DOI: 10.2478/ 10303-012-0008-1 Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung., Vol. 8 (2012) 103–111
In luence o Regene a ion Me hod on he Yield and S em
Quali y o Black Locus (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) S ands:
a Case S udy
Ká oly R
ÉDEI
a∗
– Im e C
SIHA
a
– Zsol K
ESERŰ
a
– János G
ÁL
b
a Hunga ian Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, Sá á , Hunga y
b Ins i u e o Fo es Resou ce Managemen and Ru al De elopmen , Uni e si y o Wes Hunga y, Sop on, Hunga y
Abs ac – Black locus (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one o he mos impo an o es ee species in
Hunga y, co e ing app oxima ely 23% o he o es ed land and p o iding 25% o he annual imbe
ou pu o he coun y. One hi d o hese black locus s ands a e high o es s (plan ed wi h seedlings)
and he emainde coppices. Acco ding o he o es y egula ions black locus s ands can be
egene a ed bo h by oo sucke s and wi h seedlings in Hunga y. This s udy in es iga es he in luence
o di e en egene a ion me hods on wood p oduc ion, s em quali y and heal h. P ope ly managed
egene a ion om oo sucke s p oduced a highe yield han egene a ion om seedlings a a ha es
age o 35–37 yea s. The esul s show ha egene a ion o black locus s ands om oo sucke s can be
ecommended on good and medium quali y si es wi hou a dec ease in yield o s em quali y.
Robinia pseudoacacia L. / egene a ion me hods / yield / heal h condi ion
Ki ona – Különböző elújí ási módok ha ása akácosok hozamá a: ese anulmány. Az akác
(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) az egyik leg on osabb állományalko ó a aj Magya o szágon, az e dő e üle
min egy 23%-á bo í ja és az o szág é es aanyag- e melésének 25%-á adja. Ezen akácállományok
egyha mada szále dő (mage ede ű), a ma adék pedig sa j e ede ű. Magya o szágon a szakmai
előí ások é elmében az akácosok mag ól és gyöké sa j ól újí ha ók el. A dolgoza különböző
elújí ási módoknak a a e més e, a ö zsminőség e, ille e a ák egészségi állapo á a gyako ol ha ásá
izsgálja. A számí o ada ok sze in a gyöké sa j ól ö énő szaksze ű és gondos elújí ás a 35–37 é es
éghasznála i ko ban magasabb hozamo e edményeze , min a mag ól ö énő elújí ás. A izsgála i
e edmények alapján az akácosok gyöké sa j ól ö énő elújí ása elsőso ban a jó és közepes
e mőhelyeken ajánlo a a e més csökkenése nélkül.
Fehé akác / elújí ási módok / a e més / egészségi állapo
1 INTRODUTION
Robinia pseudoacacia was he i s o es ee species b ough om No h Ame ica o Eu ope
( o F ance) some ime a e 1601. I s apid sp ead all o e he wo ld may be a ibu ed o i s
adap abili y o a wide ange o condi ions, a o able b eeding p ope ies, equen and
abundan seed p oduc ion, excellen coppicing, as g ow h and high yield (Ke esz esi 1988).
*Co esponding au ho : edei.ka oly@ -online.hu, H-9600 SÁRVÁR, Vá ke üle 30/A.
Rédei, K. e al.
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
104
Black locus was in oduced in Hunga y be ween 1710 and 1720. The i s la ge black
locus s ands we e es ablished a he beginning o he 19 h cen u y on he G ea Hunga ian
Plain s abilizing he wind-blown sandy soil. In Hunga y black locus occupied 37.000 ha in
1885, 109.000 ha in 1911, 186.000 ha in 1938 and 420.000 ha in 2010. A p esen , i is he
mos widely plan ed ee species in Hunga y, co e ing 23% o he coun y's o al o es a ea.
One- hi d o hese s ands a e high o es s and wo- hi ds a e o coppice. In he 1960s,
Hunga y had mo e black locus o es s han all he es o Eu ope.
