110 2016, XIX, 3
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110 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-3-008
In oduc ion
In ecen yea s we ha e been able o see he
g owing impo ance o knowledge in he con ex
o he eme ging knowledge-based global
economy (Mio i & Sachwald, 2003; Ca meli,
Gelba d, & Rei e -Palmon, 2013; P okop &
S ejskal, 2015). Töd ling and T ippl (2005)
sugges ha he e is widesp ead ag eemen in
academic li e a u e ha knowledge, lea ning,
and inno a ion a e key o economic de elopmen
and he compe i i eness o en e p ises o
egions (and na ions). Gene a ing inno a ion
has come o be seen as a p oduc i e opic in
economics and has also has been becoming
inc easingly ela ed o en e p ise’s abili y o
abso b ex e nal in o ma ion, knowledge, and
echnologies (Negassi, 2004; Lich en hale ,
2011). I is commonly accep ed ha (i)
inno a ions a e b ough o wa d h ough an
in e ac i e p ocess o knowledge gene a ion,
di usion, and applica ion; (ii) inno a ions
a e inc easingly seen as undamen al o he
compe i i eness o en e p ises and economies;
and (iii) knowledge is c i ical o he p ocess
o inno a ion (Te he & Taja , 2008; Töd ling,
Lehne , & Kau mann, 2009). Tomlinson (2010)
s a es ha knowledge ans e de i ni i ely leads
o g ea e le els o bo h p oduc and p ocess
inno a ion. Knowledge can be gene a ed
in e nally o acqui ed ex e nally (wha an
o ganiza ion knows de e mines wha i can
do) and R&D coope a ion is a undamen al
ing edien o he di ision o inno a i e labo
(F i sch & Lukas, 2001; S ejskal & Hájek,
2015). We can s a e ha en ep eneu ship
and inno a ion a e undamen al d i e s o
economic g ow h, he c ea ion o weal h in an
economy, and en e p ise’s long- e m su i al,
p o i abili y, and sus ainable g ow h (Myško á,
2010; Classen e al., 2012; Acemoglu, Gancia,
& Zilibo i, 2012; Kim e al., 2012).
The e o e, en e p ises ha wan o succeed
in he ma ke a e inc easingly looking o
pa ne s wi h whom hey can collabo a e
e ec i ely and gain a compe i i e ad an age
(S ejskal & Hájek, 2012). I is clea ha he
ole o R&D coope a ion wi hin he inno a ion
p ocess has ecen ly inc eased (Xia, Danping,
& Yue, 2012). This ac is suppo ed by
se e al s udies ha con i m he impo ance o
coope a ion – e.g. De Fa ia, Lima and San os
(2010); Tomlinson (2010) and Bee s and Zand
(2014). Collabo a ion wi h o he en e p ises
and ins i u ions in R&D is a decisi e way o
make ex e nal esou ces usable (Becke &
Die z, 2004). En e p ises and coun ies use he
expe ience acqui ed (knowledge de eloped) by
o he en e p ises (o coun ies) o build hei own
knowledge capi al (Negassi, 2004). Becke and
Die z (2004) also sugges ha he impo ance
o R&D coope a ion has isen s eadily as
a consequence o he g owing complexi y, isks,
and cos s o inno a ion and ha en e p ises
engaged in he inno a ion p ocess a e awa e o
he necessi y o es ablishing R&D coope a ion
o ob ain expe ise ha canno be gene a ed
in-house. Bu he ques ion is which pa ne
is he mos sui able o inno a i e indus ial
en e p ises. En e p ise coope a es wi h a ious
pa ne s o a ious easons. The e o e, i is
no possible o speci y a uni e sal pa ne
ha would be sui able o all en e p ises in all
sec o s. De Fa ia, Lima, and San os (2010)
s a e ha he ac o s in l uencing he impo ance
THE COOPERATION BETWEEN
ENTERPRISES: SIGNIFICANT PART
OF THE INNOVATION PROCESS
– A CASE STUDY OF THE CZECH
MACHINERY INDUSTRY
Jan S ejskal, Beá a Mikušo á Me ičko á, Vik o P okop
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111
a ibu ed o coope a ion ac i i ies a e di e en
om he ones behind he decision o coope a e.
En e p ises a e able o coope a e wi h ou
di e en ypes o R&D pa ne s: (i) compe i o s,
(ii) supplie s, (iii) cus ome s, and (i ) uni e si ies
and esea ch ins i u es (Belde bos, Ca ee, &
Lokshin, 2004).
Finding a sui able pa ne o coope a ion is
a complica ed p ocess, because hese pa ne s
a e di e en o each sec o . A numbe o s udies
ha e add essed he issue o collabo a ion in he
manu ac u ing indus y – e.g. F i sch and Lukas
(2001); Becke and Die z (2004); Veugele s and
Cassiman (2005); Tomlinson (2010). Howe e ,
none o hese s udies examine he e ec i eness
o coope a i e chains o compa e he esul s
o he indus y. Such in o ma ion could help
manage s app op ia ely a ge e o s o i nd
sui able pa ne s o coope a ion.
