Vol.:(0123456789)
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A chi es o Sexual Beha io
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10508-023-02701-8
ORIGINAL PAPER
Female A ec i e Pe cep ion o Mains eam andPa aphilic
Po nog aphy: Associa ions wi hSexual andPsychological
In ape sonal Va iables
SabineP an ne 1· C is inaGiménez‑Ga cía1· Alejand oEspino‑Payá1,2· MiguelA.Esc ig3· Nie esFuen es‑Sánchez1·
Ra aelBalles e ‑A nal1· M.Ca menPas o 1
Recei ed: 24 Oc obe 2022 / Re ised: 23 July 2023 / Accep ed: 6 Sep embe 2023
© The Au ho (s) 2023
Abs ac
Unde s anding a ec i e pe cep ual p ocesses can u he con ibu e o he explana ion o mo i a ion and ac ions, as well as
sexual isk beha io s. Po nog aphy can be conside ed salien emo ional con en and is popula , also among emales. Ye , he
emale pe spec i e on po nog aphy has o en been o e looked and i emains unclea how indi idual a iables may be asso-
cia ed wi h he a ec i e pe cep ion o po nog aphy and could p o ide a isk p o ile. Possible associa ions be ween se e al
sexual and psychological in ape sonal a iables and he a ec i e pe cep ion o a ious o ms o po nog aphy we e analyzed
om he emale pe spec i e. A sample o 231 emales (M = 21.87yea s; SD = 3.9yea s) p o ided a ings o a ec i e alence,
a ousal, disgus , and mo al and e hical accep ance o mains eam po nog aphic and pa aphilic images o dominance, submis-
sion, o sexual iolence. Pa aphilic po nog aphy was pe cei ed as less pleasan , a ousing, and mo al and e hically accep -
able, bu mo e disgus ing compa ed o mains eam po nog aphy. This was mo e p onounced among emales who had ne e
consumed po nog aphy. Resul s u he sugges ha he emale a ec i e pe cep ion o po nog aphy was associa ed wi h he
ollowing sexual in ape sonal a iables: sexual sensa ion seeking o physical sensa ions, e o ophilia, lack o sexual con ol,
p oblema ic po nog aphy consump ion, and sexual disgus sensi i i y. O he assessed psychological in ape sonal a iables,
only anxie y was nega i ely associa ed wi h disgus o pa aphilic po nog aphy. I is impo an o u he analyze he emale
a ec i e pe cep ion o po nog aphy and associa ed a iables o include hem in s a egies o p e en ion and o add essing
p oblema ic consequences o he accep ance o speci ic sexual con en and beha io s, especially ela ed o sexualized iolence.
Keywo ds Po nog aphy· Valence· A ousal· Disgus · Mo al and e hical accep ance· Women
In oduc ion
A ec i e pe cep ion e e s o he p ocess o expe iencing
emo ional con en o any kind and can be measu ed on a
beha io al le el. Emo ions may be conside ed powe ul,
pe asi e, p edic able, some imes ha m ul and some imes
bene icial d i e s o decision making and a e associa ed wi h
a ec i e pe cep ions, ou inely a ec ing how and wha we
see, and ha e s ong mo i a ional o ces (B adley e al., 2001;
Dö ing, 2007; Lang e al., 1998; Le ne e al., 2015; Mi a-
bella, 2018; Zad a & Clo e, 2011). Sexual s imuli a e known
o be o pa icula emo ional salience (B adley e al., 2001).
Thus, unde s anding a ec i e pe cep ual p ocesses can u -
he con ibu e o he explana ion o mo i a ion and ac ions,
as well as po en ially isky sexual beha io s. Al hough a
as a ay o en i onmen s a e a ailable, indi iduals will
o en be selec i e, choosing only hose en i onmen s ha
a e bes -sui ed o hem and a e cong uen wi h hei a ec
and/o indi idual disposi ions (Emmons e al., 1985, 1986).
This associa ion has also been no ed o sexual con ex s, as
people a e said o be selec i e in hei sexual media iewing
habi s, di ec ing hei choices o ma e ial ha is cong uen
wi h p eexis ing disposi ions (Bogae , 2001). Along hese
* M. Ca men Pas o
[email p o ec ed]
1 Depa amen o de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología,
Facul ad de Ciencias de la Salud, Uni e si a Jaume I,
12071Cas ellódelaPlana, Spain
2 Ins i u e o Biomagne ism andBiosignalanalysis, Uni e si y
o Müns e , Müns e , Ge many
3 Depa amen o de Psicología. Facul ad de Ciencias de la
Salud, Uni e sidad Eu opea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
lines, p e ious esea ch has linked po nog aphy use o se e al
in ape sonal a iables such as g ea e sexual mo i a ion,
sexual compulsi i y, a ec , and anxie y (e.g., Bő he e al.,
2019; Cas o-Cal o e al., 2018; Kowalewska e al., 2022;
Paul, 2009; Willoughby e al., 2019), bu has no examined
i s ela ionship o emales' a ec i e pe cep ion o di e se
po nog aphic con en . Al hough consuming po nog aphy has
become mo e common o la ge segmen s o he popula ion,
also among emales wi h a emale po nog aphy consump ion
be ween 40 and 60%, he li e a u e ocuses mainly on he
male pe spec i e (Balles e -A nal e al., 2017, 2022; Blais-
Lecou s e al., 2016; Bő he e al., 2018; B idges e al., 2016;
G ubbs e al., 2021; Ma yniuk e al., 2016; Rissel e al.,
2017; Zheng & Zheng, 2014).
The cu en s udy ills an impo an gap in he li e a u e by
examining associa ions be ween di e se sexual and psycho-
logical in ape sonal a iables, and he a ec i e pe cep ion
o mains eam and pa aphilic po nog aphy among Hispanic
emales. This will con ibu e o a be e comp ehension o he
emale expe ience wi h po nog aphy and possible in aindi-
idual associa ions wi h i , which is pa icula ly impo an
o unde s anding p e e ences o and accep ance o di e -
en sexual scena ios, as well as he mo i a ional p ocesses
in ol ed.
