LEADERSHIPS' ROLE OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN COMPETITIVENESS'
ENHANCEMENT OF REGION BIHAR
And ea Emese Ma kó
Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Enginee ing, [email p o ec ed]
Keywo ds: go e nmen , co po a e cul u e, No he n G ea Plain Region, leade ship beha io
Abs ac : examining he in e na ional seconda y li e a u e we can decla e, ha he analysis o he
o ganiza ional cul u e owa d he municipali ies had been no ye pe o med. The accession o
Hunga y in he Eu opean Union has launched a new chap e in he his o y o he home sel -
go e nmen . The ini ia i e o he Eu opean Union, he NUTS sys em plays also an eminen ole. The
NUTS is an ac onym o he composi ion o English wo ds Nomencla u e o Te i o ial Uni s o
S a is ics / S a is iques Nomencla u e des Uni és e i o iales. The s udy deals wi h he analysis o he
obse ed and expec ed alues in he local go e nmen s o he No he n G ea Plain egion (Hunga y).
1. INTRODUCTION
The cul u al esea ch, which is pa o he p esen s udy used bo h quan i a i e
and quali a i e me hodology. We used as quan i a i e me hod a ques ionnai e
su ey, which has been ca ied ou wi h he help o he GLOBE (Global Leade ship
and O ganiza ional Beha io E ec i eness) ques ionnai e. This GLOBE
ques ionnai e had been al eady success ul applied in he p ojec „Con es ing he
Wo ld”o he Co inus Uni e si y Budapes . Koopman, Den Ha og, Kon ad and hei
co-au ho s (1999) examined he cul u al a iables o 21 Eu opean coun ies, while
B odbeck and his co-au ho s s udied he alues o he leade ship a iables in
Eu opean clus e s. This p esen uses he GLOBE ques ionnai e in o de o examine
he leade ship a iables in he local au ho i ies.
The medium ank manage s o he municipali ies in he No he n G ea Plain Region
ha e been es ed by he su ey. 193 manage s o 24 se lemen s ook pa in he
o al sample. We anked o local go e nmen s in o A, B and C ca ego ies. The
ca ego iza ion is based on he popula ion o he se lemen . The shi e- owns belong
o he ca ego y A. The ca ego y B is ep esen ed by he se lemen s wi h he
popula ion numbe o 6000 o 17,000 people, while he ca ego y C ep esen s he
se lemen s wi h 1,000 o 3,000 inhabi an s. The local go e nmen s p esen ed in he
sample had been selec ed in o de o ep esen di e en cul u e.
Ou s udy ouches on he ela ion be ween he managemen and he
o ganiza ional cul u e, and i p esen s he o ganiza ional backg ound o he local
go e nmen s, ollowing he sho p esen a ion o he No he n G ea Plain Region.
2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND
LEADERSHIP
Acco ding o Schein’s (1989) de ini ion, ha he o ganiza ional cul u e is
no hing mo e han „ he pa e ns o basic assump ions, ha he o ganiza ion has
s udied du ing he sol ing o i s ex e nal and in e nal p oblems and which ha e
wo ked well enough o accep hem as alid and conside ed simila ope a ional
p oblems.” The managemen has a decisi e ole In he shaping o he o ganiza ional
cul u e wi h no ega d o he ci cums ance, wha kind o indus y do hey belong o
[2,9]The main pu pose o he o ganiza ional cul u e de eloped by he leade is he
shaping o he beha io and iden i y, ha is he mos adequa e o he objec i es o
he employees [6] The pu pose o his chap e is he p esen a ion o his ac i i y.
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Schein deals wi h he ela ionship be ween o ganiza ional cul u e he mos
p o ound. Acco ding him he mos impo an leade ship ole is he de eloping and
main aining o he o ganiza ional cul u e. The o ganiza ional is de eloped by h ee
sou ces: he belie s o he ounde o he o ganiza ion, he alues and assump ions,
he e en s expe ienced by he g oup, and he belie s, alues and assump ions o he
new membe s and leade s o he o ganiza ion. [7,10]
The o ganiza ional cul u e is o med by he leade , bu his is no enough, because
he e is a need o a g oup, who dissemina e and p opagandize hese new alues
and cul u e [3] The ounde s a ec ha g oup he mos , in he p ocess, in which he
g oup adap s o he changes o he ex e nal ci cums ances and esol e he p oblems
o in e nal in eg a ion [7,11]. A leade , who unde s ands he equi emen s o he, will
be he ini ia o and he manage o he change. Acco ding o he de ini ion o he
GLOBE will be he leade ship he abili y o he indi idual o in luence, mo i a e and
enable he membe s o he o ganiza ion, who shall con ibu e o he e ec i eness
and success o hei o ganiza ion [5]. The leade ship is measu ed by a es wi h 112
measu ing he beha io and a ibu e; he esponden s cha ac e ize he ea u e using
a se en-poin scale o de e mine, wha is he beha io ha conduces o he expec ed
beha io . In he s udy was he su ey o he leade ship a ibu es by he analysis o
he main componen s pe o med.
