DECREASE OF COOLING ENERGY USE OF BUILDINGS
Is án Ba ha
Uni e si y o Deb ecen, Facul y o Enginee ing, Depa men o Elec ical
Enginee ing and Mecha onics, Deb ecen, Hunga y
ba [email protected]
Keywo ds: hea e u n, hea capaci y, measu emen , leb iew, cooling
Abs ac :
The p ecise de e mina ion o adia ing hea e u ns is an impo an ac o o he es ablishmen o ene ge ic
condi ions o an building. Nowadays buildings shall use a ailable enewable ene gy sou ces wi h inc easing
e iciency. A oom ha ing in e io sizes o 3,03,02,8 m has been buil o measu ing adia ed hea
quan i ies. The ex e io walls o he measu ing oom a e made o 20-cm hick KINGSPAN cold-s o age plan
panel. In p e ious publica ion I p esen ed he p oblems conce ning he pilo plan . In his a icle o mine I am
p esen ing he p inciple o he measu ing and a chi ing de ice as well as de elopmen ca ied ou du ing he
pilo plan pe iod. These esul s ha e p o ed ha his di ec ion was igh o decide o which high-p ecision
measu emen an indi idually cons uc ed high-p ecision de ice is sui able and so acili a es scien i ic
conclusions in he ene ge ic ield conce ning buildings.
1. In oduc ion
The p ecise de e mina ion o adia ing hea e u ns is an impo an ac o o he
es ablishmen o ene ge ic condi ions o a building. Nowadays buildings shall use a ailable
enewable ene gy sou ces wi h inc easing e iciency. One o hese is he adia ed ene gy
pene a ing di ec ly o indi ec ly in o he building. Radia ed hea e u ns eme ge in all
pe iods o he yea wi h di e en in ensi y. In a yea his quan i y changes om mon h o
mon h, bu adia ed ene gy keeps also changing wi hin a day. In win e and au umn-sp ing
ansi ion pe iod he adia ed ene gy pene a ing in o he building shall be used he
possibly highes e iciency. The esea ch eplies o he ques ion i a i icial cooling is
necessa y depending on inco po a ed i ing wi h glass and shading in clima e condi ions
o Hunga y, esp. how his ene gy quan i y can be minimized. A oom ha ing in e io sizes
o 3,03,02,8 m has been buil o measu ing adia ed hea quan i ies. The ex e io walls
o he measu ing oom a e made o 20-cm hick KINGSPAN cold-s o age plan panel.
Be ween panels pain ed whi e om ex e io PUR oam is inse ed in a hickness o 20 cm.
The e o e he hea ansmission ac o o he s uc u e is 0,11 W/m2K, which leads o a
p ac ically insigni ican hea e u n h ough his s uc u e. The e is an opening sized
150150 cm on one o he walls o he measu ing oom, in o which di e en ypes o
windows can be inco po a ed. On all sides o elemen s bo de ing he building 9 su ace
empe a u e senso s as well as 27 ai empe a u e senso s ha e been a anged in h ee
e ical and h ee ho izon al e ens. Fo ealizing he esea ch a empe a u e measu ing
da a acquisi ion de ice had o be designed and cons uc ed, which is sui able o
measu ing he empe a u e wi h he app op ia e p ecision and equency as well as
a chi ing and e alua ion o da a.
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2. Me hod and goal
An indi idual compu e ized da a p ocessing de ice measu ing empe a u e shall be
designed and cons uc ed, which is sui able o measu ing con ac empe a u es (side
bo de s) and ai empe a u e wi h a p ecision o 0,1 C0. Du ing he measu emen o he
empe a u e an analogue signal is a ailable and a ol age is necessa y so ha he signal
can also be p ocessed and his analogue ol age had o be digi alized, because he
compu e ized da a eco ding can only be ca ied ou in his o m (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Da a p ocessing scheme
Sou ce: Collec ions o physical expe imen s by Gyö gy Bé ces
3. Selec ion o he measu ing p inciple
3.1 Measu emen o he empe a u e
The empe a u e is one o he de e minan o he s a e o bodies. The empe a u e is
such a ea u e o he body de e mining i he body is in he mal balance wi h o he
bodies. Fo his measu emen only ools ope a ing wi h he p inciple o elec ici y,
because i is no wo h using elec ic ans o me o ans o ming physical quan i ies
in o elec ic ones, because his would only dec ease he p ecision o he measu emen .
