206 2023, olume 26, issue 1, pp. 206–218, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012
In o ma ion Managemen
EXPLORING FORMER & MODERN VIEWS:
A CATCH-ALL TO ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS
Ales Be ge 1
1 Uni e si y o H adec K álo é, Facul y o In o ma ics and Managemen , Depa men o In o ma ics and Quan i a i e
Me hods, Czech Republic, ORCID: 0000-0001-9624-586X, [email p o ec ed].
Abs ac : In li e, e e yone aces pe sonalized condi ions such as ageing, disease, and impai men s
in hea ing, ision, o mobili y. In addi ion, some indi iduals a e bo n wi h disabili ies ha can limi
hei pa icipa ion in a ious a eas o li e, including wo k, educa ion, and daily ac i i ies. Assis i e
echnology (AT) is a ield ha aims o p o ide ools and esou ces o acili a e he needs o
indi iduals wi h disabili ies o impai men s. This a icle e iews he la es ad ances in AT, ocusing
on using In e ne o Things (IoT) echnologies o p o ide inno a i e solu ions. The a icle discusses
he deploymen o assis i e de ices in a ious a eas, such as building access, in o ma ion access,
and wo k and educa ion pa icipa ion. The goal o his esea ch is o highligh he po en ial o AT o
imp o e he li es o indi iduals wi h disabili ies and o p o ide an o e iew o he cu en s a e o he
ield. The a icle also discusses he use o IoT-based solu ions in assis i e echnology and iden i ies
p omising a eas o u u e de elopmen and deploymen . By p o iding a comp ehensi e e iew o
he la es ad ancemen s in AT, his esea ch aims o con ibu e o he ongoing e o s o enhance
unc ional capaci ies and imp o e he quali y o li e o indi iduals wi h disabili ies.
Keywo ds: Assis i e echnology (AT), in e ne o hings (IoT), ne wo ks, de ices, human suppo ,
disabili ies, ins uc ional echnology.
JEL Classi ica ion: M15, M21.
APA S yle Ci a ion: Be ge , A. (2023). Explo ing Fo me & Mode n Views: A Ca ch-All o
Assis i e Technology Applica ions. E&M Economics and Managemen , 26(1), 206–218.
h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2023-1-012
In oduc ion
One o he newe models, he Human Ac i -
i y Assis ance Technology (HAAT), shows
ha when human enac men encompasses
he p ac ice o assis i e manoeu es, he
pe o mance depends on some ele an ac-
o s ela ed o people, ac i i ies, and assis i e
echnology p oduc s. In ecen cen u ies, he
manda e o he g ow h o senio medical se -
ices ha u ilize new echnologies and suppo
independen li ing has ampli ied. Some ac i-
i ies ocus on obse ing and e ol ing in e nal
au onomy, exclusi ely o he old and people
wi h in i mi ies. Many solu ions a e based on
speci ic echnologies such as WLAN connec ion
o In e ne o Things (IoT) sys ems, especially
o a humanoid iden i y o an ex ensi e collec-
ion o in e io ameni ies (Baucas e al., 2021).
Howe e , comple e independence in pe o m-
ing daily asks and ac i i ies is a challenge o
people wi h disabili ies, including hose wi h
isual impai men s. Se e al s udies open up
new oppo uni ies by p oposing ools, me hods,
and assis i e echnologies (AT) o o e come
many obs acles. Web and mobile applica ions,
such as home au oma ion sys ems, ha e been
p oposed o make e e yday ac i i ies mo e ac-
cessible and con enien . Howe e , coope a ing
wi h ne wo k g ids and po able applica ions is
o en p oblema ic o hose who canno see o
need good digi al skills. Fu he mo e, oday’s
esolu ions a e o en mul i a ious and labo ious
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In o ma ion Managemen
due o he nume ous daily mo emen s o s eps
equi ed o pe o m epe i i e asks. To his end,
Lepo ini e al. (2019) p oposed a sound-based
elec onic de ice o in eg a ion in o ligh ing
sys ems o lamps (including sma bulbs) o
ligh ing es s.
Simila ly, web access o use s wi h poo
eyesigh is a long- e m p oblem. Al hough his
p oblem is usually managed by web/cons uc-
ion design, i is s ill being de e mined whe he
he p oblem is in eading pages o in he sys-
ems used o ead pages. Pe ie e al. (2006),
including an access es o 100 websi es wi h
51 disabled use s, closed ha blind use s ha e
many p oblems using websi es, as well as o he
disabled use s. Real access equi es minimal
scanning ime o ind speci ic in o ma ion. Con-
inuous eading o web pages does no p o ide
his ype o access. Fo example, use s ha e
o na iga e h ough many menus and headings
be o e accessing he ac ual ex ual con en
o he page. Howe e , i use s can na iga e
a web page based on seman ic blocks, hey
can ge o he page’s ac ual con en as e and
skip all menus and o he sec ions o he page.