3. BIHAR REGION
Hajdú-Biha coun y has a cen al loca ion in he No he n G ea Plains egion,
and i s shi e- own Deb ecen is he cul u al and economical cen e o he whole
egion. As we a e p esen ing he coun ies we a e highligh ing on he geog aphical,
economical and social con ex s, so we emphasize on a his o ical-geog aphical
app oach. Hajdú-Biha is he ou h la ges coun y o Hunga y. The cu en coun y
had been newly de eloped, ollowing he adminis a i e e o ms o he 1950. The
e i o ies om which he coun y is consis ed howe e has a long his o y; he mode n
Hajdú-Biha is made o h ee di e en geog aphical a eas wi h di e en his o ical
adi ions and de elopmen : Deb ecen, he Hajdúság and he Biha . The eligious
a ilia ion o he coun y is due o he di e en his o ical de elopmen is a ied.
P ima ly he Cal inis chu ch shaped he li e o he local esiden s. This was a esul
o he chu ch policy o he bo oughs o he Hajdúság, as hey p ohibi ed he
se lemen o he Ca holics, and he o me Ca holics chu ches we e used by he
Re o med cong ega ion. The Cal inism and he au onomy o he bo ough we e
insepa able om each o he , and no only he e bu also in he Kunság (Cumania);
his is due o he social and economic ideology o he Cal inism, ha is be e sui ed
o he popula ion a he i s s age o he bou geois de elopmen , o ced o he sel -
de e mina ion and local go e nmen [1,12]. Apa om he abo e men ioned, he e
a e also o he eligions, which ha e in he ecen imes signi ican ly expanded, such
as wha he Bap is s. The Jewish communi ies and he Lu he an Chu ch, despi e o
hei small numbe , a e he pa o he his o y o he egion. Hajdu-Biha coun y is
consis ed o mo e geo-cul u al componen s: such is he no he n pa o he coun y,
he Nyí ség and he Hajdúság, which a e close ela ed o each o he geog aphical;
he Ho obágy; and he G ea -Sá é as well he Li le-Sá é and he land o he
Kő ös i e s In he sou he n e i o ies o he coun y. The geog aphical di e ence is
e lec ed in he s uc u e o he se lemen s and he di e ences o he ag icul u e: in
he no h he la ge bo oughs and es a es a e he ypical, while in he sou h he small,
agmen ed pa cels and he illages wi h a small popula ion. The indus y is
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concen a ed in Deb ecen, as in he ea ly mode n e a, ha enhanced in he yea s o
he socialis planned economy ([4]. Acco ding o i s popula ion and economic
si ua ion is Hajdú-Biha coun y he sea no only o he No he n G ea Plain Region
bu also o he eas e n Hunga ian e i o ies beyond he Tisza o e (Tiszán úl). The
municipali ies o he coun y a e adap ed o he geog aphical mic o egions: he e a e
small owns and illages wi h la ge se lemen s uc u e and popula ion in he sandy,
ex ended e i o ies o he Hajdúság and he Nyí ség belonging o Hajdú-Biha
megye, while he se lemen s loca ed in he Sá é a e small. This di e ence was
in ensi ied om he 1950s, when he la ge ag icul u al coope a i es ha e been
es ablished in he no he n a eas, while in he sou he n pa o he coun y omi ed
om his p ocess, o he collec i e a ms o his e i o y we e small and o a mino
impo ance.