Po nog aphy andPa aphilic In e es s
The secu i y and anonymi y o e ed by he In e ne may sup-
po he disco e y and de elopmen o new p e e ences and
sexual beha io s (G i i hs, 2012; Hald & Š ulho e , 2016;
Wal e s & Spengle , 2016; Yu, 2013). In his ega d, abou
10% o 15% o po nog aphy use s a e said o p e e non-
mains eam po nog aphic con en such as iolen , coe ci e,
e ish, bondage and discipline, o sadomasochis ic po nog-
aphy, which o en is nes ed unde he concep o pa aphilic
in e es s (Hald, 2006; Sø ensen & Kjø hol , 2007; Š ulho e
e al., 2007). An inc ease in agg essi e con en in po no-
g aphic ideos, especially he mo e sub le iolence, has been
epo ed (B idges e al., 2010; Ca o e e al., 2020; F i z
e al., 2020). Sexual an asies o submission and domina-
ion seem o be qui e common, and ac oss di e en s udies
be ween 10 and 30% o people epo ed pa aphilic in e es s
(Bá o á e al., 2021; B own e al., 2020; Chan, 2021; Hald,
2006; Joyal e al., 2015; Sø ensen & Kjø hol , 2007; S e an-
ska e al., 2022).
Rega ding gende di e ences owa d pa aphilic p e e -
ences, li le esea ch has been conduc ed in his line, bu
males seem o show mo e gene al pa aphilic in e es s and
hus may be mo e likely o engage in pa aphilic po nog a-
phy (Chan, 2021; S e anska e al., 2022). Ne e heless, p io
esea ch also shows ha exposu e o iolen po nog aphy is
associa ed wi h da ing iolence and ha he odds o exposu e
o such o ms o iolence a e highe o emales han o
males (He bi e e al., 2022), which highligh s he impo -
ance o examining accep ance and enjoymen o iolen
sexual con en om a emale pe spec i e.
One hypo hesis is ha iewing o such po nog aphic ma e-
ial can a o he acquisi ion o ha m ul sexual sc ip s also in
o line sexual beha io s (B idges e al., 2016; Vandenbosch
& an Oos en, 2017; W igh , 2011). Violen po nog aphy has
been epea edly linked o p oblema ic ou comes such as sexu-
ally agg essi e a i udes and beha io s (Allen e al., 1995;
Bogae , 2001; Hald e al., 2010; McKee, 2015; Se o e al.,
2001). Viewing po nog aphy may p omo e sexual objec-
i ica ion and sexually objec i ying a i udes (Willis e al.,
2022), and i is likely ha endo semen o sexual objec i-
ica ion can lead o accep ance o iolence agains women
(W igh & Tokunaga, 2016). I does no ake ex eme o ms
o sexual objec i ica ion such as sexual assaul o al eady
nega i ely impac hose a ge ed (Szymanski & Fel man,
2014), whe eby in he case o iolen po nog aphy mos
o en emales a e a ge ed (B idges e al., 2010; Ca o e
e al., 2020). Al eady sub le, e e yday sexual objec i ica-
ion can impai he emo ional well-being o hose a ge ed
(Szymanski & Fel man, 2014).
Howe e , only ew s udies ha e examined indi idual a i-
abili y in sexual and a ec i e esponses o sexually iolen
s imuli. P e ious esea ch o his ype has been conduc ed
p ima ily wi h male samples and has shown, o example,
ha males wi h high sel - epo ed a ousal owa d sexually
iolen mo ies, and indi idual p edisposi ions o among o h-
e s highe hype sensi i i y, and high in e es in sexual a ie y
as well as a p omiscuous app oach o sexual ac i i y a e mo e
p one o wa ch sexually iolen con en and o accep sexual
iolence (Bogae , 2001; Fishe e al., 2013). Lowe sexual
inhibi ion p oneness in males was also associa ed wi h highe
subjec i e sexual a ousal owa d isual s imuli o non-con-
sensual sexual in e cou se in expe imen al se ings (Ca alho
& Rosa, 2020; Ca alho e al., 2023).
Po nog aphy andAssocia ions wi hIn ape sonal
Va iables
Resea ch sugges s ha a numbe o indi idual a iables may
play a ole ega ding he iewing and pe cep ion o po no-
g aphic ma e ial. In ape sonal a iables such as g ea e sex-
ual mo i a ion, sexual openness, and pleasu e seeking we e
associa ed no only wi h pa aphilic in e es s bu also wi h
mains eam po nog aphy (Ba anowski e al., 2019; Bogae ,
2001; Ca alho & Rosa, 2020; Ca alho e al., 2023; Cas o-
Cal o e al., 2018; Emme s-Somme e al., 2013; Fishe e al.,
2013; Rissel e al., 2017). Sensa ion seeking is commonly
associa ed wi h di e en aspec s o online sexual ac i i ies
and especially po nog aphy consump ion (Bő he e al., 2019;
Zheng & Zheng, 2014).
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
Fu he mo e, an indi idual's sexual disposi ion o e o-
ophobia e sus e o ophilia was ound o ela e o hei
a ousal owa d po nog aphy, indica ing ha hose wi h
mo e e o ophilic endencies a e mo e likely o app oach
and show g ea e sexual a ousal in esponse o explici
sexual s imuli (Paul, 2009).
Also, aspec s o compulsi e sexual beha io and hype -
sexuali y ha e been associa ed wi h po nog aphy con-
sump ion and iskie usage pa e ns in pa icula (Clay-
on e al., 2018; De byshi e & G an , 2015; Kowalewska
e al., 2022). In his sense, some use s seem o de elop a
p oblema ic po nog aphy consump ion pa e n wi h s ong
nega i e in a- and in e pe sonal consequences, associ-
a ed wi h, e.g., a ec and emo ion in e ms o inc eased
anxie y and dep ession (Balles e -A nal e al., 2017, 2021,
2022; Banc o , 2008; Cas o-Cal o e al., 2018, 2021;
Clay on e al., 2018; Middle on e al., 2008). G ea e emo-
ional a oidance has also been associa ed wi h p oblem-
a ic emale po nog aphy consump ion (Ba anowski e al.,
2019).
