FSP s a us o English e bo-nominal s uc u es
Be + P eposi ional Ph ase
Ma in Adam— I ena Headlando á Kalischo á (Masa yk Uni e si y, B no)
ABSTRACT
In he amewo k o he heo y o unc ional sen ence pe spec i e, i acon ex -dependen sub-
jec is u he speci ied, he sen ence implemen s he Quali y Scale. Unde a ou able condi ions,
howe e , he occu ence o acon ex -independen subjec in he same kind o s uc u e may lead
o ap esen a ional con igu a ion ( he P esen a ion Scale). The p esen co pus-based pape looks
a English sen ences ea u ing e bo-nominal s uc u es wi h p eposi ional p edica ions ha ol-
low he pa e n Be + P eposi ional Ph ase (such as be a s ake, be on he mo e, be in ull swing, be a
hand, be in ac ion, be a isk, be in sigh ) in e ms o hei p esen a ional po en ial. Taking in o ac-
coun hei syn ac ic, ex ual and in o ma ion s uc u e, he analysis s i es o de e mine whe he
and unde wha ci cums ances he p edica es employed in such sen ences exp ess exis ence/ap-
pea ance on he scene.
KEYWORDS
FSP, p eposi ional, p esen a ion, quali y, scale, e bo-nominal
DOI
h ps://doi.o g/10.14712/18059635.2022.2.3
1 INTRODUCTION
Wi hin he amewo k o Fi bas’s heo y o unc ional sen ence pe spec i e (FSP),
sen ences a e unde s ood o implemen ei he he P esen a ion Scale (P -Scale) o
he Quali y Scale (Q-Scale) (Fi bas 1975: 45–70, 1992: 41–65, 77 , 1995a; S oboda 2005).
Resea ch has shown ha — along wi h he immedia ely ele an con ex , linea mod-
i ica ion and seman ics— i is he English e b ha de e mines he sen ence pe -
spec i e (Duško á 1999: 247 ; 2008; 2015: 256–268; Chamonikolaso á 2010: 86–93;
Adam 2013: 51–53, 157 ; 2014: 179–194; 2016: 9–15; Chamonikolaso á e al. 2015: 9–18).
E en hough unde a ou able condi ions English e bs gene ally appea o be capa-
ble o ac ing wi hin bo h he dynamic seman ic scales, hus de e mining he sen ence
pe spec i e away om o owa ds he subjec , i has become clea ha ce ain e bs
end o ope a e in jus one o he scales, mainly hanks o hei syn ac ic and seman-
ic p ope ies (e.g., e b ca ego ies ela ed o ansi i i y, complemen a ion, subjec -
e b seman ic a ini y, e c.). Hence, o ins ance, e bs o exis ence and appea ance
mani es an ob ious inclina ion owa ds p esen a ion, e ba dicendi p o o ypically as-
c ibe aquali y o acon ex -dependen bea e o quali y, while o he s, such as e bs
o mo ion, appea o be capable o ac ing wi hin bo h he scales depending on hei
syn ac ic seman ic con igu a ion (Adam 2013: 33 , 162–165).
In he cou se o esea ch in o he syn ac ic and seman ic cha ac e is ics o he
e b in he con ex o FSP, anumbe o speci ic s uc u es ha e posed an analy ical
OPEN
ACCESS
MARTIN ADAM— IRENA HEADLANDOVá KALISCHOVá 215
p oblem in he FSP in e p e a ion o sen ences. One o such po en ially ambi alen
issues can be ep esen ed by e bo-nominal p edica ions ha ollow he pa e n Be
+ P eposi ional Ph ase (such as be a s ake, be on he mo e, be in ull swing, be a hand,
be in ac ion, be a isk, o be in sigh ), he p incipal ques ion being hei p esen a ional
po en ial, i.e. whe he such s uc u es a e capable o in oducing acon ex -indepen-
den subjec on he scene, hus shaping he sen ence as ap esen a ional one.
The a o emen ioned in e p e a i e unce ain ies a e igge ed by he ac ha , a
he su ace (syn ac ic) le el, he p eposi ional ph ases in ques ion look simila i no
alike (c . We a e on he mo e mos o he ime s A mies o people a e on he mo e o The
documen s a e in o de s Cong a ula ions a e in o de ); ye hei FSP analysis does no
seem o be so unequi ocal. Al hough e bo-nominal p eposi ional s uc u es gene -
ally end o asc ibe aquali y o acon ex -dependen subjec , hence logically imple-
men ing p ima ily he Quali y Scale (We a e on he mo e mos o he ime, The docu-
men s a e in o de ), in some syn ac ic-seman ic con igu a ions he e bo-nominal
p eposi ional ph ase is capable o p esen ing acon ex -independen subjec on he
scene (A mies o people a e on he mo e, Cong a ula ions a e in o de ). The p esen
co pus-based pape s i es o examine hese e bo-nominal p eposi ional con igu a-
ions om he poin o iew o hei syn ac ic, ex ual and in o ma ion s uc u es. To
be mo e speci ic, he analysis seeks o de e mine whe he and unde wha ci cum-
s ances he p edica es employed in such sen ences exp ess exis ence/appea ance on
he scene, and which o he s uc u es unde in es iga ion a ou he P esen a ion
o Quali y Scale.
2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The dynamic seman ic scales (summa ised e.g., in Fi bas 1992) unc ionally e lec
he dis ibu ion o deg ees o communica i e dynamism (CD) and ope a e i espec-
i e o wo d o de . In p inciple, Fi bas dis inguishes wo ypes o dynamic seman ic
scales: he P -Scale and he Q-Scale. In hese scales, each elemen is asc ibed one o
he dynamic-seman ic unc ions (DSFs). In con as wi h as a ic app oach owa ds
seman ic unc ions o sen ence cons i uen s, he DSFs may change in he cou se o
he ac o communica ion; he same elemen may hus pe o m di e en unc ions in
di e en con ex s and unde di e en condi ions (c . also S oboda 2005: 221).