The esea ch p esen ed in his a icle
examines he impac o impo an pa ne s in
one o he sec o s o manu ac u ing indus y
– he machine y indus y (enginee ing). The
pape in ends o analyze he issues o (i) he
impo ance o collabo a ion be ween en e p ises
and o he pa ne s h ough en e p ises’
inno a i e beha io and he o e all g ow h o
hei pe o mance and (ii) he e i ciency o public
subsidies om na ional and Eu opean unds.
The pape will analyze bo h o hese o he
Czech Republic’s machine y indus y by using
o iginal mul iple linea eg ession models based
on he da a om he Communi y Inno a ion
Su ey ca ied ou in he Czech Republic o
he pe iod o 2010-2012. The emainde o
he pape is s uc u ed as ollows. The second
sec ion discusses he heo e ical backg ound
and hypo heses. The da a me hodology,
esul s, and hei analysis a e p esen ed in
he hi d sec ion. The i nal sec ion consis s o
conclusions and ecommenda ions.
1. Theo y and Hypo heses
Since he la e 1980s, i has become inc easingly
acknowledged ha spillo e s o knowledge
om ex e nal sou ces ha e an impo an
impac on inno a ion p ocesses and economic
de elopmen and ha he ole o inno a ion as
a ac o o compe i i eness and echnological
p og ess ha e combined o make en e p ises
in ensi y and expand hei inno a i e capabili ies
(Mio i & Sachwald, 2003; F i sch & F anke,
2004; Acs, Aud e sch, & Lehmann, 2013; Al a o
& Chen, 2013). Negassi (2004) sugges s ha
he ise o in e -en e p ise coope a ion did no
begin un il he beginning o he 1980s.
A numbe o s udies and esea che s
sugges ha human capi al ac o s play an
impo an ole in spu ing egional g ow h
and ha egions (o en e p ises) unc ion as
incuba o s o c ea i i y and inno a ion (Lee,
Flo ida, & Acs, 2004; Ba elsman, Dobbelae e,
& Pe e s, 2014, U amo á & Kožiak, 2008). The
g owing impo ance o knowledge p ocesses
is suppo ed by Flo ida, who de i ned he
new concep o lea ning egions, which a e
becoming ocal poin s o knowledge c ea ion
and lea ning in he new age o global,
knowledge-in ensi e capi alism (Flo ida, 1995).
Ins i u ional economics is ano he heo e ical
concep ha suppo ed he ole o knowledge
and inno a ion. Richa d Nelson – one o he
main p oponen s o his heo y – desc ibed he
h ee main issues o ins i u ional economics:
(i) echnology and echnological inno a ion;
(ii) concep s o en e p ises, hei p inciples o
ope a ion, and hei ela ion o compe i o s o
subcon ac o s; and (iii) ins i u ions (Blažek &
Uhlíř, 2011). The endogenous g ow h heo y, in
which knowledge ep esen s an inpu in o he
p ocess o gene a ing inno a i e ac i i y in he
economy, gi es new insigh s in o he ole o
knowledge in economic g ow h (Acs, de G oo ,
& Nijkamp, 2002).
As we can see, knowledge has been
playing an impo an ole in heo e ical
concep s in ecen yea s. Howe e , in-house
p oduc ion o inno a ion is no longe su i cien .
The e o e, en e p ises use R&D pa ne ships
o access knowledge and build global R&D
ne wo ks (Mio i & Sachwald, 2003; Bee s &
Zand, 2014; Hájko a & Hájek, 2014), and adop
open inno a ion app oach o use o pu posi e
in l ows and ou l ows o knowledge o accele a e
in e nal inno a ion, and expand he ma ke s o
ex e nal use o inno a ion (Chesb ough, 2006;
Chesb ough & C ow he , 2006). Te he (2002)
s a es ha he ela ionship be ween inno a ion
and coope a ion is no s aigh o wa d and ha
mos en e p ises s ill de elop hei new p oduc s,
p ocesses, and se ices wi hou o ming
coope a i e a angemen s o inno a ion wi h
o he o ganiza ions. Howe e , en e p ises ha
engage in R&D and a e a emp ing o in oduce
inno a ions a a highe le el (i.e. inno a ions
ha a e new o he ma ke a he han new o
he en e p ise) a e much mo e likely o engage
in coope a i e a angemen s o inno a ion and
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112 2016, XIX, 3
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a e able o access and le e age s a egically
c i ical esou ces o suppo he en e p ise´s
inno a ion p ocess (Te he , 2002; Classen
e al., 2012). In ac , en e p ises looking o
imp o e hei compe i i eness need o de elop
wo kinds o compe ences: (i) echnological,
which allows en e p ises o add alue o
p oduc s and p ocesses, and (ii) ne wo k,
by which en e p ises a e able o link hei
o ganiza ion o o he playe s in he ma ke
o allow in e ac ions beyond o ganiza ional
bounda ies (Ri e & Gemünden, 2004).
