58 2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
De e minan s o he implemen a ion
o he quali y managemen sys ems in SMEs
Pa ol Gejdoš1, Zuzana Zá adská2, Ja mila Schmid o á3
1 Technical Uni e si y in Z olen, Facul y o Wood Sciences and Technology, Depa men o Economics, Managemen
and Business, Slo akia, ORCID: 0000-0001-6521-9730, [email p o ec ed];
2 Ma ej Bel Uni e si y in Banská Bys ica, Facul y o Economics, Ins i u e o Managemen Sys ems, Slo akia,
ORCID: 0000-0003-4808-8585, [email p o ec ed] (co esponding au ho );
3 Technical Uni e si y in Z olen, Facul y o Wood Sciences and Technology, Depa men o Ma hema ics and
Desc ip i e Geome y, Slo akia, ORCID: 0000-0003-3985-9616, [email p o ec ed].
Abs ac : The implemen a ion o he quali y managemen sys ems using quali y imp o emen
me hods, ools and app oaches is conside ed one o he signi ican aspec s o inc ease he pe -
o mance o en e p ises in he ma ke en i onmen and g owing compe i ion. Mos o he
au ho s s udied he impac o any o he a ailable quali y managemen ools o philosophies on
he pe o mance o en e p ises only on a case-by-case basis. The aim o he pape is, howe e ,
o examine he e ec o implemen ing a la ge scope o ools, app oaches o concep s o quali y
managemen on he pe o mance o he en e p ise mo e comp ehensi ely om he pe spec i e o
hei implemen a ion and he assump ion o achie ing highe en e p ise pe o mance. The pape
p esen s he esul s o he su ey, which was ca ied ou om 2020 o 2021. The su ey was ocused
on he implemen a ion o quali y managemen app oaches and echniques in small and medium-
sized manu ac u ing en e p ises in Slo akia. A o al o 313 small and medium-sized manu ac u ing
en e p ises we e add essed h ough ques ionnai es. The ep esen a i eness o he sample was
es ed using he chi-squa ed goodness-o - i es . Pea son’s chi-squa ed es and analysis o
con ingency we e implemen ed o es he es ablished esea ch hypo heses. Th ough he esul s
o he analyses, i can be claimed ha he e a e signi ican ela ionships be ween he use o quali y
managemen app oaches and echniques and he pe o mance o en e p ises measu ed h ough
e u n o cos s. A he same ime, he mos common easons o implemen ing quali y managemen
app oaches we e analysed, which con i med he hypo hesis abou he easons o imp o ing p oduc
quali y and inc easing cus ome sa is ac ion, which we e based on heo e ical assump ions e i ied
in p ac ice. The esul s also show he signi ican di e ences be ween he esea ched indus ies,
which gi es an oppo uni y o inc easing he le el o quali y in indi idual segmen s.
Keywo ds: Quali y, quali y managemen sys em, SMEs, pe o mance, e u n o cos s.
JEL Classi ica ion: M11, M21.
APA S yle Ci a ion: Gejdoš, P., Zá adská, Z., & Schmid o á, J. (2023). De e minan s
o he implemen a ion o he quali y managemen sys ems in SMEs. E&M Economics and
Managemen , 26(2), 58–68. h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
In oduc ion
Many changes ha e occu ed in he a ea
o quali y managemen in ecen yea s. The
eason o hese changes is he dynamic
de elopmen o he economic and poli ical si u-
a ion. I is abou he quali y o he en e p ises
as a whole, which o ces en e p ises o ocus
on es ablishing quali y managemen sys ems,
which ha e become a necessa y p e equisi e
o hei success.
The cu en pe iod, which is a ec ed by
many apidly changing ac o s, is ex ao di-
na y challenging o business managemen .
Despi e some mac oeconomic indica o s, such
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2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
as inc easing in la ion, which canno be elimi-
na ed on he co po a e le el, he e a e ools
ha can s eng hen he compe i i eness and
pe o mance o en e p ises. Acco ding o Sainis
e al. (2022), he sus ainable way o hinking,
planning and ac ing is ge ing inc easingly in e-
g a ed in o he co po a e s a egies o an o ga-
niza ion, and ha is because i has an impac on
economic well-being, compe i ion and co po a e
epu a ion. Mode n o ganiza ions make choices
ha will bene i he plane and socie y, and lead
o economic g ow h and long- e m su i al (Os-
aldo á & V abco á, 2021). The use o quali y
managemen app oaches and echniques is
a way how o elimina e he isks associa ed
wi h business ailu e. Se e al s udies p esen
ha he applica ion o quali y managemen p in-
ciples leads o he inc ease o he compe i i e-
ness o companies, cus ome sa is ac ion and
imp o emen o he quali y pa ame e s o p od-
uc s, which ul ima ely con ibu es o inc easing
he pe o mance and e iciency o he company.