(de Joode e al., 2010). Au ism, also known as
Au ism Spec um Diso de (ASD), is an unp ec-
eden ed disease o he b ain, which ela es o
a wide ange o complex ne e diso de s cha -
ac e ised by di icul y, social skills, ecu ing be-
ha iou s, and in e es s in a e y concen a ed
senso y manne . Au ism can p o ide challeng-
es o people a ec ed by he wo k en i onmen
and e e yday li e. Howe e , en i onmen al se -
ings s ill g adually modi y he ba ie o people
su e ing om his disease. People wi h ASD
ha e limi ed skills and canno isola e hei i e
senses, which a e o en excessi ely used in
he case o music, ouch, la ou s, a oma, ligh ,
colou s o empe a u es. In his pe spec i e, he
people in ec ed wi h unusual challenges can be
subjec o mos people, especially in c owded
en i onmen s ha a e no associa ed wi h
p emises. De eloping echnologies ha in ol e
au is ic use ecogni ion can be challenging, es-
pecially gi en mul iple collabo a ions’ un eliable
capabili ies and impac . Wali and San ilippo
(2019) p o ide de ails on he la es ad ances in
echnology se ices o people wi h ASD in he
wo kplace in hei daily li es, including a a ie y
o di e en senso s. To suppo such e lec ion,
one p esen ed ele an skills and echniques
emphasising he apeu ic and psychological
aspec s (I ano e al., 2006).
The humani a ian coo dina ion sys em p o-
g essi ely ecognises and add esses he needs
o pe sons wi h disabili ies a isk, p omo ed by
he 2006 Uni ed Na ions Con en ion on he
Righ s o Pe sons wi h Disabili ies (CRPD).
The p opo ion o olde people in he es o he
popula ion has inc eased signi ican ly (Uni ed
Na ions, 2014). Since demen ia is an ageing-
ela ed neu odegene a i e disease, he numbe
o demen ia pa ien s wo ldwide is expec ed o
inc ease om 24.3 million in 2006 o 81.1 mil-
lion in 2040. The penal ies o he g owing need
o ca e o he p ojec ed numbe o people wi h
demen ia a e o conce n. One ac ic o his new
c isis is o de elop assis i e echnologies ha
can compensa e o he physical and cogni i e
de ici s o he elde ly wi h demen ia (Fleming
& Sum, 2014; Zwijsen e al., 2011). Technology
has been applied o e e y aspec o humani a -
ian e o s, including special aining. The use
o suppo echnology in a comp ehensi e edu-
ca ional sys em p o ed help ul as i p o ides
imp o ed me hods and oppo uni ies o doing
hings. In he pas en yea s, a numbe o s ud-
ies ha e shown he e ec i eness o suppo -
ing people wi h lea ning p oblems. Assis an
academic echnologies a e o en used as an
ex ensi e synonym o assis i e echnology,
bu ano he wo d con i ms he ole o in eg a ed
suppo echnology and in eg a ion in o ming
disabled s uden s.
Along wi h he compu e , he equi ed
ini ia i e p og ams a e s o age, audio & ideo
sys ems, and use access, which can ans e
and add ess in o ma ion. As Rabonye (2020)
men ioned, i is simila o IT bu mainly ocuses
on communica ions ools, comp ising he In e -
ne , wi eless ne wo ks, po able headse s, and
added s a emen s. The e o e, ICT can be done
o lea n he academic pe o mance o s uden s
wi h disabili ies because i is easy o educe
no es in chap e s and o he scien i ic ac ions
such as esea ch and cus omisa ion. Howe e ,
using assis i e echnology o educa e s uden s
wi h lea ning disabili ies allows hem o com-
pe e wi h o he s uden s in e ms o academic
pe o mance (Mul a i e al., 2017; Ryan e al.,
2004; Sze, 2009).
The au ho belie es ha he e ec i eness
o he e idence suppo ing he use o he ech-
nology should be e iewed o de e mine i s
eliabili y and he e o e a emp o p o ide an
assessmen o he s eng h o he da a analysis.
The c i ical ques ion in his ega d is whe he
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In o ma ion Managemen
people wi h cogni i e diso de s can use hese
ools in hei daily li e and whe he i is e ec-
i e in s eng hening independen pe o mance
because en i onmen al changes may in luence
cogni i e diso de s and he e ec o aining is
unknown o his g oup. This s udy explo es
how echnology can help people wi h se -
e al disabili ies/handicaps unc ion and imp o e
hei o e all heal h by educing beha iou al
p oblems and imp o ing pulmona y mood. This
e alua ion aims o measu e suppo o using
echnology as an in e en ion o imp o e inde-
pendence, sa e y, communica ion, and heal h.