The ela i e impo ance o coope a ion
on inno a i e ac i i y a ies and depends
upon a numbe o ac o s, i.e. he numbe
o coope a i e ies and he con ex in
which ne wo k ela ions exis (Tomlinson,
2010). Belde bos e al. (2004) explo ed
he e ogenei ies in he de e minan s o
inno a ing en e p ises’ decisions o engage in
R&D coope a ion, di e en ia ing be ween ou
ypes o coope a ion pa ne s (compe i o s,
supplie s, cus ome s, and uni e si ies and
esea ch ins i u es – ep esen ing ins i u ional
coope a ion). The de e minan s o R&D
coope a ion di e depending on he ypes o
coope a ion: (i) he posi i e impac o en e p ise
size, R&D in ensi y, and incoming sou ce-
speci i c spillo e s is weake o compe i o
coope a ion, e l ec ing g ea e conce ns abou
app op iabili y and (ii) ins i u ional spillo e s
a e mo e gene ic in na u e and posi i ely
impac all ypes o coope a ion (Belde bos
e al., 2004). Negassi (2004) analyzed he
si ua ion among F ench en e p ises and
sugges ed ha he c ucial de e minan s o
he comme cial success o inno a ions a e
en e p ise size, ma ke sha e, R&D in ensi y,
and human capi al. This s udy also pinpoin ed
ha spillo e measu emen s ( he acquisi ion o
machine ools, o eign pa en s, licenses) and
echnological oppo uni ies ha e a posi i e
impac on inno a ion. Sega a-Blasco &
A auzo-Ca od (2008) di ided a p opensi y
o R&D coope a ion wi h o he en e p ises
and ins i u ions in o h ee app oaches: (i) he
ansac ion cos app oach (coope a i e R&D
p ojec s enable he cos s and isks o R&D
ac i i ies o be sha ed and he dissemina ion
o he esul s o be p o ec ed); (ii) he s a egic
managemen app oach (coope a i e beha io
is a way o accessing addi ional esou ces
and his leads o compe i i e ad an ages, see
mo e Ga u o a (2012); and (iii) he indus ial
o ganiza ion app oach (which ocuses on
knowledge spillo e s be ween pa ne s).
Uni e si ies cons i u e one o he coope a ion
pa ne s; howe e , en e p ises do no coope a e
wi h hem e y o en. Veugele s and Cassiman
(2005) used Communi y Inno a ion Su ey da a
o analyze Belgian manu ac u ing en e p ises
and showed ha (i) only a small ac ion
o inno a i e en e p ises use science (i.e.
uni e si ies and public esea ch labo a o ies)
as an impo an in o ma ion sou ce in hei
inno a ion p ocess and (ii) coope a ing wi h
uni e si ies canno be analyzed in isola ion om
he o e all inno a ion s a egy o he en e p ise,
because coope a ing wi h uni e si ies is
complemen a y o o he inno a ion ac i i ies
such as p o iding hei own R&D, sou cing
public in o ma ion, and coope a ing wi h
o he pa ne s. Decision-making conce ning
sui able coope a i e pa ne s ha will p oduce
comme cial esul s is missing om his s udy.
Fu he s udies (Belde bos, Ca ee, & Lokshin,
2004) a gued ha coope a ion wi h compe i o s
and uni e si ies impac ed inno a ion ou pu
le els posi i ely bu coope a ion wi h cus ome s
nega i ely – hese i ndings a e in con as wi h
lead-use s concep (Von Hippel, 1986; 2005).
This concep de i nes lead use s as use s whose
p esen s ong needs will become gene al in
a ma ke place mon hs o yea s in he u u e and
s a es ha use -cen e ed inno a ion is a e y
powe ul and gene al phenomenon suppo ing
inno a i e ac i i ies, he e o e he e is a need o
u he in es iga ion o he ela ionship be ween
en e p ises and cus ome s. Coope a ion on
inno a ion wi h domes ic uni e si ies causes he
g ow h o knowledge capi al. In ac , uni e si ies
a e able o signi i can ly in l uence he egional
economy, play an impo an ole in inno a ion
pe o mance, and a e also linked o social
e ec s (Mohammadi & Ka ami, 2014). The
ob ious implica ions o applying an inc ease
in social capi al ( ypically on he ma ke ) is
also missing om his s udy. Uni e si ies a e
ega ded as a key ac o in na ional inno a ion
plans and s a egies by many au ho s (e.g.
