Ekonomie
34 2014, XVII, 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2014-2-003
In oduc ion
The issue o b own ields and hei ede elopmen
aises a wide public deba e in many coun ies
wi hin he Eu opean Union. Exis ence o his
phenomenon, which is bo h linked o long
his o ical indus ial adi ions [16] in his egion
and ecen ends in he socie y like deindus iali-
za ion p ocesses, signi ican ly in luenced he
cha ac e and spa ial s uc u es o plen y o
ci ies, owns and illages. Jus o he a ea o
he Czech Republic, whe e also ansi ion o
economy in las wo decades has o be
conside ed, es ima ions a y be ween 8.5 and
11.7 housands o such si es on a eas be ween
27–38 housand hec a es [4]. These b own ields
si es a e loca ed in a ious loca ions. On one
hand, plen y o b own ields could be ound in
inne pa s o la ge ci ies, on he o he hand
some o b own ields a e ag icul u al ac i i ies
could be ound in almos e e y u al munici-
pali y [13]. I is ob ious ha ede elopmen
po en ial o di e en ypes o b own ields di e
acco ding o loca ion and i s consequences
(e.g. loca ion wi hin a ci y, p oximi y o he
cen e , p oximi y o highway e c.). Bu also
o he ac o s like poli ical, cul u al o en i on-
men al issues ha e o be se iously aken in o
accoun oo. The p oposed pape is ying o
ollow he heo e ical deba e on ede elopmen
po en ial o indi idual b own ields and i s
classi ica ion. Applica ion o one o me hods
(A-B-C classi ica ion) on example o se o
b own ields in he Sou h-Mo a ian Region and
he Ús í Region o he Czech Republic is
employed in he la e pa o his pape o
iden i y po en ial o a ious ypes o b own ields
and o show he p ac ical use o his me hod.
1. Ra ionale behind B own ields
Classi ica ion
B own ields classi ica ion, i.e. hei so ing in o
ca ego ies, is he nex s ep ha has o be
employed a e hei iden i ica ion, desc ip ion
and mapping [24]. I has o be s essed ha
classi ica ion in gene al is la gely a heo e ical
and concep ual ask. So ing o b own ields in o
ca ego ies should be i al o he choice o
egene a ion s a egies and concep s [20].
Se e al classi ica ion sys ems we e de eloped
wi hin esea ch s udies bo h in he Czech
Republic ([25], [9], [15]) and many o hem in
o he coun ies wi hin he Eu opean Union (e.g.
[1], [21]) o ou o Eu ope (e.g. [23], [10], [11],
[12]). Some o hese classi ica ions a e wo king
wi h mo e economic indica o s [1], o he s a e
mo e o ien ed on echnical and en i onmen al
aspec s [21]. Di e en app oaches a e also
employed i such classi ica ion is ca ied ou on
he local, egional o e en na ional le el [6].
GIS me hods (e.g. [22]), whe e he ex en and
loca ion o b own ields a e conside ed as he
mos impo an ac o s [13], a e e y use ul o
de elopmen o b own ields classi ica ions and
o modelling o impac o b own ields on
neighbou hoods. Such classi ica ions o e
suppo o decision make s o iden i y indi idual
b own ields o g oups o b own ields ha a e
wo h o be ede eloped [5] o could also se e
as he base o s uc u al help o economically
weak egions [18], [19], [26].
REDEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF
BROWNFIELDS:
A-B-C CLASSIFICATION AND ITS PRACTICAL
APPLICATION
Lucie DoleÏelo á, Michal Hadlaã, Milada Kadleco á,
S anisla Ma iná , Milan Polednik
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 34
Economics
352, XVII, 2014
Fo example he ci y o B no has one o he
less p ac ical classi ica ion sys ems. C ea ed
as a pa o he Pha e p og amme unded
p ojec , i con ains 9 ca ego ies: 1a, 1b, 2a,
2b e c..., (which a e oo complica ed and do no
de ine he egene a ion po en ial o he si e).
