EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)
CERN-PH-EP/2011-049
2011/09/30
CMS-QCD-10-008
Cha ged pa icle ans e se momen um spec a
in pp collisions a √s= 0.9 and 7 TeV
The CMS Collabo a ion∗
Abs ac
The cha ged pa icle ans e se momen um (pT) spec a a e p esen ed o pp colli-
sions a √s=0.9 and 7 TeV. The da a samples we e collec ed wi h he CMS de ec-
o a he LHC and co espond o in eg a ed luminosi ies o 231 µb−1and 2.96 pb−1,
espec i ely. Calo ime e -based high- ans e se-ene gy igge s a e employed o en-
hance he s a is ical each o he high-pTmeasu emen s. The esul s a e compa ed
wi h leading and nex - o-leading o de QCD and wi h an empi ical scaling o mea-
su emen s a di e en collision ene gies using he scaling a iable xT≡2pT/√so e
he pT ange up o 200 GeV/c. Using a combina ion o xTscaling and di ec in e -
pola ion a ixed pT, a e e ence ans e se momen um spec um a √s=2.76 TeV
is cons uc ed, which can be used o s udying high-pTpa icle supp ession in he
dense QCD medium p oduced in hea y-ion collisions a ha cen e-o -mass ene gy.
Submi ed o he Jou nal o High Ene gy Physics
∗See Appendix A o he lis o collabo a ion membe s
a Xi :1104.3547 2 [hep-ex] 29 Sep 2011
1
1 In oduc ion
The cha ged pa icle ans e se momen um (pT) spec um is an impo an obse able o un-
de s anding he undamen al quan um ch omodynamic (QCD) in e ac ions in ol ed in p o on-
p o on collisions. While he ene gy dependence o he bulk o pa icle p oduc ion wi h pTbe-
low a ew GeV/cis ypically desc ibed ei he empi ically o wi h phenomenological models, he
es o he spec um can be well desc ibed by a con olu ion o pa on dis ibu ion unc ions,
he ha d-sca e ing c oss sec ion om pe u ba i e calcula ions, and agmen a ion unc ions.
Such a p esc ip ion has been gene ally success ul o e a la ge ange o lowe ene gy pp and p¯
p
collisions [1–7]. Along wi h measu emen s o he je p oduc ion c oss sec ion and agmen a-
ion unc ions, measu emen s o high-pTspec a p o ide a es o ac o ised pe u ba i e QCD
(pQCD) [8] a he highes collision ene gy o da e.
In addi ion o i s ele ance o he unde s anding o pQCD, he cha ged pa icle spec um in pp
collisions will be an impo an e e ence o measu emen s o high-pTpa icle supp ession in
he dense QCD medium p oduced in hea y-ion collisions. A he Rela i is ic Hea y Ion Col-
lide (RHIC), he sizable supp ession o high-pTpa icle p oduc ion, compa ed o he spec um
expec ed om a supe posi ion o a co esponding numbe o pp collisions, was one o he i s
indica ions o s ong inal-s a e medium e ec s [9–12]. A simila measu emen o nuclea mod-
i ica ion o cha ged pa icle pTspec a has been one o he i s hea y-ion esul s a he La ge
Had on Collide (LHC) [13]. The e e ence spec um o he PbPb collisions a √sNN =2.76 TeV
pe nucleon can be cons ained by in e pola ing be ween he pp spec a measu ed a √s= 0.9
and 7 TeV.
In his pape , he phase-space-in a ian di e en ial yield E d3Nch/dp3is p esen ed o p ima y
cha ged pa icles wi h ene gy (E) and momen um (p), a e aged o e he pseudo apidi y accep-
ance o he Compac Muon Solenoid (CMS) acking sys em (|η|<2.4). The pseudo apidi y
is de ined as –ln[ an(θ/2)], wi h θbeing he pola angle o he cha ged pa icle wi h espec
o he coun e clockwise beam di ec ion. The numbe o p ima y cha ged pa icles (Nch) is de-
ined o include decay p oduc s o pa icles wi h p ope li e imes less han 1 cm. Using he
in eg a ed luminosi ies calcula ed in Re s. [14, 15] wi h an es ima ed unce ain y o 11% and
4% a √s=0.9 and 7 TeV, espec i ely, he di e en ial c oss sec ions a e cons uc ed and com-
pa ed o a scaling wi h he a iable xT≡2pT/√s. Such a scaling has al eady been obse ed
o p¯
p measu emen s a lowe collision ene gies [4, 5, 16, 17]. Fo consis ency wi h he CDF
measu emen s a √s=0.63, 1.8, and 1.96 TeV, he pseudo apidi y ange o he xTdis ibu ions
has been es ic ed o |η|<1.0.
Finally, using he new measu emen s p esen ed in his pape , as well as p e iously measu ed
pp and p¯
p c oss sec ions, an es ima e o he di e en ial ans e se momen um c oss sec ion is
cons uc ed a he in e pola ed ene gy o √s=2.76 TeV, co esponding o he nucleon-nucleon
cen e-o -mass ene gy o PbPb collisions eco ded a he LHC.
The pape is o ganised as ollows: Sec ion 2 con ains a desc ip ion o he CMS de ec o ; Sec-
ion 3 desc ibes he igge and e en selec ion; Sec ions 4 and 5 de ail he econs uc ion and
selec ion o p ima y e ices and acks; Sec ion 6 explains he cha ac e isa ion o e en s based
on he leading-je ans e se ene gy; Sec ion 7 desc ibes he a ious applied co ec ions and
sys ema ic unce ain ies; Sec ion 8 p esen s he inal in a ian di e en ial yields and compa -
isons o da a and simula ion; and Sec ion 9 discusses he in e pola ion p ocedu es used o
cons uc a e e ence spec um a √s=2.76 TeV.
23 E en Selec ion
2 The CMS De ec o
A de ailed desc ip ion o he CMS expe imen can be ound in Re . [18]. The cen al ea-
u e o he CMS appa a us is a supe conduc ing solenoid o 6 m in e nal diame e , p o id-
ing an axial magne ic ield o 3.8 T. Imme sed in he magne ic ield a e he pixel acke , he
silicon s ip acke , he lead ungs a e c ys al elec omagne ic calo ime e (ECAL), and he
b ass/scin illa o had on calo ime e (HCAL). Muons a e measu ed in gas ionisa ion de ec o s
embedded in he s eel e u n yoke.
The CMS expe imen uses a igh -handed coo dina e sys em, wi h he o igin a he nominal
in e ac ion poin , he xaxis poin ing o he cen e o he LHC ing, he yaxis poin ing up pe -
pendicula o he plane o he LHC, and he zaxis along he coun e clockwise beam di ec ion.
The azimu hal angle, φ, is measu ed in he (x,y) plane.
The acke consis s o 1440 silicon pixel and 15 148 silicon s ip de ec o modules and measu es
cha ged pa icle ajec o ies wi hin he nominal pseudo apidi y ange |η|<2.4. The pixel
acke consis s o h ee 53.3 cm-long ba el laye s and wo endcap disks on each side o he
ba el sec ion. The inne mos ba el laye has a adius o 4.4 cm, while o he second and
hi d laye s he adii a e 7.3 cm and 10.2 cm, espec i ely. The acke is designed o p o ide an
impac pa ame e esolu ion o abou 100 µm and a ans e se momen um esolu ion o abou
0.7 % o 1 GeV/ccha ged pa icles a no mal incidence (η=0) [19].
The acke was aligned as desc ibed in Re . [20] using cosmic ay da a p io o he LHC com-
missioning. The p ecision achie ed o he posi ions o he de ec o modules wi h espec o
pa icle ajec o ies is 3–4 µm in he ba el o he coo dina e in he bending plane (φ).
Two elemen s o he CMS de ec o moni o ing sys em, he beam scin illa o coun e s (BSC)
[18, 21] and he beam pick-up iming o he expe imen s de ices (BPTX) [18, 22], we e used
o igge he de ec o eadou . The BSCs a e loca ed a a dis ance o 10.86 m om he nominal
in e ac ion poin (IP), one on each side, and a e sensi i e in he |η| ange om 3.23 o 4.65.
Each BSC is a se o 16 scin illa o iles. The BSC elemen s ha e a ime esolu ion o 3 ns, an
a e age minimum ionising pa icle de ec ion e iciency o 95.7%, and a e designed o p o ide
hi and coincidence a es. The wo BPTX de ices, loca ed a ound he beam pipe a a posi ion
o z=±175 m om he IP, a e designed o p o ide p ecise in o ma ion on he bunch s uc u e
and iming o he incoming beam, wi h be e han 0.2 ns ime esolu ion.
The wo s eel/qua z- ib e o wa d calo ime e s (HF), which ex end he calo ime ic co e age
beyond he ba el and endcap de ec o s o he |η| egion be ween 2.9 and 5.2, we e used o
u he o line selec ion o collision e en s.
The de ailed Mon e Ca lo (MC) simula ion o he CMS de ec o esponse is based on GEANT4
[23]. Simula ed e en s we e p ocessed and econs uc ed in he same manne as collision da a.