The a e age pe hec a e olume in all black locus o es s is 125 m3/ha, wi h an a e age
olume o 190 m3/ha a ha es a an a e age ha es age o 31. Black locus o es s in
Hunga y ha e been es ablished on a ange o si es; howe e only si es wi h adequa e mois u e
supply and well ae a ed and loose s uc u ed soil, ich in nu ien s and humus can p oduce
good quali y imbe . On medium and poo si es, black locus p oduces uel wood, odde ,
poles and mine p ops as well as honey while p o ec ing he soil and he en i onmen (Bo ing
e al. 1984, Ke esz esi 1988, Bonga en e al. 1992, Rédei 1996).
Black locus p oduces abundan seed c ops o long-li ed iable seeds which howe e
need ea men be o e hey can ge mina e. A he same ime, oo s p oduce igo ous sucke s.
The mos impo an black locus g owing egions in Hunga y a e in he sou h and
sou hwes T ansdanubia (hill- idges o Vas-Zala coun y, hill- idges Somogy coun y), he
plain be ween he Danube and Tisza i e s (Cen al Hunga y) and no h-eas Hunga y
(Nyí ség egion) (Figu e 1).
Figu e 1. The main g owing egions o black locus (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) s ands
in Hunga y
In he u u e he e a e wo egions in he wo ld whe e black locus is likely o be g own in
la ge a eas: he Medi e anean coun ies in Eu ope and China and Ko ea in Asia.
1.1 S and es ablishmen , ending and yield
Black locus equi es well-d ained soils wi h adequa e mois u e whe e he associa ed
ni ogen- ixing Rhizobium bac e ia a e able o h i e. Tha is why soil p epa a ion ( o al o
pa ial) o imp o e ae a ion and he wa e egime o he soil and illing be ween ows may
In luence o egene a ion me hod on black locus s ands
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
105
become necessa y. I can g ow on a wide ange o soil ypes, excep on e y d y o e y
hea y soils. The ae a ion and wa e egime o he subsoil ha e a majo in luence on
g ow h. In gene al, i p e e s loose, s uc u ed soils, especially sil y and sandy loams.
G ow h is e y slow whe e he subsoil is compac and wa e logged, especially i he oo
zone is less han 35 cm; excessi ely d y si es a e also e y un a o able (Eigel e al. 1980,
Ke esz esi 1988).
The mos popula plan ing spacing o black locus in Hunga y is 2.4 m by 0.7 o 1.0 m,
equi ing a leas 4000 seedlings/ha. Black locus s ands a e o en egene a ed by coppice
( om oo sucke s). In young s ands o coppice o igin, a cleaning ope a ion should be done o
adjus spacing when he s ands a e 3–6 yea s old and should educe he s ock below 5000
s ems/ha.
Black locus is a as -g owing ee, and is able o quickly close canopy openings
c ea ed by ending ope a ions up o he age o 10–15 yea s; such closu e is much slowe in
la e yea s. Heigh g ow h peaks wi hin he i s i e yea s, and diame e g ow h peaks in
he i s decade. The maximum cu en annual inc emen is nea age 20; while mean
annual inc emen culmina es be ween age 35–37 yea s (based on he yield able Rédei –
Gál 1985).
A g owing space index is used o de e mine ending and hinning in ensi y. This index
exp esses he mean dis ance be ween ees (assuming iangula pa e n) as a pe cen age o
mean heigh a e ending and hinning. The mean alue o his index should be 23–24% o
black locus s ands. C op ees should be p uned, so a e selec i e hinning, s ems mus be
ee o b anches up o a heigh o 4–6 m.
The objec i e o ending is o p oduce a high p opo ion o good quali y saw-logs om
s ands on good si es; some saw-logs and a high p opo ion o poles and p ops om s ands on
medium quali y si es and poles, p ops and o he small-dimension indus ial wood om he
es o he s ands (Rédei 1992).
2 STUDY OBJECTIVE
Se e al expe imen al plo s we e es ablished in Hunga y in o de o in es iga e he in luence o
di e en egene a ion me hods on wood p oduc ion and quali y in black locus s ands
(Ke esz esi 1965, 1987, Rédei 1997). The pu pose was o ind he bes egene a ion me hod
o hese s ands. Un o una ely mos o he plo s we e es ablished wi hou eplica ion; ye hey
s ill p o ide us wi h aluable and long e m in o ma ion abou he g ow h and yield o black
locus unde di e en egene a ion ci cums ances.