The p o o ypical P -Scale includes h ee basic DSFs; going in he in e p e a i e a -
angemen om he leas o he mos dynamic elemen , he i s posi ion is aken by
he hema ic Se ing o he ac ion (Se ), usually empo al and spa ial i ems o when
and whe e he ac ion akes place. Second, he exis ence o appea ance on he scene
is ypically con eyed by a e b by means o he P esen a ion o Phenomenon (P ). Fi-
nally, he majo , mos dynamic elemen , Phenomenon o be P esen ed (Ph) is li e ally
ushe ed on o he scene (Fi bas 1992, c . Chamonikolaso á and Adam 2005): As ange
newcome (Ph) appea ed (P ) on he pla o m (Se ). Unlike he P -Scale, he Q- Scale
sen ences do no p esen anew phenomenon on he scene, bu asc ibe aSpeci ica ion
(Sp) h ough aquali y e b (Q) o a ypically con ex -dependen Bea e o Quali y (B)
as in She (B) men ioned (Q) he sec e ha has ne e been e ealed be o e (Sp).
OPEN
ACCESS
216 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2022
Since he p esen pape deals wi h e bo-nominal p eposi ional ph ases, i s i
will be necessa y o commen on hei syn ac ic as well as in o ma ion s uc u e in
gene al. Syn ac ically, e bo-nominal s uc u es wi h ap eposi ional elemen ep-
esen a ela i ely he e ogeneous syn ac ic g oup; apa om he loca i e con igu a-
ions ypically ea u ing aloca i e o empo al ad e bial (He mus be a wo k) and
he con igu a ions exp essing an ac ion (John was in lo e wi h he ), i is especially he
quali ying ype o p edica ion wi h anominal o adjec i al componen (They we e s ill
in sigh , He was on he ale ) ha dese es ou a en ion in connec ion o i s in o ma-
ion s uc u e (Duško á 2012: 412–413; c . Qui k 1985: 402 , Vachek 1994: 18–21). The
p eposi ional quali ying p edica ion, as a ule, allows o anominal o adjec i al pe-
iph asis, such as They we e s ill isible o He was wa ch ul (Duško á 2012: 412–413). The
g ounds o ou choice o such cons uc ions o he pu pose o he p esen esea ch
we e as ollows: (i) hei e bo-nominal cha ac e ea u ing he e b be and ap epo-
si ion + nominal elemen used as complemen , and (ii) he exis ence o a igu a i e
meaning o he ph ase along wi h he li e al one; he e y selec ion o indi idual
samples was pa ly andom, albei conside ing he numbe s o hi s a ailable o make
he selec ion ep esen a i e. The ea u es unde lying he di ision o he cons uc-
ions in o h ee ypes is gi en below (see sec ion 3).
As ega ds hei FSP s uc u e, he p eposi ional p edica ions wi h he e b be
(be a s ake, be a hand, be in o de , e c.) ep esen an ambiguous s uc u e. Resea ch
(Chamonikolaso á e al. 2015) has indica ed ha he p incipal in e p e a i e ques-
ion conce ns hei unc ional segmen a ion, namely he ques ion o whe he hey
ope a e as copula p edica ions, i.e. as wo sepa a e communica i e uni s, o as one
uni o e bo-nominal cha ac e . E en hough Fi bas (1992, 1995a) himsel applied
he s ic ly syn ac ic app oach, hus di iding complex e bo-nominal ph ases in o
wo communica i e uni s ( he e bal elemen being in e p e ed as ansi ion and he
nominal elemen as heme), mo e ecen in es iga ions (S oboda 2005; Adam 2013,
2016; Chamonikolaso á e al. 2015) seem o be in a ou o in e p e ing e bo-nominal
s uc u es as one uni ( unc ioning as ansi ion/ heme depending on he pa icula
in o ma ion s uc u e cons ella ion). This app oach is based on he s a ic seman ic
in e p e a ion o he e bo-nominal p eposi ional ph ases and hei pu ely e bal/
adjec i al pa aph ases: e.g., be a s ake = be h ea ened, be a hand = be a ailable, be in
o de = be ele an , app op ia e, e c.). Resea ch in FSP (see e.g., Fi bas 1992: 66–69;
S oboda 2005: 221 ; Adam 2013: 44–46; Duško á 2020: 26) has con incingly demon-
s a ed ha only i seen a he in e ace wi h s a ic (lexical) seman ics, syn ac ic anal-
ysis along wi h he p ism o dynamic seman ics may e eal essen ial p ocesses in he
in o ma ion s uc u e o sen ences and ex . Thus, o ins ance, in Adam (2013: 159 )
complex e bo-nominal ph ases (V ans+N; o Vp ep+A) a e ea ed as single communica-
i e uni s: inch somebody’s way, coil somebody’s way, s ep in o he spo ligh , e c.; he s a ic
seman ic load o hese syn ac ic con igu a ions exp esses analy ically wha can be
con eyed by asingle-wo d e b on o he occasions, such as come, go, appea and he
like. Qui k e al. (1985: 1150) also in e p e such mul i-wo d e bs as uni s ha beha e
“lexically o syn ac ically as single syn ac ic cons i uen [s]”. Consequen ly, in line
wi h he app oaches b ough up abo e, he p esen esea ch will ea s uc u es such
as be a hand as single communica i e uni s o a e bo-nominal p eposi ional na u e.
OPEN
ACCESS
MARTIN ADAM— IRENA HEADLANDOVá KALISCHOVá 217
In he sys ema ic discussion on he syn ac ic cons ancy o English (and Czech) sen-
ence elemen s, Duško á (2015: 107–108) obse es ha he quali ying ype o p edica ion
wi h anominal o adjec i al componen — being nominal in i s cha ac e — p o o ypi-
cally ends o pe o m one FSP unc ion, iz. ha o he heme; hence hei inclina ion
o ul il he DSF o aSpeci ica ion. She co obo a es he conclusions by a e e ence o
Uhlířo á’s (1974) s a is ical no e on he English subjec complemen ; in he da a i s op-
e a ion in he heme amoun s o 90% ( o o he sen ence s uc u es ea u ing anomi-
nal subjec complemen and hei FSP oles see also Duško á 2015: 37, 239).1
Tha being said, i is ob ious ha he p esen esea ch should shed ligh on he FSP
s a us o he selec ed e bo-nominal p eposi ional s uc u es especially as ega ds
hei po en ial o ope a e in he P -Scale sen ences.