Godda d, Robe son, & Vallance, 2012;
Wa kins e al., 2015). Diez-Vial & Mon o o-
Sanchez (2014) show a posi i e ela ionship
be ween he echnological knowledge ob ained
om uni e si ies and he inno a ion ca ied
ou by en e p ises. We can conclude ha
uni e si ies play an impo an ole in he global
knowledge economy and ep esen key poin s
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o in e na ional con ac , which is complica ed
o many easons – such as mobili y issues,
he use o echnology, o collabo a ion (Deiaco,
Hughes, & McKel ey, 2012; Al bach, 2013).
The e o e, we p oceed om he a gumen s
men ioned abo e and hypo hesize ha :
H1: En e p ises ha coope a e on inno a i e
ac i i ies in he machine y indus y in he Czech
Republic demons a e a g ea e g ow h o
hei pe o mance han he ones ha do no
coope a e. In mos cases, hese en e p ises
pa icipa e in g oups o en e p ises ha
posi i ely in l uence inno a i e c ea ion wi hin
he g oup.
This assump ion is based on a se ies o
analyses. De Fa ia, Lima and San os (2010)
analyzed he e ec s o coope a ion on he
o e all pe o mance o en e p ises and on
inno a ion and R&D pe o mance. They s a e
ha (i) en e p ise’s decision o coope a e on
inno a ion is d i en by he ac ha coope a ion
is an e i cien way o imp o e he p obabili y
o he success o inno a ion p ojec s and (ii)
coope a i e en e p ises ha e, on a e age,
highe o e all pe o mance le els and highe
R&D in ensi y han non-coope a i e en e p ises.
Belde bos, Ca ee and Lokshin (2004) also
sugges ed ha coope a ing en e p ises a e
gene ally engaged in inno a i e ac i i ies
o a g ea e deg ee and demons a ed he
impac o coope a ion on p oduc i i y g ow h.
Coope a ion wi h di e en pa ne s leads o
lea ning oppo uni ies wi h ega d o bo h
coope a ion and inno a ion skills and hence is
expec ed o enhance en e p ise’s inno a ion
pe o mance (Bee s & Zand, 2014). Chesb ough
& Appleya d (2007) also sugges ed ha o
make s a egic sense o inno a ion ne wo ks,
collabo a ions, ecosys ems, communi ies, and
hei implica ions o compe i i e ad an age,
open inno a ion concep and s a egy a e
needed.
Pa icipa ion in a g oup o en e p ises
p esen s ano he oppo uni y o coope a ion,
and i also suppo s he con en ion ha
inno a ions do no a ise independen ly. This
issue was also analyzed by a numbe o
au ho s (e.g. Lode alk, 2010; Hashi & S ojčić,
2013; Dachs & Pe e s, 2014).
As we demons a ed p e iously, inno a ion
c ea ion can be suppo ed by coope a ion wi h
uni e si ies, because hey posi i ely impac
inno a ion ou pu le els. Uni e si y-indus y
collabo a ion can be ega ded as a de e minan
o inno a ion, because mo e inno a i e
en e p ises end o be mo e in e es ed in
collabo a ing wi h uni e si ies (Oyela an-
Oyeyinka & Abiola Adebowale, 2012; López
e al., 2014). This assump ion leads us o he
nex hypo hesis:
H2: En e p ises in he machine y indus y
in he Czech Republic ha coope a e wi h
uni e si ies and public esea ch cen e s
demons a e a g ea e g ow h o hei o e all
pe o mance.
The p e ious hypo heses ocus only on
he impo ance o coope a ion. Howe e , many
collabo a ions a e o en suppo ed by public
unds (Ma , Robin, & Wol , 2012; Ho en o
& Lopes-Ben o, 2014). In ecen yea s,
inc easingly ine i cien spending o public unds
and subsidies has been esul ing in addi ional
spending on inno a ion by en e p ises bu has
no lead o addi ional inno a ion ou pu (Hashi
& S ojčić, 2013). The e o e, le us de i ne u he
hypo hesis:
H3: In he Czech Republic, public unding in
he machine y indus y is being p o ided in an
ine i cien way.
2. Da a Me hodology and Analysis o
Resea ch Resul s
A ha monized ques ionnai e o EU Membe
S a es om he Communi y Inno a ion Su ey
(CIS) ca ied ou in he Czech Republic o
he pe iod o 2010-2012 by combining sample
(s a i i ed andom sampling) and exhaus i e
su eys was used o he da a collec ion.
The CIS is a su ey o inno a ion ac i i y
in en e p ises ha is designed o p o ide
in o ma ion on he inno a i eness o sec o s by
en e p ise ype, he di e en ypes o inno a ion,
and a ious aspec s o inno a ion de elopmen ,
e.g. objec i es, sou ces o in o ma ion, public
unding, and inno a ion expendi u es (Eu os a ,
2015). The CIS ques ionnai e was used o
examine he impac s o coope a ion by many
o he au ho s (e.g. Mio i and Sachwald (2003);
Belde os, Ca ee and Lokshin (2004); Veugele s
and Cassiman (2005); Te he and Taja (2008);
De Fa ia, Lima and San os (2010). In o al,
da a on 5,151 Czech en e p ises wi h a leas
10 employees we e ob ained (wi h a esponse
a e g ea e han 60%). Fo he pu pose o
his s udy, we i l e ed 284 en e p ises, i.e.
only en e p ises om he machine y indus y,
in o ou da a g oup – speci i cally, en e p ises
co e ing NACE ca ego ies 29-30.