Mos o hem saw a li le p ac ical use, o
example in di ec ing public unding o b own ield
egene a ion. In ou opinion, he classi ica ion
ecommended in he Eu opean P ojec
Cabe ne [3] is he mos use ul o decisions
abou public unding. This classi ica ion, simila
o he classi ica ion used in he Uni ed Kingdom
Na ional B own ield Regene a ion S a egy [4],
di ides b own ields in o h ee A-B-C ca ego ies
as o hei de elopmen po en ial. The A si es
a e so called sel -de eloping si es. Thei
egene a ion can be ealized in he ee ma ke
economy wi hou he need o public unding
( o mo e commen s on impo ance on ma ke
o b own ields ede elopmen c . [21]. The
Bsi es a e "po en ial de elopmen " si es which
equi e some (possibly indi ec ) o m o public
unding. These p ojec s can be ealized only
wi h a ma ginal p o i abili y, he e o e hey
appea oo isky o p i a e in es o s. Regene a ion
o he C ca ego y "non-de eloping" si es
ep esen s a inancial loss o he in es o . I is
ca ied ou in jus i ied cases (en i onmen
p o ec ion, sa e y, eal es a e ma ke suppo
e c.) wi h public unding and o en by public
en e p ise. P i a e en e p ise is no in e es ed
in C si es, because he egene a ion cos s will
no gua an ee he inc ease in alue o he si e
ha would enable u u e de elopmen . Such
in es men made by public adminis a ion could
pay o la e , o example i he si e becomes
sui able o building. Some la e s udies include
aDca ego y o pe manen ly de elic si es [2]
ha equi e no in es men , bu may become
egene a ed by he p ocess o na u al succession.
In he condi ions o he Czech Republic his
ca ego y is jokingly e e ed o as he "sel -
des uc ing" ca ego y. The e a e usually
de elic buildings which a e g adually (and mos
o en illegally) aken apa o cons uc ion
ma e ials, and he emnan s a e o e g own.
The A-B-C classi ica ion, commonly known
among expe s, was used in he documen
app o ed by he go e nmen o he Czech
Republic – he Na ional S a egy o B own ield
Regene a ion [4] ha was acknowledged by he
Go e nmen o he Czech Republic. I was no ,
howe e , used o public decisions ega ding
b own ields and hei managemen , because
he heo y, in ou ci cums ances, is only
ca ching up o p ac ice.
The A-B-C classi ica ion is highly
in o ma i e abou he ede elopmen po en ial
o b own ields, because he a io o
egene a ion cos s o he u u e si e alue akes
in accoun bo h he loca ion and he s a e o he
b own ield, see Fig 1.
Fig. 1: B own ield ede elopmen ypes – he A-B-C Model
Sou ce: h p://www.cabe ne .o g.uk
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 35
Ekonomie
36 2014, XVII, 2
Aco ec classi ica ion o a b own ield in o
he A-B-C ca ego y equi es no only he
knowledge o i s cu en s a e, bu also he
knowledge o he in ended u u e use o he
si e, so ha he egene a ion cos s can be
p ope ly assessed. Al hough we do no know
he me hods used in a ious na ional s a egies
o b own ield classi ica ion, classi ica ion
esul s a e o en used in documen s. Acco ding
o a F ench s a egy om 1980s [7], only an
es ima ed 10% o si es we e in he A ca ego y.
ACanadian s a egy [17] es ima ed ha
60–70% o all b own ields belong o he B ca ego y.
The Uni ed Kingdom na ional s a egy also uses
aclassi ica ion sys em. In 2007, he Czech-
In es agency concluded he Sea ch S udy o
Loca ion o B own ields, execu ed be ween
2005 and 2007 in 13 egions ou o P ague.
The S udy mapped 2,355 si es wi h he o al
ac eage o 10,362 hec a es. The pu pose o he
s udy was no o achie e a cumula i e mapping
o all b own ields. I egis e ed only a ep esen-
a i e sample o 100, 200 o 250 si es pe
egion. Si es ideal o p epa a ion o egene a ion
p ojec s and possible inancing om s uc u al
unds we e la e selec ed in he so called 2nd
and 3 d s age. This is o en o e looked when i
comes o in e p e a ion o he s udy esul s.
Al hough he s udy does no yield he o al
numbe o b own ields, some o i s esul s
p esen in o ma ion alid o he en i e Czech
Republic. The idea o apply economic analysis
o he s udy da a o he de elopmen o
aclassi ica ion sys em sugges ed i sel .
