Preliminary test: Evaluation and selection of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties resistant to drought and powdery mildew

ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2 DOI: 10.34101/ACTAAGRAR/2/9746 33 P elimina y es : E alua ion and selec ion o oma o (Lycope sicon esculen um Mill.) a ie ies esis an o d ough and powde y mildew Mohunnad Massimi1,2* – Laszlo Radocz2 1Ke pely Kálmán Doc o al School o C op P oduc ion and Ho icul u al Sciences 2Ins i u e o Plan P o ec ion, Uni e si y o Deb ecen *Co espondence: mohunnad.massimi@ag .unideb.hu SUMMARY Powde y mildew (Le eillula au ica) and (Oidium neolycope sici) a e wo ha m ul ungi ha in ade he oma o (Lycope sicon esculen um Mill.) plan and g ow in d y condi ions. Unde he in luence o polye hylene glycol 6000 a a concen a ion o 12%, he o al seedlings esh weigh , o al seedlings d y weigh , seedling g ow h a e o one seedling, seedling leng h, and issue wa e con en pe cen age o h ee oma o a ie ies we e assessed. Despi e he supe io i y o he (Mobil) oma o a ie y in e ms o nume ical alues, he esul s e ealed no signi ican di e ences be ween a ie ies. As a esul , (Mobil) has g ea e igo unde en i onmen al d ough s ess o lowe osmo ic s ess han o he oma o a ie ies. Mo e wo k is equi ed o e alua e he esea ch selec ion o a ie ies esis an o bio ic s esses in d y a eas, such as powde y mildew disease. Keywo ds: d ough , olia , immuni y, o ganic, pes s, s ess, oma o INTRODUCTION In he pas decade, much esea ch has ocused on in eg a ed pes s managemen and o ganic a ming p o ocols (Massimi and Radocz, 2020). One o hese app op ia e me hods o in eg a ed con ol is he p e en i e olia sp ay o powde y mildew disease. Powde y mildew (Le eillula au ica) is a se ious ungal disease caused by a ungus ha h i es in d y condi ions. I is ega ded as a signi ican oma o disease du ing he ege a i e, lowe ing, and ui ing s ages. Howe e , con adic o y e idence sugges s ha (Oidium neolycope sici) causes se e e powde y mildew on all ae ial pa s o he oma o, excep he ui (Jacob e al., 2008). I emains unclea why powde y mildew disease in oma oes (Lycope sicon esculen um Mill.) de elops in d ough condi ions. This s udy assumes he exis ence o a ela ionship be ween sensi i i y o d ough and he high possibili y o in ec ion wi h powde y mildew disease and i was buil on a e y impo an hypo hesis i.e. he oma o plan is e y sensi i e o d ough . Co n, soybeans, beans, and peas a e mildly d ough -s essed, howe e , oma oes a e excep ionally d ough -sensi i e, acco ding o epo s (Nemeske i and Helyes, 2019). Fu he mo e, cabbage, maize, melon, onion, pea, and peppe a e mode a e o highly d ough -sensi i e ege ables (B ouwe and Heibloem, 1986). I is usually ecommended, h ough esea ch and ag icul u al ex ension, o selec he gene ic s uc u es o summe c ops, especially open ield ones, ha a e esis an o d ough and pes s. One o he pionee ing esea ch expe imen s in his ield is he expe imen s o selec ing geno ypes and a ie ies adap ed o d ough om he summe maize plan . Fo example, (Ahsan e al., 2013) ecommended choosing co n cul i a s based on he weigh o he d y shoo mass. In a summe plan maize, hyb id igo will be inc eased due o he s onge dominan e ec s o genes (Ali e al., 2014). O he simila expe imen s we e conduc ed by (Massimi e al., 2020) o selec d ough - esis an maize hyb ids based on biological g ow h indica o s, especially he d y weigh o he seedlings. Howe e , he Associa ion o O icial Seed Analys s (AOSA, 1983) p o ided a comple e desc ip ion o he seedling g ow h a e es by e alua ing seedlings' d y weigh . In es iga ing he subjec o he esea ch, which is he oma o c op, one o he impo an expe imen s in his ield is he expe ience o es ing oma o ge mplasm a ou le els o wa e sca ci y using polye hylene glycol (0, 20, 40, and 60 g