4. THE EXAMINATION OF THE LEADERSHIP VARIABLES
The GLOBE p ojec was launched in 1991, based on he idea o Robe
House, who has se he objec i e himsel o explo e he ela ionship be ween he
na ional and o ganiza ional cul u e and he leade ship [5]. The ini ial objec i es we e
b oaden con inuously, ega ding bo h o he issues and he con en s and size o he
p ojec [7]. The GLOBE scans 62 cul u es. In he s udy in ol ed nea ly 170
in e na ional expe s, unde he leade ship o he GLOBE Coo dina ing Team and
P o esso Robe House. The ques ionnai e examines he cha ac e is ics o he social
cul u e, he o ganiza ional cul u e and he leade ship. In he GLOBE ques ionnai e
he leade ship beha io is examined by wo ques ion depa men s. The esponden s
ha e o de ine he impo ance o he beha io o he excellen leade o his a ibu es.
E e y each leade ship and managemen quali ies a e cha ac e ized on he basis,
ha how much a ea u e helps o hinde s him o became an excellen leade . The
scale is une en g aded, allowing he esponden s he neu al esponse, i you can
decide, you may choose he scale alue 4. O he wise, acco ding o he selec ion o
he mean is he s a emen , a ibu e o beha io no mal.
The e alua ion o he leade s o coun y le el you can see in he able 1. In
Hajdú-Biha coun y domina e he commanding, isk- aking, p o oca i e, au oc a ic
and en i onmen al leade ship a ibu es. I s his o ical backg ound he s ong local
nobili y and i s sel -consciousness, and in he case o Deb ecen he local bou geois
( he so called: „cí is”) sel -awa eness has played a ole in he shaping o his iden i y.
In Szabolcs-Sza má -Be eg coun y he execu i es a e compe i i e, us wo hy,
mundane, gene ous, en husias ic and sel -in e es ed. This is explained by he
di e en adi ions and de elopmen o he mic o egions ha build up he coun y; an
o he explana ion is he ela i e closeness o he se lemen s om each o he .
In Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Coun y appea he diploma ic, au onomous,
independen , u hless, de elopmen -o ien ed, sel -in e es ed, compe en and decisi e
leade ship quali ies. This migh a ise due o he compe i i e si ua ion o he coun y
and he pa ia chal a angemen and he di used s uc u e o se lemen o he
coun y.
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Table 1. The de elopmen o he leade ship p ope ies by coun ies acco ding o he
ques ionnai e depa men no. I.
P ope y
Coun y
To al
Hajdú-Biha
Szabolcs-
Sza má -Be eg
Jász-Nagykun-
Szolnok
Au ho i a i e
2.38
2.81
2.38
2.50
Risk- aking
4.23
4.57
4.38
4.36
P o oca i e
1.82
1.98
2.18
1.95
Au oc a ic
2.05
2.68
2.62
2.36
Seg ega e
2.53
2.98
2.58
2.67
En i onmen al conscious
5.44
5.70
5.82
5.60
Compe ing
3.72
3.11
3.76
3.56
Reliable
6.54
6.34
6.42
6.46
Mundane
5.27
5.08
5.38
5.24
Gene ous
5.16
4.91
5.40
5.15
En husias ic
5.38
5.15
5.51
5.35
No open
1.99
1.85
1.73
1.89
Diploma ic
6.27
6.06
6.02
6.15
Sel -in e es ed
2.70
3.02
2.31
2.70
Au onomous
2.87
2.85
2.22
2.71
Independen
3.40
3.51
2.27
3.17
Ru hless
1.67
2.30
1.58
1.82
De elopmen -o ien ed
6.46
6.42
6.13
6.37
Regula
6.22
6.11
6.09
6.16
Decisi e
6.52
6.28
6.18
6.38
(Sou ce: au ho ’s su ey)
Table 2. The de elopmen o he leade ship p ope ies by coun ies acco ding o he
ques ionnai e depa men no. II.
P ope y
Coun y
To al
Hajdú-
Biha
Szabolcs-
Sza má -
Be eg
Jász-
Nagykun-
Szolnok
Cau ious
4.02
4.42
4.69
4.29
Logic
6.01
6.25
6.11
6.10
Indi ec
2.33
2.49
2.96
2.52
Indi idualis ic
2.81
3.53
3.64
3.20
Whi ewashe
5.51
5.09
5.53
5.40
Team builde
6.29
6.02
6.20
6.19
Cunning
4.23
3.92
3.36
3.94
In o med
6.35
6.51
6.18
6.35
Non-equali a ian
2.73
2.75
2.29
2.64
In ui i e
6.14
6.17
5.80
6.07
Ambi ious
6.14
6.00
5.87
6.04
S ubbo n
4.01
4.00
3.44
3.88
(Sou ce: au ho ’s su ey)
In Hajdú-Biha a e he ca e ul, logical, in o mal and indi idualis ic p ope ies
cha ac e is ic. The social dis ances in his a ea a e pe haps la ge han in he o he
wo coun ies, he cau iousness and indi idualism may be explained by ha ac .