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
The ques ion emains whe he he sen ences unde discussion, i.e. hose ea u ing
e bo-nominal p eposi ional s uc u es as p edica es (be a s ake, be on he un, e c.),
implemen he P esen a ion o Quali y Scale. In o he wo ds, he analysis below is in-
ended o h ow ligh on hei p esen a ional po en ial and de e mine whe he and
unde wha syn ac ic and seman ic ci cums ances hese s uc u es a e capable o
ope a ing in bo h dynamic seman ic scales. Acco ding o Fi bas (1992), he abili y o
ap edica e o p esen acon ex -independen subjec (and so implemen he P esen-
a ion Scale) is in a iably associa ed wi h i s capaci y o exp ess exis ence/appea -
ance on he scene, ei he explici ly ( e bs o exis ence o appea ance), o wi h su -
icien implici ness.
In o de o na ow down he compa a i ely la ge a ea o esea ch ma e ial and
hus ob ain mo e p ecise esul s o he analysis we subdi ided he ele an e bo-
nominal p eposi ional s uc u es in o h ee basic ypes (A, B and C) wi h espec o
hei s a ic seman ic in e p e a ion and he kind o s uc u es ha could be used o
pa aph ase hem; each o he ypes is hen ep esen ed by wo samples.
Type A: Be on he mo e
This is he case o ade e bal p eposi ional ph ase, con e ed di ec ly om he e b
( o mo e); he pe iph as ic equi alen would mos likely con ain he e b i sel in ac-
i e oice.
Type B: Be a s ake
The ph ase deno es as a e, and i s pa aph ase can be o med by apassi e s uc u e
(e.g., be menaced, be isked, be endange ed) wi h no di ec ela ion o he o iginal e b.
1 No su p isingly, his FSP aspec o subjec complemen s is e lec ed in he a ea o ans-
la ion in o o he languages. Duško á (2018), o ins ance, desc ibes anumbe o cases in
which Czech p edominan ly e bal p edica ions (Czech being asyn he ic language wi h
a ela i ely ee wo d o de ) a e ansla ed by means o e bo-nominal p edica ions in o
English and ice e sa (see also Če máko á 1999: 112–113).
OPEN
ACCESS
218 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2022
Type C: Be a hand
Unlike he p e ious wo ypes, whe e e bal s uc u es could be used o ans o ma-
ion, Type C would make use o aclose adjec i al synonym (e.g., a ailable, close, nea )
wi h no lexical link o he o iginal noun ( he adjec i e handy e e s o di e en quali-
ies such as con enien , use ul o skil ul).
The esea ch da ase was co pus-d i en om he B i ish Na ional Co pus (BNC) and
p ocessed by he analy ical ool Ske ch Engine. Fo he pu pose o he FSP analysis,
sen ences con aining he exis en ial he e-cons uc ion we e excluded om he con-
co dance sea ch esul s while he ocus was on he o he wo ypes o p esen a ion sen-
ences, namely hose wi h an ini ial hema ic subjec and hose wi h a on ed ad e -
bial ollowed by subjec - e b in e sion ( o mo e de ails on hese, see e.g., Adam 2013;
Duško á 2015), along wi h sen ences implemen ing he Q-Scale. Al oge he , he co pus
con ains 920 basic dis ibu ional ields (ex ac ed om decla a i e and in e oga i e
sen ences alike), which we e manually analysed wi h espec o he ollowing aspec s:
hei lexical meaning ( his was consul ed p ima ily in he Camb idge Dic iona y, Ox o d
Ad anced Lea ne ’s Dic iona y and The F ee Dic iona y2), syn ac ic ea u es, and FSP (i.e.
assessing he in e play o he con ex , linea modi ica ion and dynamic seman ics).
4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 TYPE A
4.1.1 BE ON THE MOVE
The Camb idge Dic iona y, in acco d wi h Ox o d Ad anced Lea ne ’s Dic iona y, de ines
he e bo-nominal p eposi ional s uc u e be on he mo e p ima ily as “ o be physi-
cally ac i e; o be going somewhe e; o be a elling”; u he mo e, he ph ase may
also deno e “ha ing alo o do”, i.e. “be busy” (examples o his seman ic a ian we e
no de ec ed in he da ase unde sc u iny).
As a as he in o ma ion s uc u e is conce ned, he B i ish Na ional Co pus unde
analysis yielded he o al o 117 conco dances which con ain he lemma be on he mo e,
i.e. 1.1 hi s pe million. This e ined da ase p o ided 15 sen ences ha implemen
he P -Scale (12.8 %), whe eas he Q-Scale was ep esen ed by 102 hi s, amoun ing o
87.2 %, see Table 1 below.
Scales Abs. %
P 15 12.8
Q 102 87.2
To al 117 100.0
Table 1.P -Scale s Q-Scale ep esen a ion: be on he mo e
2 The F ee Dic iona y was chosen as i s con en is based on Ame ican English and i agg e-
ga es in o ma ion om o he sou ces, e.g., Collins Dic iona y.
OPEN
ACCESS

MARTIN ADAM— IRENA HEADLANDOVá KALISCHOVá 219
When assessing he in o ma ion s uc u e o he sen ences in he da ase , one has o
ake in o conside a ion abo e all he iple o Fi basian ac o s (Fi bas 1992) ha de-
e mine he dis ibu ion o he deg ees o communica i e dynamism o e indi idual
communica i e uni s, i.e. he immedia ely ele an con ex , linea modi ica ion o
he sen ence as well as he seman ics; hese h ee basic de e minan s a ec he unc-
ional sen ence pe spec i e in an in e play (ibid.). Thus, in he sen ences ha imple-
men he Q-Scale in he da ase he e bo-nominal s uc u es unde discussion as-
c ibe aquali y o he con ex -dependen subjec s and some hing new is said abou
he subjec . The subjec s ope a ing wi hin he Q-Scale p edominan ly ake he o m
o pe sonal p onouns, noun ph ases o p ope names (see examples (1)–(3) below).
The p edica ion is ypically mo e expanded, he pos - e bal sec ion p o iding ei he
he hema ic speci ica ion o addi ional se ing. In some sen ences he e bo-nomi-
nal p eposi ional ph ase be on he mo e ep esen s he mos dynamic elemen and so
cons i u es he heme p ope (example (3)).