The he mome e shall ha e a low hea capaci y in compa ison o ha o he sys em so
ha he s a e o he sys em only li le changes. The low hea capaci y o he
he mome e is also desi able, because his acili a e he possibly lowes di e ence
be ween he he mome e and en i onmen al empe a u e. I can also b ie ly exp essed
ha he he mome e ’s incapaci y shall be as low as possible. The incapaci y o he
he mome e can be cha ac e ized by he ime cons an , esp. hal pe iod.
 Elec onic empe a u e senso s; ha a p-n junc ion is used o measu ing empe a u e,
due o he cha ac e is ics o he diode in he case o pe manen cu en
app oxima ely 2-mV ol age change (silicon) is caused by 1 C° empe a u e
change. The a e o he change can be ega ded linea in a wide empe a u e ange
and can be desc ibed by means o he unc ion (4).
ΔU = k(T1 - T2) (1)
The LM335 senso is an in eg a ed empe a u e senso which has a high p ecision,
can be easily calib a ed and has a low hea capaci y. I s ope a ion imi a es a ow-
ou pu Zenne -diode, he cu ing ol age o which is in di ec p opo ion o he
absolu e empe a u e, he empe a u e coe icien is 10mV/°K. In he case o
calib a ion a 25 a p ecision o 1° can be achie ed. The e o e I ha e chosen he LM
335 senso dis ibu ed in ade.
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3.2 Applied measu ing ans o me
The impo an aspec o he elec ion o measu ing- ans o ming ools was he a ailabili y o
he Na ional Ins unen s LabVIEW so wa e being sui able o such ype o da a acquisi ion
and due o he good con ac o ou ins i u e wi h he manu ac u e o he p oduc he
ollowing ools ha e been pu a ou disposal.
3 pcs NI PCI-6259 (Fig. 2) mul i unc ion da a shee s con aining 32 analogue inpu s,
6 pcs NI SHC68-68-EPM 68 pin connec cables and
6 pcs NI BNC-2090A pads ha e been used..
Fig. 2, NI PCI-6259 16-Bi , 1 MS/s (Mul ichannel), 1.25 MS/s (1-Channel), 32 Analog Inpu s
Sou ce: h p://sine.ni.com
3.2.1 Requi emen o he LabVIEW p og am
Fo he app op ia e ope a ion o he p og am a medium-speed compu e ha ing a leas
1GB memo y is needed. The compu e which I am using has 2 GHz p ocesso , 2 GB
physical memo y and 40 GB ha d disk, bu he o he pa ame e s a e no impo an .
Acco ding o he ins uc ions o p esen p og am he da a shee (Fig. 2) ca ied o9u s he
measu emen e e y minu e, s o es da a by coun ing a e ages in e e y 5 minu es and hen
e e y day a 00:00 sa es hem in o a decla ed olde o he compu e p o ided hem a i s
wi h ime s amps. The compu e is p o ide wi h a Linksys WRT54GL Wi eless ou e as
well as an ex e io ae ial and so da a can be loaded a any ime by accessing a emo e
able, esp. he p og am can be modi ied. The de ailed p esen a ion o he p og am is no
Due o i s ex en he de ailed p esen a ion o he p og am can no be w i en down in his
a icle.
3.3 Cons uc ion o he measu ing de ice
I is wo h knowing abou he senso ha on i s ou pu (+ oo ) he ol age (Vm) changes as
a unc ion o he empe a u e. By measu ing his ol age he empe a u e can be
calcula ed. The senso supplies +10 mV ol age by C°. Be o e he use he senso shall be
calib a ed. The calib a ion means ha he ou pu ol age is measu ed a 25 C° (V0=2,98V).