The aim o he pape is o ob ain answe s o
he ollowing esea ch ques ions (RQ).
RQ1: Is i possible o measu e he impac
o using quali y managemen app oaches and
echniques h ough ROC?
RQ2: Does he use o quali y managemen
app oaches and echniques ha e an impac on
he pe o mance o en e p ises?
This is pa icula ly impo an in he condi-
ions o small and medium-sized en e p ises,
which, acco ding o Mohammadi e al. (2022),
ace lack o bo h he inancial and human e-
sou ces and inadequa e echnical knowledge
o quali y managemen and employee indi -
e ence, he e o e he in en ion is o ind ou
whe he he e a e speci ics in using quali y
managemen app oaches and echniques o
small and medium-sized en e p ises. Se e al
au ho s poin o he impo ance o quali y and
i s posi i e e ec s on he pe o mance o en e -
p ises (Pa as & Sa a i, 2022; Po janaja uwi ,
2021; Rey Sánchez e al., 2022). Acco ding
o Pe mana e al. (2021), in he p esen -day
ma ke si ua ion and complex business en i-
onmen , o ganiza ion mus be able o deli e
he cus ome ’s equi emen and he expec a-
ions which a e c i ical o he sa is ac ion such
as high p oduc quali y, as deli e y and com-
pe i i e cos . Quali y and he applica ion o qual-
i y app oaches lead o many posi i e e ec s and
b ing a ious bene i s o en e p ises. Se e al
au ho s poin o he con ibu ion o quali y o
he compe i i eness o o ganiza ions (Fonseca
e al., 2022; Os aldo á & V abco á, 2020; Pa k
& You, 2019; Pinandhi a & La ie , 2020).
This pape p esen s he impac o he use
o quali y managemen app oaches and ech-
niques on o ganiza ional pe o mance measu ed
h ough Re u n o Cos s and a he same ime
deals wi h he main easons o he implemen a-
ion and use o quali y managemen app oach-
es in small and medium-sized manu ac u ing
en e p ises in Slo akia. In his pape , ISO 9000
s anda ds and TQM philosophy a e conside ed
quali y managemen app oaches, while qual-
i y managemen echniques a e e p e sen ed by
Six Sigma me hodology and p e en i e quali y
managemen me hods QFD and FMEA. These
app oaches and echniques ha e been selec -
ed o hei in ensi y o u iliza ion, sui abili y also
o small and medium-sized en e p ises and o
hei complexi y. The bene i o his esea ch is
no only o poin o he impac o quali y man-
agemen on pe o mance in he condi ions o
small and medium-sized en e p ises comp e-
hensi ely, no only by sec o , bu also o e i y
wha a e he mos common easons o he use
and implemen a ion o quali y managemen ap-
p oaches in hese en e p ises.
1. Theo e ical backg ound
Acco ding o Alhamd and Yahya (2021), he To-
al Quali y Managemen , known as TQM, is
an in eg a i e o ganiza ional-wide manage-
men philosophy ha is aimed a con inuously
imp o ing he quali y o p ocesses, p oduc s
and se ices by ocusing on mee ing o exceed-
ing cus ome expec a ions o enhance cus-
ome sa is ac ion and o e all pe o mance o
he o ganiza ion. To al Quali y Managemen is
a concep aimed a imp o ing all ac i i ies o
he o ganiza ion, which does no adhe e o s ic
s anda ds and p ocedu es, as in he ISO s an-
da ds o he 9000 se ies, bu p e e s in o mal ap-
p oaches in he o m o c ea ing an en i onmen
o esponsibili y, sel -con ol, imp o emen and
inno a ion. To al Quali y Managemen (TQM)
has been a uni e sally applied managemen
s a egy o imp o e o ganiza ional pe o mance
and he eby o achie e compe i i eness (Babu
& Thomas, 2021). I is he mos p og essi e
philosophy o mode n quali y managemen ,
whe e he key c i e ion is he absolu e sa is ac-
ion o cus ome s and no only he mee ing hei
equi emen s. Alawag e al. (2020) s a es ha
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60 2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
To al Quali y Managemen (TQM) p ac ices a e
well-known o encou age he pe o mance o
o ganiza ions in e ms o p ocedu es, se ices,
and p oduc s o mee cus ome s’ expec a-
ions. In o he wo ds, cus ome sa is ac ion is
e lec ed in he abili y o educe cos s, dec ease
ejec s, inc ease p oduc quali y and imp o e
economic esul s. The implemen a ion o TQM
has been analyzed by Kisel’ako a e al. (2020)
and Yanya and Mahama (2020).