(1) Well, we a e on he mo e mos o he ime. [M1]3
(2) Cu y and Je emy Robinson could sho ly be on he mo e o She . [M7]
(3) Ou Ame ican sis e s a e on he mo e and (…). [M59]
In e es ingly enough, in 21 ou o he o al o 117 hi s (i.e. 18 %), be on he mo e is di-
ec ly ollowed by he wo d again; his is, ne e heless, ne e he case in P -Scale sen-
ences. The e ec as well as he ac ual jus i ica ion appea s o be associa ed wi h he
con ex -dependen subjec : by he use o again i s con ex -dependence is enhanced:
(4) Wi hin en minu es he was on he mo e again. [M56]
(5) (…) ha Richa d Blake was on he mo e again. [M23]
(6) Slowly bu su ely Ca e a e on he mo e again. [M98]
Con a y o he pe spec i e o Q-Scale sen ences, he sen ences ha implemen he
P -Scale in he co pus mani es adi e en ype o in e play o he FSP ac o s. Abo e
all, hey in a iably ea u e acon ex -independen subjec , be i singula o plu al
o m; he occu ence o acon ex -independen subjec in he ini ial posi ion ob i-
ously iola es he linea modi ica ion o indi idual communica i e uni s in he ield,
placing he mos dynamic elemen a he beginning o he sen ence. This seeming
inconsis ency is co e ed by he emaining ac o s: he dynamic seman ic load o he
sen ences, which is clea ly p esen ing anew phenomenon on he scene, and, abo e
all, he immedia ely ele an con ex . In examples (7) and (8) below, an ex ensi e seg-
men o p eceding e bal con ex is gi en o illus a e. Thus in (7), mig a ion is he-
ma ised and anumbe o coun ies a e men ioned o demons a e how many e u-
gees a e lea ing hei homelands, i.e. a e “on he mo e”. Hence, he idea o being on
he mo e is con ex -dependen . Finally comes he las sen ence, in which he mos
dynamic elemen is millions o people, highligh ing he ac ha he phenomenon o
3 Please no e ha he code in squa e b acke s a he end o each sen ence e e s o he name
o he ele an subpa o he co pus and he i em numbe .
OPEN
ACCESS
220 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2022
mig a ion is p ominen and global; he exis en ial ans o ma ion would be The e a e
millions o people mig a ing/on he mo e.
(7) (Th oughou his o y, he e has been mig a ion. Among he g ea es mig an s we e he
B i ish, who popula ed Canada, Aus alia, New Zealand and la ge pa s o A ica,
o en wi hou so much as a‘by you lea e’ o he local popula ion. The Uni ed S a es
was c ea ed by mig a ion and he mode n wo ld has been sculp ed by mig a ion.) In
ou s i e- o n wo ld, millions o people a e on he mo e, in ea o in hope. [M11]
The ollowing example shows an analogous sen ence pe spec i e o aP -Scale: he
con ex -independen subjec is in oduced on o he scene by means o he e bo-
nominal p edica ion be on he mo e. The appea ance o he Phenomenon o be P e-
sen ed is being g adually p epa ed by ase ies o desc ip i e sen ences; only hen
does he phenomenon (We ewol ) come. C . he immedia ely ele an con ex o ex-
ample (8):
(8) (Ano he ‘comba an ’ suddenly appea ed om he O cha d end o he cou se, hu y-
ing owa ds he a m. E en a his dis ance Icould see he was libe ally spa e ed wi h
yellow pain .) We ewol was on he mo e. [M17]
As men ioned abo e, i he p edica ion is o ha e he capaci y o p esen aphenom-
enon on he scene, i mus — in Fi basian wo ds— exp ess “exis ence o appea -
ance wi h explici ness o su icien implici ness” (Fi bas 1995a: 65). Wi hin he ac ual
manual analysis, his aspec is mos e iden agains he backg ound o he p eced-
ing e bal con ex , which can ip he scales in a ou o quali y (acon ex -dependen
subjec ) o p esen a ion (acon ex -independen subjec ). The exis ence on he scene
is implied by he p esen a ional meaning o he e bo-nominal p eposi ional ph ases
con aining a e b o mo ion; appa en ly, he dynamic seman ics o he sen ence e y
much de i es om he lexical seman ics o indi idual elemen s, he p edica e being
no excep ion. Fu he mo e, in P -Scale sen ences he be on he mo e elemen almos
in a iably akes he inal posi ion in he clause; his only es i ies o i s p esen a i e
ole since ypically no o he speci ica ion ollows (c . examples (7)–(11)).
Aclose sc u iny has indica ed ha P -Scale sen ences wi h be on he mo e mani-
es asymp oma ic use o ano ion o amoun in hei subjec s, whe he exp essed
nume ically o by means o pa i i es. This obse a ion seems o eside in he ac
ha con ex -independen subjec s— in compa ison wi h con ex -dependen ones—
as a ule need a a he de ailed, speci ic and so ela i ely ex ended s uc u e:
(9) Pe haps 800,000 animals had been on he mo e. [M64]
(10) A mies o people a e on he mo e. [M30]
(11) Since 1914 millions o Russians had been on he mo e. [M59]
To sum up, he e bo-nominal con igu a ion be on he mo e seems o ope a e p ima -
ily wi hin i s lexical meaning deno ing ac ual mo ion, be i physical mo emen o he
s a o an ac i i y, and so i s dynamic seman ic load is logically abo e all p edisposed o
OPEN
ACCESS
MARTIN ADAM— IRENA HEADLANDOVá KALISCHOVá 221
he asc ip ion o quali y wi hin he Q-Scale. Ye , as any o he e b o mo ion, be on he
mo e is capable o p esen ing aphenomenon on he scene unde a ou able condi ions:
such use is igge ed by he p esence o acon ex -independen subjec and a ou able
immedia ely ele an con ex , which makes i possible o he p edica e o p esen he
subjec on he scene. Finally, i should be ecalled ha he key aspec o he p esen a-
ional capaci y o a e b is de ini ely i s abili y o exp ess exis ence o appea ance on
he scene wi h explici ness ( ypically e bs o exis ence o appea ance), o wi h su -
icien implici ness (Fi bas 1992, 1995a); such implici seman ic load o p esen a ion is
clea ly ca ied, o ins ance, by e bs o mo ion (including be on he mo e) and e bs
ha mani es aseman ic a ini y wi h he subjec (Adam 2011, 2013, 2016, 2019).
4.1.2 BE ON THE RUN
The o iginal esul o he conco dance sea ch o he lemma be on he un was 69 hi s
(i.e. 0.61 pe million); howe e , as he e we e h ee cases o an iden ical ex being
lis ed as sepa a e en ies, he o al numbe o hi s was inally educed o 66.
