94
THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR
PERFORMANCE OF MIDDLE SCHOOL AGE GIRLS FROM THE
BANSKÁ BYSTRICA REGION
Pe a Kolodzejo á
*Aleš Suchomel
Uni e si y o Ma ej Bel
Facul y o Humani ies
Depa men o Physical Educa ion and Spo
Tajo ského 40, 97401, Banská Bys ica, Slo akia
[email p o ec ed]
* Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec
Facul y o Science, Humani ies and Educa ion
Depa men o Physical Educa ion.
S uden ská 2, 460 17, Libe ec 1, Czech Republic
[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
The aim o a icle was o de e mine he le el o physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance
o middle school age gi ls in a p ima y school in Banska Bys ica. The es ed g oup consis ed
o 41 gi ls o Spojo a P ima y School in Banská Bys ica in decimal a e age age o 11.59
yea s. We ha e esea ched hei physical de elopmen on he base o measu emen o basic
soma ic pa ame e s: body heigh , body weigh , BMI, skin old on he a m ( iceps) and skin
old on he cal (medial cal ). Mo o pe o mance was measu ed using he modi ied es
ba e ies used in he s a e o he SR en iched educa ional p og am on he lexibili y es s
(S anding b oad jump, si -ups in 30 seconds, Shu le un 10 x 5 m, Pull up, Endu ance shu le
un, Si and Reach). Obse ed esul s we e compa ed wi h measu emen s o Mo a ec e al.
(2002), gi ls om Spojo a school achie ed in wo es s (shu le un 10 x 5 m, push-ups)
s a is ically signi ican ly wo se esul s, whe eas in one es (si -ups in 30 seconds) s a is ically
signi ican ly be e ou come and in he h ee es s (s anding b oad jump, endu ance shu le
un, si and each) we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences. The esea ch esul s con i m
he insu icien le el o school gi ls School Da a link and ecommended limi ing he each
le el A. This able modi ied by gi ls assigned o he g oup wi h low physical i ness. A ached
a e he esul s o he inpu measu emen o expe imen al in es iga ions aimed a he
possibili y o inc easing le els o physical i ness h ough i ness 12 weeks in e en ion
p og amme. Resea ch is ca ied ou unde he g an VEGA 1/0840/09 e ec i eness o new
app oaches i ness aining in spo s games.
Keywo ds: physical de elopmen , mo o pe o mance, middle school age gi ls.
In oduc ion
The le el o physical i ness and mo o pe o mance o child en in school age is no cu en ly
dedica ed wi h as much a en ion as his issue dese es. Nega i e phenomena in he physical
and mo o de elopmen o s uden s con i med he conside able amoun o esea ch bo h he e
and ab oad. They poin ou ha he s a e o physical de elopmen is no co esponding o he
le el o mo o pe o mance and ha he e a e di e ences by school ype and by he ex en o
a e -school physical educa ion and spo ac i i ies. This issue is add essed in he wo k o
95
hese au ho s: Celiko sky e al. (1979), Syko a (1972), Pa ek (1980), Seme ka (1982),
Mo a ec e al. (1990, 2002), S el (1997), Suchomel (2004, 2006), Š ihec (1999) and also he
Coope Ins i u e (2003).
Realised s udies o hese and o he au ho s such as Kun zleman & Rei (1992), McMu aye
al. (1995), Malina e al., (2004), Bezdeko á (2005) show ha he le el o physical i ness and
mo o pe o mance is di ec ly ela ed o heal h, psychological well-being, and ha oday's
young gene a ion comes ou o he compa ison wi h he pas gene a ion as mo e ad anced
physically, bu i s physical i ness does no keep pace wi h he physical de elopmen . This
ac is la gely caused by he lack o egula physical ac i i y and imp ope egimen. One o
he ways how o change his si ua ion is o ocus on he quali a i e aspec s o educa ional
p ocess in school physical educa ion (Jü imäe Jü imäe T. & J., 2001).