3 E en Selec ion
This analysis uses da a samples collec ed om 0.9 and 7 TeV pp collisions in he i s mon hs
o he 2010 LHC unning, co esponding o in eg a ed luminosi ies o (231 ±25)µb−1and
(2.96 ±0.12)pb−1, espec i ely [14, 15]. This sec ion gi es a b ie desc ip ion o he equi e-
men s imposed o selec good e en s o his analysis. A mo e de ailed desc ip ion o he CMS
igge selec ions can be ound in Re . [24].
Fi s , a minimum bias igge was used o selec e en s wi h a signal in any o he BSC iles,
coinciden wi h a signal om ei he o he wo BPTX de ec o s, indica ing he p esence o a
3
leas one p o on bunch c ossing he in e ac ion poin . F om his sample, collision e en s we e
selec ed o line by equi ing a coincidence o BPTX signals, indica ing he p esence o bo h
beams.
To selec p e e en ially non-single-di ac i e (NSD) e en s, a leas one o wa d calo ime e
(HF) owe wi h ene gy deposi ion E>3 GeV in each o he o wa d and backwa d hemi-
sphe es was equi ed. E en s wi h beam-halo muons c ossing he de ec o we e iden i ied and
ejec ed based on he ime di e ence be ween BSC hi s on ei he side o he in e ac ion poin .
Beam-induced backg ound e en s, p oducing anomalous numbe s o low-quali y acks, we e
ejec ed by equi ing ha a leas 25% o he cha ged pa icles econs uc ed in he pixel–silicon
acking sys em sa is ied he highPu i y c i e ion. This c i e ion, desc ibed in Re . [25], consis s
o nume ous selec ions on he p ope ies o he acks, including he no malised χ2, he com-
pa ibili y wi h he beamline and p ima y e ices, he numbe o hi laye s, he numbe o ‘3D’
laye s, and he numbe o los laye s. The selec ion on he ac ion o highPu i y acks was
only applied o e en s wi h mo e han 10 acks, p o iding a clean sepa a ion be ween eal pp
collisions and beam backg ounds. The emaining non-collision e en ac ion, de e mined by
applying he same selec ions o e en s whe e only a single beam was c ossing he in e ac ion
poin , is es ima ed o be less han 2 x 10−5. E en s we e equi ed o ha e a leas one p ima y
e ex, econs uc ed acco ding o he desc ip ion in he ollowing sec ion om iple s o pixel
hi s. A u he equi emen , namely a leas one e ex ound om ully econs uc ed acks
(see nex sec ion o de ails) wi h numbe o deg ees o eedom (Ndo ) g ea e han ou , was
imposed o imp o e he obus ness agains igge ed e en s con aining mul iple pp collisions,
i.e., “e en pileup”. The loss in e en selec ion e iciency om he ully- econs uc ed- ack
e ex compa ed o he pixel e ex alone was de e mined en i ely om da a, based on a sub-
se o ea ly uns wi h negligible e en pileup. The pe cen age o e en s emaining a e each
selec ion s ep is p esen ed in Table 1.
Fo a la ge pa o he 7 TeV da a collec ion, he minimum bias igge pa hs had o be p escaled
by la ge ac o s because o he inc easing ins an aneous luminosi y o he LHC. In o de o max-
imise he pT each o he cha ged pa icle ans e se momen um measu emen a his cen e-o -
mass ene gy, wo high-le el igge (HLT) pa hs we e used ha selec ed e en s wi h minimum
unco ec ed ans e se je ene gies (ET) o 15 and 50 GeV, based only on in o ma ion om he
calo ime e s. While he highe h eshold pa h was no p escaled du ing he 7 TeV da a- aking
pe iod co esponding o he 2.96 pb−1used in his analysis, he lowe h eshold pa h had o
be p escaled o a signi ican ac ion o his sample. The 0.9 TeV da a sample consis s o 6.8
million minimum bias igge ed e en s, while he 7 TeV sample is composed o 18.7 million
minimum bias e en s, and 1.4 (5.6) million e en s selec ed wi h he HLT minimum-ET alues
o 15 (50) GeV.
The selec ion e iciency o NSD e en s was de e mined based on simula ed e en s om he
PYTHIA [26] e en gene a o ( e sion 6.420, une D6T [27]) ha we e subsequen ly passed
h ough a Mon e Ca lo simula ion o he CMS de ec o esponse. The esul ing e en selec ion
e iciency as a unc ion o he mul iplici y o econs uc ed cha ged pa icles is shown o 7 TeV
collisions in Fig. 1a. The co esponding e en selec ion e iciency is calcula ed by he same
echnique o he 0.9 TeV da a (no shown). Based on e en s simula ed wi h PHOJET [28, 29]
and PYTHIA, he emaining ac ion o single-di ac i e (SD) e en s in he selec ed sample was
es ima ed o be (5 ±1)% and (6 ±1)% o he 0.9 and 7 TeV da a, espec i ely.

44 P ima y Ve ex
Table 1: Summa y o e en selec ion s eps applied o he 0.9 and 7 TeV collision da a se s and
he pe cen age o e en s om he o iginal minimum bias samples ha emain a e each s ep.
Collision ene gy 0.9 TeV 7 TeV
Selec ion Pe cen age passing each selec ion cu
One BSC + one BPTX 100.0 100.0
BPTX coincidence 94.49 90.05
Beam halo ejec ion 94.08 89.83
HF coincidence 73.27 83.32
Beam backg ound ejec ion 73.26 83.32
Valid pixel- ack e ex 70.14 82.48
Quali y ull- ack e ex 64.04 77.35
4 P ima y Ve ex
In his analysis, wo sepa a e algo i hms a e employed o de e mine he p ima y e ex po-
si ion. The i s is a highly e icien algo i hm based on pixel iple acks ha equi es a
minimum o jus a single ack consis en wi h he beam-spo posi ion. The posi ion o he
beam-spo , aken as he cen e o he egion whe e he LHC beams collide, is calcula ed o
each LHC ill based on he a e age o e many e en s o he h ee-dimensional i ed e ex po-
si ions [25]. The second e ex- inding algo i hm, based on ully econs uc ed acks wi h hi s
also in he silicon s ip acke , is less e icien in selec ing low-mul iplici y e en s, bu mo e
obus in disc imina ing agains e en pileup. Since pileup is signi ican o e he majo i y o
he analysed da a sample, only he ully- econs uc ed- ack e ex is used o cons uc he aw
cha ged pa icle momen um spec a. The aw spec a a e subsequen ly co ec ed o he ac-
ion o e en s wi h ewe han ou acks (and he ac ion o acks in such low-mul iplici y
e en s), based on a subse o he e en sample selec ed wi h he mo e e icien pixel- ack e ex
equi emen du ing collision uns wi h negligible e en pileup.
To de e mine he zposi ion o he pixel e ex in each e en , acks consis ing o h ee pixel
hi s a e cons uc ed wi h a minimum pTo 75 MeV/c om a egion wi hin a ans e se dis ance
o 0.2 cm om he beam axis. The xand yposi ions o he pixel e ex a e aken om he
ans e se posi ion o he beam axis. Fi ed acks a e selec ed based on he equi emen ha
he ans e se impac pa ame e is less han h ee imes he quad a ic sum o he ans e se
e o s on he ack impac pa ame e and he beam axis posi ion. The selec ed acks a e hen
passed o an agglome a i e algo i hm [30], which i e a i ely clus e s he acks in o e ex-
candida es. The p ocedu e is hal ed when he dis ance be ween nea es clus e s, no malised
by hei espec i e posi ion unce ain ies, eaches 12. Only e ices consis ing o a leas wo
acks a e kep , excep when he e en con ains a single econs uc ed ack, which occu s in
1.67% (0.99%) o he e en s a √s=0.9 (7) TeV. In he case o mul iple e ex-candida es, only
he e ex wi h he mos associa ed acks is kep . While his occu s in as many as 20% o
e en s, he ejec ed e ex ypically has e y ew associa ed acks and is highly co ela ed in
zposi ion o he e ex wi h he mos associa ed acks. These cha ac e is ics imply ha he
ejec ed e ices a e no om e en pileup, bu a he om acks in he ails o he impac
pa ame e dis ibu ion ha a e no agglome a ed in o he p ima y e ex.
The ully- econs uc ed- ack e ex algo i hm begins om a se o acks selec ed acco ding o
hei ans e se impac pa ame e o he beam-spo (<2 cm), numbe o hi s (>6), and no -
malised χ2(<20). These acks a e passed o an adap i e e ex i e , in which acks a e as-
5
Cha ged pa icle mul iplici y
0 10 20 30 40 50
selec ed
SD
o
selec ed
NSD
ε
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
CMS Simula ion
PYTHIA 7 TeV
NSD selec ion e iciency
pixel e ex (NSD)
ack e ex (NSD)
Selec ed e en SD ac ion
pixel e ex (SD)
ack e ex (SD)
(a)
[cm]
0
PV
z
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
[cm]
1
PV
z
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1
10
2
10
-1
Ld = 10.2 nb
∫
= 7 TeVsCMS (b)
Figu e 1: (a) The e iciency (εselec ed
NSD in Eq. (2)) o selec ing non-single-di ac i e (NSD) e en s
as a unc ion o he mul iplici y o econs uc ed cha ged pa icles in he acke accep ance
(|η|<2.4) a e applying he ull e en selec ion desc ibed in he ex , including a single pixel-
ack e ex ( illed ci cles) and addi ionally equi ing a ully- econs uc ed- ack e ex wi h
Ndo >4 (open ci cles) as desc ibed in Sec ion 4. Also, he emaining single-di ac i e (SD)
ac ion ( selec ed
SD in Eq. (2)) as a unc ion o cha ged pa icle mul iplici y o he same selec-
ions (solid and dashed lines). (b) Co ela ion be ween he zposi ions, z0
PV and z1
PV, o he
wo e ices wi h he mos associa ed acks o measu ed e en s wi h mo e han one ully-
econs uc ed- ack e ex sa is ying he quali y selec ions.
signed a weigh be ween 0 and 1 acco ding o hei compa ibili y wi h he common e ex [25].