Six Sigma Me hodology (SSM), ini ia ed by
Mo o ola, is one such me hodology used by
indus ies o educe a iabili y and cos and in-
c ease he p o i abili y o he p ocess. SSM will
help iden i y and educe de ec s so ha he p o-
cess is s anda dized (Veena & P abhushanka ,
2020). Six Sigma is a comp ehensi e manage-
men me hod and is compa ed o a philosophy
ha an o ganiza ion shall adop . Al-O aibi (2021)
claims ha Six Sigma is a p ocess imp o emen
me hod ha aims o disco e and elimina e
he causes o de ec s, mis akes, and e o s.
Six Sigma is a p ocess imp o emen me ho-
dology ha ocuses on c i ical p ocesses ha
esul in unaccep able de ec s o cus ome s.
I is ocused on ongoing con inuous imp o e-
men and inno a ion o he o ganiza ion by
unde s anding cus ome needs, using p ocess
analysis and s anda diza ion o measu emen
me hods. Six Sigma is based en i ely on da a
and esul s and he e is no oom o in ui ion.
Acco ding o se e al au ho s such as Uluskan
(2020), Lande e al. (2016) and An ony e al.
(2017), Six Sigma emphasizes he inancial ad-
an ages ( educed p oduc ion cos s and highe
p o i abili y) o educing was e and inc easing
quali y. Yada e al. (2019) says ha inno a-
ion in Six Sigma is based on he imp o emen
cycle, which is aimed a looking o weak poin s,
elimina ing hem and is applied o imp o e ex-
is ing p ocesses. The DMADV o DFSS (Design
o Six Sigma) me hodology is used o design
and de elop new p oduc s o p ocesses.
The ISO 9001 s anda d speci ies he e-
qui emen s o a quali y managemen sys-
em in o ganiza ions ha wan and need
o demons a e hei abili y o consis en ly
p o ide p oduc s in acco dance wi h ele an
egula ions and cus ome equi emen s, and
ha s i e o inc ease cus ome sa is ac-
ion. Acco ding o Sa b e al. (2019) and Knop
(2021), quali y managemen sys em can be
conside ed “a se o Policies, P ocedu es,
P ocesses and Resou ces used o achie e
he o ganiza ional objec i es and desi ed e-
sul s, by managing he in e ac ing p ocesses,
equi ed esou ces and in e - ela ed pa s o
he business.” QMS e e s o e ec i e business
managemen and is applicable o all business
ac i i ies ega dless o he scope and subjec
o he business. The applica ion o a quali y
managemen sys em s imula es o ganiza ions
o analyze cus ome equi emen s, de ine
p ocesses ha con ibu e o he de elopmen
o a p oduc accep able o he cus ome , and
keep hese p ocesses unde con ol (Su e al.,
2020). The basic equi emen o he ISO 9001
s anda d is o es ablish, documen , apply and
main ain a quali y managemen sys em and o
con inuously imp o e i (Ribei o e al., 2019).
Se e al au ho s (Daha & Roudies, 2021;
Elwa di e al., 2021) dedica ed hemsel es
in hei s udies o he implemen a ion o quali y
managemen sys ems acco ding o ISO 9001.
Acco ding o Ki gizo and Kwak (2022),
he Quali y Func ion Deploymen (QFD) is
a sys ema ic me hod o cus ome -d i en p od-
uc design. The QFD me hod is conside ed
an ex ensi e quali y planning me hod. The au-
ho o QFD Akao (1994) desc ibes i as ollows:
“a me hod o ans o ming he quali y equi e-
men s o use s in o quan i a i e pa ame e s,
deploying quali y- o ming unc ions and deploy-
ing me hods o achie e quali y o he design
in o subsys ems and componen s, and inally
o speci ic elemen s o he p oduc ion p ocess.”