1. Li e a u e Re iew
Each o us aces e ms ha ha e pe sonalized
condi ions, ageing, diseases, e en s and diso -
de s. Same as hea ings, ision, managemen ,
mo ili y, wo k and educa ion pa icipa ion. Some
o us a e bo n wi h disabili ies o diseases o
o e come he bounda ies o ou li es. As a e-
sul , as a way ha he po en ial is a ec ing
e e yone, o as a pe sonal o indi ec use , one
can unde s and he alue and impo ance o
pe o mance issues. Fo example, a disabled
pe son canno comple e impo an ag eemen s
hey ace. Howe e , anyone who has selec ed
he app op ia e assis i e echnology de ice,
pu chased he p oduc and ecei ed aining
and suppo o i s use can use AT o pe o m
he same asks p e iously di icul o impos-
sible. Wi h he igh equipmen and echnical
suppo se ices, people can do hei jobs mo e
e ec i ely, e icien ly and independen ly wi h-
ou equipmen (Sze, 2009; Young & Mihailidis,
2010).
Assis i e echnology is o en a unique
p oduc designed o special educa ional e-
qui emen s and disabled people. The e iew
o e s ex ensi e snapsho s o in o ma ion o un-
de s and he abili y o educa ional echnology.
One can maximize i s educa ional and p ac ical
social and economic bene i s by maximizing
he unique educa ional equi emen s o s u-
den s. I people seem o ha e app op ia e AT,
one can pe o m o execu e asks ha canno
be g adually illed in o execu ed. As pa o he
echnology used in academic ins i u ions (such
as educa ional echnologies), he design and
ma ke ing o echnical suppo and echnology
a e used in he company. The pu pose o he
li e a u e was o collec e idence om uni e -
si y da abases and g ey li e a u e (no indexed
magazines, con e ence, and echnical epo ).
The pu pose is o comp ehend he s a e o
he a (as in he li e a u e o doc o s) and he
si ua ion o science (as in pee in es iga ion
esea ch li e a u e) ega ding AT applica ions,
esul s, and s uden ad an ages.
Diso de s come in many o ms and in ensi-
ies. Unde s anding whe e, when, how, and o
whom assis i e echnologies may wo k equi es
unde s anding bo h he dep h o esea ch in
a pa icula disabili y ca ego y and he b ead h
o echnologies ha suppo c ucial ou comes.
This b ie o e iew p o ides e idence o AT ap-
plica ions o all special needs and disabili ies
a all le els o he educa ion sys em. Mos
esea ch-suppo ed echnical in e en ions
ocus on speech, language, and communica-
ion diso de s and he use o communica ion
sys ems known as augmen ed and al e na i e
communica ion de ices (AACs). This amoun
o esea ch da a p o ides a way o people o
communica e wi h each o he . The ea lie i is,
he be e he ou come o independence, edu-
ca ional pe o mance, and quali y o li e (Be ge
& Maly, 2019; Ja a & Nagesh, 2021; Manship
e al., 2019). Mos ag ee ha many people
ha e much capaci y o inc ease he powe o
disabled people. AT can be awa e ha i can be
help ul o each he public p ocess, which can
help he use each public cou ses. Use s can
also suppo doing any hing o lea ning new
con en . Ne e heless, many obs acles ha e
success in he daily li e o people. Despi e he
g owing in e es and awa eness o he po en ial
o assis i e echnologies in helping people wi h
disabili ies access adi ional p og amming and
de elop ansi ional skills, as e idenced by ed-
e al law, many obs acles emain.
No all g oups ha e exac bounda ies be-
cause he economic esou ces a e he same.
Second, he high cos o access o equipmen
and ypes o se ices, lack o in o ma ion abou
lack o unding, and lack o in o ma ion abou
amilies wi h disabili ies a e o en signi ican
ba ie s (Hollie & Abou-Zah a, 2018). Thi d,
mo e echnical expe ise is needed. Fo ex-
ample, he e a e p oblems wi h p og ams, p o-
g am mee ings, and many academic p og ams
o specially- ained eache s. Fou h, he need
o egula suppo can be a big p oblem. Fi h,
quali y issues a e o en a signi ican p oblem,
and people wi h disabili ies do no use assis-
i e echnology. Finally, al hough people wi h
disabili ies and hei amilies can use AT, mos
pu chases a e disca ded. The main easons
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In o ma ion Managemen
o lea ing a e: (1) a lack o conside a ion o
he essen ials o olks wi h in i mi ies and/o
hei amilies; (2) a amily membe o he apis
chose auxilia y echnology o he indi idual;
(3) complex de ice design elemen s ela ed o
se up, p og amming, and po abili y; (4) lack
o unding o he de ice; (5) un eliable ech-
nology; (6) lack o echnical suppo ; and
(7) equipmen ha a ouses ad e se in e es in
he indi idual.