Quali y e ices a e u he equi ed o ha e mo e han ou deg ees o eedom (Ndo ), co e-
sponding o a leas ou acks wi h weigh s o app oxima ely one. Fo e en s wi h mul iple
econs uc ed e ices passing he quali y selec ion, he co ela ion be ween he zposi ions o
he wo e ices wi h he mos associa ed acks is shown in Fig. 1b. O he han he diago-
nal egion wi hou mul iple e ices, expec ed om he algo i hmic pa ame e o a leas a 1 cm
sepa a ion, he unco ela ed posi ions o he wo e ices a e indica i e o andom e en pileup.
The e en pileup a e is es ima ed om he ac ion o e en s wi h mul iple econs uc ed e -
ices, a e co ec ing o e ices ha a e no ound because o hei p oximi y. The beam
condi ions a ied o e he analysed minimum bias da a samples, such ha he co ec ed ac-
ion o pileup e en s is in he ange (0.4–7.5)%. The unce ain y on he e en pileup ac ion,
de e mined om he la ges co ec ion o he mul iple- e ex ac ion, is a cons an ac o o
0.2% and 1.2% o he 0.9 and 7 TeV da a, espec i ely.
5 T ack Selec ion
This analysis uses acks om he s anda d CMS econs uc ion algo i hm, which consis s o
mul iple i e a ions o a combina o ial ack inde based on a ious seeding laye pa e ns [31].
A e each i e a ion, hi s belonging unambiguously o acks in he p e ious s ep a e emo ed
om conside a ion o subsequen s eps.
65 T ack Selec ion
η
-2 -1 0 1 2
Algo i hmic e iciency
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
PYTHIA 7 TeV
> 0.4 GeV/c
T
p
> 2.0 GeV/c
T
p
CMS Simula ion(a)
[GeV/c]
T
p
1 10 2
10
ε ×A
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
PYTHIA 7 TeV
<20 GeV
T
0<E
<40 GeV
T
20<E
<60 GeV
T
40<E
<80 GeV
T
60<E
<100 GeV
T
80<E
<120 GeV
T
100<E
<200 GeV
T
180<E
<400 GeV
T
380<E
CMS Simula ion(b)
Fake a e
Figu e 2: (a) The algo i hmic acking e iciency o wo di e en momen um anges as a unc-
ion o η. (b) The p oduc o geome ical accep ance (A) wi h acking e iciency (ε ) (uppe
poin s) and he misiden i ica ion (‘ ake’) a e (lowe poin s) as a unc ion o ans e se momen-
um o acks wi h |η|<1 in bins o co ec ed leading-je ans e se ene gy.
In o de o minimise he con ibu ion om misiden i ied acks and acks wi h poo momen-
um esolu ion, a numbe o quali y selec ions a e applied. These include he highPu i y selec-
ion men ioned in Sec ion 3, he equi emen o a leas i e hi s on he ack, he no malized χ2
pe deg ee o eedom di ided by he numbe o acke laye s used in he i less han a maxi-
mum alue which a ies om 0.48 and 0.07 depending on ηand pT, and a ela i e momen um
unce ain y o less han 20%. Fu he mo e, o ejec non-p ima y acks (i.e., he p oduc s o
weak decays and seconda y in e ac ions wi h de ec o ma e ial), only he pixel-seeded acking
i e a ions a e used, and selec ions a e placed on he impac pa ame e o he acks wi h espec
o he p ima y e ex posi ion. Speci ically, he ans e se and longi udinal impac pa ame e s
a e equi ed o be less han 0.2 cm and also less han 3 imes he sum in quad a u e o he unce -
ain ies on he impac pa ame e and he co esponding e ex posi ion. In he case o mul iple
quali y econs uc ed e ices in he minimum bias e en samples, acks ha pass he impac
pa ame e selec ions wi h espec o any e ex a e used in he analysis. The numbe o e en s,
by which he ack pTdis ibu ion is no malised, is hen scaled by a ac o o accoun o he
e en pileup ac ion. In con as , o he je - igge ed samples, acks a e selec ed based on
he impac pa ame e wi h espec o he single e ex esponsible o he igge . The p ima y
e ex o he ha d-sca e ing p ocess is iden i ied as he e ex wi h he la ges alue o ∑p2
T
o he associa ed i ed acks.
Wi h he abo e-men ioned selec ions applied o he econs uc ed acks, he algo i hmic e -
iciency de e mined om simula ed PYTHIA e en s is g ea e han 85% (80%) o acks wi h
ans e se momen um abo e 2.0 (0.4) GeV/ca e aged o e |η|<2.4 (Fig. 2a). In he same
kinema ic egion, misiden i ied and non-p ima y acks a e each below 1%, while mul iple e-
cons uc ion occu s o less han 0.01% o acks.
7
6 E en Classi ica ion by Leading-Je Ene gy
All e en s in his analysis a e classi ied acco ding o he ans e se ene gy o he mos ene ge ic
econs uc ed je , de ined as he leading je . Je s a e econs uc ed om calo ime e deposi s
alone using he an i-kTalgo i hm [32] wi h cone adius R=p(∆φ)2+ (∆η)2=0.5. The
measu ed ene gy o he je is adjus ed acco ding o co ec ions based on a MC desc ip ion o
he CMS calo ime e esponse wi h a 3–6% unce ain y on he je ene gy scale [33].
The mo i a ion o classi ying e en s acco ding o he leading-je ans e se ene gy is wo old.
Fi s , he deg ading e ec o he local- ack densi y on he high-pT acking pe o mance (e.g.,
inside a je ) can be pa ame ised acco ding o his a iable. Based on e en s simula ed wi h
PYTHIA in minimum bias and QCD samples wi h a ious h esholds on he ha d-sca e ing
scale ( ˆ
pT), he e iciency and misiden i ica ion a es o he selec ed acks a e es ima ed as a
unc ion o ans e se momen um in bins o leading-je ans e se ene gy (see Fig. 2b). Sec-
ond, as discussed in Sec ion 3, calo ime e -based igge s wi h leading-je ans e se ene gy
h esholds o 15 GeV (Je 15U) and 50 GeV (Je 50U) we e used o ex end he pT each o he 7 TeV
measu emen .
To a oid po en ial biases om he je - igge selec ion, i is desi able o ope a e in a egion
whe e he igge is ully e icien . The egion abo e which he je igge wi h an unco ec ed
ene gy h eshold o 15 GeV becomes ully e icien is de e mined by i s plo ing he leading-je
ETdis ibu ion o a sample o e en s selec ed wi h he p escaled minimum bias igge and
he o line selec ions desc ibed in Sec ion 3. This dis ibu ion is hen compa ed o he subse o
hose e en s which also i e he 15 GeV je igge as a unc ion o co ec ed ans e se ene gy.
The esul ing a io is he igge e iciency cu e p esen ed in he lowe panel o Fig. 3a. The
15 GeV je igge achie es mo e han 99% e iciency a a co ec ed ene gy o ET=45 GeV. The
analogous p ocedu e is epea ed on a sample o e en s selec ed by he 15 GeV je igge o
de e mine ha he 50 GeV je igge becomes ully e icien abo e ET=95 GeV. Fo he igge
e iciency s udy, an ea ly subse o he da a (10.2 nb−1) was used, because he minimum bias
and lowe - h eshold je igge s we e highly p escaled in he la e uns. In he uppe panel
o Fig. 3a, he ETdis ibu ions om he je - igge ed sample a e no malised pe equi alen
minimum bias e en by ma ching hei in eg als in he egions whe e he igge s a e ully
e icien .
Fo he 7 TeV analysis, e en s a e di ided in o h ee classes based on leading-je ET: below
60 GeV, be ween 60 and 120 GeV, and abo e 120 GeV. Since each e en is uniquely assigned
o one such leading-je ET ange, he o e all dNch/dpTdis ibu ion is simply he sum o he
spec a om he h ee anges, each co esponding o a ully-e icien HLT selec ion (i.e., min-
imum bias, 15 GeV je igge , and 50 GeV je igge ). The con ibu ions o he spec a om
he je - igge ed e en s a e no malised pe selec ed minimum bias e en ; he ac ion o min-
imum bias e en s con aining a leading je wi h g ea e han ei he 60 o 120 GeV is calcula ed
as shown in Fig. 3a by ma ching he ully-e icien egions o he leading-je ETdis ibu ions.