Quali y unc ion deploymen is an e icien plan-
ning and p oblem-sol ing me hod o con e
cus ome equi emen s in o he enginee ing
cha ac e is ics o a p oduc o se ice Liu
e al. (2021). The so-called House o Quali y,
which is based on se e al abula exp essions
o analysis, communica ion and planning o
he c ea ion o a p oduc , exp essed in a isual
o m, is used as a ool o a ge applica ion
o cus ome desi es and equi emen s in o
he echnical speci ica ion. Acco ding o Lage
(2017), he ma ix called he “House o Quali y”
eme ged in an e a when he QFD me hodology
o emos was ega ded as a quali y ool, bu
in he ligh o he indings, one could sugges
ha his ma ix oday could mo e p ope ly be
enamed as he “House o Knowledge.”
The FMEA me hod is a basic p e en i e
quali y managemen me hod. Acco ding o
Teplická e al. (2021), FMEA is an e ec i e ool
o imp o ing all p ocesses in he company. I is
based on a eam analysis o he occu ence o
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2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
ailu es on he assessed p oposal, isk assess-
men o he p oposal and he implemen a ion
o p e en i e measu es ha will lead o qual-
i y imp o emen . Failu e mode and e ec s
analysis (FMEA) is an e ec i e me hod ha
is widely used o manage ailu es and p e en
isks, and, hanks o i s simplici y and i s e -
sa ili y, he mos impo an and enowned qual-
i y no m eques i uses (Mzougui & Felsou i,
2021). The basic goal o he FMEA me hod is
o p e en ailu es on he moni o ed objec . I is
a p e en i e me hod ha enables ea ly iden i i-
ca ion o possible mal unc ions, e o s o non-
con o mi ies ha may a ec sys em unc ions
o he esul ing quali y o sa e y. FMEA me hod
is conside ed as an impo an elemen in
he decision-making p ocess.
2. Resea ch me hodology
The ques ionnai e was add essed o small and
medium-sized Slo ak manu ac u ing en e p is-
es o di e en indus ies di ided acco ding o
NACE Classi ica ion (Eu opean Indus y-s an-
da d classi ica ion sys em, sec ion C – Manu-
ac u ing). The su ey was conduc ed in he las
wo yea s 2020 and 2021 h ough he pla o m
docs.google. o m. The cu en ques ionnai e
link is as ollows: h ps://docs.google.com/
o ms/d/e/1FAIpQLS p0H8V5dE 1UTZlF2YjK_
wDjLTH9lZ8U0qgd-dPZd4H6HClQ/ iew o m.
The minimum sample size was de i ed based
on he da a om he S a is ical O ice o
he Slo ak Republic, which egis e ed a ha
ime 2,208 small and medium-sized Slo ak
manu ac u ing en e p ises.
The minimum sample size was de e mined
ollowing he o mula acco ding o Yamane Ta o
[Rich e o á e al. (2007)]:
(1)
Wi h a popula ion size o 2,208 and maxi-
mum allowed e o 0.05, minimum sample size
was quan i ied o 304 s a is ical uni s.
(2)
The ques ionnai e was dis ibu ed by indi-
idual e-mail con ac s o 2,504 Slo ak manu-
ac u ing en e p ises. The ep esen a i eness
o he sample acco ding o he ep esen a ion
o indi idual indus ies in he popula ion was
ensu ed h ough s a i ied sampling (Tab. 1).
The e u n a e o he ques ionnai es achie -
ed 14.54%. A e elimina ion inco ec ly
illed ou ques ionnai es, ques ionnai es om
313 en e p ises could be used o he pu poses
o he esea ch.
Due o ca ego ical le el o measu emen in
he esea ch, all applied ools o desc ip i e and
in e en ial s a is ics we e conce ned wi h p o-
po ions. A he beginning o da a p ocessing,
he chi-squa ed goodness-o - i es was ap-
plied o check ep esen a i eness o esea ch
sample acco ding o he size o en e p ises.