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1 The s udy a ea
In he a ea be ween he Danube and Tisza i e s (see Figu e 1), h ee expe imen al plo s we e
es ablished in he sp ing o 1968, each 0.24 hec a e. Acco ding o he Hunga ian si e
classi ica ion, he main ecological cha ac e is ics o he s udy a ea a e as ollows:
• o es s eppe clima e zone (humidi y is less han 50% in July a 2 pm, annual
p ecipi a ion is less han 550 mm);
• hyd ology: wa e loosing si e (wi h lack o g oundwa e in luence);
• gene ic soil ype: sand wi h humus con en .
The la i ude and longi ude coo dina es o he expe imen al si e a e N 47.11, E 19.30.
Rédei, K. e al.
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
106
3.2 T ea men s
Th ee di e en egene a ion me hods we e used a e ha es wi h s ump ex ac ion
(Ke esz esi 1987):
• T ea men I: Regene a ion om sucke s de eloped om hick oo s ( oo diame e
be ween 3 and 6 cm);
• T ea men II: Regene a ion om sucke s de eloped om hin oo s ( oo diame e
be ween 1 and 3 cm) wi h emo al o hick oo s;
• T ea men III: Regene a ion wi h seedlings plan ed in o deep-ploughed soil.
Ha es and ending ope a ions ha e been done in acco dance wi h in ensi e sil icul u e
p esc ip ions o he ime. Two cleanings we e done a age o 5 and 10, a selec i e hinning a
age o 15 and a la e hinning a age 20. The ees on he plo s we e ha es ed a age o 34 and
egene a ed wi h he h ee di e en me hods desc ibed abo e.
The yield class o he s and is II on a ela i e scale o I o VI, whe e I is he bes (Rédei –
Gál 1985).
3.3 Calcula ion o he s and pa ame e s
DBH and heigh we e measu ed o each ee on each plo a he age o 6, 17, 24, 29 and 34;
hen s em numbe , basal a ea, s and olume pe hec a e and a e age ee olume we e
calcula ed. T ee olume was calcula ed using he olume unc ion based on he olume able
o black locus (Sopp 1974):
V=
( ) ( )
4321
8
12
103,1 phpdphdp
h
hd
po
po
+⋅+⋅+⋅⋅⋅
⋅−
⋅
+
(1)
whe e d is d.b.h.(cm),
h is ee heigh (m),
po = 4
pl = –0.6326
p2 = 20.23
p3 = 0.00
p4 = 3034
3.4 T ee/s em quali y classi ica ion
Fou s em quali y classes (depending on u iliza ion) we e iden i ied in his s udy:
Class 1: T ees p o iding high quali y indus ial wood: s aigh , cylind ical, heal hy s ems,
eaching o he op o he c own. C ooks a e ole a ed in one dimension only, no mo e
han wice he s em diame e . The lowe wo- hi ds o he ee mus be sui able o saw
logs and ee o li e b anches.
Class 2: T ees p o iding lowe quali y indus ial wood: he s em is s aigh , o ks a e
ole a ed, bu only i hey a e in he uppe mos hi d o he ee. C ooks a e ole a ed in
one dimension only, no mo e han ou imes he s em diame e .
Class 3: T ees sui able o sho logs o poo quali y: he s em is c ooked and leaning. C ooks
may each six imes he s em diame e in one dimension and mino c ookedness in a
second dimension is ole a ed. Only sho logs o poo quali y and i ewood can be
p oduced om hese ees.
Class 4: T ees sui able o i ewood only: e y c ooked in mo e han one dimension, low
b anching, o ked ees wi h s em de ec s, b oken c own o s em o .
In luence o egene a ion me hod on black locus s ands
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
107
Fo he in es iga ion o bu o caused by he ungus (Fomes axineus C
OOKE
),
30 sample ees we e selec ed in each plo . Ro on cu su ace and upwa ds in he unk was
measu ed by cu ing he s em along he e ical axis.