By using his alue he mone a y empe a u e depa u e can be easily calcula ed which
shall be co ec ed by means o he app op ia e so wa e [3].
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Fig. 3 Linking o LM335
Sou ce: h p://www.na ional.com/mp /LM/LM335.h ml
The calib a ion o senso can no be ca ied ou one by one, because all senso s a e
di e en dis ances om he da a acquisi ion inpu poin po he measu ing ool and he
leng h o cables in luences he measu ed alue and so I ha e connec ed all cables wi h
he senso , p o ided wi h posi ion numbe and sized o he da a inde and ha ing
measu ed he alues by means o he p og am w i en o his comple ed he esul wi h
he o se ol age co esponding o he empe a u e o 25 C° o he app op ia e alue (Fig.
4).
Fig. 4
The measu ing sys em has been locally placed on he op o he measu ing oom and so
he sys em had o be so designed ha i could esis he inclemencies o wea he . The
mos se ious p oblem has mean he conduc ion o he ene gy aised in he closed space
es ablished in his way (hea p oduced by he compu e and da a shee s). The quan i y o
he hea p oduced by he de ice can also he alue o 160 W acco ding o calcula ions, bu
since hese ools can no pe manen ly ope a e wi h whole capaci y; I ha e used he
cooling su ace o he elec ic hea ing bag dis ibu ed in ade o cooling he closed
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measu ing sea -box. I had ega ded he capaci y o 94 W o wo cooling bag su icien ,
which was also con i med by he sa e ope a ion in wo summe mon hs. The elec ic
cooling ope a es only i he empe a u e is 40 C° in he compu e casing. In conside a ion
wi h he du a ion o he cooling su ace as well as he lowe en i onmen al hea bu dening
in he win e and ansi ion pe iod I ha e placed wo compu e casing en ila o s ensu ing
he cooling a a empe a u e highe han 25 C° by blowing in and pumping ou ai .
Mo eo e , I ha e coa ed he measu ing sea -box wi h an 8-cm hick hea -insula ing laye
(Fig. 5). In he case o a empe a u e o 40 C° in summe he dec ease o hea bu dening
is equi ed. Du ing he pilo plan pe iod he necessi y o hese ools o he sa e ope a ion
was p o ed and so i was possible ha I measu ed 55 C°, which did no cause any ouble
inside he measu ing sea -box.
Fig. 5 Measu ing sea -box
4. LabVIEW
The Lab iew p og am unning on he compu e ca ied ou he con ol as well as
calcula ion and a chi ing asks in he backg ound. Fo handling a emo e measu ing da a
acquisi ion compu e eachable on In e ne I ha e p epa ed a handling su ace (Fig. 6)
whe e momen a y alues can be ead, he daily end can be acked; esp. he au oma ic
and manual con ol o en ila o s can be changed.
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Fig. 6 Lab iew handling su ace
5. Passi e cooling
I ha e used 4 pcs en ila o s sized 120X120mm and ha ing a capaci y 12 V, 1 W o
egula ing he in e io empe a u e o he building. In he building he e is no, esp. he e is
only a li le hea accumula ing block and so i s enough o use low-capaci y en ila o s o
egula ing he in e io and ex e io empe a u e wi h an app op ia e en ila ion. The
condi ions o ope a ion a e de e mined by aking ex e io and in e io empe a u es in o
accoun , he model building can only adso b and emi hea h ough he window-glass and
so he daily empe a u e change is qui e low.
These da a Fig. 7) (Fig 8) show he daily minimum and maximum empe a u e. Since he
oom is ai igh , he e is no na u al en ila ion. Since he e is no na u al en ila ion and he
building has a ligh s uc u e, he oom has also been o e hea ed. Resul s di e ing om
his show he necessi y o con olled na u al en ila ion.