The opic o ou epo was c ea ed in o de o ocus on he issue o mo o pe o mance and
physical i ness in he selec ed iles. We deal wi h he gi ls in middle school age and he
ob ained esul s cha ac e ize he cu en s a e o mo o pe o mance o emale s uden s in
selec ed elemen a y schools.
Acco ding o He be e al. (1988), he school-age gi ls a e in ol ed in spo s ac i i ies in a
smalle numbe wi h less in ensi y and o a sho e pe iod o ime. On he basis o lack o
pa icipa ion he e also a ises a low physical i ness.
I is e y impo an o no e ha mo o pe o mance, physical i ness and heal h a e ac o s ha
make he men al and in ellec ual po en ial o pupils and s uden s bu also o he adul
popula ion. Mo emen and spo s ac i i ies should ha e a unique place mainly in child en and
you h. The impo an ole in shaping he pe sonali y is o o m an indi idual whose
ela ionship o ac i e spo and mo emen is posi i e (Kasa, 1994). Only in a small amoun o
school child en he e was o med a las ing posi i e ela ionship o ac i e mo emen
conce ned in he in e es s o ec ea ional ac i i ies and spo s. All his has esul ed in he
inc easing numbe o child en wi h low i ness le els, many boys and gi ls ha e a ious
heal h p oblems and excess weigh (Mo a ec e al., 1990).
Acco ding o Kea ing & Sil e man (2009), i is necessa y o ully unde s and he ole and he
impo ance o es ing physical i ness and mo o pe o mance o young people in school,
which is an impo an p e equisi e o good heal h and i is a pa o issue o school educa ion
in he subjec o physical and spo s educa ion.
Fo his pu pose we use es s as ools o e alua e he pe o mance o physical educa ion and
aining p ocess, bu also o indi idual and g oup pe o mance e alua ion. We conside hem
as a signi ican and one o he main diagnos ic ools in he wo k o eache s, educa o s,
aine s and so on. Ce ainly hey a e also mo i a ing o ces, because hey in ol e indi iduals
in he di ec ion o u he mo o and physical de elopmen and sel -imp o emen (Mikus,
Kasa, Syko a, 1991).
C ea ing posi i e a i udes owa ds physical ac i i y and physical i ness a his age can be
posi i ely e lec ed in he le el o physical ac i i y in la e li e (Bunc, 1994, Wes co e al.
1995; Ignico & E h idge, 1997).
1 Aim
The aim o epo was o de e mine he le el o physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance
o middle school age gi ls in p ima y school in Banska Bys ica.
96
2 Me hods
To ob ain a da a o physical de elopmen and mo o pe o mance o he 10-11 yea s old
emale s uden s, he e was selec ed a single c oss-sec ional esea ch. I s objec s we e gi ls o
he 6 h yea o ully o ganized p ima y school in he s ee Spojo a in Banska Bys ica. The
es ed gi ls ell wi hin he no mal popula ion, i.e. gi ls who pa icipa e in compulso y school
physical educa ion wi hin h ee hou s pe week, and hose who pa icipa e in in e es physical
and spo s ac i i ies. Tes ing included 36 school gi ls o p ima y school in Banska Bys ica.
Acco ding o Mo a ec (2002), Slo ak a e age was es ed by he ained eams o scien i ic
p o essionals in collabo a ion wi h s uden s and eache s o physical educa ion du ing mos o
he yea 1993. Tes ing by sys em Eu o i was a ended by all pupils o selec ed classes o 23
p ima y schools. The e we e 122 es ed gi ls in decimal age o 11.51 yea s.
Physical de elopmen was e i ied on he basis o measu ing he basic soma ic pa ame e s:
body heigh , body weigh , BMI, skin old on he a m ( iceps) and skin old on he cal
(medialcal ). Mo o pe o mance was measu ed using he modi ied es ba e y used in he
s a e o he SR en iched educa ional p og am on he lexibili y es s (S anding b oad jump, si -
ups in 30 seconds, Shu le un 10 x 5 m, Pull up, Endu ance shu le un, Si and Reach).