The Pea son chi-squa ed es was also used
in con ingency able analysis o es he ela-
ionship be ween wo ca ego ical a iables.
The chi-squa ed s a is ic is based on di e ence
be ween he obse ed and expec ed equen-
cies – equencies ha would be expec ed i
he e was no ela ionship be ween he a iables
(Kohle , 1988). The o mula o compu ing chi-
squa ed wi h k ‒ 1 deg ee o eedom, whe e
k is he numbe o ca ego ies was ollowed.
(3)
In he case o signi ican dependence,
he s eng h o he obse ed ela ionship was
quan i ied by coe icien o con ingency – an in-
dex ha akes alues om he ange 0 o 1.
The 95% con idence in e als o a popu-
la ion p opo ion we e cons uc ed by whe e
p is he sample p opo ion, z is he c i ical alue
o he selec ed 95% con idence le el, and
n is he sample size (Kohle , 1988).
(4)
S a is ical analyses we e pe o med
using s a is ical so wa e STATISTICA 12. In hy-
po heses es ing, he 0.05 le el o signi icance
as decision ule was applied. In he in e al es i-
ma es, he 95% con idence was applied. Fo be -
e eadabili y, he ou pu ables we e edi ed in
he MS Excel O ice 365 sp eadshee edi o .
H1: Small and medium-sized manu ac-
u ing en e p ises ha apply a wide ange
o quali y managemen echniques and ap-
p oaches (QMTA) achie e also a highe le el o
pe o mance measu ed by he Re u n on Cos s
indica o .
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62 2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
Wi hin he su eyed en e p ises, 42.49%
we e in a o o use quali y managemen
p ac ices. The emaining 57.51% s a ed ha
he p ac ices a e no used. Based on he gi en
sample p opo ions, he p opo ions in he a -
ge popula ion we e es ima ed a in e als wi h
95% con idence (Tab. 2). Less han hal o
small and medium-sized en e p ises in Slo a-
kia – om 37% o 48% apply QMTA.
In he i s pa o he Tab. 3, obse ed
equencies o using quali y managemen
echniques and app oaches TQM, Six Sigma,
ISO 9000, and p e en i e me hods a e p esen-
ed. The mos used we e ISO s anda ds 9000
wi h obse ed equency 92.48%. I was ollowed
by TQM wi h 39.85% and Six Sigma 21.05%.
F equency in p e en i e me hods was 7.52%.
In e al es ima es o using gi en p ac ices in
he en i onmen o small and medium-sized
Slo ak manu ac u ing en e p ises a e p esen ed
a he end o he Tab. 3. Wi h 95% con idence,
he use o ISO s anda ds 9000 was es ima ed
a in e al om 88% o 97%, TQM 32% o 48%,
and Six Sigma 14% o 28%. P e en i e me h-
ods o quali y con ol a e used by he popula ion
o Slo ak small and medium-sized en e p ises
a he in e al om 3% o 12%.
In he con ex o he i s hypo hesis, whe e
he dependence be ween using QMTA and
le el o ROC was assumed, he obse ed da a
we e c oss-di ided in o con ingency able in
he i s s ep (Tab. 4).
A all le els o e u n on cos s p opo ions
o companies applying and no applying QMTA
a e qui e di e en (Fig. 1). I was subsequen ly
es ed whe he he obse ed di e ences a e
big enough o signi ican dependence be ween
wo a iables.
Based on he es ing (Tab. 5), he e is su -
icien e idence o conclude ha he obse ed
H2: I is assumed ha he heo e ical as-
sump ions will be e i ied in he p ac ice o
SMEs, ha he main easons o he imple-
men a ion o selec ed app oaches in small and
medium-sized manu ac u ing en e p ises a e
he imp o emen o p oduc quali y and he in-
c ease o cus ome sa is ac ion.
3. Resea ch esul s
Chi-squa ed goodness o i es was used o
e alua e whe he sample da a is ep esen a i e
o he en i e popula ion conce ning he ep-
esen a ion o small and medium-sized en e -
p ises. The esul s o es ing a e p esen ed
in Tab. 1. No e idence abou signi ican di e -
ence (p = 0.470) was obse ed.