Acco ding o he de ini ions in all h ee dic iona ies, he lexical meaning o his
e bo-nominal ph ase deno es wo basic ac ions: (i) hu ying o mo ing om place
o place, o (ii) a emp ing o escape om pu sue s, unning om he police. In e -
es ingly, i was he la e ( igu a i e) o he wo meanings ha u ned ou o be p e a-
len in all he ex s yielded by he sea ch.
As can be seen in Table 2, he analysis o he dynamic seman ics o he sen ences
iden i ied amajo i y o Q-Scale implemen a ion (53 conco dances, i.e. 80.3%, see ex-
ample (12)) compa ed o 13 hi s (19.7%) o p esen a ion sen ences (example (13)).
Scales Abs. %
P 13 19.7
Q 53 80.3
To al 66 100.0
Table 2.P -Scale s Q-Scale ep esen a ion: be on he un.
(12) He had been on he un ame e wo days. [R16]
(13) Acon ic ed mu de e was on he un las nigh . [R18]
The Q-Scale sen ences in his subpa o he co pus gene ally asc ibe aquali y o
con ex -dependen subjec s; hese a e ep esen ed by pe sonal o ela i e p onouns
(al oge he almos 72%), p ope nouns o noun ph ases wi h he de ini e a icle (see
examples (14)–(17) espec i ely).
(14) (Tha ’s why) I’m on he un. [R56]
(15) (because … Angel Alcalde,) who was on he un om he police (…) [R8]
(16) Whi e hai ed and lo id, dumpy John Hu was on he un. [R17]
(17) Maybe he boy was on he un. [R21]
OPEN
ACCESS
222 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2022
The p esen a ion sen ences, on he o he hand, in oduced con ex -independen sub-
jec s on o he scene, ypically making use o he inde ini e a icle (in en ou o he 13
hi s) o aca dinal nume al (examples (18) and (19) below); he subjec s— p esen ing he
phenomena— a e in a iably placed ini ially, hus pe ec ly co esponding o he de i-
ni ion o P -sen ence Type II, i.e. ha wi h an ini ial hema ic subjec (c . Adam 2013:
66). The e bal p edica ion is egula ly ollowed by ad e bials e e ing o ime o place
(c . examples (20) and (21)), which pe o m he dynamic seman ic unc ion o ase ing
in he p esen a ion sen ences; hey could be ound in en ou o he 13 hi s. Thei occu -
ence, howe e , is ypical no jus o he P -Scale, as in he Q-Scale sen ences hei num-
be amoun s o 60% (i.e. 32 conco dances ou o 53) and hey ac ei he as he hema ic
uni o ase ing o as he mos dynamic hema ic elemen , speci ica ion. The ad e bials,
ega dless o he ype o he dynamic seman ic scale, ange om single-wo d exp es-
sions o mul i-wo d ph ases, such as yes e day, e e since hen, since/a e escaping om
p ison, ame e wo days, las nigh , a e gi ing his gua ds he slip o om p ison.
(18) Ap isone was on he un las nigh a e gi ing his gua ds he slip. [R60]
(19) Fou men we e on he un las nigh (a e …) [R49]
(20) Acon ic ed mu de e is on he un onigh . [R6]
(21) (…) aman on bail o ape is on he un in he Midlands. [R36]
Apa om he common use o pos - e bal modi ica ion, he e is ano he ea u e sha ed
by bo h he P -Scale and he Q-Scale sen ences, and his is he dominance o he igu a-
i e lexical meaning o he ph ase be on he un, i.e. ying o escape om he pu sue s/
police (as s a ed a he beginning o 4.1.2). In mos o he Q-Scale examples and all o he
P -Scale ins ances, he ph ase e e s o amembe o he seman ic ield o “ac iminal”,
in o he wo ds someone who has commi ed ac ime and now inds hemsel es a some
s age o he legal p oceedings (see examples (20) and (21) abo e, and (22)–(24) below).
(22) Ade endan on ial o aho i ying kni e mu de was on he un las nigh (…) [R52]
(23) Asuspec ed bu gla is on he un (…) [R39]
(24) Fou emand p isone s we e on he un las nigh (…) [R61]
As p oposed in sec ion 4.1.1 wi h espec o he ph ase be on he mo e, due o i s lexical
seman ics he s uc u e be on he un also ends o say some hing new abou acon ex -
dependen subjec a he han deno e he exis ence o appea ance o an unknown
phenomenon. The e seems o be one excep ion o his endency, howe e , and ha is
when used in media discou se. The s yle as well as he immedia ely ele an con ex
o he p esen a ion sen ences o his pa icula da ase sugges ha hey we e used
o he mos pa as headlines o he i s lines o lead pa ag aphs bo h in w i en
and spoken media; his claim may be jus i ied also by he occu ence o occasional
capi aliza ion o he subjec s o b oadcas - ela ed no es (c . examples (25) and (26)).
(25) S angeways p isone s lee cou . FIVE p isone s being ied in connec ion wi h he
S angeways io we e on he un las nigh (…) [R48]
(26) Read in s udio </s><s> Asuspec ed bu gla is on he un (…) [R39]
OPEN
ACCESS
MARTIN ADAM— IRENA HEADLANDOVá KALISCHOVá 229
Con a y o his, he sen ences whose in o ma ion s uc u e pa e ns as he Q-
Scale asc ibe aquali y o a hema ic subjec , namely he no ion o acon ex -depen-
den en i y being a ailable and a one’s disposal. C .:
(51) The wa pe haps showed ha his eco e y was a hand. [H73]
(52) Bu ce ainly i ’s a hand (when i ’s needed). [H98]
The lexical-seman ic analysis o he be a hand da ase yielded some in e es ing ob-
se a ions, oo. Pe haps mos ema kably, in 45 ou o 127 hi s, i.e. 35%, he subjec
con ained an exp ession ec ui ed om he seman ic ield “help”, help i sel being he
mos p ominen one. On op o his, all o hose dis ibu ional ields implemen ed he
P -Scale (o he help- ela ed subjec s, always abs ac no ions, a e o ins ance assis-
ance, escue, helpe s, emedy, elie ):
(53) Bu now help is a hand. [H11]
(54) (Don’ panic,) help is a hand. [H63]
Especially in he P -Scale sen ences, albei no exclusi ely, he analysis e ealed a el-
a i ely high incidence o subjec s ec ui ed om eligious and biblical con ex s (9%).