The h ee con ibu ions o he combined cha ged pa icle ans e se momen um spec um a e
shown in Fig. 3b. The lowe panel o ha igu e compa es he combined spec um i s o he
minimum bias spec um alone and hen o a spec um cons uc ed wi h he addi ion o only he
lowe - h eshold je igge . These a e all in good ag eemen wi hin hei espec i e s a is ical
unce ain ies. A pT-dependen sys ema ic unce ain y o 0–4% is a ibu ed o he no malisa-
ion o he con ibu ions om he igge ed samples. This alue is de e mined by changing he
leading-je ET anges ha sepa a e he h ee samples (e.g., o ET=40 and 100GeV), by basing
he no malisa ion di ec ly on he HLT p escale alues, and by compa ing he no malisa ions
de e mined om di e en subse s o he ull da a sample.
14 9 In e pola ion o 2.76 TeV
T
x
-4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
10
]
3
c
-2
[mb GeV
3
/dpσ
3
Ed
4.9
/GeV)s(
5
10
7
10
9
10
11
10
13
10
15
10
17
10
19
10
21
10
|<1.0)η) + X (|
-
+h
+
0.5(h→) p pp(
)
-1
CMS 7 TeV (2.96 pb )
-1
bµCMS 0.9 TeV (231
CDF 1.96 TeV
CDF 1.8 TeV
CDF 0.63 TeV
Global powe -law i
(a)
T
x
-4
10 -3
10 -2
10 -1
10
Da a/NLO
0.5
1.0
1.5 = 0.9 TeVs = 1.96 TeVs = 7 TeVs
T
x
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
/ Fi
3
/dpσ
3
Ed
4.9
/GeV)s(
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
= 2.76 TeVs (GeV/c) o
T
p
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
(b) ) + i
-1
CMS 7 TeV (2.96 pb
) + i
-1
bµCMS 0.9 TeV (231
CDF 1.96 TeV + i
in e pola ions
T
2.76 TeV x
(co ec ed by NLO a ios)
T
x
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
NLO a io
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8 = 2.75 TeV)s = 0.9, 1.96, 7 TeV / s (
3
/dpσ
3
Ed
4.9
)s Ra io o (
= 0.9 TeVs = 1.96 TeVs = 7 TeVs
Figu e 6: (a) Uppe panel: inclusi e cha ged pa icle in a ian di e en ial c oss sec ions, scaled
by √s4.9, o |η|<1.0 as a unc ion o he scaling pa ame e xT. The esul is he a e age o
he posi i e and nega i e cha ged pa icles. Lowe panel: a ios o di e en ial c oss sec ions
measu ed a 0.9, 1.96, and 7 TeV o hose p edic ed by NLO calcula ions o ac o isa ion scales
anging om 0.5–2.0 pT. (b) Uppe panel: a ios o he scaled di e en ial c oss sec ions o
he global powe -law xT i desc ibed in he ex (colou ed ma ke s) and i s o hese a ios
(simila ly colou ed hin lines). The expec ed a io o √s=2.76 TeV a e applying NLO-based
co ec ions o each o he h ee measu emen s as desc ibed in he ex (solid blue lines). The
unce ain y om he NLO pa ame e s is ep esen ed by he shaded band. The uppe axis
ansla es xT o pT o √s=2.76 TeV. Lowe panel: a ios o he NLO-calcula ed c oss sec ions
a h ee di e en ene gies, scaled by √s4.9, o he c oss sec ion calcula ed a √s=2.75 TeV. The
wid h o he bands ep esen s he a ia ion o he ac o isa ion scale by a ac o o wo.
he in e pola ed c oss sec ion has an addi ional componen o accoun o possible co ela ions
in he luminosi y unce ain y be ween he h ee measu emen s. This e m, aken as equal o
he smalles indi idual unce ain y (4%), is added in quad a u e.
The di ec in e pola ion o c oss sec ions a a ixed alue o pTis done using CDF measu emen s
a √s=0.63, 1.8 and 1.96 TeV [4, 5, 17], he new CMS measu emen s a √s=0.9 and 7 TeV,
as well as an ea lie esul a √s=2.36 TeV [24]. The la e measu emen is con e ed o a
di e en ial c oss sec ion assuming he o al inelas ic c oss sec ion o 60.52 mb om PYTHIA. A
each ene gy, an empi ical i o he pTdis ibu ion is i s cons uc ed o p o ide a con inuous
es ima ion independen o di e en binning. Then, in a bi a ily small pTbins, hese empi ical
i s a e e alua ed and he e olu ion o he c oss sec ion wi h √sis pa ame ised by a second-
o de polynomial. Two examples o hese i s a e shown in Fig. 7a o pT=3 and 9 GeV/c.
The unce ain y on he alue o he i e alua ed a √s=2.76 TeV is aken om he co a iance
ma ix o he i e ms, wi h an addi ional 4% added in quad a u e o accoun conse a i ely
o any co ela ion in he luminosi y unce ain y be ween he di e en measu emen s.

15
To a i e a a single in e pola ed spec um o e he ull pT ange, a linea combina ion o
he wo echniques is used wi h weigh s ha a y linea ly ac oss he o e lap ange om
pT=5 GeV/c(only di ec in e pola ion a ixed pT) o pT=20 GeV/c(only xTscaling wi h
NLO-based esidual co ec ion). In he pT ange whe e he wo echniques o e lap, he di e -
en me hods ag ee o wi hin hei espec i e sys ema ic unce ain ies. (The ixed-pTin e po-
la ion alue is ypically a ound 8% lowe han he xTin e pola ion.) The esul ing p edic ed
2.76 TeV di e en ial c oss sec ion is shown in he uppe panel o Fig. 7b, and i s a io wi h e-
spec o a ious PYTHIA unes a ha cen e-o -mass ene gy in he lowe panel. The unce ain y
on he p edic ed c oss sec ion, shown by he g ey band in he lowe panel, is he weigh ed sum
(whe e applicable) o he unce ain ies de i ed om he wo me hods desc ibed in he p eced-
ing pa ag aphs. Also shown in he lowe panel o Fig. 7b is he a io o he p edic ed 2.76 TeV
c oss sec ion o ha ound by simply scaling he CMS measu ed 7 TeV esul by he expec ed
2.75 TeV o 7 TeV a io om NLO calcula ions [42]. The in e pola ion used in he ecen ALICE
publica ion [13] is a ew pe cen lowe han he esul quo ed in his pape , bu consis en wi hin
he espec i e sys ema ic unce ain ies. The beha io o he a ious gene a o s compa ed o he
in e pola ed 2.76 TeV c oss sec ion is b oadly simila o he 0.9 TeV in a ian yields p esen ed in
Fig. 7b. The P oQ20 une ag ees mos closely (wi hin 15%) wi h he in e pola ed c oss sec ion
abo e 2 GeV/c. Fu u e analysis o a ecen ly eco ded 2.76 TeV pp collision sample will p o ide
e i ica ion o his esul and a educ ion in he sys ema ic unce ain ies.
10 Summa y
In his pape , measu emen s o he phase-space-in a ian di e en ial yield E d3Nch/dp3a √s
= 0.9 and 7 TeV ha e been p esen ed o p ima y cha ged pa icles, a e aged o e he pseu-
do apidi y accep ance o he CMS acking sys em (|η|<2.4). The esul s ha e been shown
o be in easonable ag eemen wi h he p e iously published CMS measu emen s a √s= 0.9
and 7 TeV [24, 34] and, excep o he su plus o acks a e y low ans e se momen um, wi h
PYTHIA leading-o de pQCD. The 7 TeV da a a e mos consis en wi h PYTHIA8, which ag ees a
he 10% le el o e he ull pT ange o he measu emen . In con as , he 0.9 TeV da a a e consid-
e ably be e desc ibed by he P oQ20 une. Addi ionally, he consis ency o he 0.9 and 7 TeV
spec a has been demons a ed wi h an empi ical xTscaling ha uni ies he di e en ial c oss
sec ions om a wide ange o collision ene gies on o a common cu e. Fu he mo e, wi hin
he heo e ical unce ain ies o he NLO calcula ions, he esidual b eaking o xTscaling abo e
pT≈8 GeV/cis consis en be ween he measu ed c oss sec ions and he NLO calcula ions.
This esul has emo ed a la ge unce ain y om an impo an ing edien o exis ing and u u e
PbPb measu emen s, namely he pp e e ence spec um co esponding o he ene gy o he
2010 PbPb un: 2.76 TeV pe nucleon. By employing a combina ion o echniques o in e pola e
be ween he esul s p esen ed he e a √s=0.9 and 7 TeV, including in o ma ion om exis ing
CDF measu emen s a √s=0.63, 1.8, and 1.96 TeV, a pp e e ence a √s=2.76 TeV has been
cons uc ed o e a la ge ange o ans e se momen um (pT= 1–100 GeV/c) wi h sys ema ic
unce ain ies o less han 13%.