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114 2016, XIX, 3
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114
Fo analyzing he ela ionship be ween
a iables, a mul iple linea eg ession model
was used ( eg ession models a e commonly
used o his kind o esea ch, e.g. Schneide
and Spie h (2013); Lae en, Le ine and
Michalopoulos (2015)). This model was adap ed
o in es iga e he ela ionship be ween one
dependen a iable, ep esen ed by he g ow h
o o al u no e be ween he yea s 2010-2012,
and independen a iables (see Tab. 1). Eu os a
does no p o ide numbe o a iables sui able
o analyzing, inpu da a om o he sou ce will
no ensu e he causali y, he e o e, o u he
esea ch we in es iga e o analyze he g ow h o
o al u no e . Mul iple linea eg ession models
ake he gene al o m shown below (Cha e jee
& Hadi, 2013; Wu e al., 2013):
y = β0 + β1x1 + β2x2 + … + βnxn + ε (1)
whe e y is he dependen a iable;
x1, x2 … xn a e independen a iables;
ε is an e o e m accoun ing o he a iabili y in
y ha canno be explained by he linea e ec o
he n independen a iables;
β1, β2 … βn, called he eg ession pa ame e s
o coe i cien s, a e unknown cons an s o be
de e mined (es ima ed) om he da a.
Fi s ly, be o e we composed he models,
e i i ca ion whe he he da a om CIS we e
co ela ed was conduc ed by using Spea man’s
es . Spea man’s coe i cien ( s) measu es he
s eng h o he linea ela ionship be ween
each wo a iables when he alues o each
a iable a e ank-o de ed om 1 o N, whe e
N ep esen s he numbe o pai s o alues
( he N cases o each a iable a e assigned he
in ege alues om 1 o N inclusi e and no wo
cases sha e he same alue). The di e ence
be ween anks o each case is ep esen ed
by di. The gene al o mula o Spea man’s ank
co ela ion coe i cien akes he gene al o m
as ollows (Weinbe g & Ab amowi z, 2002;
Bo adaile, 2013):
s = 1 –
6 Σd2
i
N3 – N (2)
All calcula ions we e made in s a is ical
so wa e STATISTICA (S a So Inc., 2011).
Values o Spea man´s es ejec ed he
hypo hesis ha he da a a e co ela ed a he
le el o signi i cance p < 0.05. A e ul i lling
he i s p e equisi e (unco ela ed da a) and
e usal o mul icollinea i y in he model, he
analysis i sel was conduc ed. Subsequen ly,
se e al mul iple linea eg ession models we e
c ea ed o analyze he hypo heses. In o al, he
i nal model (Model 1) desc ibing he si ua ion in
he Czech Republic’s machine y indus y used
17 a iables (1 dependen , 10 independen
ca ego ical, and 6 independen con inuous). All
a iables a e lis ed in Tab. 1. The co ela ion
coe i cien R o Model 1 had a alue o 0.979
and he coe i cien o de e mina ion R2 was
0.958. I means ha eg ession line nea ly
pe ec ly i s he da a. The P- alue o his model
was calcula ed a 0.000 ( he alue is ounded o
h ee decimal places). The P- alue showed ha
his model was signi i can a p < 0.01; he e o e,
he null hypo hesis, ha he model is no
signi i can , was ejec ed. The e o e, Model 1
can be ega ded as signi i can .
Be o e we es he hypo hesis, i is
necessa y o desc ibe he esul s p o ided
by Model 1 (see Tab. 2). The esul s in
Tab. 2 show ha se en a iables posi i ely
in l uence he dependen a iable. We can
see ha he in oduc ion o p oduc inno a ion
a ec s he g ow h o pe o mance in all cases
(independen ly, wi h o he en e p ises, and wi h
uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u es). When
he en e p ise in oduced p oduc inno a ions
sepa a ely wi hou coope a ion, his a iable
is signi i can a p < 0.05 (0.047). Con e sely,
i en e p ise collabo a es in he de elopmen
o p oduc inno a ions, i is possible o obse e
ha his coope a ion has a g ea e impac on
he c ea ion o inno a ions. When en e p ises
use o he en e p ises o coope a e, he alue
was measu ed a 0.002 (0.004 o coope a ion
wi h uni e si ies). Bo h alues a e signi i can
a he highe le el o signi i cance (p < 0.01).