Inciden ally, his inding seems o be un ela ed o he co po a examined as he BNC
makes use o all di e en gen es and ex - ypes; ne e heless, he appa en seman-
ic homogenei y o he p e e bal pa migh be igge ed by he s a ic seman ic load
(imminence, u gency, closeness) o he ph ase be a hand:
(55) His hou is a hand. [H72]
(56) (Indeed o Paul), he Lo d was a hand, (…). [H60]
Conside he o he biblical o gene ally Ch is ian subjec s aced in he da ase in as-
socia ion wi h be a hand: ou sal a ion, he Kingdom, he Las imes, Kingdom o Hea en,
he end o Ch is ian socie y, he end o he wo ld, eligious u opias, e c.
A he syn ac ic le el, i is wo h men ioning ha anumbe o P -Scale sen ences
in he da ase a e ealised as Ex ended P esen a ion Scale (Chamonikolaso á and
Adam 2005), i.e. as as uc u e ha con ains bo h he phenomenon p esen ed on he
scene and, a he same ime, i s speci ica ion wi hin he dis ibu ional ield; he speci-
ica ion has a o m o a ull in ini i e clause:
(57) O ice s |Ph| will be a hand o ac as po e s |Sp|. [H4]
(58) (…), while p isone s |Ph| we e a hand o ac as po e s |Sp|. [H2]
To conclude, i is possible o say ha he e bo-nominal con igu a ion be a hand op-
e a es, owing o i s lexical-seman ic cha ac e is ics, p ima ily wi hin he P -Scale; i s
dynamic seman ic load is li e ally p edisposed o he exp ession o exis ence o ap-
pea ance on he scene. Along wi h he o he wo FSP ac o s (immedia ely ele an
con ex and linea modi ica ion) seman ics appea s o s and a he oo o i s p edom-
inan ly p esen a ional po en ial.
OPEN
ACCESS

230 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2022
4.3.2 BE IN THE AIR
The las pa o he esea ch ma e ial, co e ing he ph ase be in he ai , was ini-
ially ep esen ed by 123 examples om he BNC (i.e. 1.1 hi s pe million) bu he
numbe had o be ounded down o 83 as he da ase included h ee samples o po-
e y, which is no ali e a y gen e usually submi ed o FSP analysis, en sen ences
wi h he acciden al combina ion be in he Ai Fo ce, and inally 27 ins ances o he
li e al meaning o he ph ase. The las -men ioned occu ence was ypical o con-
ex s e e ing o mo emen (especially lying) o smell, whe e he e bo-nominal
ph ase changed in o he lexical e b o be and he ad e bial in he ai ; his— how-
e e — did no comply wi h he o iginal idea o wo k wi h he igu a i e meaning
o he ph ase exp essing he no ion o some hing being close, no iceable and/o
abou o happen.
The inal numbe s o bo h ypes o scales a e a he di e en , wi h he P -Scale
s ong in he lead by 20% (see Table 8 and example (59)). Example (60), p o iding also
he immedia ely ele an con ex , ep esen s he Q-Scale.
Scales Abs. %
P 50 60.2
Q 33 39.8
To al 83 100.0
Table 8.P -Scale s Q-Scale ep esen a ion: be in he ai
(59) In Ci ic Fo um, Czechoslo akia’s la ges poli ical g oup, di o ce is in he ai . [A46]
(60) (The e is usually abonding pe iod o a leas acouple o weeks be ween aplaye
and anew ins umen ), bu his ime omance was in he ai s aigh away (and
… wha he hell… I hink we’ e engaged…) [A94]
The Camb idge Dic iona y’s example o he idioma ic use o he ph ase unde dis-
cussion sugges s h ee ypical nouns in he ole o subjec s, namely lo e, change and
sp ing; indeed, wo o hem quali ied as he mos equen colloca ions in he p e-
sen a ion sen ences (change 7/50 hi s, sp ing 6/50 hi s), while a he unexpec edly
he noun lo e came up only wice. O he lexical i ems colloca ing wi h be in he ai
and illing he posi ion o con ex -independen subjec s, hus pe o ming he ole
o phenomena o be p esen ed on he scene, we e o en membe s o wo seman ic
ields ha could be loosely labelled “ ela ionships” (e.g., sex, omance, weddings o
ma iage) and “d ama ic e en s” (e.g., wa , mu de , apocalypse, dea h o d ama), see
examples (61) and (62). The wo ds in he posi ions o subjec s o he Q-Scale sen-
ences we e qui e miscellaneous and did no seem o sha e any pa icula ypical
ea u e.
(61) ‘Weddings seem o be in he ai ,’ (she said …) [A7]
(62) Dea h was in he ai oo all a ound he sca e ed w eckage. [A91]
OPEN
ACCESS
MARTIN ADAM— IRENA HEADLANDOVá KALISCHOVá 231
Once again, he a ailable da ase e ealed ace ain disposi ion o his e bo-nominal
s uc u e o appea in he a ou able en i onmen o media discou se o easons
which a e qui e ob ious— he ph ase is b ie , eye-ca ching and especially in com-
bina ion wi h amono-syllabic wo d as he subjec i becomes hy hmical whe he
you say i o ead i , c . examples (63) and (64) ( he capi aliza ion is o iginal). In his
ega d i may no be su p ising ha his subpa o he co pus also p oduced some
uly c ea i e language samples in he o m o aplay on wo ds whe e he ex could
be unde s ood in he igu a i e as well as he li e al sense o he ph ase. In example
(65), p esumably aheadline, he Monday blues may be in he ai me apho ically bu
also li e ally as is cla i ied by he e e ence o ai condi ioning in he subsequen
con ex .
(63) LOVE was in he ai (when …) [A8]
(64) SPRING is in he ai (…) [A10]
(65) Monday blues a e in he ai . (WORKERS ha e good eason o dislike Mondays …
bu i ’s go li le o do wi h e u ning o wo k and alo o do wi h he ai -condi ion-
ing, a esea che said yes e day.) [A85]
Syn ac ically speaking, he sen ences (be i he P -Scale o Q-Scale) ea u ing he
ph ase be in he ai end o be a he sho , wi h he ph ase i sel placed as he
e y las uni and jus excep ionally u he ex ended by an ad e bial in he ole
o ase ing o aspeci ica ion (e.g., s aigh away, all he ime, o hal aminu e and
some o he s).