Acknowledgemen s
We wish o cong a ula e ou colleagues in he CERN accele a o depa men s o he excellen
pe o mance o he LHC machine. We hank he echnical and adminis a i e s a a CERN and
o he CMS ins i u es, and acknowledge suppo om: FMSR (Aus ia); FNRS and FWO (Bel-
gium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (B azil); MES (Bulga ia); CERN; CAS, MoST, and
16 10 Summa y
[TeV]s
1 10
]
3
c
-2
[mb GeV
3
/dpσ
3
Ed
-2
10
-1
10
(a)
= 3 GeV/c
T
p
|<1.0)η) + X (|
-
+h
+
0.5(h→) p pp(
)
-1
CMS 7 TeV (2.96 pb CDF 1.96 TeV
)
-1
bµCMS 2.36 TeV (0.2 CDF 1.8 TeV
)
-1
bµCMS 0.9 TeV (231 CDF 0.63 TeV
[TeV]s
1 10
3
] x 10
3
c
-2
[mb GeV
3
/dpσ
3
Ed
-5
10
-4
10
= 9 GeV/c
T
p
= 2.76 TeV in e pola ed alues
scaling in e p.
T
x
[GeV/c]
T
p
1 10 2
10
]
3
c
-2
[mb GeV
3
/dpσ
3
Ed
-14
10
-12
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
1
2
10
|<1.0η = 2.76 TeV, |s
CMS In e pola ion
PYTHIA D6T
PYTHIA Pe ugia0
PYTHIA P oQ20
PYTHIA 8
NLO escaled CMS 7 TeV (F. A leo e al.)
= 64 mb)
mb
σALICE (scaled by
(b)
[GeV/c]
T
p
1 10 2
10
In e p. / O he s
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Figu e 7: (a) In e pola ions be ween measu ed cha ged pa icle di e en ial c oss sec ions a
di e en √s o he wo example alues o pT=3 and 9 GeV/c. Second-o de polynomial
i s o he measu ed da a a e shown by he solid lines. The open squa es show he esul ing
in e pola ed c oss sec ions o √s=2.76 TeV. The open ci cle on he lowe panel ep esen s
he co esponding es ima e om he xT-scaling app oach in he o e lap egion whe e bo h can
be es ima ed. (b) Uppe panel: he p edic ed 2.76 TeV cha ged pa icle di e en ial ans e se
momen um c oss sec ion, based on he combined di ec pTin e pola ion and NLO-co ec ed
xT-scaling echniques desc ibed in he ex . Lowe panel: a ios o combined in e pola ion o
p edic ions om se e al PYTHIA unes, an NLO-based escaling app oach [42], and he ALICE
in e pola ion used in Re . [13].
NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (C oa ia); RPF (Cyp us); Academy o Sci-
ences and NICPB (Es onia); Academy o Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3
(F ance); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Ge many); GSRT (G eece); OTKA and NKTH (Hunga y);
DAE and DST (India); IPM (I an); SFI (I eland); INFN (I aly); NRF and WCU (Ko ea); LAS
(Li huania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakis an); SCSR
(Poland); FCT (Po ugal); JINR (A menia, Bela us, Geo gia, Uk aine, Uzbekis an); MST and
MAE (Russia); MSTD (Se bia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Swi ze -
land); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Tu key); STFC (Uni ed Kingdom); DOE and NSF
(USA). Indi iduals ha e ecei ed suppo om he Ma ie-Cu ie p og amme and he Eu opean
Resea ch Council (Eu opean Union); he Le en is Founda ion; he A. P. Sloan Founda ion; he
Alexande on Humbold Founda ion; he Associazione pe lo S iluppo Scien i ico e Tecno-
logico del Piemon e (I aly); he Belgian Fede al Science Policy O ice; he Fonds pou la Fo ma-
ion `
a la Reche che dans l’Indus ie e dans l’Ag icul u e (FRIA-Belgium); and he Agen schap
oo Inno a ie doo We enschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium).
17
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A The CMS Collabo a ion
Ye e an Physics Ins i u e, Ye e an, A menia
S. Cha chyan, V. Khacha yan, A.M. Si unyan, A. Tumasyan
Ins i u ¨u Hochene giephysik de OeAW, Wien, Aus ia
W. Adam, T. Be gaue , M. D agice ic, J. E ¨
o, C. Fabjan, M. F iedl, R. F ¨
uhwi h, V.M. Ghe e,
J. Hamme 1, S. H¨
ansel, M. Hoch, N. H¨
o mann, J. H ubec, M. Jei le , W. Kiesenho e ,
M. K amme , D. Liko, I. Mikulec, M. Pe nicka, H. Roh inge , R. Sch¨
o beck, J. S auss, A. Tau ok,
F. Teischinge , P. Wagne , W. Wal enbe ge , G. Walzel, E. Widl, C.-E. Wulz
Na ional Cen e o Pa icle and High Ene gy Physics, Minsk, Bela us
V. Mossolo , N. Shumeiko, J. Sua ez Gonzalez
Uni e si ei An we pen, An we pen, Belgium
L. Benucci, E.A. De Wol , X. Janssen, J. Maes, T. Maes, L. Mucibello, S. Ochesanu, B. Roland,
R. Rougny, M. Sel aggi, H. Van Hae e mae , P. Van Mechelen, N. Van Remo el
V ije Uni e si ei B ussel, B ussel, Belgium
F. Blekman, S. Blywee , J. D’Hond , O. De oede, R. Gonzalez Sua ez, A. Kaloge opoulos,
M. Maes, W. Van Doninck, P. Van Mulde s, G.P. Van Onsem, I. Villella
Uni e si ´e Lib e de B uxelles, B uxelles, Belgium
O. Cha a , B. Cle baux, G. De Len decke , V. De o, A.P.R. Gay, G.H. Hammad, T. H eus,
P.E. Ma age, L. Thomas, C. Vande Velde, P. Vanlae
Ghen Uni e si y, Ghen , Belgium
V. Adle , A. Cimmino, S. Cos an ini, M. G unewald, B. Klein, J. Lellouch, A. Ma ino ,
J. Mcca in, D. Ryckbosch, F. Thyssen, M. Ty ga , L. Vanelde en, P. Ve willigen, S. Walsh,
N. Zaganidis
Uni e si ´e Ca holique de Lou ain, Lou ain-la-Neu e, Belgium
S. Basegmez, G. B uno, J. Caud on, L. Cea d, E. Co ina Gil, J. De Fa e eau De Jene e ,
C. Delae e1, D. Fa a , A. Giammanco, G. G ´
egoi e, J. Holla , V. Lemai e, J. Liao, O. Mili a u,
S. O yn, D. Pagano, A. Pin, K. Pio zkowski, N. Schul
Uni e si ´e de Mons, Mons, Belgium
N. Beliy, T. Caebe gs, E. Daubie
Cen o B asilei o de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janei o, B azil
G.A. Al es, D. De Jesus Damiao, M.E. Pol, M.H.G. Souza
Uni e sidade do Es ado do Rio de Janei o, Rio de Janei o, B azil
W. Ca alho, E.M. Da Cos a, C. De Oli ei a Ma ins, S. Fonseca De Souza, L. Mundim,
H. Nogima, V. Ogu i, W.L. P ado Da Sil a, A. San o o, S.M. Sil a Do Ama al, A. Sznajde ,
F. To es Da Sil a De A aujo
Ins i u o de Fisica Teo ica, Uni e sidade Es adual Paulis a, Sao Paulo, B azil
F.A. Dias, T.R. Fe nandez Pe ez Tomei, E. M. G ego es2, C. Lagana, F. Ma inho,
P.G. Me cadan e2, S.F. No aes, Sand a S. Padula
Ins i u e o Nuclea Resea ch and Nuclea Ene gy, So ia, Bulga ia
N. Da meno 1, L. Dimi o , V. Genche 1, P. Iaydjie 1, S. Pipe o , M. Rodozo , S. S oyko a,
G. Sul ano , V. Tcholako , R. T ayano , I. Vanko
22 A The CMS Collabo a ion
Uni e si y o So ia, So ia, Bulga ia
A. Dimi o , R. Hadjiiska, A. Ka adzhino a, V. Kozhuha o , L. Li o , M. Ma ee , B. Pa lo ,
P. Pe ko
Ins i u e o High Ene gy Physics, Beijing, China
J.G. Bian, G.M. Chen, H.S. Chen, C.H. Jiang, D. Liang, S. Liang, X. Meng, J. Tao, J. Wang,
J. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wang, H. Xiao, M. Xu, J. Zang, Z. Zhang