Ano he impo an in ape sonal a iable ela ed o sex-
ual beha io is disgus sensi i i y. Disgus sensi i i y has
eme ged as an impo an ai in pe sonali y, social, and
mo al psychology, p ima ily because disgus se es a e y
impo an unc ion, namely egula ing ce ain h ea s, such
as hose o in ec ious diseases, cos ly sexual beha io , and
isky in e ac ions wi hin g oups (de Jong & Me ckelbach,
1998; Inba e al., 2009; Mancini e al., 2001; Ola unji
e al., 2007; Tybu e al., 2010, 2011). Disgus sensi i -
i y has been shown o be ele an o gene al and men al
heal h, bu also speci ically o sexual heal h. Howe e , i
has also been sugges ed ha sexual a ousal may in u n
inhibi sexual disgus o p omo e, e.g., he willingness
o emales o engage in po en ially isky beha io s (Lee
e al., 2014). Thus, on he one hand, disgus sensi i i y can
mo i a e people o a oid po en ially dange ous ac i i ies
(Cu is e al., 2011; Oa en e al., 2009) bu , on he o he
hand, excessi e disgus migh also con ibu e o sexual
p oblems (de Jong e al., 2009, 2010).
Viewing sexual ma e ial has been associa ed wi h highe
le els o dep essi e symp oms (Willoughby e al., 2019).
Bu , he a ec i e s a e can also impac an indi idual's abil-
i y o expe ience pleasu able and anxie y- ee sexuali y
(Lau en & Simons, 2009). Resea ch on emale sexual
a ousal indica es ha , i.e., bo h physiological and subjec-
i e measu es o sexual a ousal a y as a unc ion o anxi-
e y le el (Kalmbach e al., 2014). A ela ionship be ween
a ec and anxie y wi h emale sexual dys unc ion has been
discussed (Fab e & Smi h, 2012; Golds ein, 2000); he e-
o e, i may be assumed ha a ec and anxie y a e also
ela ed o he emale a ec i e pe cep ion o po nog aphic
ma e ial.
Cu en S udy
Acco ding o he a o emen ioned easons, he aim o his
s udy was o do an explo a o y analysis o sexual and psycho-
logical in ape sonal a iables (i.e., sexual sensa ion seek-
ing, hype sexuali y, p oblema ic po nog aphy consump ion,
sexual disgus sensi i i y, gene al a ec , anxie y, dep es-
sion) ha migh be associa ed wi h he a ec i e pe cep ion
o mains eam and pa aphilic po nog aphy in a sample o
Hispanic emales. In ela ion o pa aphilic po nog aphy,
his s udy ocuses on ce ain o ms o pa aphilia, which
can be coun ed among subg oups o iolen po nog aphy,
as hey p ima ily depic ac s o sexual dominance/submis-
sion. In his con ex , he ollowing esea ch ques ions we e
add essed: (RQ1) Will emales show di e ences in ega d o
hei a ec i e pe cep ion owa d mains eam and pa aphilic
po nog aphic con en ? (RQ2) How a e he a o emen ioned
sexual and psychological in ape sonal a iables associa ed
wi h he emale a ec i e pe cep ion o mains eam and pa a-
philic po nog aphy?
Me hod
Pa icipan s
The da a we e ob ained wi hin a la ge esea ch p ojec , and
da a om male pa icipan s ha e been excluded in o de o
ocus exclusi ely on he emale a ec i e pe cep ion o po -
nog aphy. Inclusion c i e ia we e emale assigned a bi h,
o e 18yea s old and Spanish-speaking. Thus, a o al o 231
emale pa icipan s aged be ween 18 and 51yea s (M = 21.87;
SD = 3.9) we e included in his s udy. The majo i y o he pa -
icipan s we e college s uden s o g adua es om a ious ac-
ul ies o uni e si ies in Spain wi h 15.2% oca ional aining,
81.8% Bachelo ’s deg ee and 3% Mas e ’s o Ph.D. deg ee.
Pa icipan s sel - epo ed hei sexual o ien a ion and iden-
i ied as 68.4% he e osexual, 22.9% bisexual, 2.6% homo-
sexual, 5.2% pansexual and 0.9% asexual. Following Kinsey
e al. (1948), pa icipan s we e also asked abou hei sexual
a ac ion: “Please indica e which o he ollowing s a emen s
bes desc ibes o whom you a e sexually a ac ed.” The pa -
icipan s could answe his ques ion on a scale om 1 = I am
a ac ed only o he o he sex o 7 = I am a ac ed only o my
own sex. Addi ionally, he ollowing op ion was o e ed: 0 = I
am no a ac ed o any sex, whe eby no emale o he analy ic
sample chose his op ion. Pa icipan s we e asked o indica e
choosing be ween Yes and No i hey ha e had same-sex expe-
iences, had e e consumed po nog aphy olun a ily o we e
cu en ly in a oman ic ela ionship. The majo i y has no had
same-sex expe iences (84.42%), bu had consumed po nog-
aphy olun a ily (74.46%). Fu he , 54.98% epo ed being
in a oman ic ela ionship. Addi ionally, pa icipan s we e
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
asked abou hei eligious belie s and how conse a i e hey
conside ed hei sexual educa ion on a scale om 1 = e y
conse a i e o 7 = e y open. See Table1 o a epo ing o
desc ip i e s a is ics o he s udy sample.
