.31% in compa ison o
d ough - ole an a ie ies o (Mobil, and Ko all). When
access o wa e is es ic ed, physiological p ocesses a e
al e ed, and plan s a e exposed o d ough s ess,
esul ing in limi ed wa e ansmission o a ious plan
pa s (Wahb-Allah e al., 2011). Plan s espond o
d ough s ess in di e en ways. Some plan s can
comple e hei li e cycle unde ideal condi ions, o
educe wa e loss by educing lea size and s oma al
po es. O he s main ain g ow h e en when wa e is
sca ce by e aining wa e con en , o imp o e wa e use
e iciency (WUE) o limi ed a ailable wa e (Wahb-
Allah e al., 2011). As a esul o he quick wa e loss,
i may be concluded ha (Tyking F1) is he leas
d ough - esis an o he species.
MASSIMI, M. – RADOCZ, L. ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2
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Figu e 2. Tissue wa e con en (%) o oma o a ie ies
ge mina ed in Polye hylene glycol solu ion
Ve ical ba s (±) indica e he s anda d de ia ion o he mean (n=3)
Table 2 shows he a e age leng h o i e seedlings
o each a ie y. The d ough - esis an cul i a s (Mobil,
and Ko all) ou pe o med he non-d ough - esis an
cul i a (Tyking F1) in he o al seedling leng h (cm
seedling-1).
Ea ly and as oo ex ension is a key indica o o
d ough esis ance. Some plan s o he non- esis an
a ie y (Tyking F1) beha ed he same as he esis an
a ie ies a he beginning only and did no con inue like
he esis an a ie ies (Mobil, and Ko all). I was
obse ed ha oo leng h (3.1 cm) and shoo leng h (4.3
cm) we e he highes o he oma o esis an a ie y
Hy-3 unde he highes d ough le el o PEG 60 g L-1
(Manoj and Uday, 2007) compa ed wi h o he a ie ies.
A simila conclusion ound d ough s ess signi ican
and nega i e impac on he leng h o oma o plan
geno ypes (Wahb-Allah e al., 2011). This is u he
e idence o he pheno ypic igo as a unc ion o he
gene ic s uc u e o esis an a ie ies compa ed wi h
o he s.
The esul s desc ibed in his s udy indica e he igo
o (Mobil) oma o unde lowe osmo ic po en ial s ess
compa ed o o he geno ypes. One explana ion is he
(Mobil) geno ype a ie y's abili y o abso b wa e
as e , leading o as e ge mina ion and g ow h han
o he a ie ies. (Mobil) a ie y can de elop and hold
mo e issue wa e unde induced d ough s ess o
a ound (-0.45Mpa), which was p e iously de e mined
a (10% o polye hylene glycol 6000) (Jacomini e al.,
1988).
Table 2. A e age leng h o i e seedlings o each cul i a a he
end o a simula ed d ough s ess expe imen
Geno ype
Seedling leng h
cm seedlings-1
Mobil
7.20 A
Tyking F1
6.18 A
Ko all
7.24 A
Signi icance
NS
Means in columns sha ing he same le e s a e no signi ican a he 5
Pe cen (%) LSD p obabili y le el. NS: Non-Signi ican & S:
Signi ican .
Mo e esea ch is needed o de e mine he esea ch
selec ion o d ough - ole an cul i a s (Mobil and
Ko all), as well as o he pa ame e s such as shoo and
seedling leng h a he s age o wo o h ee ue lea es.
Folia sp aying wi h a lowe concen a ion o 50
mg L-1 salicylic acid solu ion will p o ide mo e
accu a e esul s on geno ypes ha a e be e sui ed o
en i onmen al ci cums ances and bio ic p essu es such
as insec s, pa hogens, ungal diseases, as well as
compe i i e weeds o open ield ga dening.
CONCLUSIONS
When compa ed o o he oma o a ie ies, he
esul s o his s udy clea ly show (Mobil) oma o igo
unde lowe osmo ic po en ial s ess. The s udy
ecommends aising he pe cen age o polye hylene
glycol o il e he selec ion o cul i a s mo e
accu a ely. Folia sp aying wi h a salicylic acid solu ion
can p oduce mo e consis en esul s on a ie ies ha a e
bes sui ed o powde y mildew disease.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The au ho s a e g a e ul o he employees and
s uden s o he Uni e si y o Deb ecen's Ins i u e o
Plan P o ec ion o hei assis ance and
encou agemen
.
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