Abs ac —Ene gy e iciency measu es and inc easing use
o enewable ene gy can con ibu e o he sus ainable
de elopmen a global le el, o inc ease o he ene gy sa ing in
any economy, and o dec ease o ene gy dependence a global
and mac o le el. In his pape we aim o in es iga e he amoun
o elec ici y p oduced and he de elopmen o p ice o
elec ici y sold and pu chased by he di e en ac o s in he
Hunga ian elec ici y ma ke be ween 2008 and 2013.
Mo eo e we analyse he a e o enewable ene gy sou ces in
he p oduc ion o elec ici y, look o he answe o he ques ion
whe he he a e o enewable ene gy sou ces in elec ici y
p oduc ion inc eased o dec eased in Hunga y.
Keywo ds—sou ces o elec ici y p oduc ion, supply o
elec ici y, p ice o elec ici y
I. INTRODUCTION
USTAINABLE de elopmen p esen s a signi ican
challenge o he economic playe s. The s a e can
ha e an impac on in es men s in enewable ene gy
sou ces and on inc easing ene gy e iciency o enhance
he use o enewable ene gy sou ces. The inc ease o he
a e o he enewable ene gy consump ion in he g oss
inal ene gy consump ion can be conduci e o he
educ ion o he ca bon-dioxide emission and ene gy
dependence. In any economy he elec ici y consump ion
is a de e mining ac o in he s uc u e o demand o
ene gy. The sha e o enewable ene gy in g oss inal
ene gy consump ion inc eased in Hunga y be ween 2004
and 2011, bo h he measu e and endency o he change
is simila o he EU 27 a e age [1]. A epo o he
Eu opean Commission Join Resea ch Cen e shows ha
he economic and inancial c isis impac ed he ene gy
e iciency and he global in es men in enewable
ene gies in la e 2008 and ea ly 2009, and signs o a
s ong eco e y appea ed in he second qua e o 2009
[2].
The Di ec i e on Elec ici y P oduc ion om
Renewable Ene gy Sou ces (2001/77/EC, RES [3])
b ough ou a ge s o he p omo ion o elec ici y om
enewable ene gy sou ces in membe s a es. The
e iciency o he egula ion was analysed in a numbe o
publica ions, e.g. in [4] and i was shown ha he
legisla i e p ocess esul ed in con usion on bo h he
na u e and he subjec o he RES a ge s ha a e being
aimed o . In his pape we aim o examine he main
cha ac e is ics o he elec ici y ma ke by placing
emphasis on he supply o elec ici y. The amoun o
elec ici y p oduced and change in he p ice o elec ici y
in Hunga y be ween 2008 and 2013 is also analyzed.
Fu he mo e, he change o he elec ici y p oduced om
enewable ene gy sou ces du ing he abo e men ioned
pe iod is also in es iga ed.
II. THE EXAMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF THE
ELECTRICITY PRODUCED
The sou ce o he analyzed da a is he da abase o he
Hunga ian Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y
Au ho i y [5].
The amoun o elec ici y p oduced by powe plan s
dec eased by 25.8 pe cen in Hunga y be ween 2008 and
2013 (Fig.1.). The use o he enewable ene gy o
p oducing elec ici y signi ican ly dec eased (by 56.5
pe cen ).
Fig. 1. The amoun o he elec ici y p oduced in Hunga y
be ween 2008 and 2013. Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public
U ili y and Regula o y Au ho i y, 2014.
EXAMINATION OF THE MAIN
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELECTRICITY
MARKET IN HUNGARY
Im e KOCSIS1, Judi T. KISS2, A ila VÁMOSI3
1Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Enginee ing, [email p o ec ed].hu
2 Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Enginee ing, [email p o ec ed].hu
3 Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Enginee ing, [email p o ec ed]
S
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The a e o enewable ene gy sou ces in he o al
elec ici y ene gy p oduc ion was 12.9 pe cen in 2008,
howe e his p opo ion dec eased by 5.3 pe cen age
poin s by he end o he in es iga ed pe iod (Fig. 2.). The
Hunga ian go e nmen expendi u e on en i onmen al
p o ec ion was 0.7 pe cen o he GDP in 2012 [6]. In
Hunga y, he sha e o elec ici y om enewables as a
pe cen age o o al elec ici y consump ion was he hi d
lowes alue (6.4%) among Eu opean Union (EU)
coun ies in 2011 [7].
Fig. 2. The sha e o was e and enewable ene gy sou ces in he
elec ici y p oduced in Hunga y be ween 2008 and 2013.
Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y
Au ho i y, 2014.
Fig.3. The amoun o elec ici y pu chased in Hunga y be ween
2008 and 2013. Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public U ili y
and Regula o y Au ho i y, 2014.
In any economy he inc ease o enewable ene gy
consump ion can aid he dec ease o ene gy dependence
and con ibu e o economic de elopmen . The EU
Membe S a es ha e high bu a ying le els o ene gy
dependence, which means ha hey a e ulne able o
ene gy p ice changes o ene gy supply dis up ions [8]. In
he de eloped coun ies was e neu aliza ion and
managemen o indus ial and communal was e is
essen ial om he poin o iew o en i onmen al
p o ec ion and ene gy p oduc ion. In Hunga y he
elec ici y gene a ed om was e was 0.5 pe cen in 2008
and i inc eased by 0.39 pe cen age poin s be ween 2008
and 2013.
T ade s can pu chase elec ici y om di e en
sou ces, namely: powe plan s; ansmission sys em
ope a o (TSO); elec ici y ade s; he o ganized
elec ici y ma ke ; impo .
The a e o he elec ici y p oduced in powe plan s,
and coming om elec ici y ade s and impo gi e he
majo i y o elec ici y supply.
The amoun o elec ici y p oduced in domes ic powe
plan s plays only a small pa in he elec ici y ma ke . I
was 36 pe cen in 2008 and dec eased by 24 pe cen age
poin s. The elec ici y sold by elec ici y ade s
ep esen s he highes alue in he wholesale and e ail
elec ici y ma ke . Hunga y impo s elec ici y om
Aus ia, Slo akia, Uk aine, Romania, Se bia, C oa ia,
and Slo enia (Fig.4.). The sha e o impo ed elec ici y
ene gy was 17 pe cen in he o al pu chased elec ici y
in 2008, and i dec eased o 10 pe cen by 2013 (Fig. 3).
Fig.4. The amoun o he Hunga ian elec ici y impo by
expo e coun ies be ween 2008 and 2013 (MWh).
Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y
Au ho i y, 2014.
III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AVERAGE PRICE OF
ELECTRICITY IN THE RETAIL AND WHOLESALE
ELECTRICITY MARKET
The a e age pu chase p ice o elec ici y equals he
a io o he alue and he quan i y o he o al elec ici y
pu chased. The a e age p ices a he wholesale s and
e aile s con ain he e ec o changes in he supply o he
elec ici y (1). Elec ici y in Hunga y is pu chased in he
la ges amoun and alue om he domes ic powe
plan s, elec ici y ade s and impo ing coun ies (Fig.
3.). The p ices es ablished by he abo e men ioned h ee
selle s ha e he la ges impac on he de elopmen o he
a e age p ices in he wholesale and e ail ma ke (Fig.
5.). The a e age p ice o he elec ici y p oduced by he
Hunga ian powe plan s was he lowes in 2008 and 2009
(Fig. 5.). Howe e , he p ices o e ed by he domes ic
powe plan s inc eased du ing he in es iga ion pe iod.
The a e o inc ease o he p ice was 15.3 pe cen
be ween 2010 and 2013 (Fig. 5.).
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Al hough he e was an inc ease in he p ice o
elec ici y p oduced by domes ic plan s, he a e age p ice
o elec ici y sold by elec ici y ade s and coming om
impo ell. This means ha he p ices paid o elec ici y
impo was he lowes be ween 2010 and 2013.
The a e age selling p ice o he elec ici y is equal o
he a io o he alue and he quan i y o he o al
elec ici y sold. The po en ial buye s o elec ici y in he
wholesale and e ail elec ici y ma ke a e he ollowing
(Fig. 6.): end use s; uni e sal se ice p o ide s;
elec ici y ade s and impo ing coun ies.
Fig.5. The a e age pu chase elec ici y p ices by selle s,
be ween 2008 and 2013. Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public
U ili y and Regula o y Au ho i y, 2014.
Fig.6. The a e age selling elec ici y p ices in he e ail and he
wholesale ma ke , be ween 2008 and 2013. Sou ce: Hunga ian
Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y Au ho i y, 2014.
The a e age p ices o he impo ed elec ici y
exceeded he expo ed p ices in 2009, 2010 and 2013.
The change in he a e age p ice o elec ici y shows ha
he compe i ion in he ield e ail and wholesale
elec ici y is ela i ely s ong. The a e age selling p ice
o all po en ial pu chase s dec eased excep o he
uni e sal se ice p o ide s (Fig. 6.).