S a e Key Lab. o Nucl. Phys. and Tech., Peking Uni e si y, Beijing, China
Y. Ban, S. Guo, Y. Guo, W. Li, Y. Mao, S.J. Qian, H. Teng, L. Zhang, B. Zhu, W. Zou
Uni e sidad de Los Andes, Bogo a, Colombia
A. Cab e a, B. Gomez Mo eno, A.A. Ocampo Rios, A.F. Oso io Oli e os, J.C. Sanab ia
Technical Uni e si y o Spli , Spli , C oa ia
N. Godino ic, D. Lelas, K. Lelas, R. Ples ina3, D. Polic, I. Puljak
Uni e si y o Spli , Spli , C oa ia
Z. An uno ic, M. Dzelalija
Ins i u e Rudje Bosko ic, Zag eb, C oa ia
V. B iglje ic, S. Du ic, K. Kadija, S. Mo o ic
Uni e si y o Cyp us, Nicosia, Cyp us
A. A ikis, M. Galan i, J. Mousa, C. Nicolaou, F. P ochos, P.A. Razis
Cha les Uni e si y, P ague, Czech Republic
M. Finge , M. Finge J .
Academy o Scien i ic Resea ch and Technology o he A ab Republic o Egyp , Egyp ian
Ne wo k o High Ene gy Physics, Cai o, Egyp
Y. Ass an4, S. Khalil5, M.A. Mahmoud6
Na ional Ins i u e o Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Es onia
A. Hek o , M. Kadas ik, M. M¨
un el, M. Raidal, L. Rebane
Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
V. Azzolini, P. Ee ola, G. Fedi
Helsinki Ins i u e o Physics, Helsinki, Finland
S. Czella , J. H¨
a k¨
onen, A. Heikkinen, V. Ka im¨
aki, R. Kinnunen, M.J. Ko elainen, T. Lamp´
en,
K. Lassila-Pe ini, S. Leh i, T. Lind´
en, P. Luukka, T. M¨
aenp¨
a¨
a, E. Tuominen, J. Tuominiemi,
E. Tuo inen, D. Unga o, L. Wendland
Lappeen an a Uni e si y o Technology, Lappeen an a, Finland
K. Banzuzi, A. Ko pela, T. Tuu a
Labo a oi e d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Pa icules, IN2P3-CNRS, Annecy-le-Vieux,
F ance
D. Sillou
DSM/IRFU, CEA/Saclay, Gi -su -Y e e, F ance
M. Besancon, S. Choudhu y, M. Deja din, D. Deneg i, B. Fabb o, J.L. Fau e, F. Fe i, S. Ganjou ,
F.X. Gen i , A. Gi e naud, P. G as, G. Hamel de Monchenaul , P. Ja y, E. Locci, J. Malcles,
M. Ma ionneau, L. Millische , J. Rande , A. Rosowsky, I. Sh eybe , M. Ti o , P. Ve ecchia
23
Labo a oi e Lep ince-Ringue , Ecole Poly echnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, F ance
S. Ba ioni, F. Beaude e, L. Benhabib, L. Bianchini, M. Bluj7, C. B ou in, P. Busson, C. Cha lo ,
T. Dahms, L. Dob zynski, S. Elgammal, R. G anie de Cassagnac, M. Haguenaue , P. Min´
e,
C. Mi ono , C. Ochando, P. Paganini, D. Sabes, R. Sale no, Y. Si ois, C. Thiebaux, B. Wyslouch8,
A. Zabi
Ins i u Plu idisciplinai e Hube Cu ien, Uni e si ´e de S asbou g, Uni e si ´e de Hau e
Alsace Mulhouse, CNRS/IN2P3, S asbou g, F ance
J.-L. Ag am9, J. And ea, D. Bloch, D. Bodin, J.-M. B om, M. Ca daci, E.C. Chabe , C. Colla d,
E. Con e9, F. D ouhin9, C. Fe o, J.-C. Fon aine9, D. Gel´
e, U. Goe lach, S. G ede , P. Juillo ,
M. Ka im9, A.-C. Le Bihan, Y. Mikami, P. Van Ho e
Cen e de Calcul de l’Ins i u Na ional de Physique Nucleai e e de Physique des
Pa icules (IN2P3), Villeu banne, F ance
F. Fassi, D. Me cie
Uni e si ´e de Lyon, Uni e si ´e Claude Be na d Lyon 1, CNRS-IN2P3, Ins i u de Physique
Nucl´eai e de Lyon, Villeu banne, F ance
C. Ba y, S. Beauce on, N. Beaupe e, M. Bedjidian, O. Bondu, G. Boudoul, D. Boumediene,
H. B un, J. Chasse a , R. Chie ici, D. Con a do, P. Depasse, H. El Mamouni, J. Fay, S. Gascon,
B. Ille, T. Ku ca, T. Le G and, M. Le huillie , L. Mi abi o, S. Pe ies, V. So dini, S. Tosi, Y. Tschudi,
P. Ve die
Ins i u e o High Ene gy Physics and In o ma iza ion, Tbilisi S a e Uni e si y, Tbilisi,
Geo gia
D. Lomidze
RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, I. Physikalisches Ins i u , Aachen, Ge many
G. Anagnos ou, M. Edelho , L. Feld, N. He acleous, O. Hind ichs, R. Jussen, K. Klein, J. Me z,
N. Moh , A. Os apchuk, A. Pe ieanu, F. Raupach, J. Samme , S. Schael, D. Sp enge , H. Webe ,
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M. A a, W. Bende , E. Die z-Lau sonn, M. E dmann, J. F angenheim, T. Hebbeke ,
A. Hinzmann, K. Hoep ne , T. Klimko ich, D. Klingebiel, P. K euze , D. Lanske†, C. Magass,
M. Me schmeye , A. Meye , P. Papacz, H. Pie a, H. Rei hle , S.A. Schmi z, L. Sonnenschein,
J. S eggemann, D. Teyssie
RWTH Aachen Uni e si y, III. Physikalisches Ins i u B, Aachen, Ge many
M. Bon enackels, M. Da ids, M. Duda, G. Fl¨
ugge, H. Geenen, M. Gi els, W. Haj Ahmad,
D. Heydhausen, T. K ess, Y. Kuessel, A. Linn, A. Nowack, L. Pe challa, O. Poo h, J. Renne eld,
P. Saue land, A. S ahl, M. Thomas, D. To nie , M.H. Zoelle
Deu sches Elek onen-Synch o on, Hambu g, Ge many
M. Aldaya Ma in, W. Beh enho , U. Beh ens, M. Be gholz10, A. Be hani, K. Bo as, A. Caki ,
A. Campbell, E. Cas o, D. Dammann, G. Ecke lin, D. Ecks ein, A. Flossdo , G. Flucke,
A. Geise , J. Hauk, H. Jung1, M. Kasemann, I. Ka ko 11, P. Ka sas, C. Kleinwo , H. Kluge,
A. Knu sson, M. K ¨
ame , D. K ¨
ucke , E. Kuzne so a, W. Lange, W. Lohmann10, R. Mankel,
M. Ma ien eld, I.-A. Melze -Pellmann, A.B. Meye , J. Mnich, A. Mussgille , J. Olzem, D. Pi zl,
A. Raspe eza, A. Ra al, M. Rosin, R. Schmid 10, T. Schoe ne -Sadenius, N. Sen, A. Spi idono ,
M. S ein, J. Tomaszewska, R. Walsh, C. Wissing
Uni e si y o Hambu g, Hambu g, Ge many
C. Au e mann, V. Blobel, S. Bob o skyi, J. D aege , H. Ende le, U. Gebbe , K. Kaschube,
30 A The CMS Collabo a ion
G. Kuka se , G. Landsbe g, M. Luk, M. Na ain, D. Nguyen, M. Segala, T. Sin hup asi h,
T. Spee , K.V. Tsang
Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Da is, Da is, USA
R. B eedon, M. Calde on De La Ba ca Sanchez, S. Chauhan, M. Che ok, J. Conway, P.T. Cox,
J. Dolen, R. E bache , E. F iis, W. Ko, A. Kopecky, R. Lande , H. Liu, S. Ma uyama, T. Miceli,
M. Nikolic, D. Pelle , J. Robles, S. Salu , T. Schwa z, M. Sea le, J. Smi h, M. Squi es, M. T ipa hi,
R. Vasquez Sie a, C. Veelken
Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
V. And ee , K. A isaka, D. Cline, R. Cousins, A. Deishe , J. Du is, S. E han, C. Fa ell, J. Hause ,
M. Igna enko, C. Ja is, C. Plage , G. Rakness, P. Schlein†, J. Tucke , V. Value
Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Ri e side, Ri e side, USA
J. Babb, A. Chand a, R. Cla e, J. Ellison, J.W. Ga y, F. Gio dano, G. Hanson, G.Y. Jeng,
S.C. Kao, F. Liu, H. Liu, O.R. Long, A. Lu h a, H. Nguyen, B.C. Shen†, R. S inge , J. S u dy,
S. Sumowidagdo, R. Wilken, S. Wimpenny
Uni e si y o Cali o nia, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
W. And ews, J.G. B anson, G.B. Ce a i, E. Dusinbe e, D. E ans, F. Gol , A. Holzne , R. Kelley,