P ocedu e
The p esen s udy is pa o a la ge in es iga ion o sexual
pe cep ion ha aims o s anda dize an explici po nog aphic
pic u e se . Due o he sani a y heal h c isis in lic ed by
COVID-19, he assessmen p ocedu e ook place ia online
mee ings using Google Mee and Qual ics. Sessions las ed
app oxima ely 90min. Se e al ec ui men channels we e
used in i ing indi iduals o e 18yea s old o an online s udy
abou he pe cep ion o di e se explici po nog aphic pic-
u es, including campus ad e isemen , social media and pe -
sonal communica ion in he o m o in i a ions o iends,
colleagues and acquain ances o he esea che s. Indi iduals
in e es ed in he s udy made appoin men s wi h he p incipal
in es iga o o pa icipa e. Du ing he assessmen p ocedu e,
pa icipan s we e i s in o med o he anonymous, olun-
a y and con iden ial na u e o his s udy and hen gi en he
ins uc ions o how he a ec i e a ings o he po nog aphic
s imuli a e co ec ly done by wo expe imen e s ollowed by
se e al p ac ice ials in o de o make su e ha he p ocedu e
was unde s ood. Following he a ec i e a ings, pa icipan s
illed in he sociodemog aphic and sexuali y- ela ed ques-
ions, as well as he ques ionnai es assessing he in ape -
sonal a iables o in e es . The pa icipan s ook pa using
hei p i a e de ices (compu e s, able s o lap ops). Du ing
he whole p ocedu e, pa icipan s we e able o ask he wo
expe imen e s ia he cha o Google Mee o p i a e assis-
ance when in doub .
In o al, 192 po nog aphic pic u es acqui ed om online
po nog aphy pla o ms and 24 con ol IAPS pic u es we e
a ed by he pa icipan s (Lang e al., 1999). The po no-
g aphic images belong o an explici po nog aphic pic u e se ,
which is cu en ly being s anda dized on a Spanish-speaking
popula ion and a ailable upon eques . These pic u es we e
p io ga he ed by emales om eminis (E ikaLus ) and ama-
eu ( lick ) po nog aphy pla o ms, when needed pe mission
o use o esea ch pu poses has been acqui ed by he p oduc-
e s, and e en ually ca ego ized by six expe s (50% emales)
in he ield o sexuali y acco ding o he sexual p ac ices and
he sexes o he po nog aphy pe o me s depic ed.
E en ually, 72 images— om ou se s o each di e en
48 sexually explici po nog aphic images and he same 24
IAPS con ol s imuli—we e p esen ed o each pa icipan .
Each po nog aphic pic u e was a ed by an a e age o 57
emales. The s imuli consis ed o equal-sized images o he
di e en ca ego ies o opposi e- and same-sex in e ac ions
o mos common and also popula sexual p ac ices in main-
s eam po nog aphy: mas u ba ion, o al sex, aginal sex,
anal sex, g oup sex, and addi ionally images ou side main-
s eam po nog aphy, which a e o pa aphilic media showing
scenes o dominance, submission, sexual iolence o e ishes
(8 images pe ca ego y). This ca ego iza ion was based on
Hald and Š ulho e (2016). Fo his s udy, a o al o 5 images
om he ca ego y o pa aphiliac po nog aphy was excluded
om u he analysis, because hese images showed e ish
con en (e.g., ans es ism, oo e ish) and did no pic u e
dominance, submission o sexual iolen po nog aphy. S im-
uli we e p esen ed in andomized o de o each pa icipan
using he Qual ics andomiza ion ool.
Table 1 Desc ip i e s a is ics o pa icipan s’ cha ac e is ics
a Sexual a ac ion by Kinsey e al. (1948): 1 = I am a ac ed only o
he o he sex o 7 = I am a ac ed only o my own sex, bConse a ism
o Sexual educa ion: 1 = e y conse a i e o 7 = e y open
n% o mean (SD)
Le el o educa ion
Voca ional aining 35 15.2
Bachelo ’s deg ee 189 81.8
Mas e ’s o PhD deg ee 7 3.0
Gende iden i y
Woman 226 97.8
Agende 5 2.2
Sel - epo ed sexual o ien a ion
He e osexual 158 68.4
Bisexual 53 22.9
Homosexual 6 2.6
Pansexual 12 5.2
Asexual 2 0.9
Sexual a ac iona231 2.24 (1.48)
Same-sex expe iences
Yes 36 15.58
No 195 84.42
E e consumed po nog aphy
Yes 172 74.46
No 59 25.54
Roman ic ela ionship
Yes 127 54.98
No 104 45.02
Religious belie s
P ac icing belie e 23 10.04
Non-p ac icing belie e 57 24.89
A heis o agnos ic 149 65.07
bConse a ism o sexual educa ion 231 3.11 (1.22)
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
Measu es
A ec i e Ra ings
The images we e p esen ed one a a ime du ing 6s each,
ollowed by he subjec i e a ings. The emo ional dimen-
sions o a ec i e alence and a ousal we e assessed using a
9-poin non- e bal Sel -Assessmen Manikin a ing scales
(SAM; B adley & Lang, 1994), whe e 1 = highly unpleas-
an / leas a ousing, and 9 = highly pleasan /highly a ousing,
espec i ely. In addi ion, he emo ional ca ego ies o disgus
as well as mo al and e hical accep ance we e dimensionally
a ed using 9-poin Like a ing scales. The disgus scale
anged om 1 = no a all disgus ing o 9 = ex emely dis-
gus ing. The mo al and e hical accep ance scale anged om
1 = absolu ely immo al o 9 = o ally accep able. Pa icipan s
we e asked o gi e an immedia e, spon aneous eac ion o he
seen images. Each a ing scale was a ailable o 6s be o e
skipping o he nex one. A e 2s, pa icipan s also had he
op ion o click on a nex -bu on in o de o see he nex a -
ing scale. As soon as he pa icipan s inished all he a ings
o one image, a new sc een wi h he subsequen andomized
image was displayed p eceded by an ale message. The a ec-
i e a ings we e p esen ed in a andomized o de o a oid
halo e ec s.