A p esen , s uden s wi h disabili ies and
handicaps a e ep esen ed as s uden s wi h
special equi emen s and handicaps na u e
e e ywhe e in socie y. The global u ili y o e s
access o ins umen s on e e y sma phone,
able PC, lap op, and desk op compu e . Pa -
en s and eache s a e ecommended o explo e
accessibili y ea u es as he i s impo an s ep
o s uden s explo ing access o hei de ices. To
e ec i ely coo dina e he capaci ies o second-
a y echnologies, i will be necessa y o s u-
den s, pa en s, eache s, o icials, policymake s,
de elope s, and se ice p o ide s o scale he
numbe o s uden s aking ad an age o e ec i e
assis i e echnology (Mul a i e al., 2017). Tech-
nology se ices include p oduc s and se ices
ha enhance he unc ioning o child en wi h dis-
abili ies. Many “high” and “low” skills help people
wi h disabili ies use hei ene gy o a oid o pay
o hei disabili y. The e o e, app op ia e assis-
i e de ices can be powe ul ools o p omo e
independence and imp o e child en’s pa icipa-
ion. I can help child en mo e, communica e,
see, hea , and pa icipa e in lea ning and play.
Assis i e echnology enables child en o access
and exe cise hei igh s and engage wi h wha
is impo an o hem. Se ices can imp o e he
quali y o li e o amilies and child en. Technology
can be used o help people wi h a ious disabili-
ies, including cogni i e and physical disabili ies.
One is examining he use o assis i e echnolo-
gies o imp o e child en’s lea ning. On he o he
hand, his knowledge allows child en o deal wi h
hei disabili ies.
In gene al, assis i e echnologies comple-
men s uden s’ abili ies and allow s uden s o
ake compensa o y lessons o educe de ec s,
such as so wa e designed o imp o e poo
speech skills (Wali & San ilippo, 2019; Whi -
ake e al., 2021). Assis i e echnology is
equen ly endo sed as a esou ce o main ain-
ing independence and he alue o li espan in
g own-up adul s because i allows people o
con inue li ing in hei own homes. The e hical
deba es su ounding using AT in-home ca e
o he elde ly do no seem o be o pa amoun
impo ance. A li le discussion elies hea ily on
ocused concep s like au onomy and bullying.
This complica es he discussion a he han
cla i ies i , as i con ains many ague concep s
and assump ions. Mos mo al objec ions a e
based on he idea ha humans a e indepen-
den and mus make hei own decisions. I is
ques ionable whe he his iew is accu a e and
meaning ul in discussing he use o AT o ca e
o he (weak) elde ly. O he e hical app oaches
ha people conside social and ecip ocal a e
mo e p ac ical and may shed ligh on he e hical
aspec s o using AT (Rabonye, 2020).
2. Assis i e Aid in Ins uc ional
Technology
Many echnologies manu ac u ed by he use a e
help ul o hose equi ing speci ic equi emen s
and o a wide ange o people. The e o e, one
encou ages he eache o ind chances o apply
inno a i e echnologies as a pa o academic
ac i i ies. O cou se, many comp ehensi e
classes also use academic and auxilia y ech-
nologies due o hei a luence, bu educa ional
echnology is inhe en ly mo e common.
Unlike assis i e echnologies ailo ed o
indi idual child en’s s eng hs and needs, edu-
ca ional skills suppo cu iculum eaching and
acili a e lea ning. The line be ween aining
and suppo has begun o blu in he cu en
e a o a ailable echnological equipmen . Some
echnologies, such as digi al ex books, can be
educa ional and suppo i e. High- ech assis-
i e echnology ools a e inc easingly common
in class ooms, and all s uden s ha e access
o hei expe ise (Manship e al., 2019; Wali
& San ilippo, 2019). This includes a wide ange
o educa ional echnologies wi h simila ea u es
as auxilia y echnology. Fo example, he sound
de ec ion p og am is bene icial o s uden s in
eading and w i ing and is egula ly known as
a echnique o disabled s uden s (Alpe and
Raha ini ina, 2006). Con e sely, his echnol-
ogy is e e ywhe e on cu en sma phones and
o he po able de ices used by people wi hou
daily disabili ies. Ideological p og ams, and oid
de ices, and wo d p ocessing a e equipped
wi h many ea u es o auxilia y echnology,
such as oice ecogni ion, p edic ion, spelling,
and au oma ed modi ica ion. As a esul , mos
echnologies ha help and p o ide in o ma ion
a e sca e ed (Rabonye, 2020).