2. The Economic Analysis o he
De elopmen Po en ial Pe o med
on a Sample o B own ields
A ep esen a i e sample o 36 b own ields om
he Ús í Region and 44 b own ields om he
Sou h Mo a ian Region was selec ed o he
economic analysis. Simila ly o he abo e
men ioned Sea ch S udy, si es bo h cen ally
loca ed and emo e, o a ying ac eage, a ious
o me and u u e use and di e en deg ees o
land co e age we e selec ed. The egions we e
selec ed so ha bo h economic si ua ion and
loca ion o he egion would ma kedly in luence
he A-B-C classi ica ion o he si es.
The pu pose o he s udy was o e alua e
he pos - egene a ion "comme cial po en ial" o
he si es based on he collec ed da a. The
esul ing pos - egene a ion plo (o eal es a e)
p ices, including in es men cos s and e en ual
sub en ion unding, we e compa ed wi h eal
es a e ma ke p ices ypical o he loca ion.
The p incipal aim o he s udy was an
assessmen o economic easibili y o egene a ion,
i.e. compa ison o in es men p o i abili y om
he in es o iewpoin . The esul o he analysis
was a s a emen o how many and possibly
wha kind o p ojec s/si es a e ealizable on
"comme cial basis", ha is wi hou sub en ions,
and belong o he A ca ego y, how many and
wha kind o p ojec s equi e public unding and
belong o he B ca ego y, and how many and
wha kind o p ojec s a e no ealizable e en
wi h he assump ion o public unding, and
he e o e belong o he b own ield C ca ego y.
Bo h gene al and ai ly de ailed in o ma ion
abou indi idual si es was collec ed du ing he
i s s age o he Sea ch S udy. The da a
included loca ion iden i ica ion, desc ip ion o
he ac eage and he land co e age o he si e,
and i s o me , cu en and an icipa ed u u e
use. Owne ship o he si e was de e mined, and
limi a ions imposed by na u al and echnical
condi ions and zoning. Da a on anspo a ion
access, exis ence o ecological bu den and
e en ual in es men goals we e collec ed, and
a ough es ima e o si e e i aliza ion cos s was
p oduced. This i em in he si e desc ip ion caused
many di icul ies o he Sea ch S udy au ho s.
The es ima es could signi ican ly de ia e om
eali y ei he as an o e alua ion, o unde alua ion.
Simila ly o he Sea ch S udy, si es bo h cen ally
loca ed and emo e, o a ying ac eage,
a ious o me and u u e use and di e en
deg ees o land co e age we e selec ed. The
es ima es p esen ed a simila hind ance o he
economic analysis, pa icula ly he lack o mo e
de ailed so ing o egene a ion cos s, whe e
he i em " eal bu dens" we e omi ed, as well as
di ec and consequen ial in as uc u e cos s.
Real bu dens (ecological bu dens) in pa icula
can be ealis ically es ima ed o many si es,
and al hough hey we e men ioned in he si e
desc ip ions, hey we e no quan i ied. While
he es ima e o in as uc u e in es men would
be possible in he o m o an o e all cos
ac ion ela i e o ac eage, he es ima e o
consequen ial in es men s ou side he loca ion,
namely hose associa ed wi h p o iding
anspo a ion access, could pose a p oblem.
In es men needs would ha e o be adequa ely
checked o all ypes o in as uc u e
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 36
Economics
372, XVII, 2014
( anspo a ion access o a loca ion is o en
in e connec ed wi h b oade anspo a ion
p oblems o i s espec i e municipali y). Wi h
ega d o he ci ed issues, he inal e alua ion
was ocused p edominan ly owa ds a gene al
p o i abili y assessmen o he in es men s.
The a e age egional esul s es ima e he
gene al ecological and o he eal bu dens in he
amoun o 10–15% o he o al egene a ion
cos s ( equi ing a co esponding inc ease in
g an unds).
3. The Assessmen Me hod o
aSi e De elopmen Po en ial
Alocal ma ke p ice and a eal es a e saleabili y
coe icien we e de e mined o each si e based
on i s p incipal unc ion and loca ion, including
e alua ion o anspo a ion access ( he de e mi-
na ion o local ma ke p ice and saleabili y o
eal es a e was based on sou ce ma e ials om
he Regional In o ma ion Ins i u e, L d., pa icu-
la ly om a da abase moni o ing apa men p ices
and en (also known as KISEB – Komplexní
In o maãní Sys ém Ekonomiky Bydlení – he
Complex In o ma ion Sys em on Housing Econo-
mics), es ablished by he Ins i u e in 2000).
