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ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF DISABLED EMPLOYERS AND THEIR
EMPLOYEES IN HUNGARY
Nagymá é Nó a
Uni e si y o Deb ecen Facul y o Applied Economics and Ru al De elopmen Ins i u e o
Business Economics
ABSTRACT
Nowadays employmen is an e e g een opic in Hunga y. Many kinds o supplies a e p o ided by
he s a e (on he basis o he 8/1983. EüM-PM Hunga ian Law), o example o he g oup
‘people li ing wi h disabili ies’. I is e y di icul o p o ide job o hese people a e hei
ehabili a ion. My main goal is o analyze he ‘ ehabili a ion’ o disabled people and o s udy he
ela ed i ms and he connec ion be ween he employe s and employees. My in en ions we e also
o c ea e a s a egy o hese people o be employed again and o he i ms o be mo i a ed o
employ hem. S a is ical igu es show, ha he highes a io o ‘people li ing wi h disabili ies’
can be ound in he No h G ea Plain Region o Hunga y (30 pe cen o he o al numbe o
‘people li ing wi h disabili ies’). The employmen o hese people means ex a cos s o
en e p ises. A he same ime he comple e accessibili y o wo kplaces is s ill no ealized in many
cases in Hunga y ye . Cu en ly only a ew en e p ises a e specialized o employ people li ing
wi h disabili ies. Un o una ely, mos o he en e p ises don’ in end o employ disabled pe sons.
Ques ionnai es we e c ea ed in o de o s udy he ela ionship be ween people li ing wi h
disabili ies and hei possibili ies o ge employed on he labou ma ke again. My s udy had wo
phases. In he i s phase we ocused on indi idual pe sons p o iding anonymi y o he
ques ionnai es. The esea ch ocused on special ehabili a ion i ms and hei employees oo
( hey a e specialised o employ disabled employe s). Two ques ionnai es o he abo e men ioned
i ms and hei employees we e c ea ed in o de o ga he in o ma ion on hei ac i i ies as well
as ela ionship be ween he i ms and i s employees. I can be s a ed ha his pape shows he
ela ionship be ween he employe s and employees. I will analyze he impo ance o ac o s in
wo king among employe s and among he employees. Acco ding o he la es ends I analyse he
a i ude o he ehabili a ion o hese people and how hey will be able o wo k again no only in
‘ ehabili a ion i ms’. My implica ion is ha new wo kplaces o hese people should be c ea ed
by he u ilisa ion o he Eu opean Union and he a ailable na ional sou ces in o de o in eg a e
hem in o he labou ma ke again in a long un. In he cu en s age o my esea ch e alua ion
o he da a collec ion is ongoing now. A e summa izing all claims o pa icipan s I can make an
imp ession in his a ea. I hink my esea ch is e y special because o he geog aphical esea ch
a ea o da a collec ion and he opic.
Key wo ds
Disabled pe sons, ec ui men , ehabili a ion, labou ma ke , Hunga y
jel Codes
E24 - Employmen ; Unemploymen ; Wages; In e gene a ional Income Dis ibu ion; Agg ega e
Human Capi al
J14 - Economics o he Elde ly; Economics o he Handicapped; Non-Labo Ma ke
Disc imina ion
I. In oduc ion
Nowadays he g owing a e o economically inac i e popula ion is a e y big p oblem in
Hunga y. Ru al de elopmen has become mo e and mo e impo an issue in Hunga y since u al
a eas also con ibu e o he e iciency o he na ional economy (Ká pá i, Csapó and Á áné 2010,
71). The e we e adical changes in he economy as well as in he labou ma ke in he 1990’s.
The a e o employmen and ac i i y was he lowes in 1996 – 1997, a e ha in consequence o
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he economically boom i had been g owing o 2000. Be ween 2000 and 2007 i showed
s agna ion, excep some sho empo a y g owing pe iods. The e a e wo big g oups in he sec o
pensione s. ‘People li ing wi h disabili ies’ g oup can also be ound in his sec o on he basis o
he 8/1983. Eüm/PM Hunga ian Law. The aim o he Law is o gi e he possibili y o adequa e
job based on quali ica ion and s a e o heal h a e hei ehabili a ion.