Sexual In ape sonal Va iables
Sexual Sensa ion Seeking The Sexual Sensa ion Seeking
Scale (SSSS) measu es sensa ion seeking ela ed o sexual
beha io (Kalichman e al., 1994). The SSSS includes 11
i ems wi h 4-poin scales (1 = no cha ac e is ic o me o
4 = e y cha ac e is ic o me) and can be analyzed in wo
subscales o physical sensa ions a ac ion (PSA), e e -
ing o he emphasis on he physical and sensual aspec s o
sexual encoun e s and he desi e o eel sexual s imula ion,
and new expe iences seeking (NES), ela ed o he desi e o
y new sexual expe iences (Kalichman e al., 1994). Tha
s uc u e was la e also e i ied o a Spanish sample, wi h
high in e nal consis ency o he o al scale (α = 0.81), as
o each ac o (Balles e -A nal e al., 2018). Mo eo e , he
SSSS had adequa e con e gen alidi y, making i a use ul
b ie sc eening measu e in esea ch o Spanish-speaking
people (Balles e -A nal e al., 2018). In he cu en s udy,
C onbach’s alpha was 0.75 o he o al scale, 0.64 o PSA
and 0.84 o NES.
E o ophilia The EROS is an adap a ion o he Sexual
Opinion Su ey and measu es he bipola concep o e o-
ophilia–e o ophobia, which e e s o lea ned a i udes
owa d sexual scena ios along a con inuum ha ex ends
om a nega i e pole (e o ophobia) o a posi i e pole (e o -
ophilia) (del Río Ol e a e al., 2013). Highe sco es indica e
mo e e o ophilia and lowe sco es mo e e o ophobia. Thus,
indi iduals who sco e high on e o ophobia would end o
espond wi h mo e nega i e a i udes o sexual scena ios,
e alua ing hem nega i ely and ying o a oid hem. On
he o he hand, people who sco e high on e o ophilia would
ha e he opposi e beha io , i.e., hey would espond wi h
mo e posi i e a i udes o sexual scena ios, e alua e hem
posi i ely and seek hose ou . I consis s o 20 i ems which
a e answe ed on a 7-poin scale (1 = o ally disag ee o
7 = o ally ag ee). The EROS has adequa e pa ame e s, like
a high eliabili y wi h an in e nal consis ency o 0.85, o
use in esea ch in Spanish samples (del Río Ol e a e al.,
2013). In he p esen s udy C onbach's alpha was also 0.85.
Hype sexuali y The Hype sexual Beha io In en o y
(HBI) is a ques ionnai e composed o h ee subscales,
assessing coping (sex and sexual beha io s as a esponse
o emo ional dis ess), con ol (lack o sel -con ol in
sexuali y- ela ed beha io s), and consequences (di e se
consequences o sexual hough s, u ges, and beha io s)
associa ed wi h sexual hough s, eelings and beha io s
ela ed o hype sexuali y (Reid e al., 2011). I consis s o
19 i ems wi h 5-poin scales (1 = ne e o 5 = many imes).
The psychome ic p ope ies o he HBI sugges i has high
eliabili y and alidi y anging be ween 0.89 and 0.96 also
o Spanish speake s (Balles e -A nal e al., 2019). In he
p esen s udy, C onbach’s alpha was 0.88 o he o al scale,
and 0.86 o coping, 0.76 o con ol, and 0.69 o conse-
quences.
P oblema ic Po nog aphy Consump ion The PPCS-6
(Sho Ve sion o he P oblema ic Po nog aphy Consump-
ion Scale) assesses p oblema ic po nog aphy use meas-
u ing salience, ole ance, mood, modi ica ion, elapse,
wi hd awal, and con lic (Bő he e al., 2021). I includes
6 i ems ha a e answe ed on a 7-poin scale (1 = ne e o
7 = all he ime). The PPCS-6 yielded s ong psychome ic
p ope ies and o e s a cu o sco e o 20 ou o 42 poin s
o dis inguish be ween p oblema ic and non-p oblema ic
po nog aphy use. Wi h C onbach’s alpha indices highe
han 0.70, he PPCS-6 can be conside ed a eliable and
alid scale o assess PPU in s udies (Bő he e al., 2021). In
he p esen s udy, C onbach’s alpha was 0.79.
Sexual Disgus Sensi i i y The Spanish ques ionnai e
Escala Mul idimensional de Sensibilidad al Asco/Mul i-
dimensional Disgus Scale (EMA) is a 30-i em mul idimen-
sional scale o disgus , whe eby one subscale o 5 i ems
measu es sexual disgus on a 5-poin scale (1 = no a all
o 5 = e y much) (Sandín e al., 2013). I showed good
eliabili y and he in e nal consis ency o his subscale is
high (Sandín e al., 2013). C onbach’s alpha in his s udy
was 0.71.

A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
Psychological In ape sonal Va iables
Posi i e andNega i e A ec The Posi i e and Nega i e
A ec Schedule (PANAS) scales assess posi i e and nega-
i e a ec ia each 10 i ems wi h 5-poin scales (1 = e y
sligh ly o no a all o 4 = ex emely) (Wa son e al., 1988).
Suppo is p o ided o he wo-dimensional s uc u e o he
measu e (i.e., posi i e and nega i e a ec ), as well as o i s
high in e nal consis ency, eliabili y, and s abili y o e ime,
also wi hin Spanish-speaking samples wi h C onbach’s alpha
highe han 0.70 (Sandín, 2003; Wa son e al., 1988). Rega d-
ing he in e nal consis ency in he p esen s udy, C onbach’s
alpha is 0.91 o posi i e a ec and 0.89 o nega i e a ec .
Anxie y andDep ession The Hospi al Anxie y and Dep es-
sion Scale (HADS) has been de eloped o be a eliable ins u-
men o de ec ing s a es o dep ession and anxie y in he
se ing o ou pa ien samples (Zigmond & Snai h, 1983). I
comp ises 14 i ems wi h 4-poin a ing scales, anging om
0 o 3. Also, he Spanish e sion o he HADS had good
in e nal consis ency and ex e nal alidi y, wi h a o able sen-
si i i y and speci ici y in iden i ying anxie y and dep ession
(He e o e al., 2003). The in e nal consis ency, as assessed
by C onbach’s alpha, was 0.90 o he ull scale, 0.84 o he
Dep ession subscale and 0.85 o he Anxie y subscale (He -
e o e al., 2003). Fo he p esen s udy, C onbach’s alpha was
0.90 o he ull scale, 0.77 o he Dep ession subscale and
0.86 o he Anxie y subscale.