Asynop ic in en o y including a loca ion
map was p epa ed o each si e.
The o al p ice o he plo was de e mined
om he si e ac eage and he ma ke p ice
o he plo pe m2(pos - egene a ion).
To al loo space o building s uc u es and
loo index we e used o de e mine an
es ima ed ep oduc ion cos o buildings
wi h ega d o hei unc ion, u he adjus ed
by he a e age amo iza ion es ima e and
saleabili y.
In indi idual cases, he in es men
expendi u e o e i aliza ion es ima e was
compa ed wi hin building ep oduc ion cos .
Cases whe e e i aliza ion cos s exceeded
100% o ma ke p ice we e ma ked in he
synop ic in en o y, as well as cases whe e
he cos s ep esen ed less han 10% o
ma ke p ice. Such a iabili y in he
e i aliza ion cos s indica es dissimila
app oaches o e i aliza ion cos s
assessmen .
Acompa ison o he p e- and pos -
e i aliza ion ma ke p ice was pe o med,
and he need o in es men s was de e -
mined o a 40% s. 85% g an inancing
scena io.
The esul was an e alua ion o he
in es o 's ne p o i o loss wi h espec o he
an icipa ed ma ke p ice inc ease and
in es men p o i abili y.
Local plo ma ke p ices we e de e mined
based on esiden ial eal es a e saleabili y
coe icien s (i.e. esiden ial eal es a e ma ke
p ices), assuming ha a eal es a e ma ke
p ice equals he building ep oduc ion cos plus
he ma ke p ice o he plo . Known p opo ions
o plo ma ke p ices based on hei use
(indus ial, s o age, esiden ial, comme cial) we e
also u ilized. The saleabili y coe icien was he
s a ing pa ame e o in es men p o i abili y
e alua ion. Real es a e saleabili y was
de e mined o each loca ion by he Regional
In o ma ion Ins i u e, L d., which moni o s eal
es a e p ices in he Czech Republic since 2000.
Real es a e saleabili y (saleabili y coe icien )
was de e mined as he a io be ween ma ke
p ice and he ep oduc ion cos (i.e. he building
cos minus amo iza ion). I exp esses he
ela ionship be ween building in es men s and
he cu en p ice o which he building could be
sold a he p esen ime. The saleabili y
coe icien o esiden ial eal es a e exp esses
he s a e o supply and demand equilib ium in
agi en loca ion. Al hough i was de e mined
pa icula ly o he esiden ial ype o eal es a e,
i would be simila o saleabili y coe icien s o
o he ypes o eal es a e a he ime. Saleabili y
coe icien s a e commonly lis ed in he egula ions
o he Minis y o Finance o he Czech
Republic on p ope y alua ion, e.g. Regula ion
No. 617/2006 Sb., amending Regula ion No.
540/2002 Sb., on implemen a ion o ce ain
p o isions o Ac No. 151/1997 Sb., on P ope y
Valua ion and Amendmen s o Ce ain Ac s
(P ope y Valua ion Ac ), as amended. The
o e all assignmen o saleabili y coe icien s o
municipali ies g ouped acco ding o hei size in
indi idual dis ic s o he Czech Republic limi s
he applicabili y o such coe icien s.
I he saleabili y coe icien is less han 1.0
e.g. 0.5, hen i is p obable ha he owne can
sell he building o a 50% o he ep oduc ion
cos . I such building should be newly cons uc ed,
a100% o ep oduc ion cos would ha e o be
conside ed. (Va ia ion o building cos s in he
Czech Republic depending on loca ion is ai ly
small.) I he saleabili y coe icien is g ea e
han 1, i is sa e o assume ha he inc ease o
eal es a e p ices abo e he ep oduc ion cos
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 37
Ekonomie
38 2014, XVII, 2
will be e lec ed in an inc ease o plo p ices
(e.g. plo s in ci y cen es and a ac i e ci y
loca ions sui able namely o he comme cial,
adminis a i e and accommoda ion use).
P e alen saleabili y o eal es a e wi h he
coe icien alue less han 1 e lec s:
aless han ideal loca ion o such eal es a e
(namely be o e 1990),
aless han he ideal s uc u e o such eal
es a e (i does no ep esen he bes
possible use o he si e),
asu plus o such ype o eal es a e in he
en i e Czech Republic o on he local ma ke
(e.g. ag icul u al eal es a e be o e 1990).