When p ocess inno a ion was implemen ed,
we can see ha he en e p ise’s pe o mance
is mos a ec ed when en e p ises in oduce
inno a ions alone o wi h uni e si ies and
esea ch ins i u ions. In bo h cases, he p- alue
is measu ed a 0.000, which is signi i can a
a signi i cance le el o p < 0.01. On he o he
hand, he in oduc ion o p ocess inno a ions
in collabo a ion wi h o he en e p ises p o ed
o be insigni i can . Pa icipa ion in g oup o
en e p ises (GP) and coope a ion on echnical
inno a ion ac i i ies (CO) a e among he o he
signi i can a iables ha a ec he g ow h o
o al u no e .
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Dependen
a iable
Independen a iables
(ca ego ical)
Independen a iables
(con inuous)
G ow h o o al
u no e Pa o a g oup o en e p ises (GP) To al inno a ion expendi u e/
o al u no e (RTOT/TOT)
In oduc ion o p oduc inno a ion:
a) inno a ion was de eloped independen ly
by he en e p ise (INPRI);
b) inno a ion was de eloped in collabo a ion
wi h o he en e p ises (INPRE);
c) inno a ion was de eloped in collabo a ion
wi h uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u es (INPRU)
In-house R&D expendi u e/
o al u no e (RRDIN/RTOT)
In oduc ion o p ocess inno a ions:
a) inno a ion was de eloped independen ly
by he en e p ise (INPSI);
b) inno a ion was de eloped in collabo a ion
wi h o he en e p ises (INPSE);
c) inno a ion was de eloped in collabo a ion wi h
uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u es (INPSU)
Ex e nal R&D expendi u e/ o al
u no e (RRDEX/RTOT)
Public i nancial suppo om he EU (FUNEU) Acquisi ion o equipmen / o al
u no e (RMAC/RTOT)
Regional and/o na ional public i nancial suppo
(FUNGMT)
Acquisi ion o ex e nal
knowledge/ o al u no e
(ROEK/RTOT)
Coope a ion on echnical inno a ion ac i i ies (CO)
Acquisi ion o o he inno a ion
ac i i ies/ o al u no e (ROTH/
RTOT)
Sou ce: own
Legend: in oduc ion o p oduc inno a ion = in oduc ion o a new o imp o ed p oduc /se ice; in oduc ion o p ocess
inno a ions = new o imp o ed me hod o p oduc ion o p o ision o se ices, also including dis ibu ion and s o age,
p o iding business suppo ac i i ies, o signi i can changes in echnology, equipmen , o so wa e)
Va iables p sd
RTOT/TOT 0.689 1.739
IN/RTOT 0.694 0.011
RMAC/RTOT 0.610 0.009
GP 0.037** 1.342
INPRI 0.047** 1.479
INPRE 0.002*** 1.511
INPRU 0.004*** 1.312
INPSI 0.000*** 1.082
INPSE 0.359 0.684
INPSU 0.000*** 1.007
FUNEU 0.755 0.768
CO 0.000*** 0.706
Sou ce: own
Legend: p = p- alue; sd = s anda d de ia ion; *** signi i can a p < 0.01; **signi i can a p < 0.05
Tab. 1: Inpu a iables
Tab. 2: Va iables used in Model 1
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116 2016, XIX, 3
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116
The esul s in Tab. 2 allow us o con i m
hypo hesis H1 and show ha inno a ion does
no a ise in isola ion, espec i ely o cou se
inno a ions can occu in isola ion, howe e
coope a ion could be posi i ely a ec ed by
inno a ion c ea ion. The a iable CO was
analyzed as one o he mos signi i can a iables
wi h g ea e in l uence on he en e p ises´
pe o mance (0.000***). Mo eo e , pa icipa ion
in a g oup o en e p ises ha showed s ong
chains was measu ed as signi i can . We can
say ha ex e nal sou ces o knowledge gained
om inno a i e collabo a ion cu en ly ep esen
an impo an compe i i e elemen ; he e o e,
en e p ises o en op o ex e nal coope a i e
pa ne s ha ha e a signi i can impac on hei
o e all pe o mance in c ea ing inno a ion (e.g.
INPRE, INPRU, INPSU – see Tab. 2). A numbe
o o eign s udies con i m his ac : Clausen
(2013); Gallego, Rubalcaba, and Suá ez (2013);
and S ock, To zaue , and Zacha ias (2014).