M. Lebou geois, J. Le s, B. Mangano, S. Padhi, C. Palme , G. Pe ucciani, H. Pi, M. Pie i,
R. Ranie i, M. Sani, V. Sha ma, S. Simon, Y. Tu, A. Va ak, S. Wasse baech44, F. W¨
u hwein,
A. Yagil, J. Yoo
Uni e si y o Cali o nia, San a Ba ba a, San a Ba ba a, USA
D. Ba ge, R. Bellan, C. Campagna i, M. D’Al onso, T. Danielson, K. Flowe s, P. Ge e ,
J. Incandela, C. Jus us, P. Kala ase, S.A. Koay, D. Ko alskyi, V. K u elyo , S. Lowe e, N. Mccoll,
V. Pa lunin, F. Rebassoo, J. Ribnik, J. Richman, R. Rossin, D. S ua , W. To, J.R. Vliman
Cali o nia Ins i u e o Technology, Pasadena, USA
A. Ap esyan, A. Bo nheim, J. Bunn, Y. Chen, M. Ga aullin, Y. Ma, A. Mo , H.B. Newman,
C. Rogan, K. Shin, V. Timciuc, P. T aczyk, J. Ve e ka, R. Wilkinson, Y. Yang, R.Y. Zhu
Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y, Pi sbu gh, USA
B. Akgun, R. Ca oll, T. Fe guson, Y. Iiyama, D.W. Jang, S.Y. Jun, Y.F. Liu, M. Paulini, J. Russ,
H. Vogel, I. Vo obie
Uni e si y o Colo ado a Boulde , Boulde , USA
J.P. Cumala , M.E. Dina do, B.R. D ell, C.J. Edelmaie , W.T. Fo d, A. Gaz, B. Heybu n, E. Luiggi
Lopez, U. Nauenbe g, J.G. Smi h, K. S enson, K.A. Ulme , S.R. Wagne , S.L. Zang
Co nell Uni e si y, I haca, USA
L. Agos ino, J. Alexande , D. Cassel, A. Cha e jee, S. Das, N. Egge , L.K. Gibbons, B. Hel sley,
W. Hopkins, A. Khukhunaish ili, B. K eis, G. Nicolas Kau man, J.R. Pa e son, D. Puigh,
A. Ryd, E. Sal a i, X. Shi, W. Sun, W.D. Teo, J. Thom, J. Thompson, J. Vaughan, Y. Weng,
L. Wins om, P. Wi ich
Fai ield Uni e si y, Fai ield, USA
A. Biselli, G. Ci ino, D. Winn
Fe mi Na ional Accele a o Labo a o y, Ba a ia, USA
S. Abdullin, M. Alb ow, J. Ande son, G. Apollina i, M. A ac, J.A. Bakken, S. Bane jee,
L.A.T. Baue dick, A. Be e as, J. Be yhill, P.C. Bha , I. Bloch, F. Bo che ding, K. Bu ke ,
J.N. Bu le , V. Che lu u, H.W.K. Cheung, F. Chlebana, S. Cihangi , W. Coope , D.P. Ea ly,
V.D. El i a, S. Esen, I. Fisk, J. F eeman, Y. Gao, E. Go schalk, D. G een, K. Gun ho i,

31
O. Gu sche, J. Hanlon, R.M. Ha is, J. Hi schaue , B. Hoobe man, H. Jensen, M. Johnson,
U. Joshi, R. Kha iwada, B. Klima, K. Kousou is, S. Kuno i, S. Kwan, C. Leonidopoulos,
P. Limon, D. Lincoln, R. Lip on, J. Lykken, K. Maeshima, J.M. Ma a ino, D. Mason, P. McB ide,
T. Miao, K. Mish a, S. M enna, Y. Musienko45, C. Newman-Holmes, V. O’Dell, R. Po des,
O. P oko ye , N. Saoulidou, E. Sex on-Kennedy, S. Sha ma, W.J. Spalding, L. Spiegel, P. Tan,
L. Taylo , S. Tkaczyk, L. Uplegge , E.W. Vaande ing, R. Vidal, J. Whi mo e, W. Wu, F. Yang,
F. Yumice a, J.C. Yun
Uni e si y o Flo ida, Gaines ille, USA
D. Acos a, P. A e y, D. Bou ilko , M. Chen, M. De G u ola, G.P. Di Gio anni, D. Dobu ,
A. D ozde skiy, R.D. Field, M. Fishe , Y. Fu, I.K. Fu ic, J. Ga ne , B. Kim, J. Konigsbe g,
A. Ko y o , A. K opi ni skaya, T. Kyp eos, K. Ma che , G. Mi selmakhe , L. Muniz, C. P esco ,
R. Reming on, M. Schmi , B. Scu lock, P. Selle s, N. Skhi ladze, M. Snowball, D. Wang,
J. Yel on, M. Zaka ia
Flo ida In e na ional Uni e si y, Miami, USA
C. Ce on, V. Gaul ney, L. K ame , L.M. Lebolo, S. Linn, P. Ma kowi z, G. Ma inez, D. Mesa,
J.L. Rod iguez
Flo ida S a e Uni e si y, Tallahassee, USA
T. Adams, A. Askew, J. Bochenek, J. Chen, B. Diamond, S.V. Gleyze , J. Haas,
S. Hagopian, V. Hagopian, M. Jenkins, K.F. Johnson, H. P ospe , L. Que enmon , S. Sekmen,
V. Vee a agha an
Flo ida Ins i u e o Technology, Melbou ne, USA
M.M. Baa mand, B. Do ney, S. Gu again, M. Hohlmann, H. Kalakhe y, R. Ralich,
I. Vodopiyano
Uni e si y o Illinois a Chicago (UIC), Chicago, USA
M.R. Adams, I.M. Anghel, L. Apanase ich, Y. Bai, V.E. Baz e a, R.R. Be s, J. Callne ,
R. Ca anaugh, C. D agoiu, L. Gau hie , C.E. Ge be , S. Hamdan, D.J. Ho man, S. Khala yan,
G.J. Kunde46, F. Lac oix, M. Malek, C. O’B ien, C. Sil es e, A. Smo on, D. S om, N. Va elas
The Uni e si y o Iowa, Iowa Ci y, USA
U. Akgun, E.A. Albay ak, B. Bilki, W. Cla ida, F. Du u, C.K. Lae, E. McClimen , J.-P. Me lo,
H. Me me kaya47, A. Mes i ish ili, A. Moelle , J. Nach man, C.R. Newsom, E. No beck,
J. Olson, Y. Onel, F. Ozok, S. Sen, J. We zel, T. Ye kin, K. Yi
Johns Hopkins Uni e si y, Bal imo e, USA
B.A. Ba ne , B. Blumen eld, A. Bona o, C. Eskew, D. Fehling, G. Giu giu, A.V. G i san, Z.J. Guo,
G. Hu, P. Maksimo ic, S. Rappoccio, M. Swa z, N.V. T an, A. Whi beck
The Uni e si y o Kansas, Law ence, USA
P. Ba inge , A. Bean, G. Benelli, O. G acho , R.P. Kenny Iii, M. Mu ay, D. Noonan, S. Sande s,
J.S. Wood, V. Zhuko a
Kansas S a e Uni e si y, Manha an, USA
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I. S in adze, Z. Wan
Law ence Li e mo e Na ional Labo a o y, Li e mo e, USA
J. G onbe g, D. Lange, D. W igh
Uni e si y o Ma yland, College Pa k, USA
A. Baden, M. Bou emeu , S.C. Eno, D. Fe encek, J.A. Gomez, N.J. Hadley, R.G. Kellogg, M. Ki n,
32 A The CMS Collabo a ion
Y. Lu, A.C. Migne ey, K. Rossa o, P. Rume io, F. San anas asio, A. Skuja, J. Temple, M.B. Tonjes,
S.C. Tonwa , E. Twed
Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology, Camb idge, USA
B. Al e , G. Baue , J. Benda id, W. Busza, E. Bu z, I.A. Cali, M. Chan, V. Du a, P. E e ae s,
G. Gomez Ceballos, M. Goncha o , K.A. Hahn, P. Ha is, Y. Kim, M. Klu e, Y.-J. Lee, W. Li,
C. Loizides, P.D. Luckey, T. Ma, S. Nahn, C. Paus, D. Ralph, C. Roland, G. Roland, M. Rudolph,
G.S.F. S ephans, F. S ¨
ockli, K. Sumo ok, K. Sung, E.A. Wenge , S. Xie, M. Yang, Y. Yilmaz,
A.S. Yoon, M. Zane i
Uni e si y o Minneso a, Minneapolis, USA
S.I. Coope , P. Cushman, B. Dahmes, A. De Benede i, P.R. Dude o, G. F anzoni, J. Haup ,
K. Klapoe ke, Y. Kubo a, J. Mans, V. Reko ic, R. Rusack, M. Sasse ille, A. Singo sky
Uni e si y o Mississippi, Uni e si y, USA
L.M. C emaldi, R. Godang, R. K oege , L. Pe e a, R. Rahma , D.A. Sande s, D. Summe s
Uni e si y o Neb aska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
K. Bloom, S. Bose, J. Bu , D.R. Claes, A. Dominguez, M. Eads, J. Kelle , T. Kelly, I. K a chenko,
J. Lazo-Flo es, H. Malbouisson, S. Malik, G.R. Snow
S a e Uni e si y o New Yo k a Bu alo, Bu alo, USA
U. Bau , A. Godshalk, I. Iash ili, S. Jain, A. Kha chila a, A. Kuma , S.P. Shipkowski, K. Smi h
No heas e n Uni e si y, Bos on, USA
G. Al e son, E. Ba be is, D. Baumga el, O. Boe iu, M. Chasco, S. Reuc o , J. Swain, D. T ocino,
D. Wood, J. Zhang
No hwes e n Uni e si y, E ans on, USA