L-1). Due o hei excep ional pe o mance unde all le els o wa e s ess, he Hy-3 and MTG 1-4 oma o geno ypes we e disco e ed o be d ough esis an compa ed wi h he o he 14 oma o geno ypes (Manoj and Uday, 2007). This s udy ound ha aising he le el o polye hylene glycol educed he seedling g ow h o oma o geno ypes. A highe le el means a highe simula ion o dehyd a ion and osmo ic p essu e simila o en i onmen al d ough s ess on he plan . Wa e sca ci y has a signi ican impac on ag icul u al c op g ow h and p oduc i i y. As a esul , a p ima y goal o plan b eeding is o imp o e ou pu in d y ci cums ances. The quali y and igo o seeds and he ield pe o mance o seedlings unde d ough condi ions a e among he main me hods o selec ing cul i a s, like in oma oes. In a s udy o in es iga e d ough ole ance and p oduce beginning ma e ial o a d ough ole ance b eeding p og am, ou comme cial oma o cul i a s (Impe ial, Pakmo e VF, S ain-B, and Tnshe S a ), a d ough - ole an b eeding line (L 03306), and hei hyb id combina ions we e chosen (Wahb-Allah e al., 2011). All ege a i e pa ame e s d opped d ama ically as de ici i iga ion le els inc eased, acco ding o he expe imen . Unde se e al de ici i iga ion egimes, Pakmo e VF and he b eeding line L 03306 p oduced good yields (Wahb- Allah e al., 2011). The alue o such a s udy can be summa ized as ollows: plan p o ec ion p o essionals will bene i om cul i a selec ion and plan b eeding me hods because hey will gain a be e unde s anding MASSIMI, M. – RADOCZ, L. ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2 DOI: 10.34101/ACTAAGRAR/2/9746 34 o he complex in e ac ion be ween abio ic and bio ic s ess a iables. Clima e change is expec ed o inc ease he sp ead and in ensi y o bo h abio ic and bio ic s esso s, making i mo e likely o c ops o be s essed in bo h ways. D ough s ess has an impac on a ious p ocesses in he oma o c op, including physiology, g ow h, de elopmen , yield, and quali y. Massimi (2021) discusses he mos impo an esea ch needs on he impac s o d ough s ess on he physiology and de elopmen o oma o c op plan s, wi h a ocus on he complica ed link be ween d ough s ess and nu ien abso p ion. I is ad oca ed ha ag icul u al science s udy o abio ic and bio ic s esses be expanded o imp o e o ganic c op p oduc ion me hods such as olia nu i ion as a unc ion o in eg a ed pes managemen . The pu pose o his esea ch ini ial es was o e alua e he esponse o di e en d ough - ole an and non-d ough ole an oma o geno ypes o simula ed d ough s ess o an induced lowe osmo ic po en ial by p o ing he a e o seedling g ow h. The ul ima e goal is o enable he esea che o selec he bes a ie ies o he ial o olia sp aying wi h salicylic acid which s imula es sys ema ic acqui ed esis ance (SAR) immuni y o plan s agains pes s, diseases, compe i i e weeds. In pa icula , he selec ion and ecommenda ion o he name o he cul i a esis an o powde y mildew, which sp eads in d ough condi ions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two expe imen s we e ca ied ou in he labo a o y o plan pa hology o he Ins i u e o Plan P o ec ion a he school o ho icul u e doc o a e o he Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Hunga y. Two d ough - ole an (Mobil, and Ko all) a ie ies and one non-d ough ole an (Tyking F1) oma o a ie y we e andomly selec ed. On he o he hand, he wa e up ake pe cen age expe imen wi h pu e dis illed wa e ex ends o only 24 hou s. In comple ely andomized design and o each a ie y, 5 seeds we e plan ed in 3 epe i ions in 9- mm Pe i dishes lined wi h wo laye s o il e pape ype (AHLSTROM/Munksjo). Each pla e was i iga ed wi h 5-cm3 o dis illed wa e whe e he pla es we e le unco e ed o 24-hou s a oom empe a u e o (20.8 C), and (35%) ela i e humidi y. The weigh o he i e seeds was measu ed be o e and a e 24 hou s, hen he ollowing equa ion o