En e p ise size χ2 = 0.52; s = 1; p = 0.470
Obse ed (O) Expec ed (E) E−O (E−O)2 / Q
Small 180 173.65 6.34 0.23
Medium 133 139.34 −6.34 0.28
To al 313 313.00 0.00 0.52
Sou ce: own
Quali y managemen
echniques and app oaches
Absolu e
equency
Sample
p opo ion
(%)
95% in e al es ima e popula ion
p opo ion (%)
Lowe limi Uppe limi
A e no applied 180 57.51 52 63
A e applied 133 42.49 37 48
Sou ce: own
Tab. 1: Sample ep esen a i eness es acco ding o he size o he en e p ises
Tab. 2: In e al es ima e o quali y managemen echniques and app oaches
applica ion wi hin manu ac u ing en e p ises o he a ge popula ion
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63
2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
Quali y managemen
echniques and app oaches
Poin es ima e
o p opo ion (%) Sample size 95%con idencein e al (%)
Lowe limi Uppe limi
To al Quali y Managemen 39.85 133 32 48
Six Sigma me hod 21.05 133 14 28
ISO s anda ds 9000 92.48 133 88 97
P e en i e me hods o quali y
con ol 7.52 133 3 12
Sou ce: own
Quali y managemen
echniques and app oaches
ROC (%)
100% 97.5%
o 100%
95%
o 97.5%
Less
han 95%
To al by
ows
Is no used 18.33 61.67 14.44 5.56 100
Is used 4.51 44.36 37.59 13.53 100
Sou ce: own
Tab. 3:
Use o indi idual quali y managemen echniques and app oaches
in he popula ion o small and medium-sized Slo ak manu ac u ing en e p ises
(95% in e al es ima e)
Tab. 4: Con ingency able (combina ions o using quali y managemen echniques
and app oaches and ROC; ela i e equencies by ows)
Fig. 1: Using o quali y managemen echniques and app oaches and he ROC le el
Sou ce: own
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64 2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
dis ibu ion is no he same as he expec ed
dis ibu ion (p = 0.000) and signi ican ela ion-
ship exis s be ween he ca ego ical a iables.
The powe o dependence be ween using qual-
i y managemen p ac ices and ROC was de e -
mined as mode a e based on he con ingency
coe icien o 0.32.
By looking a he di e ences be ween
he obse ed cell coun s and he expec ed cell
coun s (Tab. 6), i was de e mined which a iable
le els ha e he mos impac on dependence.
The la ges con ibu ion o he chi-squa ed
s a is ic was obse ed in he cell wi h bold
ex – en e p ises applying QMTA wi h ROC
le el 95% o 97.5%.
The second hypo hesis ocused on
he main easons o applying QMTA. Based on
sample p opo ions, in e al es ima es o he in-
di idual easons we e compu ed o he a ge
popula ion. The esul s in Tab. 7 indica e ha
he decisi e easons o using QMTA in small
and medium-sized en e p ises a e p oduc
quali y and cus ome sa is ac ion. In e ms
o p oduc quali y, 95% in e al es ima e is
om 63% o 78% o Slo ak small and medium-
sized en e p ises. Fo 46% o 63% o compa-
nies, he basis o applying QMTA is cus ome
sa is ac ion. No iceable equencies a e also
obse ed in case o compe i i eness and cus-
ome equi emen as a gua an ee o quali y.