The esul s in Tab. 2 also allow us o es
hypo hesis H2. Collabo a ion wi h uni e si ies
and esea ch ins i u es plays an impo an
ole in he machine y indus y in he Czech
Republic. In bo h cases (p oduc and p ocess
inno a ion), he e a e signi i can in e ac ions
be ween a iables. Fo p oduc inno a ion, he
impo ance o coope a ion wi h hese ins i u ions
and wi h o he en e p ises ou weighed he
c ea ion o inno a ion independen ly. Fo
p ocess inno a ion, c ea ing inno a ion wi h
uni e si ies and esea ch ins i u ions and
c ea ing hese inno a ions independen ly is
gaining in impo ance (c ea ing inno a ions
in collabo a ion wi h o he en e p ises is
insigni i can in his case). Robin and Schube
(2013) also analyzed he impac o coope a ion
wi h public esea ch on en e p ises’ p oduc and
p ocess inno a ions by using he CIS. They
examined ha coope a ing wi h public esea ch
inc eases p oduc inno a ion bu has no e ec
on p ocess inno a ion, which depends mo e
on he en e p ises’ openness. In ou analysis,
coope a ion wi h public esea ch inc eases
en e p ises’ pe o mance o bo h p oduc and
p ocess inno a ion; he e o e, we can con i m
hypo hesis H2. Model 1 also p o ided a numbe
o addi ional highe o de in e ac ions ha
suppo ou hypo hesis H2. Tab. 3 shows ha
coope a ion wi h he public sec o can con ibu e
o signi i can ies in some cases (mo e han when
his ype o coope a ion is no used). The esul s
in Tab. 2 show ha i he en e p ise pe o ms
p oduc inno a ion independen ly (INPRI),
he in l uence on he measu ed alue o he
en e p ises’ pe o mance was 0.047 (signi i can
a p < 0.05). I he e is a subsequen in e ac ion
wi h INPRU o INPSU, he esul ing alue was
0.001 (signi i can a p < 0.01). Coope a ion in
he c ea ion o p oduc inno a ions has p o en o
be mo e signi i can in bo h cases – coope a ion
on p oduc and p ocess inno a ion. Fo p ocess
inno a ion, i was e ealed ha only INPRU
coope a ion leads o posi i e e ec s (leading o
he same alue o 0.000). The combina ion o
INPSI*INPSU was analyzed o be insigni i can
in his case.
E en hough INPSU p o ed o be
insigni i can , u he analysis e ealed
a combina ion o a iables wi h INPSU ha
led o impo an esul s (e.g. he combina ion
wi h he INPSI a iable). The combina ion o
a iables INPSU*INPRU o INPSU*INPRE
showed a posi i e in e ac ion ha in l uenced
he en e p ises’ o e all pe o mance. The alue
o hese impac s we e measu ed iden ically a
0.001 (signi i can a p < 0.01).
To es hypo hesis H3, we analyzed he
impac o public subsidies on en e p ises’
pe o mance. Tab. 2 shows ha he p o ision o
public subsidies om EU unds (FUNEU) was
insigni i can (0.755). The e o e, we included
he a iable FUNGMT and c ea ed Model 2
INPRU INPSU
INPRI 0.001*** (1.323) 0.001*** (1.303)
INPSI 0.000*** (0.691) 0.807 (1.175)
Sou ce: own
Legend: ***signi i can a p < 0.01; he alues o s anda d de ia ions a e in b acke s
Tab. 3: The In l uence o Public Coope a ion on En e p ises’ Inno a i e Ac i i y
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o analyze whe he public unds inc ease he
en e p ises’ pe o mance. The co ela ion
coe i cien R om he second eg ession model
showed a alue o 0.979. The coe i cien o
de e mina ion R2 was 0.959. The p- alue o
his model was measu ed a 0.000. The p- alue
showed ha his model was signi i can a
p < 0.01. The e o e, he null hypo hesis was
ejec ed. Model 2 is ega ded as signi i can .
Howe e , he esul s showed ha he e a e
no signi i can in e ac ions in l uencing he
en e p ises´ pe o mance. This esul allows us
o con i m hypo hesis H3, in which we a gued
ha he e is ine i ciency in p o iding public
subsidies. The esul s in Tab. 2 also con i m his
claim (FUNEU is insigni i can in Model 1).
Howe e , we also ound posi i e
combina ions o a iables ha con i m he
signi i can in l uence o Eu opean public unds
in Model 1.
The esul s in Tab. 4 no only show ha he
impo ance o coope a ion and pa icipa ion in
a g oup o en e p ises posi i ely in l uences he
spending o public unds bu also con i m ha
i is possible o well a ge ed public spending
o lead o e ec i e esul s. When public unds
a e p o ided o en e p ises indi idually, no
signi i can in e ac ions we e ound and he
p alue was measu ed a 0.755 (see Tab. 2).
Con e sely, s ong ies in l uencing en e p ises’
pe o mance eme ge when public suppo
is a ge ed co ec ly and he combina ion o
FUNEU*CO o FUNEU*GP exis s. These alues
a e 0.000 (signi i can a p < 0.01). O he s ong
ies occu ed a he highe o de in e ac ions.