The s and alue index showing he s em quali y o he s ands (SVI) was de e mined base
on he ollowing o mula:
SVI =
4321
44332211
nnnn
nxnxnxnx
+++
+
+
+
(2)
whe e
=
4321
,,, xxxx ee quali y classes,
=
4321
,,, nnnn ee numbe s belonging o he single ee quali y classes
4 RESULTS
Table 1 shows a conside able di e ence in ini ial s ocking a e egene a ions. The bes s ocking
was om egene a ion om la ge oo s. The lowes densi y was in ea men II, i.e. egene a ion
om ine oo s. This di e ence also shows up in pe hec a e olume a ha es . The e is
i ually no di e ence in a e age heigh s and diame e s be ween ea men s I and II, i.e.
egene a ion om sucke s, and his also applies o mean ee olumes. The lowes alues o
hese pa ame e s a e in ea men III, i.e. egene a ion wi h seedlings. The e is no di e ence in
e ms o s and alue index, meaning ha he me hod o egene a ion does no ha e any e ec on
he quali y o he ees. In all ea men s a endency owa d inc easing SVI indices wi h age.
Table 1. S and s uc u e and quali y pa ame e s o he expe imen al plo s
Age
S em
numbe
pe ha
Mean
heigh Mean
DBH Basal
a ea Volume Mean
ee
olume
S and-
alue
index
(SVI)
Y ea m cm m2/ha m3/ha dm3
T ea men I Regene a ion om sucke s de eloped om hick oo s
6 5060 6.2 4.2 7.1 35.2 7.0 –
17 1283 16.8 13.7 19.0 165.8 129.2 1.7
24 607 21.6 19.0 17.2 182.6 300.8 1.8
29 601 23.1 21.5 21.8 248.5 413.5 1.9
34 601 24.2 23.2 23.6 297.1 494.3 1.9
T ea men II Regene a ion om sucke s de eloped om hin oo s
6 3872 6.6 4.9 7.2 37.2 9.6 -
17 896 17.4 15.4 16.7 153.3 171.1 1.6
24 395 22.6 19.8 12.1 135.7 343.5 1.7
29 395 23.3 22.4 15.6 178.0 450.6 1.8
34 395 23.9 23.8 15.7 200.0 506.3 1.8
T ea men III Regene a ion wi h seedlings
6 4004 6.2 4.2 5.5 27.6 6.9 –
17 1225 16.5 13.7 18.0 155.6 127.0 1.7
24 607 21.6 18.6 16.6 177.0 291.6 1.7
29 596 22.4 20.9 20.5 228.0 382.5 1.8
34 596 22.8 21.5 22.9 258.9 434.4 1.8

Rédei, K. e al.
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
108
Figu e 2 shows simila endencies o heigh g ow h cu es o seed and coppice o igin. A
he age o ha es , he mean heigh o he s and egene a ed om sucke s ( ea men I and II)
de eloped om hick oo s is jus as la ge as ha o he s and egene a ed om sucke s
de eloped om hin oo s. The heigh g ow h o he s and egene a ed wi h seedlings
( ea men III) is somewha lowe han ha o he s and egene a ed om sucke s.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
6 17 24 29 34
yea s
Mean heigh (m)
Plo I.
Plo II.
Plo III.
SI 21
SI 22
Figu e 2. Mean heigh alues o s ands along wi h si e index cu es
(Plo I: egene a ed om hick oo s, Plo II egene a ed om hin oo s,
Plo III: egene a ed wi h seedlings, SI 21 and 22 a e si e index cu es)
To in es iga e possible di e ences in cu e shapes and asymp o ic alues o heigh
g ow h a g ow h unc ion, he modi ied Chapman–Richa ds unc ion was i ed o he heigh
o e age da a. The unc ion has he ollowing o m:
3
2
)1(
1p
p
eph −=
(3)
whe e h is he heigh
is he age
p1, p2 and p3 a e he pa ame e s
Pa ame e p1 is he asymp o ic (maximum) alue o he heigh g ow h; pa ame e s p2 and p3
a e esponsible o he shape o he cu e.