Da a Analysis
Da a we e analyzed wi h R using RS udio Desk op (RS udio
Inc., Bos on, MA, USA). Desc ip i e s a is ics summa ized
s udy a iables.
Bi a ia e co ela ion ma ix o he in ape sonal a i-
ables o in e es (i.e., sexual sensa ion seeking, e o ophilia,
hype sexuali y, p oblema ic po nog aphy consump ion,
sexual disgus sensi i i y, a ec , anxie y, dep ession) we e
calcula ed. A ec i e a ings (i.e., alence, a ousal, disgus ,
mo al and e hical accep ance) gi en o he mains eam and
pa aphilic po nog aphic images we e u he compa ed using
pai ed es s, and e ec sizes o Cohen’s d we e calcula ed.
Because pa ne ship s a us and p e ious expe iences wi h
po nog aphy we e expec ed o in luence one's a ec i e a -
ings o explici con en (Kunaha an e al., 2017), Welch’s
es s and e ec sizes o Cohen’s d we e calcula ed ega ding
hese bina y a iables o all a ec i e a ings (i.e., alence,
a ousal, disgus , mo al and e hical accep ance) assessed.
A ec i e a ings did no di e signi ican ly be ween g oups
o pa icipan s, who had and hose who had no epo ed
a oman ic pa ne ship (p > 0.05). Howe e , a ec i e a -
ings di e ed signi ican ly be ween g oups o pa icipan s,
who ha e and hose who ha e ne e consumed po nog aphy
be o e (p < 0.05). Consequen ly, o he u he analyses
p e ious po nog aphy consump ion has been in oduced as
co a ia e. Addi ionally, sel - epo ed sexual a ac ion has
been included as a co a ia e in all mul iple linea eg ession
models, con olling like his o he di e en scena ios o
same- and opposi e-sex con en in he po nog aphy s imuli.
A se ies o mul iple linea eg ession models we e conduc ed
wi h he aim o explo ing he e ec o a iables o in e es
(i.e., sexual sensa ion seeking, e o ophilia, hype sexuali y,
p oblema ic po nog aphy consump ion, sexual disgus sen-
si i i y, a ec , anxie y, dep ession) wi h ega d o he di e -
en a ec i e a ings o he mains eam po nog aphic images.
Then, his p ocess was epea ed o he a ec i e a ings gi en
o he pa aphilic images.
All a iables o in e es we e z-s anda dized be o e he
inal analyses and assessed o mul icollinea i y. Diagnos ic
plo s o esiduals we e used o assess he alidi y o mul iple
eg ession assump ions. The signi icance h eshold was se
o α = 0.05. All analyses should be ega ded as explo a o y.
Resul s
Desc ip i e Analysis o In ape sonal Va iables
In Table2, he pa icipan s’ ques ionnai e da a ega ding
hei in ape sonal a iables o in e es a e desc ibed. Wi hin
his sample, less han 2% o esponden s had epo ed ac ual
p oblema ic po nog aphy use acco ding o PPCS-6 cu o s
(Bő he e al., 2021).
Table3 includes he co ela ion ma ix be ween he in ap-
e sonal a iables o in e es .
Di e en ial Analysis o Mains eam andPa aphilic
Po nog aphy
Table4 depic s mean and s anda d de ia ion alues o he
a ec i e a ings o he di e en po nog aphy con en as well
as in e en ial s a is ics and e ec sizes. The a ec i e a ings
o he pa icipan s a e indica ing ha he mains eam and
pa aphilic ca ego y we e sepa a ed in he a ousal, alence,
disgus and mo al and e hical accep ance spaces.
Mean a ousal a ings o pa aphilic pic u es we e signi i-
can ly lowe compa ed o mains eam po nog aphy o he
o al sample ( (227) = 6.5, p < .001, d = 0.43). Females we e
ound o show signi ican ly mo e alence o mains eam han
pa aphilic po nog aphy ( (227) = 18.76, p < .001, d = 1.24).
They ound mains eam less disgus ing ( (230) = − 10.67,
p < .001, d = 0.70) and mo e mo ally and e hically accep -
able ( (230) = 18.04, p < .001, d = 1.12) han pa aphilic
po nog aphy.
Fu he mo e, emales who ha e and who ha e ne e
consumed po nog aphy we e compa ed ega ding hei
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
a ec i e a ings owa d mains eam and pa aphilia po nog-
aphy (Fig.1). Signi ican di e ences we e ound be ween
hese g oups in mains eam po nog aphy ega ding a ousal
( (98.51) = 3.29, p = .001, d = 0.50), alence ( (95.92) = 5.27,
p < .001, d = 0.81) and disgus ( (79.8) = − 3.34, p = .001,
d = 0.60). Rega ding pa aphilia po nog aphy, signi i-
can di e ences be ween emales who ha e and hose
who ha e ne e consumed po nog aphy we e ound
ega ding a ousal ( (104.31) = 2.23, p = .028, d = 0.33),
alence ( (125.44) = 4.48, p < .001, d = 0.60), disgus
( (95.02) = − 2.50, p = .014, d = 0.39) and mo al and e hical
accep ance ( (98.99) = 2.87, p = .005, d = 0.44). Females,
who had consumed po nog aphy, had highe a ousal, alence
and mo al and e hical accep ance and lowe disgus a ings
han emales, who had ne e consumed po nog aphy.
In ape sonal Va iables andA ec i e P ocessing
o Mains eam Po nog aphy
In Table5, ou mul iple eg ession models a e p esen -
ing ele an linea model pa ame e s o he in ape sonal
a iables o in e es —sexual sensa ion seeking, e o ophilia,
hype sexuali y, p oblema ic po nog aphy consump ion, sex-
ual disgus sensi i i y, a ec , anxie y, dep ession— ega ding
mains eam po nog aphy a ec i e pe cep ion. Checking o
he a iance in la ion ac o s o all in ape sonal a iables
indica ed ha he e was no p oblem wi h mul icollinea i y.