Gene ally speaking i would be be e o he Hunga ian economy o employ hese people
because he numbe o inac i e popula ion could be lowe and he s a e wouldn’ ha e o p o ide
hem supplies. Acco ding o he Hunga ian Law, i he e is no possible o gi e job o hese
people, hey ecei e supply om he s a e.
Business inancing has a e y impo an ole in he p i a e sec o (Ká pá i 2006: 9). The
employe has an obliga ion in all sec o s o he na ional economy o pay ehabili a ion
con ibu ion he s a e, i he s a is ical numbe o employed pe sons is mo e han 20, and i he
numbe o disabled pe sons less han 5 pe cen o he o al numbe o employed pe sons.
Rehabili a ion ee could be eplaced h ough employing ‘people li ing wi h disabili ies’
acco ding o he Hunga ian law.
The highes ac i i y a e o popula ion can be ound in he capi al ci y and su oundings a ea. The
eason o ha is ha mos o he logis ics cen es as well as headqua e s o mul i - companies
a e loca ed in his egion. Rela i ely high ac i i y a e can be ound also in he wes e n pa o
Hunga y, especially in coun ies loca ed a he Aus ian boa de . The lowes ac i i y a e can be
ound in he Sou h – Wes and No h – Eas coun ies o he coun y. Un o una ely in hese
coun ies we can ind he highes unemploymen a e oo. In mos cases i is e en double highe
han he na ional a e age.
These companies a e pa ially di e en o he ones in he employees’ sample. This sample can
also be conside ed adequa e as almos 30 pe cen o he companies we e ques ioned ou o he
sampling popula ion. On he o he hand, he employe s sample is ep esen a i e ega ding he
ce i ica e o acc edi a ion. The wo- hi ds o he employe s possesses only a basic ce i ica e o
acc edi a ion while he es one- hi d has ehabili a ional o enhanced ca i ica ion
The equency dis ibu ion o he ypes o he ques ioned companies a e he ollowing: he a ios
o he non p o i o ganiza ions and LLC’s a e ela i ely high (a ound 40%) and almos equal so
as he a ios o he indi idual en e p eneu s and deposi comapnies (a ound 10%). The p opo ion
o he co po a ions was he lowes (a ound 5%). Rega ding he sampling popula ion, LLC’s and
non p o i o ganiza ions a e o e ep ezen a ed while deposi companies a e ep esen a ed
excessi ely. The hi y pe cen o he non p o i o ganiza ion is an associa ion. The 61,5% o he
companies wi h enhanced ce i ica e o acc edi a ion is a p o ec ed wo kplace.
II. Li e a u e analysis
The esponden s - “people li ing wi h disabili ies” - can be a anged in wo g oups conside ing
ha he incapaci y is a congeni al mal o ma ion – his means an in il a ion in o he labou ma ke
wi h disabili y – o an impai ed heal h s a us caused by a medical eme gency o an acciden – his
means he pe son had wo ked in he labou ma ke wi hou disabili y and la e he had o cope
wi h he changed si ua ion acco ding o his impai ed heal h.
People li ing wi h disabili ies ha e a e y special si ua ion a he labou ma ke . Thei
pa icipa ion in labou ma ke is e y limi ed. In Hunga y – acco ding o he in e na ional ends
– oca ional ehabili a ion and wo kmen’s compensa ion a e p o ided by he s a e (Kálmán and
Könczei 2002:209-210). The disabili y includes only some ac i i ies and no he whole pe son
(Münnich 2007: 323-327). The holis ic, ecological app oach become mo e and mo e popula
(Po dán 2007: 58-60) emphasizing ha ci cums ances and he abili ies o people li ing wi h
disabili ies ha e o be ha monized (Münnich 2006: 60-62). The main p oblem is ha hese people
don’ ha e he igh o make decisions in hei job (Bass 2008: 172-175) al hough hey a e e y
eliable, p ecise and capable o ha d wo k (Holló 2007: 64).