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In o ma ion Managemen
Schools ha e made i possible o access
suppo echnology h ough gene ally acces-
sible de ices and p og ams. Pe sonal digi al
de ices a e popula and cos -e ec i e and
a ailable o s uden s. They can o e a com-
p ehensi e way o in eg a e suppo echnology
in o he semes e . Because oday’s s uden s in-
c ease he use o echnology wi hin he school,
eache s should use he a ailable echniques
and mus ind a way o in eg a e hem in o hei
ins uc ions. The au ho p o ides a “ e o m
echnology” o p o ide a gene ally a ailable
de ice o backing s uden s o upkeep lea n-
ing, e en i hese de ices a e unin en ional as
aid. The e ision o join echnology o assis
school echnology is p o ided o educe he
challenges ela ed o hei use. The p ima y
esea ch showed ha nea ly a hi d o dono
echnological de ices had been abandoned.
S uden s can gi e up hei echnologies o look
di e en om hei coun e pa s and des oy
hem conce ning he de ice. The abandon-
men o s uden s om echnological assis ance
can be educed i echnologies a e desi able
and used. As a esul , business echnologies,
such as sma phones, able s, mp3 games,
and engaging educa ional oys equipped wi h
in e nal access ea u es, can dec ease echnol-
ogy adop ion. These de ices help o o e come
mass p oduc ion, educe cos s, and ha e high
p o essional budge s (Bowes e al., 2013; Lep-
o ini e al., 2020).
3. Assis i e Technology & In e ne o
Things
The In e ne o Things (IoT) e e s o “a combina-
ion o compu ing de ices con ained in mode n
elec onic de ices ha enable he ansmission
and ecep ion o in o ma ion wi hin hemsel es
and wi h he use ”. IoT o en discusses in e e -
ence wi h i s echnology. This means adding
physical and i ual de ices based on exis ing
da a o suppo high-end se ices o upg ading
exis ing ones and de eloping communica ion
echnology. Al hough he impo ance o he
echnical ounda ions does no ejec he impo -
ance o socie y, he ision o socie y is always
connec ed and less a ec ed by he echnical e -
ec s, and i aises i o a ec ou daily needs o
Comics Poin since he 1930s (Bandyopadhyay
& Sen, 2011; Bowes e al., 2013).
Wi h he ad en o echnology, IoT has ound
applica ions in sma ci ies, in elligen sys ems,
and e en assis i e echnology. Pe spec i es o
he IoT in assis i e echnology a e b igh , and
di e en applica ions ha e been de eloped
and implemen ed o assis he ones in need and
o ease he wo k. Applica ions such as sma
homes allow use s o in e ac and con ol he
de ices enabling he use o wo k wi h assis-
ance (Li e al., 2015).
The eal-wo ld esul s ha e a highligh ed,
in gene al, he loan o build he wo d “In e ne ”
in 1999. People need mo e ime and accu acy.
This means ha no e e yone is e y good a
unde s anding a lo abou hings in his scien-
i ic e a which is a ba ie o IoT. The limi s o
human in e ac ion unde sco e he po en ially
signi ican bene i s o he In e ne o Things as
a iable echnology, bu only i all membe s o
socie y expe ience hese bene i s. 15% o he
wo ld’s popula ion has a li e ime o disabili y
(WHO, 2022). One o he main de e en s o he
employmen o pe sons wi h disabili ies is c ea -
ing a highe educa ion en i onmen o pe sons
wi h disabili ies. I is essen ial o conside
whe he i is mo e accessible in an educa ional
con ex .
Recen indings add ess signi ican limi a-
ions and inconsis encies in access o global
heal hca e. COVID-19 hus emphasizes he
impo ance o heal h and ac s as an engine o
imp o e business and ela ionships. Howe e ,
well-es ablished heal hca e sys ems a e ac-
ing challenges ne e seen be o e by popula-
ion, ansmission, and public heal h changes.