Rega ding a ousal, a s a is ically signi ican posi i e ela-
ion was ound wi h emales epo ing being mo e a oused
by his con en as hei PSA sco es (B = 0.41, p = .003) we e
highe . This model explained 14% o he a ousal a iance
o mains eam po nog aphy (R2 = 0.20, Adj R2 = 0.14).
Among he in ape sonal a iables en e ed in he eg es-
sion model o explaining he le el o alence, e o ophilia
(B = 0.31, p < .001) and p oblema ic po nog aphy consump-
ion (B = 0.20, p = .019) sco es we e signi ican ly posi i ely
associa ed wi h i . Also, a nega i e associa ion ega ding
sexual disgus sensi i i y (B = − 0.23, p = .003) sco es was
ound o he alence a ings gi en o mains eam po nog-
aphy. This model explained 38% o he alence a iance
o mains eam po nog aphy (R2 = 0.42, Adj R2 = 0.38).
E o ophilia (B = − 0.61, p < .001) was nega i ely ela ed o
emales' a ec i e a ings o disgus o he mains eam po -
nog aphic images. Addi ionally, sexual disgus sensi i i y
(B = 0.28, p = .002) sco es showed posi i e associa ions wi h
emales' a ec i e a ings o disgus . This model explained
31% o he disgus a iance o mains eam po nog aphy
(R2 = 0.36, Adj R2 = 0.31). Rega ding mo al and e hical
accep ance a ings o po nog aphic images, i was ound ha
e o ophilia (B = 0.56, p < .001) was posi i ely ela ed o i .
Addi ionally, sexual disgus sensi i i y (B = − 0.25, p = .024)
Table 2 Ques ionnai e
desc ip i e s a is ics
SSSS, Sexual Sensa ion Seeking Scale ( anging om 1 o 4); EROS, adap a ion o he Sexual Opinion
Su ey ( anging om 1 o 7); HBI, Hype sexual Beha io In en o y ( anging om 1 o 5), PPCS-6, sho
e sion o he P oblema ic Po nog aphy Consump ion Scale ( anging om 1 o 7); EMA, Escala Mul idi-
mensional de Sensibilidad al Asco/Mul idimensional Disgus Scale ( anging om 1 o 5); PANAS, Mul i-
dimensional Disgus Scale ( anging om 1 o 4); HADS, Mul idimensional Disgus Scale ( anging om 0
o 3)
n M 95% CI SD Min Max
Sexual sensa ion seeking (SSSS)
Physical sensa ions a ac ion 231 16.01 15.51–16.51 3.83 8 27
New expe iences seeking 231 9.33 9.01–9.65 2.47 3 12
E o ophilia (EROS) 225 108.9 106.62–111.19 17.49 20 140
Hype sexual beha io (HBI)
Coping 231 12.11 11.47–12.76 4.97 7 34
Con ol 230 10.44 10.03–10.93 3.45 8 26
Consequences 230 5.03 4.77–5.26 1.91 4 20
P oblema ic po nog aphy consump-
ion (PPCS-6)
231 8.62 8.15–9.10 3.69 6 23
Sexual disgus sensi i i y (EMA) 231 10.42 9.94–10.90 3.67 5 25
Posi i e and nega i e a ec (PANAS)
Posi i e a ec 231 32.58 31.50–33.65 8.26 10 50
Nega i e a ec 231 23.21 22.17–24.25 8.03 10 50
Anxie y and dep ession (HADS)
Dep ession 231 8.3 7.73–8.87 4.4 0 20
Anxie y 231 5.72 5.22–6.22 3.9 0 17
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
was nega i ely associa ed wi h mo al and e hical accep ance
a ings. This model explained 20% o he mo al and e hical
accep ance a iance o mains eam po nog aphy (R2 = 0.25,
Adj R2 = 0.20).
In ape sonal Va iables andA ec i e P ocessing
o Pa aphilic Po nog aphy
The mul iple eg ession analyses we e epea ed o he
a ec i e a ings owa d pa aphilic po nog aphy images as
ou comes. In Table6, he eg ession models a e p esen ed
showing ele an linea model pa ame e s o he in ape -
sonal a iables o in e es . The a iance in la ion ac o s o
all in ape sonal a iables o he models we e indica ing ha
he e was no p oblem wi h mul icollinea i y.
No signi ican associa ions be ween in ape sonal a i-
ables and he le el o a ousal owa d pa aphilic po nog aphy
we e ound in he eg ession model. Fo he a ec i e a ings
o alence a ings o pa aphilic po nog aphy, signi ican posi-
i e associa ions we e ound wi h p oblema ic po nog aphy
consump ion (B = 0.32, p = .004) sco es and nega i e associa-
ions wi h sexual disgus sensi i i y (B = − 0.46, p = .009).
This model explained 19% o he alence a iance o pa a-
philic po nog aphy (R2 = 0.24, Adj R2 = 0.19). Rega ding
disgus pe cep ion o pa aphilic po nog aphy, nega i e
associa ions wi h e o ophilia sco es we e ound (B = − 0.57,
p = .001). Addi ionally, emales epo ed mo e disgus o
pa aphilic po nog aphy as hei anxie y (B = 0.45, p = .033)
was highe . This model explained 16% o he disgus a i-
ance o pa aphilic po nog aphy (R2 = 0.21, Adj R2 = 0.16).
To he mo al and e hical accep ance o pa aphilic po nog a-
phy, posi i e associa ions wi h e o ophilia sco es we e ound
(B = 0.40, p = .049). The model explained 10% o he mo al
and e hical accep ance a iance o pa aphilic po nog aphy
(R2 = 0.16, Adj R2 = 0.10).