wa e up ake (%) was applied acco ding o Sozha ajan and Na a ajan (2014) o mula: WU=[(Weigh A e –Ini ial Weigh )/Ini ial Weigh ]×100 (1) The second expe imen ex ends o 12 days and was o i iga ion wi h polye hylene glycol 6000 (ACROS O ganic Ge many) a a concen a ion o 12%. In his expe imen , each a ie y and ea men was eplica ed andomly h ee imes in a spli comple ely andomized design. Ten seeds we e aken andomly om each oma o a ie y and seeded andomly in Pe i dishes o 9-mm diame e on wo laye s o il e pape s. Each pla e was i iga ed wi h 10-ml (o 10 cm3) o he polye hylene glycol solu ion 6000 o 12% concen a ion (24 ppm) once on he i s day, wi h he pla e being co e ed o 12-days o p e en he o ma ion o he gel. A ade name o (Pancellen ) digi al senso wi h h ee eplica es was used o measu e he o al dissol ed sal s (TDS) in he used solu ions. On he wel h day, i e no mal seedlings ( ull s uc u es o shoo , oo , and e minal bud) we e aken om each ea men , whe e he o al esh weigh was measu ed, hen d ied a 70 C o 48 hou s in a en ila ed o en, and he o al d y weigh o he i e seedlings was measu ed. The digi al scale o (OHAUS ad en u e ) in he molecula biology lab was used. The seedling g ow h a e (SGR) concep was simula ed as desc ibed in he Associa ion o O icial Seed Analys s (AOSA, 1983). The o al d y weigh o no mal seedlings pe ea men was di ided by he numbe o seedlings included a i ing a a seedling g ow h a e o g am pe seedling. The issue wa e con en (TWC) o combined i e seedlings was de e mined using Black and P i cha d's o mula (2002): TWC=[(F esh Weigh –D y Weigh )/F esh Weigh ]×100 (2) The a e age labo a o y empe a u e and humidi y we e eco ded daily using a ype (SENCOR SWS 5051) wea he s a ion whe e he a e age empe a u e and humidi y we e (23.16 C, and 34.71%). Ano he i e andom plan s o each a ie y we e aken o measu e he heigh wi h a cen ime e ule . The leng h was measu ed including he shoo and oo oge he . The in e en ial pa ame ic esul s o his s udy we e collec ed, con i med, and hei no mal dis ibu ion is es ed h ough an examina ion o no mali y using SPSS ( e sion 26). Then, analysis o a iance o a single ac o (ANOVA-One Way) was used as desc ibed by (Ca lbe g, 2014). Means we e sepa a ed acco ding o he Leas Signi ican Di e ence (LSD) a a p obabili y le el o 0.05. ANOVA indings, on he o he hand, ha do no e eal which a ia ions be ween pai s o means a e impo an . To in es iga e gaps be ween mul iple g oups' means, Pos Hoc Tes (Tukey-K ame a Pos Hoc Tes in Excel) was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In he wa e up ake pe cen age expe imen e alua ion, he seeds we e i iga ed wi h dis illed wa e ha does no exe any osmo ic p essu e on he seeds in an a emp o dis inguish he a ie ies. The e a e no signi ican di e ences be ween he cul i a s in he pe cen age o wa e up ake, al hough he d ough - esis an cul i a s we e dis inguished nume ically (bo h Mobil, and Ko all) compa ed o he non- esis an cul i a (Tyking F1). The equa ion o he pe cen age o wa e in ake ma hema ically ep esen s an equa ion co esponding o he pe cen age o inc ease in weigh . I can he e o e be concluded ha (Mobil and Ko all) seeds ha e highe p imi i e seed weigh s (Figu e 1). ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2 DOI: 10.34101/ACTAAGRAR/2/9746 35 Figu e 1. Wa e up ake pe cen age o h ee oma o a ie ies Ve ical ba s (±) indica e he s anda d de ia ion o he mean (n=3) The highe wa e abso p ion a io o (Mobil, and Ko all) seeds a e weigh gain in a io o o iginal seed weigh by abso bing wa e indica es he speed o imbibi ions'. Hence as e ge mina ion compa ed o o he s. The s a o i al p ocesses and he ans e o ood me aboli es o seed emb yo wi h he highe ela i e speed han o he a ie ies. This expe imen canno be ca ied ou in polye hylene glycol media because opening he