The clinic ocuses on imp o ing he e iciency
and e ec i eness o se ices. Physicians mus
ake ad an age o new echnologies ha can im-
p o e hei abili y o p e en , diagnose and ea
disease. IoT de ices wi h assis i e echnology
o e many ad an ages o medical se ices, bu
he e is also a p oblem wi h pa ien s, da a ime,
se ice in e ac ion, ha dwa e limi a ion, and p i-
acy. P i acy and secu i y o pe sonal pa ien
in o ma ion we e always in e es ed in childca e
se ices. Deli e y on a wi eless connec ion
con ains ulne abili ies ha can play wi h use
in o ma ion (de Joode e al., 2010). Con inu-
ous da a ans e can lead o se e down ime
and ne wo k conges ion. Also, a discon inuous
da a low can be de imen al o he se ice o
applica ions needing da a o access he se e
in eal- ime. Rega ding in e ope abili y, some
echnology se ices do no wo k and only
collec o send da a. The heal h se ice is e-
sponsible o ans o ming his in o ma ion in o
a help ul manne o diagnosing o e alua ing
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pa ien s. Howe e , da a submissions and slow
p ocessing p e en s apid esponses om
public heal h agencies and delay es ing unde
challenging si ua ions. Sys ems ha enable
apid in e ac ion be ween clinics and pa ien s
can deli e as e and mo e eliable se ices. A
he same ime, he pe o mance o he se ices
is limi ed by he b ims o he equipmen used
o collec and send da a. Re e ing in pa icula
o he abili y o he de ice o mee he elec ical
and ope a ional needs o he se ices p omp ly
(Edybu n, 2020; Fe nandes e al., 2006).
Tab. 1 summa izes he wo k ha inco po-
a es he IoT wo k which has been done o as-
sis he ones in need.
4. Me hods and Discussion
In he 21s cen u y, he e ha e been coun less
ad ances in echnology. The e is a cohe en
heme unning h ough his p og ession. I is
a ecu ing pa e n ha s a s wi h a su p ising
in en ion ha p omises exci ing new ea u es o
a lucky ew, e en ually changes, and ul ima ely
bene i s almos e e yone. The li e a u e e iew
Re e ences Ta ge ed
expe ience Desc ip ion Assis ance
a ea
Ka mel
e al. (2019)
Dumb dea and
blind
Google API, a Raspbe y Pi-based de ice o assis he audibly
challenged by aking inpu as audio and con e ing i o ex ; o
he isually impai ed, con e ing image o ex and con e ing o
audio; o he ocally impai ed, he de ice akes inpu as ex by
he onsc een keyboa d, con e s i o audio, and, ia he speake ,
gi es he speech
Communica ion
Shubanka
e al. (2019)
Dumb dea and
blind
Sign language ges u es a e picked up by he glo es and
con e ed o speech; he sys em inco po a es OCR and li e
acking
Communica ion
Kuma e al.
(2021) Dumb and dea
Sign language is based on speci ic commands o communica e
wi h people and con e sion o speech; in o ma ion ans e using
messages and and oid applica ions as well; eme gency ale o
he ca e ake
Communica ion
Guo and Bai
(2014)
IoT based
heal hca e o
he elde ly and
disabled
Fou -le el models a e sugges ed o he heal h moni o ing
home-based pa ien s o doc o s and emo e consul a ion; i al
signs can be moni o ed and au oma ically sha ed wi h he hospi al
Heal hca e
Hussain e al.
(2015)
Heal hca e o
he elde ly and
disabled wi h IoT
and sma ci ies
People-cen ic sensing sys em p oposed which moni o s
he heal h and, in case o abno mali ies in s a s, sha es he
eme gency enabling app op ia e esponse
Heal hca e
La i e al.
(2017)
Heal hca e o
he elde ly and
disabled wi h IoT
and oice analysis
SVM and IoT-based sys ems we e de eloped o analyze he oice
o he diseased o ca e ing o he medical eme gencies o people
su e ing om hys e ia, bipola diso de , e c.
Heal hca e
Khan e al.
(2020)
Heal hca e o
he elde ly and
disabled wi h IoT
IoT-based sys ems and ideas o wea able de ices o enable
moni o ing o he heal h o he disabled and elde ly Heal hca e
Be ge and Maly
(2018)
Dea o ha d o
hea ing
Sma glasses solu ion based on a neu al ne wo k ha cap u es
he oice om su oundings and con e s i in o app op ia e ex
and display o be e unde s a ing o he use
Su ound eel
aid
Bempong e al.
(2015)
Dea o ha d o
hea ing
A sma home in eg a ion sys em was de eloped ha , when
in eg a ed wi h he sma home, would allow dea o ha d o
hea ing people o access IoT-based sma homes and ea u es
Con ol and
accessibili y
Tab. 1: Assis i e echnology applica ions – Pa 1
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In o ma ion Managemen
Re e ences Ta ge ed
expe ience Desc ip ion Assis ance
a ea
Kim e al.
(2009)
Disabled and
s oked/sick
Mobile o LAN, ne wo k-based emo e consul a ion o s oked
on disabled people o medical p esc ip ion and moni o ing, was
de eloped and es ed
Consul a ion
and moni o ing
Tuna e al.