In Szabolcs-Sza má -Be eg coun y he leade s a e whi ewashe wi hin he g oup and
a e eam-builde . The inc easing compe i ion o he coun y is an explana ion o his
la e phenomenon. The whi ewash a i ude is a mo e complex symp om: i s in
ensu e he membe s o he eam ha hey do no su e dis up ion du ing he
unco e ing o he e o s, howe e his a i ude may make di icul he epai men o
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his e o s. I is e y impo an in he phase o he o ma ion o he g oup iden i y, bu
i may a ec ad e sely on he pe o mance.
In Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok coun y a e he cunning, in o med, non-equali a ian,
in ui i e, pe o mance-o ien ed and s ubbo n managemen quali ies he dominan .
The inne a angemen and he compe i i e si ua ion a e he same pa ia chal as in
Szabolcs-Sza má -Be eg coun y, and his may be an explana ion, p esen ed in he
able no. 2.
The analysis o he main componen s allows us o de e mine which leade ship
p ope ies a e depend on each o he and belong o a sepa a e main componen .
Acco ding o he able you may say, ha he a ibu es men ioned abo e a e
classi ied in o 10 componen s (g oups), unde he ollowing names:
Table 3: Main componen s acco ding o he ques ionnai e depa men no. I.
Main componen
Name
1
Asocial, uncommunica i e
2
Decided, encou aging
3
P oblem-sol ing, coope a i e
4
Posi i e, inspi ing
5
F iendly, gene ous
6
Independen , space
7
Sensi i e, con lic a oidable
8
Mundane, me ci ul
9
Sel -in e es ed, compe i i e
10
Meek
(Sou ce: au ho ’s su ey)
I ha e a anged 10 o he main componen s o he o he g oup o he
leade ship p ope ies. The ollowing able shows hese new p ope ies acco ding o
he able no. 3.
Table 4. The di e ence o he leade ship a ibu es in each coun y
Main componen s
Coun y
Signi icancy
Hajdú-Biha
Szabolcs-
Sza má -
Be eg
Jász-Nagykun-
Szolnok
P oblem-sol ing, coope a i e
-0.004
-0.261
0.316
0.017
Posi i e, inspi ing
0.187
-0.203
-0.153
0.038
Independen , spaces
0.081
0.250
-0.433
0.002
Sel -in e es ed, compe i i e
0.174
-0.127
-0.240
0.042
(Sou ce: au ho ’s su ey)
The conside a ion o he leade ship quali ies a e di e en by he coun ies, illus a ed
by he able 4. The leade s o Hajdú-Biha belie es ha he sel -in e es ed,
compe i i e as well he posi i e, inspi ing p ope ies, like he egula , en husias ic,
de elopmen -o ien ed ea u es help someone o become a good leade . This is due
o he compe i i e si ua ion o he coun y. In Szabolcs-Sza má -Be eg coun y is
ega ded con e sely, and he leade s in his coun y belie e, ha he p oblem-sol ing,
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coope a i e a i udes inhibi he excellen leade ship. The leade s in his coun y say,
ha he space , independen a ibu es allow o help he wo k o he managemen .
This inding is linked o he al eady men ioned ci cums ances, ha Szabolcs-
Sza má -Be eg is consis ed o ela i ely mo e di e en mic o egions wi h di e en
geog aphical, his o ical and cul u al ea u es han he o he wo coun ies. In Jász-
Nagykun-Szolnok coun y he esponden s belie ed ha he p oblem-sol ing,
coope a i e, jus , adminis a i e, me ci ul and o mal leade ship a ibu es may help o
become an excellen leade .
The en i onmen o he o ganiza ion, he compe i i e si ua ion o he coun y is
closely ela ed o he leade ship o he local go e nmen s. The success ul leade ship
is helping he coun y o become success ul. The e o e i is e y impo an o be awa e
ha wha should be he dominan leade ship a ibu es o he middle- anking leade s
o a mayo ’s o ice. In addi ion, he loca ion, his o ical ea u es and economic
si ua ion a e de e mining oo. These ac o s may in luence he managemen o he
local go e nmen .
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