Using quali y managemen echniques and app oaches e sus ROC
Con ingency Chi-squa ed es Deg ee o eedom p-le el Con ingencycoe icien
38.27 3 0.000 0.33
Sou ce: own
Quali y managemen
echniques and app oaches
ROC
100% 97.5% o 100% 95% o 97.5% Less han 95%
Is no used 10.5719 13.2364 −17.7061 −6.10224
Is used −10.5719 −13.2364 17.7061 6.10224
Sou ce: own
Reasons o use QMTA
Poin es ima e
o p opo ion
(%)
Sample size
95%con idencein e al(%)
Lowe limi Uppe limi
Imp o ing ma ke posi ion 21.05 133 14 28
Compe i i eness 48.87 133 40 57
P oduc quali y 70.68 133 63 78
Cus ome sa is ac ion 54.89 133 46 63
Cus ome equi emen as
a gua an ee o quali y 43.61 133 35 52
Pa icipa ion in ende s 11.28 133 6 17
Posi i e e e ences 8.27 133 4 13
Ge ing be e o de s 16.54 133 10 23
Sou ce: own
Tab. 5: Resul s o Pea son chi-squa ed es o con ingency
Tab. 6: Con ingency able – esidual equencies
Tab. 7: Reasons o use quali y managemen echniques and app oaches
in he popula ion o Slo ak manu ac u ing en e p ises (95% in e al es ima es)
E+M_2_2023_kniha.indb 64 24.5.2023 12:57:39
65
2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
Conclusions
Quali y managemen ep esen s a e y dynam-
ic ca ego y and in connec ion wi h he cu en
de elopmen o he socie y in changing condi-
ions i acqui es a new meaning. Mode n man-
agemen o op o ganiza ions cu en ly p e e s
a s a egic app oach o he quali y o all ou pu s
and ac i i ies o he o ganiza ion. The main goal
is o achie e maximum cus ome sa is ac ion a
he op imal cos le el, because many en e p is-
es seek o minimize he amoun o hei cos s,
howe e , his p ocedu e e lec s in he educ-
ion o he quali y le el om a ce ain limi , which
would ce ainly no co espond o he main
goal - he cus ome sa is ac ion. The s a egy
o inc easing cus ome sa is ac ion b ings im-
p o emen in p oduc i i y, e iciency and quali y,
which b ings an inc ease in compe i i eness,
ha is, he o e all success o he o ganiza-
ion. To ul ill his goal, he cu en ly buil and
unc ioning quali y managemen sys em is no
su icien and i is necessa y o con inuously
inc ease quali y, e iciency and e ec i eness.
The aim o he pape was o analyze
he use o quali y managemen app oaches and
echniques in Slo ak small and medium-sized
manu ac u ing en e p ises. Th ough he use
o s a is ical ools, he es ablished hypo hesis
was con i med, which assumed ha small and
medium-sized manu ac u ing en e p ises ha
use a wide ange o quali y managemen ech-
niques and app oaches (QMTA) also achie e
a highe le el o pe o mance measu ed by
he Re u n on Cos s indica o . A he same
ime, he esul s show ha small and medium-
sized manu ac u ing en e p ises mos o en use
ISO 9000 s anda ds and he TQM philosophy,
o a lesse ex en he Six Sigma me hodology,
o p e en i e quali y managemen me hods,
such as he QFD me hod, o FMEA. I was
con i med ha en e p ises ha do no apply
QMTA achie ed lowe pe o mance, measu ed
by he ROC indica o .
The esul s o he esea ch also con i med
he esul s o esea ch conduc ed by o he
au ho s on he impac o TQM on business
pe o mance (Go ondu se, 2021; Olaleye, e al.
2021; Po janaja uwi , 2021). Simila ly, K ie ma -
dis and Sainis (2021) examined he impac
o QMS implemen a ion in SMEs, which con-
i med hei posi i e impac on he inancial
pe o mance o en e p ises.
The indings show a clea link be ween sus-
ainabili y and TQM, which esul s in he need
o con inuous imp o emen o he o ganiza-
ions and espec o all s akeholde s and also
highligh s TQM and sus ainabili y p ac ices
as key ac o s o o ganiza ions o success ully
o e come a c isis (Sainis e al., 2022).
In he second pa o he pape , he ea-
sons why small and medium-sized en e p ises
decide o implemen quali y managemen
app oaches and echniques we e examined.
The es ablishmen o he hypo hesis was based
on heo e ical assump ions ha should be e i-
ied in he condi ions o SMEs. The hypo hesis
assumed ha he main easons o he imple-
men a ion o selec ed app oaches in small
and medium-sized manu ac u ing en e p ises
a e he imp o emen o p oduc quali y and
he inc ease o cus ome sa is ac ion. The e-
sul s indica ed ha he es ablished hypo hesis
was again con i med, whe e he key easons
why en e p ises decided o implemen quali y
managemen we e p oduc quali y, cus ome
sa is ac ion, and he hi d eason was he com-
pe i i eness o companies. The au ho s (B a i
& Mu mu a 2021; Nenadál e al., 2018) con i m
he p esen ed esul s o his esea ch.
In e ms o answe s o he esea ch ques-
ions, he ollowing can be s a ed: RQ1 ad-
d essed whe he i was possible o measu e
he impac o using quali y managemen ap-
p oaches and echniques h ough ROC. Based
on he esea ch, i can be concluded ha
he use o his indica o is sui able o moni o -
ing he bene i s o using QMTA, whe e he p e-
sen ed esul s con i m hese assump ions.