(2015)
Disabled and
elde ly
WSN-based heal h moni o ing o he elde ly and disabled using
he senso s; a sys em is capable o up-g ada ion o obse e
pa e ns o beha iou
Moni o ing
Send a e al.
(2014)
Moni o ing o
elde ly and
disabled
A sma phone-based collabo a i e amewo k was de eloped in
which da a om he mobile senso s was used o p edic he case
o an eme gency based on da a om he neighbou ing phones;
any odd beha iou could be obse ed based on he neighbou ing
da a wi h a ein o cemen lea ning-based model
Moni o ing and
eme gency
Akhund e al.
(2020)
Disabled and
COVID-19
a ec ed people
An IoT-based obo ic agen was de eloped o handing o e hings
(medicine, ood, e c.) o minimize he in e ac ion o COVID-19
s uck disabled people aiding he mobili y o deli e ing he needs
wi hin he same house
In-home
deli e y o
main ain
isola ion
Chaudha i e al.
(2016)
IoT-based
assis ance o he
disabled(dumb,
dea , and blind)
and elde ly
Assis i e li ing o an elde ly and disabled sys em uses senso s
and IoT o ale he use abou collision a oidance and household
objec iden i ica ion and p o ide con ol o bo h
Mobili y,
ecogni ion,
and con ol
assis ance
Be ge e al.
(2017)
Blind o isually
impai ed
Sma glass solu ion o undamen al na iga ion issues, which a e
usable o daily suppo o blind o isually impai ed people
Mobili y
assis ance
Kuma e al.
(2017)
Blind o isually
impai ed
Ul asonic senso based walking s ick o blind o isually impai ed
o wa n o obs acles by de ec ing hem
Mobili y
assis ance
Nada e al.
(2015)
Blind o isually
impai ed
IR based mobili y assis ance walking s ick o blind o isually
impai ed o de ec and wa n o obs acles.
Mobili y
assis ance
Sumi e al.
(2019)
IoT based all
p e en ion o
disabled sys ems
The IoT-based amewo k was de eloped o assis disabled
people om alling, which could esul in inju ies; he sys em
u ilizes an accele ome e o iden i y a all, ale s use s abou alls,
and no i ies ca e ake s and medica e a endan s
Mobili y
assis ance
Isyan o e al.
(2020)
IoT based home
con ol o
disabled
IoT-based oice-con olled de ice o con ol home appliances
was de eloped o disabled people p o iding mo e in e ac ion and
con ol wi h he daily li e home en i onmen and basic de ices o
need
Home de ises
con ol
assis ance
Schmi e al.
(2012)
Blind/ eading
disabili y
The use o a eading pen o ins uc ional pu poses and e iciency
was checked in he s udy; al hough he numbe o subjec s was
small, he use o a eading pen helped he blind o memo ize wha
was w i en
Blind/ eading
disabili y
Plumme and
Meindl (1972) Blind
A di ec ansla ion om ex o he speech-based sys em was
de eloped, which would scan and con e he wo ds on he page
a a speed o 80 wo ds pe minu e
Ins uc ional/
eading aid
Khan e al.
(2020) Blind
An AI-based sys em was de eloped o assis mobili y by de ec ing
obs acles, and an image- o-speech con e e assis s he blind
wi h eading
Mobili y and
eading
Ahmed e al.
(2016) Dea
The de eloped sys em ac s as a sign language in e p e e ,
con e s he speech o sign language, and shows i by
3D anima ed signs using he sc een
In e ac ion/
speech
in e p e e
Sou ce: own
Tab. 1: Assis i e echnology applica ions – Pa 2
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In o ma ion Managemen
aims o iden i y and e alua e e idence o he
suppo and p o i s o assis i e echnology.
Technical audi s deli e ed h ough he o icial
se ice we e p o ided o p i a e o pe sonal
use. Audi p ocesses a e iden i ied and ha e
a wide ange o e idence and an in eg a ed
app oach. The me hod used o assess he
cos -e ec i eness o he assis i e echnology is
di e en , and i is appa en om he beginning
ha he e idence was low. A documen o a i-
ous measu emen s o pe cei ing such emo e
echnology should help. Assis i e echnologies
ha e g ea u u e po en ial, especially when
add essing eg ession issues mo e cos -e ec-
i ely han adi ional se ice deli e y me hods.
O e he pas 100 yea s, echnological
p og ess has been inc edible as we keep he
whole o human knowledge on ou palms. How-
e e , in many un o una e aspec s, one is no
always able o p oceed wi h assis i e echnol-
ogy. The con inued imp o emen o he exis ing
echnology is he only ac o de e mining he
ex ensi e app o al o he wo k, he school, and
he home/ho el echnology, which can be osy.