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Fig. 7 Ex e io empe a u e
Fig. 8 In e io empe a u e
Sou ce: Eme ic Csáki a icle-16 h „Building Se ices, Mechanical and Building Indus y Days”
In e na ional Con e ence, 14-15 Oc obe 2010, Deb ecen, Hunga y
Ai ing en ila o s a e calib a ed o he a e age empe a u e con ol alue. I he
empe a u e o he in e io ai is highe han 22 C° and he ex e io empe a u e is a leas
2 C° lowe han he in e io one, he wo uppe en ila o ope a e by blowing ou ai and he
wo lowe one ope a e by blowing in i un il he equaliza ion o he empe a u e o in e io
and ex e io ai . Ven ila o s can also con ol in in e se di ec ion and so i he empe a u e
o in e io ai is lowe han 22 C° and he empe a u e o ex e io ai is lowe , he wo uppe
en ila o ope a e by blowing in ai and he wo lowe one ope a e by blowing in ou .
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6. Summa y
The p ecise de e mina ion o adia ing hea e u ns is an impo an ac o o he
es ablishmen o ene ge ic condi ions o a building. Nowadays buildings shall use a ailable
enewable ene gy sou ces wi h inc easing e iciency. A oom ha ing in e io sizes o
3,03,02,8 m has been buil o measu ing adia ed hea quan i ies. The ex e io walls o
he measu ing oom a e made o 20-cm hick KINGSPAN cold-s o age plan panel.
Be ween panels pain ed whi e om ex e io PUR oam is inse ed in a hickness o 20 cm.
In p e ious publica ion I p esen ed he p oblems conce ning he pilo plan . In his a icle o
mine I am p esen ing he p inciple o he measu ing and a chi ing de ice as well as
de elopmen ca ied ou du ing he pilo plan pe iod. These esul s ha e p o ed ha his
di ec ion was igh o decide o which high-p ecision measu emen an indi idually
cons uc ed high-p ecision de ice is sui able and so acili a es scien i ic conclusions in he
ene ge ic ield conce ning buildings.
Acknowledgemen
Ou wo k is suppo ed by HURO/0802/155 p ojec , „Romanian-Hunga ian R&D Pla o m
o In elligen Building Resea ch P ojec s Suppo ”. The p ojec is implemen ed h ough he
Hunga ian-Romanian C oss-Bo de Coope a ion P og amme 2007-2013
Re e ences
1. Hahn E., Ha sányi G., Lepsényi I. and Mizsei J. (edi ed by: Ha sányi, G.): É zékelők és bea a kozók (Senso s
and in e enien ) , BME Elec ic Enginee ing and In o ma ion Facul y, 1999.
2. Szen iday K., Dá id L., Ko ács A., Bá sony I.: Mik oelek onikai É zékelők (Mic oelec onic senso s, MK,
1993. Bp
3. Ba ha Is án cikk-15 h „Building Se ices, Mechanical and Building Indus y days” In e na ional Con e ence,
15-16 Oc obe 2009, Deb ecen, Hunga y.
4. Eme ic Csáki cikk-16 h „Building Se ices, Mechanical and Building Indus y Days”
In e na ional Con e ence, 14-15 Oc obe 2010, Deb ecen, Hunga y
5. Baumann Mihály; D . Csoknyai Tamás; D . Kalmá Fe enc; D . Magya Zol án; D . Majo os And ás;
D . Osz oluczky Miklós; Szalay Zsuzsa (2009) Épüle ene ge ika (Building ene ge ics). PTE Pollack Mihály
Enginee ing Facul y.
6. Is án Ba ha Unique analogue equipmen empe a u e measu e 2009 Con e ence IASI Romania
7. Kalmá F. Op imal o wa d empe a u e in e o i ed buildings, P oc. o 2nd In . Con e ence on Building
Physics, 14-18 Sep embe , 2003, An we pen, Belgium p. 649-656 (ISBN 90 5809 565 7)
8. Kalmá F. Hea Gains in luence on Balance Poin Tempe a u e and The mal Com o , 7 h No dic Building
Physics Symposium, 13-15 June 2005, Reykja ik, Iceland. ol. II. p. 953-960 (ISBN 9979-9174-5-8)
9. h p://www.na ional.com/mp /LM/LM335.h ml
10. h p://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/ iew/p/lang/en/nid/203462
11. h p://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/ iew/p/lang/en/nid/14128
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