O e all, he analysis o he s uc u es be a hand and be in he ai used as examples
o Type C p o ed mo e han ui ul as i b ough somewha unexpec ed esul s in
e ms o hei p esen a ion po en ial. The o me is almos apa agon o he P -Scale
implemen a ion due o i s lexical seman ics, and simila ly, he la e demons a es
as ong capaci y o p esen acon ex -independen subjec as anew phenomenon.
5 CONCLUSIONS
To s a wi h, i should be s a ed ha he p esen esea ch has p oduced conclusi e
p oo s o he p elimina y p emise ha a he le el o FSP, p eposi ional s uc u es
such as be a hand o be in o de beha e as homogeneous e bo-nominal p eposi ional
con igu a ions (wi h apossibili y o al e na i e e bal ans o ma ion) a he han
a wo- old communica i e uni comp ising acopula (be) and ap eposi ional ph ase.
As o hei FSP s a us, as is ob ious om he analysis abo e, he e bo-nominal
p eposi ional ph ases unde sc u iny can a ec he sen ence pe spec i e bo h o-
wa ds and away om he subjec . Con a y o he ini ial assump ion conce ning he
ype o scale implemen ed by indi idual con igu a ions, he da a ha e indica ed ha
hese ph ases do no jus asc ibe quali y o a hema ic subjec bu can equally p es-
en acon ex -independen subjec on he scene. Table 9 p esen s he summa y o he
esul s yielded by he analysis:
OPEN
ACCESS
232 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2022
Type A Type B Type C
be
on he mo e
be
on he un
be
a s ake
be
in o de
be
a hand
be
in he ai
P -Scale (%) 4 20 42 17 89 60
Q-Scale (%) 96 80 58 83 11 40
To al (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100
Tendency Q Q Q/P Q P P /Q
Table 9.Tendencies o indi idual ypes o implemen P -Scale and/o Q-Scale
In acco dance wi h he gene al c i e ia o he dis ibu ion o deg ees o communica-
i e dynamism, he FSP s a us o he e bo-nominal p eposi ional ph ases unde dis-
cussion is de e mined by he immedia ely ele an con ex , lexical seman ics (which
in some cases p o ed o be decisi e) as well as hei linea modi ica ion (albei o
alesse deg ee). An in e play o hese h ee iconic ac o s hen de e mines he unc-
ional pe spec i e o he sen ences p o ided by he da ase .
Thus, h ee ou o he six con igu a ions examined ( iz. be on he mo e, be on he un,
be in o de ) showed a endency o ope a e p e ailingly wi hin he Q-Scale. These s uc-
u es e inced o e 80% inclina ion owa ds speci ica ion o he subjec ; be on he mo e
and be on he un mos p obably owing o hei mo ional seman ic load, and be in o de
hanks o i s p ima y quali a i e meaning ha na u ally seems o speci y he con ex -
dependen subjec . Con e sely, one con igu a ion only (be a hand) displayed an indis-
pu able p e e ence o he P -Scale; i was in 89% o hi s ha his s uc u e ushe ed
acon ex -independen subjec on o he scene. Admi edly, be a hand ep esen s he
only s uc u e discussed ha — again in connec ion o i s lexical meaning— ac ually
con eys an exis en ial and hence p esen a i e, lexical meaning; i is no su p ising hen
ha i is mos ly employed as ameans o p esen a ion on he scene. The emaining wo
ph ases, namely be in he ai and be a s ake, e eal ag ea e o lesse abili y o ope a e
in bo h di ec ions unde a ou able condi ions, i.e. o media e p esen a ion o quali-
ica ion espec i ely. I ollows ha such aspeci ic en i onmen a he le el o syn ax,
bu especially ha o lexical seman ics (including key colloca ions and ypical comple-
men a ion pa e ns) can igge di e en sen ence pe spec i es. The analysis has co-
gen ly demons a ed ha he lexical seman ic load o he e bo-nominal p eposi ional
s uc u es eminen ly co-de e mines he FSP s a us o hese ph ases: each dic iona y
meaning shapes he sen ence pe spec i e in apa icula di ec ion. Fu he mo e, he
analysis has demons a ed ha asigni ican ole is played by whe he he pa icula
e bo-nominal p eposi ional con igu a ion is used in i s li e al meaning o in a igu-
a i e, me apho ical sense. As men ioned abo e, he syn ac ic ea u es comple e he
mosaic o FSP s a us o indi idual ph ases, bu do no supply any new o unexpec ed
obse a ions in he p esen esea ch. One o he syn ac ic de e minan s is, o ins ance,
he ela i e leng h and complexi y o p e- and pos - e bal modi ica ion: in P -Scale
sen ences he pos - e bal modi ica ion ypically ends o be ex emely sho i no com-
ple ely absen (c . Adam 2013: 157 ; Duško á 2020). A e all, esea ch has epea edly
es i ied o he obse a ion ha “ he mo e complex is he alency o he e b, he mo e
likely i will pe o m he Q- unc ion, and ice- e sa” (Adam 2013: 165).
OPEN
ACCESS
MARTIN ADAM— IRENA HEADLANDOVá KALISCHOVá 233
In conclusion, i should also be no ed ha he syn ac ic seman ic ypes adop ed o
he pu pose o he p esen analysis ( he classi ica ion in o Types A, B and C) p o ed o
be somewha he e ogeneous since hei ep esen a i es do no , as a ule, show acom-
mon pa e n in e ms o hei p e e ence o pa icula sen ence pe spec i es. I is
solely Type A(de e bal p eposi ional ph ase wi h ape iph as ic equi alen con ain-
ing he e b i sel in ac i e oice) ha e inces an appa en inclina ion owa ds he Q-
Scale. Needless o add, o ge awide and mo e ep esen a ional pic u e o he ope a-
ion o e bo-nominal p eposi ional ph ases wi hin unc ional sen ence pe spec i e,
u u e esea ch should ocus on ag ea e a ie y and numbe o ep esen a i es.
REFERENCES
Adam, M. (2011) ‘Abee buzzed ac oss hei
pa h’: Seman ic a ini y as a o ma i e o ce in
P esen a ion Scale sen ences. Os a a Jou nal
o English Philology 3/1, 19–32.