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The numbe o unemployed and inac i e pe sons has been inc eased con inuously be ween 2000
and 2008. Un o una ely his nega i e end didn’ s op ye . The e a e some special g oups in he
Hunga ian popula ion, like ’people li ing wi h disabili ies’ whose labou ma ke posi ion e en
mo e complica ed. Cu en ly di e en kind o supplies a e a ailable o his g oup, bu hei
posi ion could be e ec i ely imp o ed ough hei in eg a ion in o he labou ma ke . Be e
u ilisa ion o a ailable EU unds o c ea e new jobs and change he hinking o he socie y could
be he way in eg a ing hem back in o he ac i e employed popula ion.
In e na ional ends in he labou ma ke , acco ding o he disabled people shows ha his is a
ypical p oblem no jus in Hunga y bu in he o he Eu opean coun ies oo. In he middle o he
1990’s he a e age pe cen o he disabled pensione s was in Hunga y 5,8; in Finland 9,1; in
Aus ia 3,6; in Ge many 2,3; in Luxembu g 7,1; in he Ne he lands 8,1; in No way 7,3; in Poland
10,1; in Sweden 6,6; in Swi ze land 2,4; and in he Uni ed Kingdom 4,1 pe cen (Ful z and Ruch
2002: 77). The Eu opean coun ies bu he o he coun ies in he wo ld (Aus alia, USA, Canada,
e c.) ha e simila p oblem in his a ea and hey y o sol e he si ua ion in di e en ways.
III. Resea ch me hodology
The sample size was 1030 ques ionnai es and he sample was ob ained by using a simple andom
sampling (Saj os and Mi e 2007: 31-33) om acc edi ed companies (Somodi 2006: 51). The
employees sample can be conside ed adequa e as 109 companies we e ques ioned ou o he
sampling popula ion o 390 companies (acco ding o he employees). The o al numbe o he
pe sons wo king a hese companies wi h disabili y is a ound h ee housand, and he sample
consis s o 1030 pe sons ( he sampling a e is a ound 30 pe cen ). In he second phase I
ques ioned he employe s hemsel es. These companies a e pa ially di e en o he ones in he
employees’ sample. This sample can also be conside ed adequa e as almos 30% o he
companies we e ques ioned ou o he sampling popula ion. On he o he hand, he employe s
sample is ep esen a i e ega ding he ce i ica e o acc edi a ion. Da a p ocessing was pe o med
by SPSS o Windows 15.0.
Figu e 1 shows ha amongs employe s he o he ac o s, wage and he accessibili y o wo k
place we e he mos impo an ac o s. Sa e job and p o essional p og ess we e he less impo an
ac o s as he e is an excess o supply o e demand, and i ’s easy o ind new employees.
(Figu e 1): The impo ance o ac o s in wo king among employe s
Sou ce: own esea ch, 2012
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
P o essional p og ess
Sa e job
Rehabili a ion
Accessibili y o wo k place
Wage
O he s
The mos impo an
Impo an
Less impo an
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(Figu e 2): The impo ance o ac o s in wo king among employees
Sou ce: own esea ch, 2012
Figu e 2 shows ha amongs employees he sa e job was no only he mos equen bu he mos
impo an ac o oo. The second-leading ac o is he wage ollowed by o he ac o s.
IV. The esul s o he esea ch
We compa ed he answe s o he wo ques ionnai es (employees and employe s) conside ing job
sea ch o ec ui men . In he ollowing sec ion I p esen ou esul s o compa ison. The i s
aspec was he ype o ec ui men (o job sea ch in he case o employees) namely he way he
companies ind wo ke s li ing wi h disabili ies (o he way disabled people seek job) (Figu e 3).