The saleabili y coe icien gi es new
in es o s a clea signal abou in es men isks
o a gi en loca ion and eal es a e ype. On he
o he hand i indica es he need o public
unding, i such eal es a e should be sus ained.
4. Economic Analysis Resul s
I can be said ha he loca ion o he Sou h Mo a ian
Region and Ús í Region wi hin he Czech Republic
adically in luenced he a e age plo ma ke p ices
and he saleabili y o all eal es a e (buildings),
and he e o e also he egene a ion p o i abili y
o all si es. The o al ac eage o b own ields
subjec o he s udy was app oxima ely 342 ha
in he Sou h Mo a ian Region (44 si es) and
243 ha in he Ús í Region (36 si es). Bu den
magni ude can be exp essed ela i ely o he
numbe o inhabi an s o he Region. The Sou h
Mo a ian one hus exhibi s a pe capi a bu den
Tab. 1: Summa y esul s o he economic po en ial analysis o b own ield si es
Line Indica o Uni Sou h Mo a ian Region Ús í Region
1Si e ac eage m23,418,330 2,431,963
2Floo space o buildings m2308,939 652,373
3G oss es ima e o si e e i aliza ion cos s mil. CZK 5,235 4,409
4Si e e i aliza ion cos s as a pe cen age o ep oduc ion cos % 39% 31%
5A e age amo iza ion es ima e % 69% 63%
6Fu u e si e use coe icien (a e age) - 0.90 0.89
P ices as o 2007
7Plo ma ke p ice CZK/m2471 341
8Saleabili y coe icien - 0.85 0.58
9To al plo ma ke p ice mil. CZK 1,610 829
10 Building ep oduc ion cos wi hou amo iza ion mil. CZK 13,430 14,319
11 Building ep oduc ion cos wi h amo iza ion mil. CZK 4,148 5,289
12 Ma ke p ice o buildings be o e e i aliza ion mil. CZK 3,509 3,065
13 Ma ke p ice o buildings a e e i aliza ion mil. CZK 7,719 5,587
14 In es men s needed wi h 40% g an unding mil. CZK 3,141 2,645
15 In es men s needed wi h 85% g an unding mil. CZK 785 661
16 Building ma ke p ice inc ease mil. CZK 4,210 2,522
17 Plo ma ke p ice inc ease* mil. CZK No e alua ed No e alua ed
18 To al eal es a e ma ke p ice inc ease mil. CZK 4,210 2,522
19 P o i /loss on in es men a 40% g an unding mil. CZK 1,069 -124
20 P o i /loss on in es men a 85% g an unding mil. CZK 3,425 1,860
21 In es men p o i abili y a 40% g an unding % 34% -5%
22 In es men p o i abili y a 85% g an unding % 436% 281%
* No e alua ed because o missing da a on eal bu dens, ecological bu dens in pa icula .
Sou ce: Regional In o ma ion Ins i u e, L d.
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 38

Economics
392, XVII, 2014
o 3.02 m2/inhabi an and he Ús í Region only
ma ginally lowe alue o 2.95 m2/inhabi an .
The esul s we e p ocessed in o he synop ic
in en o y o each si e (a p i a e ou pu ), in o
summa y ables con aining selec in o ma ion
o all si es and in o an o e iew able (Tab. 1).
The a e age saleabili y coe icien was 0.85
in he Sou h Mo a ian Region, 0.58 in he Ús í
Region. 38 ou o 44 si es we e ound o ha e
saleabili y less han 1 in he Sou h Mo a ian
Region. 33 ou o 37 si es we e ound o ha e
saleabili y less han 1 in he Ús í Region.
Si es wi h he eal es a e saleabili y
coe icien g ea e han 1.1 can be conside ed
unequi ocally comme cially a ac i e o
in es o s e en wi hou g an unding (unless
excessi e eal bu dens o in es men isks
exis ). These si es belong in o he ca ego y A.
Ano he g oup, classi ied B acco ding o he
P ojec Cabe ne , con ains si es wi h he
saleabili y coe icien equal o smalle han 1.1,
bu g ea e han 0.75. These si es can be
some imes egene a ed e en wi hou di ec
public unding (e.g. when public in as uc u e
is imp o ed, namely anspo a ion access o
he si e). These si es ep esen lowe in e nal
cos s o he in es o , o he in es men
p o ides compa a i e supplemen al ad an ages.