dish a e 24 hou s will lead o he c ys alliza ion o he medium and he di icul y o ex ac ing he seeds. E en i he seeds a e ex ac ed, he eadings will be inaccu a e due o he iscosi y o he liquid and i s a achmen o he seeds. The g ow h a e o one seedling unde he in luence o simula ed d ough s ess was a o able o he oma o a ie y o (Mobil). I is no iced om Table 1 ha (Mobil) cul i a excelled in he weigh o he i e esh seedlings and he i e d y seedlings weigh , al hough he e we e no signi ican di e ences wi h s a is ical signi icance be ween he h ee cul i a s. The eason o his is due o he s eng h ( igo ) o he a ie y in condi ions simila o d ough , whe e abso p ion and ge mina ion a e as e han he es o he a ie ies. The ad ance o he (Mobil) a ie y nume ically o e o he s may be due o gene ic easons. This b eed can ini ially be selec ed o d y condi ions. Seed weigh , ge mina ion, and seed igo inc eased as wa e imbibi ions inc eased, as measu ed by seedling d y weigh and seedling g ow h a e. This could be because (Mobil) plan ed seedlings ha e a g ea e espi a o y a e. Wahb-Allah e al. (2011) also eco ded an associa ion be ween d ough s ess and lea d y ma e con en %, and s em diame e o oma o geno ypes. When he amoun o wa e deli e ed is educed, i al e s physiological p ocesses and exposes plan s o d ough s ess, esul ing in limi ed wa e abso p ion and ansmission o a ious plan sec ions. Simila ly, when es ed a 0, 20, 40, and 60 g L-1 o polye hylene glycol, he d ough - esis an Hy–3 oma o geno ype had he highes oo weigh (102, 44, 30, 22 mg), whe eas he suscep ible cul i a TG–5 had he lowes oo weigh (20, 18, 14, 10 mg) (Manoj and Uday, 2007). Fu he , d ough - esis an oma o cul i a s Hy-3, and MTG 1-4 eco ded he highes shoo weigh s unde d ough le el o 60 g L-1 o polye hylene glycol (Manoj and Uday, 2007). O he in es iga o s ha e ound ha , due o he s onge dominan e ec s o genes in a summe plan maize, hyb id igo will also be inc eased (Ali e al., 2014). D y seedling weigh exhibi ed s onge gene ic p og ess, implying ha selec ing oma o geno ypes based on seedling weigh , o g ow h a e could be bene icial in de eloping d ough - ole an oma o geno ypes. Simila indings we e epo ed on summe plan co n by (Ahsan e al., 2013; Massimi e al., 2020). Table 1. Means o ge mina ion-imbibi ions seedlings ai s o oma o a ie ies g own in Polye hylene glycol 6000 (12%) Geno ype Seedling esh weigh [(gm) 5 seedlings-1] Seedlings d y weigh [(gm) 5 seedlings-1] Seedling g ow h a e (gm seedling -1) Mobil 0.075 A 0.0083 A 0.0017 A Tyking F1 0.072 A 0.0077 A 0.0015 A Ko all 0.066 A 0.0077 A 0.0015 A Signi icance NS NS NS Means in columns sha ing he same le e s a e no signi ican a he 5 Pe cen (%) LSD p obabili y le el. NS: Non-Signi ican & S: Signi ican In Figu e 2, he e a e no signi ican di e ences be ween he cul i a s ega ding issue wa e con en when cul i a ing unde simula ed d ough condi ions and osmo ic p essu e. This equa ion is a dec ease equa ion ha explains he pe cen age dec ease in he issue con en o wa e upon d ying. I is no ed ha he as es in losing wa e is he non-d ough - esis an a ie y (Tyking F1) o 89.31% in compa ison o d ough - ole an a ie ies o (Mobil, and Ko all). When access o wa e is es ic ed, physiological p ocesses a e al e ed, and plan s a e exposed o d ough s ess, esul ing in limi ed wa e ansmission o a ious plan pa s (Wahb-Allah e al., 2011). Plan s espond o d ough s ess in di e en ways. Some plan s can comple e hei li e cycle unde ideal condi ions, o educe wa e loss by educing lea size and s oma al po es. O he s main ain g ow h e en when wa e is sca ce by e aining wa e con en , o imp o e wa e use e iciency (WUE) o limi ed a ailable wa e (Wahb- Allah e al., 2011). As a esul o he quick wa e loss, i may be concluded ha (Tyking F1) is he leas d ough - esis an o he