A. Anas asso , A. Kubik, N. Odell, R.A. O ie zynski, B. Pollack, A. Pozdnyako , M. Schmi ,
S. S oyne , M. Velasco, S. Won
Uni e si y o No e Dame, No e Dame, USA
L. An onelli, D. Be y, M. Hild e h, C. Jessop, D.J. Ka mga d, J. Kolb, T. Kolbe g, K. Lannon,
W. Luo, S. Lynch, N. Ma inelli, D.M. Mo se, T. Pea son, R. Ruch i, J. Slaunwhi e, N. Valls,
M. Wayne, J. Ziegle
The Ohio S a e Uni e si y, Columbus, USA
B. Bylsma, L.S. Du kin, J. Gu, C. Hill, P. Killewald, K. Ko o , T.Y. Ling, M. Rodenbu g,
G. Williams
P ince on Uni e si y, P ince on, USA
N. Adam, E. Be y, P. Elme , D. Ge baudo, V. Halyo, P. Hebda, A. Hun , J. Jones, E. Lai d,
D. Lopes Pegna, D. Ma low, T. Med ede a, M. Mooney, J. Olsen, P. Pi ou´
e, X. Quan, H. Saka,
D. S ickland, C. Tully, J.S. We ne , A. Zu anski
Uni e si y o Pue o Rico, Mayaguez, USA
J.G. Acos a, X.T. Huang, A. Lopez, H. Mendez, S. Oli e os, J.E. Rami ez Va gas,
A. Za se klyaniy
Pu due Uni e si y, Wes La aye e, USA
E. Alagoz, V.E. Ba nes, G. Bolla, L. Bo ello, D. Bo ole o, A. E e e , A.F. Ga inkel, L. Gu ay,
Z. Hu, M. Jones, O. Koybasi, M. K ess, A.T. Laasanen, N. Leona do, C. Liu, V. Ma ousso ,
P. Me kel, D.H. Mille , N. Neumeis e , I. Shipsey, D. Sil e s, A. S ya ko skiy, H.D. Yoo,
J. Zablocki, Y. Zheng
33
Pu due Uni e si y Calume , Hammond, USA
P. Jindal, N. Pa asha
Rice Uni e si y, Hous on, USA
C. Boulahouache, V. Cuplo , K.M. Ecklund, F.J.M. Geu s, B.P. Padley, R. Redjimi, J. Robe s,
J. Zabel
Uni e si y o Roches e , Roches e , USA
B. Be cha , A. Bodek, Y.S. Chung, R. Co a elli, P. de Ba ba o, R. Demina, Y. Eshaq, H. Flache ,
A. Ga cia-Bellido, P. Goldenzweig, Y. Go a, J. Han, A. Ha el, D.C. Mine , D. O bake ,
G. Pe illo, D. Vishne skiy, M. Zielinski
The Rocke elle Uni e si y, New Yo k, USA
A. Bha i, R. Ciesielski, L. Demo ie , K. Goulianos, G. Lungu, S. Malik, C. Mes opian, M. Yan
Ru ge s, he S a e Uni e si y o New Je sey, Pisca away, USA
O. A amen o , A. Ba ke , D. Duggan, Y. Ge sh ein, R. G ay, E. Halkiadakis, D. Hidas, D. Hi s,
A. La h, S. Panwalka , R. Pa el, A. Richa ds, K. Rose, S. Schne ze , S. Somalwa , R. S one,
S. Thomas
Uni e si y o Tennessee, Knox ille, USA
G. Ce izza, M. Hollingswo h, S. Spanie , Z.C. Yang, A. Yo k
Texas A&M Uni e si y, College S a ion, USA
R. Eusebi, J. Gilmo e, A. Gu ola, T. Kamon, V. Kho ilo ich, R. Mon al o, I. Osipenko ,
Y. Pakho in, J. Pi a ski, A. Sa ono , S. Sengup a, A. Ta a ino , D. Toback, M. Weinbe ge
Texas Tech Uni e si y, Lubbock, USA
N. Akchu in, C. Ba dak, J. Damgo , C. Jeong, K. Ko i anggoon, S.W. Lee, P. Mane, Y. Roh,
A. Sill, I. Voloboue , R. Wigmans, E. Yazgan
Vande bil Uni e si y, Nash ille, USA
E. Appel , E. B ownson, D. Engh, C. Flo ez, W. Gabella, M. Issah, W. Johns, P. Ku , C. Magui e,
A. Melo, P. Sheldon, B. Snook, S. Tuo, J. Velko ska
Uni e si y o Vi ginia, Cha lo es ille, USA
M.W. A en on, M. Balazs, S. Bou le, B. Cox, B. F ancis, R. Hi osky, A. Ledo skoy, C. Lin, C. Neu,
R. Yohay
Wayne S a e Uni e si y, De oi , USA
S. Gollapinni, R. Ha , P.E. Ka chin, P. Lamichhane, M. Ma son, C. Mils `
ene, A. Sakha o
Uni e si y o Wisconsin, Madison, USA
M. Ande son, M. Bach is, J.N. Bellinge , D. Ca lsmi h, S. Dasu, J. E on, K. Flood, L. G ay,
K.S. G ogg, M. G o he, R. Hall-Wil on, M. He ndon, P. Klabbe s, J. Klukas, A. Lana o,
C. Laza idis, J. Leona d, R. Lo eless, A. Mohapa a, F. Palmona i, D. Reede , I. Ross, A. Sa in,
W.H. Smi h, J. Swanson, M. Weinbe g
†: Deceased
1: Also a CERN, Eu opean O ganiza ion o Nuclea Resea ch, Gene a, Swi ze land
2: Also a Uni e sidade Fede al do ABC, San o And e, B azil
3: Also a Labo a oi e Lep ince-Ringue , Ecole Poly echnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, F ance
4: Also a Suez Canal Uni e si y, Suez, Egyp
5: Also a B i ish Uni e si y, Cai o, Egyp
6: Also a Fayoum Uni e si y, El-Fayoum, Egyp
34 A The CMS Collabo a ion
7: Also a Sol an Ins i u e o Nuclea S udies, Wa saw, Poland
8: Also a Massachuse s Ins i u e o Technology, Camb idge, USA
9: Also a Uni e si ´
e de Hau e-Alsace, Mulhouse, F ance
10: Also a B andenbu g Uni e si y o Technology, Co bus, Ge many
11: Also a Moscow S a e Uni e si y, Moscow, Russia
12: Also a Ins i u e o Nuclea Resea ch ATOMKI, Deb ecen, Hunga y
13: Also a E¨
o ¨
os Lo ´
and Uni e si y, Budapes , Hunga y
14: Also a Ta a Ins i u e o Fundamen al Resea ch - HECR, Mumbai, India
15: Also a Uni e si y o Vis a-Bha a i, San inike an, India
16: Also a Sha i Uni e si y o Technology, Teh an, I an
17: Also a Shi az Uni e si y, Shi az, I an
18: Also a Is ahan Uni e si y o Technology, Is ahan, I an
19: Also a Facol `
a Ingegne ia Uni e si `
a di Roma ”La Sapienza”, Roma, I aly
20: Also a Uni e si `
a della Basilica a, Po enza, I aly
21: Also a Labo a o i Nazionali di Legna o dell’ INFN, Legna o, I aly
22: Also a Uni e si `
a degli s udi di Siena, Siena, I aly
23: Also a Cali o nia Ins i u e o Technology, Pasadena, USA
24: Also a Facul y o Physics o Uni e si y o Belg ade, Belg ade, Se bia
25: Also a Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
26: Also a Uni e si y o Flo ida, Gaines ille, USA
27: Also a Uni e si ´
e de Gen`
e e, Gene a, Swi ze land
28: Also a Scuola No male e Sezione dell’ INFN, Pisa, I aly
29: Also a Uni e si y o A hens, A hens, G eece
30: Also a The Uni e si y o Kansas, Law ence, USA
31: Also a Ins i u e o Theo e ical and Expe imen al Physics, Moscow, Russia
32: Also a Paul Sche e Ins i u , Villigen, Swi ze land
33: Also a Uni e si y o Belg ade, Facul y o Physics and Vinca Ins i u e o Nuclea Sciences,
Belg ade, Se bia
34: Also a Gaziosmanpasa Uni e si y, Toka , Tu key
35: Also a Adiyaman Uni e si y, Adiyaman, Tu key
36: Also a Me sin Uni e si y, Me sin, Tu key
37: Also a Izmi Ins i u e o Technology, Izmi , Tu key
38: Also a Ka kas Uni e si y, Ka s, Tu key
39: Also a Suleyman Demi el Uni e si y, Ispa a, Tu key
40: Also a Ege Uni e si y, Izmi , Tu key
41: Also a Ru he o d Apple on Labo a o y, Didco , Uni ed Kingdom
42: Also a School o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Sou hamp on, Sou hamp on,
Uni ed Kingdom
43: Also a INFN Sezione di Pe ugia; Uni e si `
a di Pe ugia, Pe ugia, I aly
44: Also a U ah Valley Uni e si y, O em, USA
45: Also a Ins i u e o Nuclea Resea ch, Moscow, Russia
46: Also a Los Alamos Na ional Labo a o y, Los Alamos, USA
47: Also a E zincan Uni e si y, E zincan, Tu key