The di e ence be ween he a e age e-sales and
pu chase p ices ep esen he a e age ma gin o he
elec ici y wholesale s and e aile s. In Hunga y he
abo e men ioned ma gin dec eased be ween 2008 and
2013 (Fig.7.,8.). The a e age sales p ice o he elec ici y
was highe by 7.34 pe cen han he a e age pu chase
p ice in 2008. Howe e , he ma gin dec eased by 2013,
he a e age sales p ice was highe by 3.55 pe cen han
he a e age pu chase p ice (Fig. 8.). This ep esen s a
a e o decline o 3.84 pe cen age poin s.
Fig.7. The changes in he a e age pu chase and selling p ices
(F /kWh) o he elec ici y in Hunga y be ween 2008 and 2013.
Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y
Au ho i y, 2014.
Fig.8. The de elopmen o he a e age ma gin in Hunga y
be ween 2008 and 2013. Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public
U ili y and Regula o y Au ho i y, 2014.
IV. CHANGE OF THE AMOUNT AND PRICE OF
ELECTRICITY SOLD TO USERS BY PROVIDERS OF
UNIVERSAL SERVICE
The p ice o elec ici y is an impo an pa ame e o
he ene gy ma ke o a coun y. In he ollowing o he
pape he p ice o he elec ici y sold o use s by
uni e sal se ice p o ide s is in es iga ed, mo eo e he
connec ion be ween amoun and p ice is also analysed.
The amoun and he p ice o he elec ici y sold o
use s by uni e sal se ice p o ide s in Hunga y can be
seen in Fig.9. and Fig.10., in he pe iod be ween 2008
and 2013.
The cha s in Fig. 9. and Fig.10. show an inc ease in
amoun ( om 2008 o 2009) and in p ice ( om 2008 o
2010), espec i ely, howe e , he peak is ollowed by
dec easing end o 2013.
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Fig. 9. Amoun o he elec ici y sold o use s by uni e sal
se ice p o ide s in Hunga y 2008-2013
Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y
Au ho i y, 2014.
Fig. 10. P ice o he elec ici y sold o use s by uni e sal
se ice p o ide s in Hunga y 2008-2013 Sou ce: Hunga ian
Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y Au ho i y, 2014.
Fig. 11. Change in he amoun and p ice o he elec ici y sold
o use s by uni e sal se ice p o ide s in Hunga y 2008-2013
Sou ce: Hunga ian Ene gy and Public U ili y and Regula o y
Au ho i y, 2014.
Conside ing he change o he amoun and he p ice o
elec ici y, a signi ican di e ence can be ealized.
Fig.11. shows he change in he amoun and he p ice o
elec ici y sold as a pe cen o he alue in 2008. The big
change in he amoun om 2010 o 2011 was no
ollowed by signi ican change in he p ice, mo eo e he
p ice in 2012 was la ge by 1 pe cen han in 2008, while
he amoun o ene gy sold o use s was smalle by 8
pe cen .
CONCLUSION
In his pape we examined he o al amoun o
elec ici y p oduced and he sou ces o elec ici y supply
in he ene gy ma ke in Hunga y be ween 2008 and
2013, u he mo e analysed he a e age p ice o
elec ici y sold and pu chased as well.
We ound ha he use o he enewable ene gy o
p oducing elec ici y signi ican ly dec eased in Hunga y
be ween 2008 and 2013, howe e , he elec ici y
gene a ed om was e inc eased sligh ly (by 0.39
pe cen age poin s).
The a e age selling p ice o all po en ial pu chase s
dec eased excep o he uni e sal se ice p o ide s. The
a e age p ice o elec ici y sold by ade s and coming
om impo dec eased, while he e was an inc ease in he
p ice o elec ici y p oduced by Hunga ian domes ic
plan s. This means ha he p ices paid o elec ici y
impo was he lowes be ween 2010 and 2013. Howe e ,
he a e age p ices o he expo ed elec ici y we e lowe
han he impo ed p ices in 2009, 2010 and 2013. The
change in he a e age p ice o elec ici y shows ha he
compe i ion in he wholesale and e ail elec ici y ma ke
is ela i ely s ong.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The publica ion is suppo ed by he TÁMOP-4.2.2.A-
11/1/KONV-2012-0041 p ojec . The p ojec is co-
inanced by he Eu opean Union and he Eu opean Social
Fund.
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