Howe e , his echnique, obliging o one and
all wi h a disabili y ha gi es access o daily
li e, should be assumed, used, and app o ed.
Implemen ing a new assis i e echnology de-
pends on he pe spec i e o many mo e people
han jus hose who bene i physically. Ins uc-
o s, colleagues, and amily play an essen ial
ole in his ega d. Mo eo e , wi h ha comes
many biases and misconcep ions ha can p e-
en o delay an excellen ool o p ocess om
aking ull ad an age o i s in ended use s. Fo
such conce ns, he echnology aces dis inc-
i e bu plausible hind ances. Equipmen is as
nominal as he people ained o such auxilia y
echniques.
The au ho used he c i e ia o Cice one e al.
(2005) o e alua e he eminence o eclaimed
s udies. The au ho ’s amewo k con ains
e idence-based endo semen s o he p ac ice
o assis i e echnology in he na u al wo ld and
how people wi h di e en cogni i e diso de
le els seem o apply i in a ious disciples, loca-
ions, and o clinical ehabili a ion. Fi y pape s
we e s udied, o which hi een we e disca ded
on behal o quali y assessmen , ou een was
ma ked as duplica e and wen y- h ee me inclu-
sion c i e ia. Tab. 1 p o ides de ails abou he
implemen ed s udies which we e selec ed. Like
all o he s, esou ces mus be p esen o enable
he comple e execu ion o assis i e echnology.
In gene al, he e is no money. Auxilia y echnol-
ogy is an ex a agance o coun less olks wi h
handicaps because hey canno manage o pay
o i . E e y business and o ganiza ion ha e
s ood ou because o he cons ain o cheap
echnology o ee se ices. Fo said easons,
he li e a u e has also conside ed cos and ben-
e i di e ences, as p esen ed in Tab. 2.
The e iewed s udies we e classi ied
in o main ca ego ies acco ding o he asse s
o examina ion. Tab. 3 ou lines he assis i e
echnology goals included in he s udy. Again,
some ools a e so e sa ile ha hey appea in
mul iple ca ego ies.
Type Cos s Bene i s
Numbe Pe cen (%) Numbe Pe cen (%)
Financial 14 52 19 70
Physical 9 33 16 59
Psychological 11 41 15 56
Social 12 44 17 63
O ganisa ional 6 22 8 30
Socie al 4 15 9 33
The publica ion does no e e
o cos s o bene i s 5 19 6 22
O he 3 11 4 15
Sou ce: own
Tab. 2: Types o cos and hei pe cen age
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In o ma ion Managemen
The ange o ea u es is impo an because
he p oblem a ises in he con ex o economic
easibili y s udies. Tab. 4 lis s whe e he e-
la ed echnologies will be deployed. The able
ocuses on home echnologies and shows ha
some o he echnologies included can also be
used in public acili ies.
The sea ch ocuses on a a ie y o ou -
comes. This may a ec he le el o bene i s,
le el o pe sonal ea men , men al o emo ional
well-being, and/o bene i s associa ed wi h
human in e en ion wi h he se ice. In some
cases, hese esul s a e due o echnology
p o ide s. In o he cases, i is a decision made
by he pa icipa ing scien is s. In many cases,
he sea ch conside s mul iple possibili ies.
Depending on he measu emen esul s, he
pe o mance measu e o he cos may p oduce
di e en esul s. Tab. 5 shows pe son-le el
ou comes.
Conclusions
The ad en o IoT in he consume sec o may no
be a new concep , bu i s po en ial as an assis i e
echnology o people wi h eme ging disabili ies
is being ecognized. Connec i i y, a o dabili y,
he shee olume o da a a ailable, and he way
we in e ac wi h ha da a daily allow he IoT o
bene i many a eas, including highe educa ion.
In o ma ion p o ided by people wi h disabili ies
guides some IoT po en ial es p ojec s. Fi s o
all, using eal- ime audio ex , o Google Home.
Roles Numbe Pe cen (%)
Mobili y/na iga ion based 14 61
Heal h & moni o ing 15 65
Eme gency based 6 26
Educa ion 9 39
Communica ion 16 70
Remo e consul a ion 6 26
Home de ices con ol 7 30
Things deli e y 29
Sou ce: own
Ca ego y Loca ion Numbe Pe cen (%)
Medical
Hospi als 3 13
P ima y cen e s 29
Dayca e 1 4
P i a e Apa men s 5 22
Ca e homes 3 13
Local
Municipal 1 4
Thi d sec o 2 9
Social wo k homes 29
No speci ic loca ion Na iga ion aids 3 13
O he 29
Sou ce: own
Tab. 3: Assis i e echnology oles s udied
Tab. 4: Loca ions o equipmen
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