Adam, M. (2013) P esen a ion sen ences
(syn ax, seman ics and FSP). B no: Masa yk
Uni e si y.
Adam, M. (2016) Acase s udy in e bs ope a ing
in he P esen a ion and/o Quali y Scale
espec i ely: BUZZ and SEIZE. In: C ho á,
M. and M.Weiss (eds) Silesian S udies in
English 2015. P oceedings o he 4 h In e na ional
Con e ence o English and Ame ican S udies, 7–18.
Opa a: Silesian Uni e si y in Opa a.
Adam, M. (2019) P esen a ional capaci y o
English ansi i e e bs: On some seman ic
and FSP aspec s o SEIZE. Linguis ica P agensia
29/2, 178–191.
Ca e , R. and M. McCa hy (2006) Camb idge
G amma o English. Camb idge: CUP.
Chamonikolaso á, J. and M.Adam (2005) The
P esen a ion Scale in he Theo y o Func ional
Sen ence Pe spec i e. In: Če mák, J., A.Klég ,
M.Malá and P.Šaldo á (eds) Pa e ns.
AFes sch i o Libuše Duško á, 59–69. P aha:
Filozo ická akul a Uni e zi y Ka lo y.
Chamonikolaso á, J. (2010) Communica i e
dynamism and p osodic p ominence o
English and Czech p onouns. In: P ocházka,
M., P.Šaldo á and M.Malá (eds) The P ague
School and Theo ies o S uc u e. 143–159.
Go ingen: V&R Unip ess.
Chamonikolaso á, J., M. Adam, I. Headlando á
Kalischo á, M. D ápela and L. S ehlíko á
(2015) C ea ing asys em o anno a ion o
FSP. Linguis ica P agensia 25/1, 9–18.
Če máko á, M. (1999) Vě něčlenské
ko espondence podmě u mezi anglič inou
ačeš inou [Syn ac ic coun e pa s o he subjec
be ween English and Czech]. Unpublished
diploma disse a ion. P ague: Cha les
Uni e si y/ Facul y o A s.
Duško á, L. (1999) Basic dis ibu ion o
communica i e dynamism s. nonlinea
indica ion o unc ional sen ence pe spec i e.
T a aux du Ce cle Lingis ique de P ague 3,
249–262.
Duško á, L. (2008) Vz ahy mezi séman ikou
aak uálním členěním zpohledu anglis ických
členů P ažského ling is ického k oužku. [The
ela ions be ween seman ics and unc ional
sen ence pe spec i e as seen by Anglicis
membe s o he P ague Linguis ic Ci cle].
Slo o aslo esnos 69/1–2, 67–77.
Duško á, L. (2012) Mlu nice současné anglič iny
na pozadí češ iny. P aha: Academia.
Duško á, L. (2015) F om Syn ax o Tex : The Janus
Face o Func ional Sen ence Pe spec i e. P ague:
Ka olinum P ess.
Duško á, L. (2018) Pa allel co po a and
con as i e linguis ics: Whe e o look o
pi alls in he ansla ion o in o ma ion
s uc u e. Be gen Language and Linguis ics
S udies 9/1, 5–20.
Duško á, L. (2020) Dual seman ics o
in ansi i e e bs: lexical seman ics s.
p esen a i e meaning. In: Kloudo á, V.,
M.Šemelík, A.Racocho á and T.Kop ík
OPEN
ACCESS
234 LINGUISTICA PRAGENSIA 2/2022
(eds) Spiel äume de mode nen linguis ischen
Fo schung, 25–54. P aha: Ka olinum.
Fi bas, J. (1975) On ‘exis ence/appea ance on
he scene’ in unc ional sen ence pe spec i e.
P ague S udies in English 16, 45–70.
Fi bas, J. (1992) Func ional sen ence pe spec i e in
w i en and spoken communica ion. Camb idge:
CUP.
Fi bas, J. (1995a) On he hema ic and he
hema ic laye s o a ex . In: Wå wick, B., S.-
K. Tanskanen, R.Hil unen (eds) O ganiza ion
in Discou se: P oceedings om he Tu ku
Con e ence, Anglicana Tu kuensia 14, 59–72.
Tu ku: Uni e si y o Tu ku.
Fi bas, J. (1995b) Re ie abili y span in
unc ional sen ence pe spec i e. B no S udies
in English 21, 17–45.
Hajičo á, E. (2010) Rhema ize s e isi ed.
Linguis ica P agensia 20/1, 57–70.
Qui k, R. e al. (1985) AComp ehensi e g amma
o he English language. London: Longman.
S oboda, A. (2005) Fi basian seman ic scales
and compa a i e s udies. In: Če mák, J.,
A.Klég , M.Malá and P.Šaldo á (eds)
Pa e ns. AFes ch i o Libuše Duško á,
217–229. P aha: Filozo ická akul a Uni e zi y
Ka lo y.
Uhlířo á, L. (1974) On he ole o s a is ics in he
in es iga ion o FSP. In: Daneš, F. (ed) Pape s
on Func ional Sen ence Pe spec i e, 208–216.
P ague: Academia.
Vachek, J. (1994) A unc ional syn ax o mode n
English. B no: Masa yk Uni e si y.
SOURCES
Ske ch Engine. Masa yk Uni e si y. h ps://
ske. i.muni.cz/ [las accessed 12Decembe
2021].
The F ee Dic iona y. Fa lex. h ps://www.
he eedic iona y.com/ [las accessed
4Janua y 2022].
Camb idge Dic iona y. Camb idge Uni e si y
P ess. h ps://dic iona y.camb idge.o g/
[las accessed 10Janua y 2022].
Ho nby, A.S., and J.Tu nbull (2010) Ox o d
Ad anced Lea ne ’s Dic iona y: O Cu en English
(8 h ed.). Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess.
Ma in Adam
Ka ed a anglického jazyka ali e a u y
Pedagogická akul a Masa yko y uni e zi y
Poříčí 623/7, 603 00 B no
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9130-9983
[email p o ec ed].cz
I ena Headlando á Kalischo á
Ka ed a anglického jazyka ali e a u y
Pedagogická akul a Masa yko y uni e zi y
Poříčí 623/7, 603 00 B no
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5456-8855
kalischo[email p o ec ed].cz
OPEN
ACCESS