Discussion
The cu en esea ch aimed o explo e he ela ion be ween
emale sexual and psychological in ape sonal a iables wi h
he a ec i e pe cep ion o mains eam and pa aphilic po -
nog aphy among a Hispanic sample. This s udy ills se e al
esea ch gaps in he li e a u e. Fi s , only a ew s udies ha e
in es iga ed he a ec i e pe cep ion o po nog aphic ma e-
ial compa ing subjec i e a ings o isual sexual s imuli o
mains eam po nog aphic and pa aphilic con en . Fa ewe
ha e aken a nuanced look a mul iple a ec i e dimensions
in combina ion wi h a a ie y o meaning ul in ape sonal
a iables ha migh in e ac wi h such a ec i e pe cep ual
p ocesses. Mo eo e , his s udy is illing a esea ch gap as i
desc ibes he expe iences wi h mains eam po nog aphic and
Table 3 Co ela ion ma ix o in ape sonal a iables
SSSS, Sexual Sensa ion Seeking Scale; EROS, adap a ion o he Sexual Opinion Su ey; HBI, Hype sexual Beha io In en o y; PPCS-6, sho e sion o he P oblema ic Po nog aphy Con-
sump ion Scale; EMA, Escala Mul idimensional de Sensibilidad al Asco/Mul idimensional Disgus Scale; PANAS, Posi i e and Nega i e A ec Schedule; Mul idimensional Disgus Scale;
HADS, Mul idimensional Disgus Scale. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1. Physical sensa ions a ac ion (SSSS) 1.00
2. New expe iences seeking (SSSS) 0.42*** 1.00
3. E o ophilia (EROS) 0.57*** 0.56*** 1.00
4. Coping (HBI) 0.40*** 0.32*** 0.32*** 1.00
5. Con ol (HBI) 0.30*** 0.12 0.19** 0.48*** 1.00
6. Consequences (HBI) 0.24*** 0.13* 0.14* 0.45*** 0.48*** 1.00
7. P oblema ic po nog aphy consump ion (PPCS-6) 0.49*** 0.16* 0.32*** 0.37*** 0.32*** 0.25*** 1.00
8. Sexual disgus sensi i i y (EMA) − 0.27*** − 0.24*** − 0.52*** − 0.12 − 0.11 − 0.11 − 0.12 1.00
9. Posi i e a ec (PANAS) 0.17*** 0.07 0.01 − 0.05 − 0.13* 0.04 0.05 0.00 1.00
10. Nega i e a ec (PANAS) 0.12 0.14* 0.09 0.36*** 0.36*** 0.21*** 0.21*** 0.08 − 0.27*** 1.00
11. Anxie y (HADS) 0.06 0.16* 0.10 0.33*** 0.25*** 0.16* 0.14* 0.03 − 0.41*** 0.77*** 1.00
12. Dep ession (HADS) 0.03 0.15* 0.01 0.35*** 0.31*** 0.19*** 0.10 0.03 − 0.51*** 0.61*** 0.76*** 1.00
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
pa aphilic con en o Hispanic emales, an unde ep esen ed
g oup in sexuali y esea ch.
O e all, he esul s ega ding he i s esea ch ques-
ion showed ha mains eam and pa aphilic po nog aphy
e oke di e en a ec i e s a es. The di e ences sugges ha
emales e alua e mains eam po nog aphy mo e posi i ely.
They pe cei ed his ma e ial as mo e pleasan , mo e a ous-
ing, less disgus ing and epo ed mo e mo al and e hical
accep ance o mains eam po nog aphic scena ios han
o pa aphilic images o dominance, submission and sexual
iolence. This may be ela ed o he p e alence o such
in e es s and gende di e ences owa d pa aphilic p e -
e ences, indica ing highe pa aphilic in e es s o males
(Bá o á e al., 2021; Chan, 2021; Hald, 2006; Joyal e al.,
2015; Sø ensen & Kjø hol , 2007; S e anska e al., 2022;
Š ulho e e al., 2007). Fu he di e ences we e obse ed
ega ding p e ious po nog aphy consump ion, emales who
ha e ne e p e iously consumed po nog aphy showed sig-
ni ican ly lowe a ings o a ousal and alence, and highe
a ings o disgus , owa d mains eam and pa aphilic po -
nog aphy. Addi ionally, emales who ha e ne e consumed
po nog aphy a ed pa aphilic po nog aphy as less mo ally
and e hically accep able. Po nog aphy consume s a e
epo ing mo e sexual expe iences, sexual openness and
highe alence a ings owa d sexual s imuli han non-con-
sume s (Emme s-Somme e al., 2013; Kunaha an e al.,
2017; Ma ebo e al., 2016), which may explain he di e -
ences seen in his s udy be ween emales wi h expe iences
wi h po nog aphy and hose wi hou .
In ela ion o he second esea ch ques ion, he indings
sugges ha se e al in ape sonal a iables a e associa ed
wi h he a ec i e pe cep ion o po nog aphy. Sexual sensa-
ion seeking o physical sexual encoun e s, e o ophilia, lack
o sel -con ol in sexuali y- ela ed beha io s, p oblema ic
po nog aphy consump ion and sexual disgus sensi i i y
Table 4 Di e en ial analysis o
a ec i e a ings o mains eam
and pa aphilic po nog aphy
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
Mains eam Pa aphilic In e en ial s a is ic E ec size
MSD Min Max MSD Min Max d p d
A ousal 5.37 1.58 1 8.8 4.93 1.60 1 9 6.50 227 < .001*** 0.43
Valence 5.87 1.21 1.9 8.4 4.33 1.40 1 8.4 18.76 227 < .001*** 1.24
Disgus 2.23 1.33 1 7.3 3.14 1.73 1 9 − 10.67 230 < .001*** 0.70
Mo al and
e hical
accep ance
7.85 1.39 2.7 9 6.38 1.71 2 9 18.04 230 < .001*** 1.12
Fig. 1 Compa ison o a ec i e a ings o A mains eam and B pa a-
philic po nog aphy be ween emales who ha e and hose who ha e
ne e consumed po nog aphy. No e A mains eam po nog aphy.
B Pa aphilic Po nog aphy. E o ba s we e calcula ed as 95% CI.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
A chi es o Sexual Beha io
1 3
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