The main me hods o e alua ing he ac s, used in ou esea ch, a e: a i hme ic a e age,
s anda d de ia ion, ables and ba cha s, BMI, one-sample - es unequal a iances.
3 Resul s and Discussion
In Table 1 we can see di e ences in measu ed alues o physical de elopmen and mo o
pe o mance o gi ls om p ima y school Spojo a and Slo ak a e age.
Tab. 1 O e iew o he esul s and di e ences in physical de elopmen and mo o
pe o mance
ZŠ SR Di e ence
 s  S ZŠ-SR
BH 150.86 6.79 151.43 8.26 -0.57 cm
BW 41.55 9.02 39.85 8.25 +1.70 kg
BMI 18.42 17.54
D. AGE 11.59 11.51
SF T 12.91 5.37 9.81 6.71 +3.10 mm
SF MC 13.37 5.88 10.81 4.25 +2.56 mm
JUMP 148.86 20.01 154.52 18.43 -5.66 cm
SU 24.36 1.86 21.67 4.31 +2.69
10x5 24.22 4.20 21.86 1.98 +2.36 s
PU 8.47 6.64 18.61 15.59 -10.14 s
ESR 37.55 14.46 38.57 16.66 -1.02
SaR 19,00 7.11 21.64 6.20 -2.64 cm
97
In Table 2 we can see ha 66.2% o gi ls om p ima y school Spojo á a ained in all es s
acco ding o modi ied able o Mo a ec (1996) minimum basic s anda d. Only 9.4% o gi ls
achie ed le el o pe o mance abo e a e age s anda d and so in he es o Endu ance shu le
un he e we e 11 gi ls and in he es Pull up 6 gi ls. Based on hese indings, we can
conclude ha physical i ness and mo o pe o mance on he p ima y school is on a e y low
le el and he e o e we ecommend o s eamline hou s o physical educa ion on non-
adi ional physical ac i i ies (hockey, ound - hockey, ingo, Pila es, ae obic e c.) and
mo i a e gi ls o a e -school physical ac i i y.
Tab. 2 Numbe o gi ls included in he a ious s anda ds acco ding o modi ied able
S anda d/
numbe o gi ls
Shu le un 10x5 S anding b oad
jump
Si -ups in 30
seconds
Endu ance
shu le un
Pull up
C 0 0 0 11 6
B 8 17 3 11 5
A 28 19 33 14 25
Toge he 36 36 36 36 36
Legend: A = minimum basic s anda d, B = a e age s anda d, C = abo e he a e age
s anda d (Hause , 2008)
Tab. 3 S a is ical signi icance o he inc ease in physical i ness and mo o pe o mance o
he s uden 's one-sample es
Soma ic pa ame e s and
es s o mo o pe o mance
P (T˂= )
P alue o es ˂0,05
BH 0.53918*
BW 0.37355*
BMI 0.00201*
D. AGE 0.01577*
SF T 0.14461*
SF MC 0.00035*
JUMP 2.5116* E-08
SU 1.4902* E-09
10x5 0.72046*
PU 0.05603*
98
F
ig. 1 Compa ison o body heigh Fig. 2 Compa ison o body weigh
In Figu e 1, we compa ed he body heigh o wo iles. School gi ls o p ima y school Spojo a
eached du ing ou esea ch lowe le el o body heigh wi h di e ence 0.57 cm. Figu e 2
shows ha p ima y school Spojo a gi ls, al hough hey showed lowe le els o body weigh ,
hei physical addi ions show he opposi e alue wi h he inc ease which is abou 1.7 kg om
he Slo ak na ional a e age o gi ls.
F
ig. 3 Compa ison o skin old on iceps Fig. 4 Compa ison o skin old on medialcal
On he igu es 3 and 4 we can see he skin old hickness a iceps and medialcal . In e ms o
gene ic de e mina e body a componen o he on ogene ic pa e ns does no gi e in as much
as he basic physical dimensions, especially heigh o he body (Mo a ec, 2002). Bigge alue
o he skin old hickness on iceps wi h di e ence o 3,1 mm and he cal wi h 2,56 mm was
eco ded in gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a. The physical de elopmen can con i m ha only
in he a e age hickness o iceps skin old was con i med s a is ical signi icance (see
Table 3).