Table 2. Pa ame e es ima es o he heigh g ow h cu es o he h ee di e en plo s using
he modi ied Chapman–Richa ds unc ion
Plo I Plo II Plo III
p1 27.10 25.89 24.83
p2 –0.07968 –0.09681 –0.09624
p3 1.5384 1.6927 1.7136
In luence o egene a ion me hod on black locus s ands
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
109
Pa ame e es ima es in Table 2 show ha he heigh g ow h o plo s II and III a e simila in
shape (nea ly iden ical p2 and p3 pa ame e s) a a sligh ly di e en asymp o ic le el, and he
cu e o plo I is di e en bo h in e ms o asymp o ic alue and cu e shape.
Figu e 2 also compa es expe imen al plo heigh g ow h wi h si e index cu es (Rédei –
Gál 1985) o si e indices 21 and 22 (heigh a he age 25; do ed black lines in he g aph). The
g ow h pa e n is e y simila , so hese long e m obse a ions also suppo he pa e ns o he
si e index cu es.
Figu e 3 indica es ha in spi e o a di e ence in numbe o s ems pe ha be ween he
plo s egene a ed om sucke s sp ou ed om hick and hin oo s he e is no conside able
di e ence in DBH o hei c ops. The DBH alues o c ops egene a ed wi h seedlings a e
somewha lowe han ha o c ops egene a ed om sucke s bu he de ia ion is negligible
om a p ac ical poin o iew.
0
5
10
15
20
25
6 17 24 29 34
yea s
Mean DBH (cm)
Plo I.
Plo II.
Plo III.
Figu e 3. DBH alues o he s ands
(Plo I: egene a ed om hick oo s, Plo II egene a ed om hin oo s,
Plo III: egene a ed wi h seedlings)
The pa ame e s o he Chapman–Richa ds unc ion we e also es ima ed o he DBH o e
age da a. The pa ame e s a e in Table 3.
Table 3. Pa ame e es ima es o he DBH g ow h cu es o he h ee di e en plo s using
he modi ied Chapman–Richa ds unc ion
Plo I Plo II Plo III
p1 29.75 28.28 25.21
p2 –0.05827 –0.06772 –0.07659
p3 1.6260 1.5995 1.8320
Rédei, K. e al.
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
110
Acco ding o hese da a, s ands aised om sucke s p oduced highe a e age ee
olumes in bo h cases han s ands o seed o igin.
Figu e 4. Mean ee olume o he c ops a age o 34 yea s in he ea men s
In es iga ions o s em quali y o hese expe imen al s ands a ha es age 34 showed a
s and alue index 1.9 in ea men I ( hick oo s) and 1.8 in ea men II ( hin oo s) and III
(seedlings). This sugges s ha di e ences in egene a ion me hods do no esul in meaning ul
di e ences in he s and alue index.
A e ha es ing, he deg ee o bu o caused by Fomes axineus C
OOKE
was
in es iga ed on 30 ees in each plo by de e mining he su ace a ea o o pe c oss
sec ion along he s em. 72% o he sample ees had o ex ending up o 50 cm om he
bu and 29% had o be ween 50 and 100 cm up he s em. No ees had o abo e 1 me e
heigh . O e all 46% o he ees had bu o on plo I, 43% on plo II, and 40% on plo III.
This da a would sugges ha bu o is only sligh ly in luenced by he egene a ion
me hod.
5 CONCLUSIONS
The esul s indica e ha he e is only a sligh di e ence in s em quali y and heal h s a us o
s ands egene a ed by di e en me hods. The di e ences ha a ose om ea men s we e
mainly ela ed o di e en ini ial s and densi ies.
Mean ee olumes o s ands es ablished by a ious coppicing me hods and by plan ing
ha e shown only mino di e ences a ha es . The s and o seed o igin did no p oduce be e
s em quali y han s ands o coppice o igin. The coppice s ands did no p oduce less aluable
asso men s han s ands o seed o igin, he e o e coppicing emains o be a iable
managemen op ion unde simila si e condi ions.
494,3 506,3
434,4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
hick oo s hin oo s seedlings
Mean ee olume (dm
3
)
105.9%
506.3
103.3%
494.3 90.8%
434.4
In luence o egene a ion me hod on black locus s ands
Ac a Sil . Lign. Hung. 8, 2012
111
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