(Figu e 3): Dis ibu ion o he ypes o job sea ch ( ec ui men ) among he employees
(employe s)
Sou ce: own esea ch, 2012
The compa ison o he dis ibu ions o he job sea ch ( ec ui men ypes) was pe o med by Chi-
squa e es . I can be s a ed ha his es p o ed he di e ences be ween he dis ibu ions o job
sea ch ( ec ui men ypes) wi h p=0,001 signi icance le el.
Figu e 3 shows ha employe s apply o he Employmen Agency wi h a ela i ely highe a io
(21,5%) in con adic ion o he employees (13,2%). An o he ele an di e ence appea ed while
aking he connec ions in o conside a ion. The 44,1 pe cen o he employees pulls hei s ings
o ge ing a job while connec ions we e men ioned 36,4 pe cen o he cases among he
employe s.
O e all, wage is he mos de e mining ac o a bo h side o he labou ma ke . The e is no
signi ican di e ence in he dis ibu ion o he impo ance be ween he wo g oups by Chi-squa e
s a is ics (p=0,582). Employees ha e aken he opposi e s andpoin o he employe s acco ding o
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Accessibili y o wo k place
P o essional p og ess
Rehabili a ion
O he s
Wage
Sa e job
The mos impo an
Impo an
Less impo an
22,1
19,9
21,5
13,2
13,3
19,0
36,4
44,1
6,7
3,7
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Employe s
Employees
Pe sonal applica ion
Employmen agency
Ad e isemen
Connec ions
O he s
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he impo ance o sa e job, ehabili a ion and accessibili y o wo kplace. Rehabili a ion and
accessibili y o wo kplace is less impo an while sa e job is mo e impo an o he employees
because o hei exis ence. The i ms ha e al eady assumed he idea o ehabili a ion bu
unusually he employees did no accep his concep .
V. Conclusions
I s udied he labou ma ke posi ion o ‘people li ing wi h disabili ies’ in he Hunga ian No h –
G ea – Plain Region. I compa ed he answe s o he employees and employe s conside ing
sa is ac ion wi h he employee/employe , job sea ch o ec ui men and he possibili y o
ob aining u he quali ica ions. Acco ding o ec ui men o job sea ch we ound ha employe s
apply o he Employmen Agency wi h a ela i ely highe a io in con adic ion o he
employees. Employees p e e o pull s ings o ge ing a job wi h a ela i ely highe a io han
employe s. Rega ding u he quali ica ions we can claim ha 70% o he employees would
ob ain u he quali ica ions bu he majo i y (74 %) o he employe s would no acili a e his
ac i i y. The e we e no signi ican di e ence be ween he job sa is ac ion o employees and
employe s. On he o he hand, employees a he end o choose ex em alues han employe s.
Employees and employe s had o ank some ac o s acco ding o hei impo ance in wo king.
Employees men ioned sa e job, accessibili y o wo k place, wage as he mos ele an ac o s
while employe s conside ed o he ac o s, wage and accessibili y o wo k place as he mos h ee
impo an ac o s. O e all, wage is he mos de e mining ac o a bo h side o he labou ma ke .
Employees ha e aken he opposi e s andpoin o he employe s acco ding o he impo ance o
sa e job, ehabili a ion and accessibili y o wo kplace. Rehabili a ion and accessibili y o
wo kplace is less impo an while sa e job is mo e impo an o he employees. The e a e some
unusual esul s compa ing wi h he newes ‘ ehabili a ion ends’ acco ding o he 10/2006
Hunga ian law (Ga ai 2008: 15). I is wo h men ioning ha he employe s and he employees
sample is con inuously g owing, so u he esea ches will be published.
VI. Bibliog aphy
Books
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Magya o szágon. Budapes : Kézen og a Alapí ány, 2008.
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T ans o ma ion. Budapes : ILO, 2002.
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p ojec ke e ében. Deb ecen: Li og á ia Nyomda, 2007.
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Jou nals
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Állami Foglalkoz a ási Szolgála : Mi kell udni a ehabili ációs hozzájá ulás ól?
Accessed Oc obe 6 2009.
h p://www.a sz.hu/engine.aspx?page=showcon en &con en =saj o_egyeb_ ehabili acios