The ac ha in some cases he egene a ion
cos s we e no p ope ly es ima ed needs o be
conside ed. The e o e he ca ego y B is de ined
a he b oadly. Remaining si es wi h he
saleabili y coe icien less han 0.75 make up
he g oup o unp o i able p ojec s, ma ked by
he le e C.
The majo i y o b own ield si es in bo h
egions ell in o he ca ego y C. The ollowing
able (Tab. 2) p esen s an o e iew o he
numbe and ac eage o si es and hei
espec i e A-B-C classi ica ion.
Tab. 2: Classi ica ion acco ding o he P ojec Cabe ne
Region Ca ego y A Ca ego y B Ca ego y C To al
Numbe To al Numbe To al Numbe To al Numbe To al
o si es ac eage o si es ac eage o si es ac eage o si es ac eage
in m2in m2in m2in m2
Sou h
Mo a ian 10 507,380 12 544,490 31 2,366,460 44 3,418,330
Ús í 2 128,997 7 665,466 28 1,637,500 37 2,431,963
Sou ce: Regional In o ma ion Ins i u e, L d.
Si es in ci y cen es o a anspo junc ions,
ep esen ing oppo uni ies o business, accom-
moda ion, o adminis a i e use we e comme cially
he mos a ac i e o in es o s. Ag icul u al eal
es a e (plo s o buildings) appea ed comme -
cially unin e es ing – bu hei con inuing nega i e
de elopmen could no be unequi ocally
an icipa ed in he long un (wi ness he ecen
signs o ag icul u e p oduc ion e i al).
The a e age plo ma ke p ice was ound o
be 471 CZK/m2in he Sou h Mo a ian Region
and 341 CZK/m2in he Ús í Region. The plo
ma ke p ice anged om 45 o 1,254 CZK/m2
in he Ús í Region and om 98 o 1,397 CZK/m2
in he Sou h Mo a ian Region.
40% g an unding would help achie e
p o i abili y in 14 ou o 37 si es in he Ús í Region,
and in 27 ou o 44 si es in he Sou h Mo a ian
Region, bu only on he assump ion o ze o
ecological o o he eal bu dens, o example
in as uc u e cos s.
5. Upda e o he Yea 2012
The economic analysis was execu ed in 2007,
when he eal es a e c isis was jus looming on
he ho izon, and did no ye a ec he applied
eal es a e p ice s a is ics. Real es a e p ices,
pa icula ly esiden ial eal es a e and plo s,
g ew sha ply be ween 2005 and 2008 (see
Fig. 2). The apid inc ease o eal es a e p ices
boos ed he building ade and in es o s'
p o i s. Inc easing esiden ial eal es a e p ices
a e 2005, coupled wi h s agna ion o en al
incomes, led o he decline o annual a es o
g oss eal es a e en al income, which was
e iden in he decline o he building cons uc ion
ac i i y. The dec ease o eal es a e p ices
con inuing om 2008 un il he p esen ime
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 39
Ekonomie
40 2014, XVII, 2
somewha cu bed he all o en al incomes, bu
only by a ew pe cen age poin s (compa ed o
2000, he g oss annual e u n a e is lowe by
app oxima ely one hi d, and he ne e u ns –
capi aliza ion ell e en sha pe (because
main enance, adminis a ion and ope a ion
cos s g ew as e ). The all o eal es a e p ices
since 2008, di e en ia ed acco ding o he eal
es a e ype, led o a decline o in es men s and
dep ession o he building indus y. Public
sou ces (namely EU g an s, no as much
go e nmen spending which is being cu ailed)
and he Czech Na ional Bank policy o "cheap
money" esul ing in a dec ease o mo gage
a es seem o o se he decline in comme cial
in es men s. The p incipal cu en esul o his
pa icula mac oeconomic policy mix is a g oss
domes ic p oduc decline, and mos no ably
adec ease o amily consump ion and a enua ion
o he in es men po ion o public budge s.