F
ig. 5 Compa ison o s anding b oad jump Fig. 6 Compa ison o shu le un 10 x 5 m
In igu e 5 we can obse e di e ences in he explosi e powe o lowe limbs in a es
S anding b oad jump o he na ionwide a e age in compa ison wi h he es ing o he se a he
p ima y school Spojo á. Based on one - sample - es we can conclude ha in his es we did
150,86
151,43
150,4
150,6
150,8
151
151,2
151,4
151,6
cm
ZŠ SR
Body heigh
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
41,55
39,85
39
39,5
40
40,5
41
41,5
42
kg
ZŠ SR
Body weigh
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
12,91
9,81
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
mm
ZŠ SR
Skin old on he a m ( iceps)
ZŠ Spojo á
P ieme SR
13,37
10,81
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
mm
ZŠ SR
Skin old on he cal (medial cal )
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
148,86
154,52
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
cm
ZŠ SR
S anding B oad Jump
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
24,22
21,86
20,5
21
21,5
22
22,5
23
23,5
24
24,5
sec
ZŠ SR
Shu le Run 10 x 5 m
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR

99
no con i m he s a is ical signi icance, see he able 3 (0.145*). Tes S anding b oad jump
showed ha gi ls om p ima y school Spojo a had wo se a e age esul s in he explosi e
powe o lowe limbs and in es esul s lagged behind he Slo ak a e age wi h 5.66 cm.
The e alua ion aimed a es ing o he c oss-coun y speed accele a ion (Figu e 6). In e ms o
es ing, we can conclude ha he Slo ak a e age achie ed signi ican ly be e esul s again. P
alue o - es is less han 0.05 and i means ha in his case he s a is ical signi icance was
con i med, see able 3 (2.5116* E-08 ˂ 0.05). The di e ence be ween a se o p ima y school
Spojo a and he na ional a e age showed in he alue o 2.36 seconds. These esul s sugges
ha he speed-powe capabili ies o gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a a e a a low le el,
whe eupon i would be mo e app op ia e o ank lessons´ exe cises o de elop speed and
s eng h abili ies.
F
ig.
7
Compa ison o si -ups 30 sec Fig. 8 Compa ison o pull up
To es he s eng h de elopmen o abdominal and hip- high muscles o Slo ak a e age and
o gi ls o p ima y school Spojo a we used he es o Si -ups in 30 seconds. In a igu e 7 we
can see he measu ed di e ences in a e age es Si -ups in 30 seconds be ween ou obse ed
se s. Calcula ed p- alue o - es shown in a able 3 con i ms a s a is ically signi ican
di e ence in bene i o gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a (0.00035* ˂ 0.05). Endu ance s eng h
o abdominal and hip - high muscles in he es ed g oup is signi ican ly di e en . Bes
pe o mances we e measu ed in gi ls o p ima y school Spojo a and i is abou 2.69 be e
han he gi ls’ na ionwide a e age.
In Figu e 8 we can see ha he s a ic s eng h endu ance in es Pull up was again signi ican ly
be e in he Slo ak a e age. The di e ence be ween he measu ed a e age imes (see able 3)
was s a is ically signi ican (1.4902* E-09 ˂ 0.05). S a ic a m s eng h o main ain posi ion in
Pull-up palms up g ip on ho izon al ba was in gi ls om he na ionwide a e age 10.14
seconds be e han in he ile o p ima y school Spojo a.