The combina ion o GP*INPSI*FUNEU
o INPSI*CO*FUNEU showed signi i can
in e ac ions wi h a alue o 0.000, which a e also
signi i can a p < 0.01. E en hough an ine i cien
use o public esou ces occu s in mos cases, i
is possible o i nd cases whe e hey a e used
e ec i ely. Cza ni zki and Lopes-Ben o (2014)
came o a simila conclusion. They sugges ed
ha public unding igge s socially bene i cial
esea ch p ojec s (bu hey don’ alk abou
economic e i ciency, which is o en missing in
hese p ojec s) and ha he co-exis ence o
na ional and Eu opean policies does no lead
o c owding-ou e ec s when compa ed o
a hypo he ical wo ld wi h a closed economy and
no supplemen al Eu opean policies.
Discussion and Conclusions
The in en o his pape was o analyze whe he
en e p ises´ collabo a ion on inno a i e
ac i i ies in he Czech Republic’s machine y
indus y has a posi i e impac on hei o e all
pe o mance by examining h ee esea ch
hypo heses. The esul s o he eg ession
models ha we e composed allowed us o
con i m indi idual hypo heses. Hypo hesis H1
indica es he need o sys ema ically p omo e
coope a ion be ween en e p ises and o he
pa ne s and c ea e g oups o en e p ises ha
ha e an impac on he g ow h o en e p ises´
o e all pe o mance. This i nding con i m he
concep o open inno a ion ha is based on
di e en esea ch s eams and sugges ha
aluable ideas can come om inside o ou side
he en e p ise and can go o ma ke om inside
o ou side he en e p ise as well (Chesb ough,
2006; Chesb ough & Appleya d, 2007),
he e o e, coope a ion is seen as a c ucial way
o inc ease en e p ises´ g ow h o u no e . The
esul s o hypo hesis H2 allow us o s a e ha
en e p ises in he Czech Republic’s machine y
indus y ha coope a e wi h uni e si ies
and public esea ch cen e s demons a e
FUNEU
CO 0.000*** (0.392)
GP 0.000*** (0.965)
GP*INPSI 0.000*** (0.464)
CO*INPSI 0.000*** (0.403)
Sou ce: own
Legend: ***signi i can a p < 0.01; he alues o s anda d de ia ions a e in b acke s
Tab. 4: Va iables wi h a posi i e impac on public subsidies
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118 2016, XIX, 3
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a g ea e posi i e in l uence on hei o e all
pe o mance. Uni e si ies ep esen impo an
collabo a i e pa ne s in he Czech Republic’s
machine y indus y. These collabo a ions
be ween en e p ises and uni e si ies posi i ely
a ec en e p ises´ c ea ion o inno a ion –
bo h p oduc and p ocess. The e o e, we
ecommend con inuing o suppo hese ypes
o coope a ion in he machine y indus y in he
Czech Republic and c ea ing links be ween
en e p ises and uni e si ies. This emains ue
in he case ha en e p ises do no ecei e
suppo om public budge s. We a gue ha
he e is ine i cien p o ision o public aid in he
machine y indus y in he Czech Republic, which
is possibly caused by excessi ely g an ing
public unding wi hou di ec ly moni o ing i s
impac ; his was subsequen ly con i med by
hypo hesis H3. A numbe o p ojec s i nanced
by he Eu opean Union a ise only in o de o
exploi hese unds, wi hou anyone o o e see
he e ec i eness o hese p ojec s. Excessi e
bu eauc acy is ano he eason ha leads o
ine i ciency when p o iding public aid. On
he o he hand, ad anced analysis showed
ha , i public unding is p ope ly a ge ed,
i may be e ec i e and powe ully in l uence
en e p ises´ collabo a ion ac i i ies and o e all
pe o mance. The e o e, i is necessa y o adop
an app op ia e way o p o ide public suppo o
he machine y indus y in he Czech Republic.
I should be no ed ha inno a i e ac i i ies a e
essen ial pa ame e s a egic (i.e. long- e m)
pe o mance. Rele an da a in an app op ia e
ime ange a e c i ical o he explana o y powe
o e e y simila esea ch. The limi a ion o his
esea ch is a smalle ange o he analyzed
sample. Fo his eason, he gene alizabili y o
esul s is limi ed.
We ecommend ha go e nmen s pu mo e
emphasis on adap ing subsidies o speci i c
en ep eneu ial ac i i ies and p omo ing he
eme gence o common linkages be ween
en e p ises and uni e si ies. In u u e esea ch,
we plan o analyze he issue o collabo a ion
pa ne s and p o iding public subsidies o
o he indus ies in he Czech Republic and
subsequen ly compa e he esul s wi h hose o
o he Eu opean coun ies.
This pape was c ea ed as a pa o he
solu ion o he esea ch ask No. 14-02836S
en i led “Modeling o knowledge spill-o e e ec s
in he con ex o egional and local de elopmen ”
and No. 16-13119S en i led “Pe o mance
managemen in public adminis a ion – heo y
s. p ac ices in he Czech Republic and o he
CEE coun ies”, i nancially suppo ed by he
G an Agency o he Czech Republic.
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