Abundan ly a ailable eal es a e ep esen s
a u u e bu den, as he si ua ion ends o u he
dep ess ma ke p ices. The e ec i e use o
olde comme cial eal es a e wi h high
ope a ion cos s and excessi e p opo ion o
econs uc ion cos s is di icul unde hese
condi ions. This applies o b own ields di ec ly.
Fig. 2: The de elopmen o selec ed eal es a e indexes in he Czech Republic
Sou ce: Czech S a is ical O ice, Regional In o ma ion Ins i u e, L d.
Following he A-B-C si e classi ica ion in
2012, a decline in saleabili y o all si es can be
expec ed, coupled wi h he dec ease o he
saleabili y coe icien and lowe e u n on
in es men ( he decline in ne e u ns). The
decline a e is de e mined pa icula ly by he
decline o capi aliza ion ( he annual e u n a e)
o comme cial p ojec s, which is he highes o
apa men s (up o 20%), and es ima ed 10 o
15% o comme cial eal es a e, whe e i is
ob iously signi ican ly lowe o new
cons uc ions and signi ican ly highe o olde
comme cial eal es a e wi h high ope a ion
cos s and excessi e p opo ion o econs uc ion
cos s (which again applies o b own ields).
The c isis has a ec ed mo e deeply egions
wi h la ge sys emic p oblems: he Ús í Region
expe ienced he mo e p onounced decline o
ma ke p ices and saleabili y. The Sou h
Mo a ian Region belongs, on he con a y, o
he egions wi h he less p onounced decline.
The e u n a e by he egion is, on he o he
hand, highe in he Ús í Region, bu he
( ela i ely) highe e u ns he e come wi h
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 40
Economics
412, XVII, 2014
highe en e p ise isks and he deepe
dec ease o eal es a e p ices, and he e o e
wo se u u e p ospec s.
Fu he changes since 2007 necessi a e an
upda e o loca ion signi icance o indi idual
si es ela i e o new de elopmen hubs and
co ido s. This conce ns p incipally si es nea
he highway D8 in he Ús í Region and p oximi y
o he Îa ec-Ha aÀ-Lo osice indus ial zone,
whe e he supply o g een ield cons uc ion
plo s dampens he in e es in b own ields. The
Sou h Mo a ian Region is in a mo e s able
si ua ion.
Impac o he economic dep ession on com-
me cial eal es a e and concomi an inc eases
o en e p ise isks lead o he conclusion ha
he limi alues o he saleabili y coe icien –
asyn he ic c i e ion o he assessmen o si e
de elopmen po en ial – will equi e an
adjus men . In he cu en si ua ion i would be
app op ia e o mo e up he limi alues o he
saleabili y coe icien o A-B-C classi ica ion
( o he ca ego y A g ea e han 1.1 e c).
The cu en b own ield ma ke is e y
na ow, i no dead. Mos b own ield si e owne s
ha e no choice bu o wai un il he si ua ion
imp o es, while in many cases hey will ha e o
adjus hei expec a ions o he income om an
e en ual b own ield sale.
6. Adjus men o G an Funding
P og ammes o he B own ield
Regene a ion
The app oaching end o he 2007–2013
p og amming pe iod will ma k he conclusion o
he i s , and likely he las , massi e in lux o EU
unding in o he Czech Republic. A pe iod o
in ensi e p epa a ion o unding p og amme s
o he suppo o b own ield egene a ion
anspi ed in 2006 du ing he ime o apid eal
es a e p ice inc eases. Owne s, de elope s
and in es o s we e a ac ed o in es men in o
b own ields, and unding p og ams we e
supposed o accommoda e he p ocess. In he
inal e sion o mos p og ams, de elope s
we e excluded om g an unding o b own ield
egene a ion p ojec s, and he p inciple o
unding gap was abolished. In addi ion o g an
unding p og ammes o b own ield ede elop-
men , he Real Es a e P og amme, a pa o he
Ope a ional P og amme En e p ise and
Inno a ion (Podnikání a Ino ace), has become
he mos signi ican b own ield egene a ion
p og amme. To-da e he Real Es a e
P og amme has alloca ed CZK 11 billion, he
majo i y o which had been used o comme cial
eal es a e egene a ion by small o medium-size
manu ac u ing businesses. Aside o he Real
Es a e P og amme, o ganiza ions go e ned by
public law, namely municipali ies, can also
acqui e g an unding o b own ield egene a ion
h ough egional ope a ional p og ammes.