F
ig. 9 Compa ison o endu anceshu le un Fig. 10 Compa ison o si and each
24,36
21,67
20
20,5
21
21,5
22
22,5
23
23,5
24
24,5
N
ZŠ SR
Si -ups in 30 Seconds
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
8,47
18,61
0
5
10
15
20
sec
ZŠ SR
Pull up
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
37,55
38,57
37
37,2
37,4
37,6
37,8
38
38,2
38,4
38,6
N
ZŠ SR
Endu ance Shu le Run
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
19
21,64
17,5
18
18,5
19
19,5
20
20,5
21
21,5
22
cm
ZŠ SR
Si and Reach
ZŠ Spojo á
A e age o SR
100
On igu e 9 we can see he measu ed alues o he es o ae obic endu ance, which shows us
a be e eadiness o Slo ak a e age gi ls. The di e ence be ween he s udied popula ion
ep esen s a alue o 1.03 in his case we can speak o s a is ically signi ican di e ence
(0.720). We sha e he iew ha in he le el o pe o mance in endu ance shu le un we e also
in ol ed mo i a ional ac o s, me hods o making he es and he lack o p opo ional
ep esen a ion o means o he de elopmen o ae obic endu ance in pe o med physical
ac i i ies.
The es Si and Reach, which can be seen in igu e 10, shows he ana omical condi ions in he
hip-wais and back a ea o a max. ange o mo ion. Obse ed se o gi ls a a p ima y school
Spojo á eached 2.64 cm wo se ou come han i was in he case o he second ollowed g oup
o Slo ak a e age. The di e ence be ween measu ed da a o p ima y school Spojo a and
na ionwide a e age is no s a is ically signi ican (0.0560*) in ou case, measu ed di e ence
may be only coinciden al.
Conclusion
Based on he esea ch esul s we can conclude ha mo o pe o mance and physical i ness o
esea ch iles o p ima y school Spojo a is a a lowe le el in mos o he pa ame e s o he
na ional a e age o Slo akia. Obse ed esul s we e compa ed wi h measu emen s o
Mo a ec e al. (2002), gi ls om p ima y school Spojo a achie ed in wo es s, Shu le un
10x5 (2.5116* E-08 ˂ 0.05), Pull up (1.4902* E-09 ˂ 0.05) s a is ically signi ican ly wo se
esul s, whe eas in one es Si -ups in 30 seconds (0.00035* ˂ 0.05) signi ican ly be e
ou come and in he h ee es s (S anding b oad jump, Endu ance shu le un, Si and Reach)
he e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences.
The esea ch esul s con i m he insu icien le el o physical i ness and mo o pe o mance
o gi ls a p ima y school Spojo a. A he ecommended limi s 66.2% o gi ls achie ed le el
A, which acco ding o a modi ied able assigned gi ls o he g oup wi h low physical i ness.
Howe e , hese esul s canno be gene alized o he en i e popula ion.
Fo p ac ice, we would like o ecommend he ollowing:
- o make he pupils o p ima y school Spojo a achie e good esul s in ela ion o gene al
physical pe o mance, i is necessa y o assume a posi i e a i ude owa ds physical educa ion
and physical ac i i y. We should he e o e look o such p ocedu es and ac i i ies ha will
con ibu e o hei de elopmen and will mo i a e pupils. I hese measu es sa is y he
assump ion he physical pe o mance o p ima y school Spojo a will be a a highe le el
-pe iodical check he le el o mo o pe o mance and physical i ness o s uden s wi h a ha
ime mos alid es ba e ies.
- in de eloping he con en o a lesson i is necessa y o ocus on he o e all physical
de elopmen o he indi idual.
Nowadays he compu e s a e hanks o he p og am o he Minis y o Educa ion (e.g.
In o ek) ins alled in e e y school which sa is ied one equi emen o s eamline he diagnos ic
sys em in school physical educa ion. I is only needed o c ea e a so wa e sys em, o upg ade
es ba e ies as equi ed by he needs o he p esen and we ha e a chance o c ea e signi ican
social p essu e because o he ac ual s a e o physical de elopmen and physical pe o mance
o he Slo ak popula ion. Wi h he applica ion o he long – e m moni o ing we can c ea e
na ionwide as well as indi idual pic u e o he de elopmen , g ow h and mo o pe o mance
o he indi idual.
101
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Mg . Pe a Kolodzejo á; doc. PaedD . Suchomel Aleš, Ph.D.