RQ2 add essed whe he he use o QMTA had
an impac on business pe o mance. Based on
he p esen ed esul s, i can be concluded ha
by using managemen app oaches and ech-
niques, manu ac u ing en e p ises achie ed
a highe le el o pe o mance, which con i ms
he assump ion de ined in H1 ha he o ien a-
ion and use o a mo e comp ehensi e ange o
quali y managemen sys ems ha e an impac
on he pe o mance o en e p ises. The u u e
possible implemen a ion o all he abo e-
men ioned QMTAs analysed in his pape would
be able o educe he cos o noncon o mi y
p oduc s, inc ease he quali y o p oduc ion and
p ocess pe o mance, and hus con ibu e o
inc easing cus ome sa is ac ion and be e
indica o s o cos -e ec i eness and e iciency
o en e p ises. By ex ending he implemen a-
ion o he exis ing QMTA ange, i is possible o
s eng hen he le el o business managemen
E+M_2_2023_kniha.indb 65 24.5.2023 12:57:40
66 2023, olume 26, issue 2, pp. 58–68, DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2023-2-004
Business Adminis a ion and Managemen
also conce ning hei eadiness o c isis si u-
a ions, which a e pa o he cu en business
en i onmen due o he e ec s o he ene gy c i-
sis, high in la ion and pandemic isks pe sis ing
o a ce ain ex en . Quali y i sel will no sol e
he p oblems ha en e p ises ace wi h high
ene gy p ices, ising in la ion, unce ain y and
much mo e di icul p edic abili y in he ma ke s.
Howe e , by i s e y na u e, i can con ibu e o
a highe le el o adap a ion and agili y o en-
e p ises wi h espec o compe i i eness and
a highe le el o managemen lexibili y in imes
o c isis, as QMTAs o e he po en ial o cos -
sa ing e ec s and educ ion o losses om
non-con o mi y p oduc s. This concep is based
on he con inual imp o emen o quali y, which
esul s in a highe le el o cus ome sa is ac ion
leading o an inc eased le el o compe i i e-
ness. The esea ch con ibu ed o he iden i ica-
ion o di e ences in he use o QMTAs wi hin
he indi idual examined indus ies, whe e he e
is s ill a g oup o en e p ises wi hin di e en
sec o s ha ejec s he implemen a ion o qual-
i y managemen sys ems. The e o e, he e is
s ill a ela i ely wide space and po en ial o
mo e in ensi e use and implemen a ion o qual-
i y managemen sys ems. Ano he con ibu ion
was ha quali y managemen app oaches and
echniques we e no in es iga ed indi idually
bu comp ehensi ely and he esul s p esen ed
can se e as an in o ma ion base o compa -
ing o he esea ch p ojec s wi hin indi idual
coun ies. The u u e di ec ion o esea ch could
be o ien ed owa ds iden i ying he easons o
he ela i ely low le el o QMTA implemen a-
ion, especially in small en e p ises, bu also
owa ds iden i ying he eal bene i s ha en-
e p ises achie e om hei implemen a ion.
Fu u e esea ch should also include he ex en-
sion o he o e all esea ch objec i e o o he
coun ies, whe he in he es ic ed con ex o
Eu ope o wo ldwide. A he same ime, ce ain
esea ch ba ie s ha e been iden i ied, which
include da a collec ion and especially he e-
luc ance o many manu ac u ing en e p ises
o p o ide in o ma ion and da a necessa y o
esea ch assessmen . The e may also be isks
in expanding he sample o o he coun ies,
whe e i will ce ainly be much mo e di icul o
ob ain he necessa y inpu da a and coope a-
ion wi h o eign scien i ic bodies will need o be
in ensi ied. On he o he hand, by coope a ing
and ex ending he esea ch o o he coun ies,
i is possible o gain aluable knowledge and
in o ma ion ha can help he de elopmen
o he Slo ak business en i onmen and also
aise awa eness o he essence and e ec s
o QMTA implemen a ion.
Acknowledgmen s: We wish o hank p ojec
KEGA 005TU Z-4/2020 “Economics, Manage-
men and En e p ising in Wood Indus y Com-
panies – Uni e si y Tex books wi h he Suppo
o Visualiza ion in Vi ual Space.”
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