Howe e , he p ojec numbe s and alloca ion
amoun s in hese p og ammes a e signi ican ly
lowe . G an unding is also u ilized o
econs uc ion o egene a ion o a ms o
ag ibusiness h ough he Ru al De elopmen
P og amme (P og am oz oje enko a).
I is impo an o poin ou ha he g oup o
b own ields iden i ied in he Sea ch S udy o
2007 does no o e lap wi h he g oup o b own ields
co e ed by g an unding p og ammes almos
a all. The eason is ha g an applican s, mos
o en en ep eneu s, a e in e es ed in business
p o i abili y, and i hey op o b own ield
egene a ion, hey p e e well loca ed si es ee
o obs acles in he o m o massi e con ami-
na ion o p ope y igh s complica ions.
Consequen ly he g an unding suppo s mos
o en he egene a ion o A- o B- ype si es,
which heo e ically would no need such
suppo , o i could be e ec ed in ano he han
di ec inancing o m. The only Regional
Ope a ional P og amme in he Mo a ian-
Silesian Region in ended o p e- ede elop-
men o b own ield si es ia demoli ions and
land eclama ion, which could be applicable
also o C- ype si es, is no achie ing
success ul alloca ions.
Conclusion
The economic s udy o b own ield ede elop-
men po en ial in he Ús í Region and he Sou h
Mo a ian Region has shown ha C- ype si es
a e he mos p e alen b own ield ca ego y. In
s uc u ally challenged egions his ca ego y a
ou numbe s he ca ego y B. Economically
s onge egions ha e a highe numbe o
B- ype si es, ye only app oxima ely 10% o
b own ields all in o he ca ego y A, which
co esponds wi h he es ima e gi en in he
abo e quo ed eigh ies F ench egene a ion
s a egy. Con empo a y unding p og ammes
a e adjus ed in such way ha hey suppo
namely " eady" egene a ion p ojec s, o en on
EM_02_14_zlom 4.6.2014 8:54 S ánka 41
Ekonomie
42 2014, XVII, 2
A- ype b own ields. This app oach, whe e
egene a ion is suppo ed by p ojec selec ion
ins ead o sys ema ically, ollows he egene a ion
pa e n ypical o Wes Eu opean coun ies in
he eigh ies. I is a na u al cou se o p og ess.
The Czech Republic will appa en ly miss he
chance o egene a e he p oblema ic b own ields
in he ca ego y C while he e is he oppo uni y
o d aw a la ge olume o inancial suppo om
he Eu opean Union. Public adminis a ion is
no eady o ake his s ep a any a e, because
sys ema ic b own ield classi ica ion was no
pe o med, p io i ies among he C- ype si es
we e no es ablished (The Ope a ional P og am-
me En i onmen (Îi o ní p os fiedí), on he
o he hand, has me i s goals in he clean-up
decon amina ion a ea, because classi ica ion
and se ing o p io i ies we e i s pa , and i is
no e en clea who should be pe o ming hese
asks. Only hope emains ha he unded
p ojec s con ibu e o a be e look o ou ci ies,
illages and landscape, and a leas pa ially
imp o e he si ua ion on he comme cial eal
es a e ma ke . Municipali ies will be le wi h
anumbe o p oblem si es wi h many ecological
and o he bu dens dep essing he alue o eal
es a e in hei neighbou hoods. Fo he sake o
u u e, when massi e public suppo o
egene a ion canno be expec ed, i is desi able
ha sys em measu es a e pu in place ha
would assu e mo e e ec i e suppo o
b own ield egene a ion, o example in he
sphe e o u ban planning and de elopmen as
well as in he iscal sphe e.
The ou come o P ojec NPV II No.
2D06025 "New Ins i u ional Ins umen s o
Land De elopmen and Plo P epa a ion in
P oblem A eas Focused on Re i aliza ion o
Unused Buildings and Plo s", sec ion Economic
analysis o de elopmen po en ial o
ab own ield sample in he Ús í Region and he
Sou h Mo a ian Region, execu ed in 2007,
adap ed in 2012.
This pape was suppo ed by he Minis y o
Educa ion, You h and Spo s wi hin he
Ins i u ional Suppo o Long- e m De elop-
men o a Resea ch O ganiza ion in 2014
(School o Business Adminis a ion in Ka ina,
Silesian uni e si y in Opa a)
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