species. MASSIMI, M. – RADOCZ, L. ACTA AGRARIA DEBRECENIENSIS 2021-2 DOI: 10.34101/ACTAAGRAR/2/9746 36 Figu e 2. Tissue wa e con en (%) o oma o a ie ies ge mina ed in Polye hylene glycol solu ion Ve ical ba s (±) indica e he s anda d de ia ion o he mean (n=3) Table 2 shows he a e age leng h o i e seedlings o each a ie y. The d ough - esis an cul i a s (Mobil, and Ko all) ou pe o med he non-d ough - esis an cul i a (Tyking F1) in he o al seedling leng h (cm seedling-1). Ea ly and as oo ex ension is a key indica o o d ough esis ance. Some plan s o he non- esis an a ie y (Tyking F1) beha ed he same as he esis an a ie ies a he beginning only and did no con inue like he esis an a ie ies (Mobil, and Ko all). I was obse ed ha oo leng h (3.1 cm) and shoo leng h (4.3 cm) we e he highes o he oma o esis an a ie y Hy-3 unde he highes d ough le el o PEG 60 g L-1 (Manoj and Uday, 2007) compa ed wi h o he a ie ies. A simila conclusion ound d ough s ess signi ican and nega i e impac on he leng h o oma o plan geno ypes (Wahb-Allah e al., 2011). This is u he e idence o he pheno ypic igo as a unc ion o he gene ic s uc u e o esis an a ie ies compa ed wi h o he s. The esul s desc ibed in his s udy indica e he igo o (Mobil) oma o unde lowe osmo ic po en ial s ess compa ed o o he geno ypes. One explana ion is he (Mobil) geno ype a ie y's abili y o abso b wa e as e , leading o as e ge mina ion and g ow h han o he a ie ies. (Mobil) a ie y can de elop and hold mo e issue wa e unde induced d ough s ess o a ound (-0.45Mpa), which was p e iously de e mined a (10% o polye hylene glycol 6000) (Jacomini e al., 1988). Table 2. A e age leng h o i e seedlings o each cul i a a he end o a simula ed d ough s ess expe imen Geno ype Seedling leng h cm seedlings-1 Mobil 7.20 A Tyking F1 6.18 A Ko all 7.24 A Signi icance NS Means in columns sha ing he same le e s a e no signi ican a he 5 Pe cen (%) LSD p obabili y le el. NS: Non-Signi ican & S: Signi ican . Mo e esea ch is needed o de e mine he esea ch selec ion o d ough - ole an cul i a s (Mobil and Ko all), as well as o he pa ame e s such as shoo and seedling leng h a he s age o wo o h ee ue lea es. Folia sp aying wi h a lowe concen a ion o 50 mg L-1 salicylic acid solu ion will p o ide mo e accu a e esul s on geno ypes ha a e be e sui ed o en i onmen al ci cums ances and bio ic p essu es such as insec s, pa hogens, ungal diseases, as well as compe i i e weeds o open ield ga dening. CONCLUSIONS When compa ed o o he oma o a ie ies, he esul s o his s udy clea ly show (Mobil) oma o igo unde lowe osmo ic po en ial s ess. The s udy ecommends aising he pe cen age o polye hylene glycol o il e he selec ion o cul i a s mo e accu a ely. Folia sp aying wi h a salicylic acid solu ion can p oduce mo e consis en esul s on a ie ies ha a e bes sui ed o powde y mildew disease. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The au ho s a e g a e ul o he employees and s uden s o he Uni e si y o Deb ecen's Ins i u e o Plan P o ec ion o hei assis ance and encou agemen . REFERENCES Ahsan, M.–Fa ooq, A.–Khaliq, I.–Ali, Q.–Aslam, M.–Kashi , M. (2013): Inhe i ance o Va ious Yield Con ibu ing T ai s in Maize (Zea mays L.) a Low Mois u e Condi ion. A J Ag ic Res. 8: 413–420. Ali, F.–Ahsan, M.–Saeed, N.A.–Ahmed, M.– Ali, Q.–Kanwal, N.– Tehseen, M.M.–Ijaz, U.–Bibi, I.–Niazi, N.K. (2014): Es ablishmen and Op imiza ion o Callus- o-Plan Regene a ion Sys em Using Ma u e and Imma u e Emb yos o Maize (Zea mays). In J Ag ic Biol. 16: 111–117. Associa ion o O icial Seed Analys s, (AOSA) (1983): Seed Vigo Tes ing Handbook, Con ibu ion No. 32 o he handbook o seed es ing. Black, M.–P i cha d, H.W. (2002): Desicca ion and Su i al in Plan s D ying Wi hou Dying, New Yo k: CABI publishing. B ouwe , C.–Heibloem, M. 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