Saguntum: The Remains of an Honorary Arch and Urban Planning Outside the City Walls

Saguntum: The Remains of an Honorary Arch and Urban Planning Outside the City Walls JUANJO FERRER-MAESTRO 1 ,JOSEP BENEDITO-NUEZ 1 AND JOSÉ MANUEL MELCHOR-MONSERRAT 2 1 Department of History, Geography and Art, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain 2 Burriana Archaeological Museum, Spain At the end of the first century and especially throughout the second century AD, a public building programme was largely responsible for the transformation of Saguntum’s urban planning, especially, outside the walls of this well-known Hispano-Roman city. The aim of this article is to present the features of the monumental landscape outside the city walls, including an outstanding honorary construction, which strongly influenced the design of public architecture at a time of political and socio-economic change. Keywords: Saguntum, Roman arch, Roman roads, urban planning INTRODUCTION The city of Saguntum was a strategic Iberian trade centre located on the hill of the castle in present-day Sagunto, in in the southern foothillss of the Sierra Calderona, about 30 km north of the city of Valencia. The topography of Saguntum ensured that it became a privileged acropolis throughout its history. The city went through several building phases over the centuries, leaving behind the remains of numerous buildings and fortifications. It is therefore not surprising that the term castle has been used to describe the nature of this site and its current citizens are proud of the name of Sagunto, inherited from the Classical tradition. Hannibal’s attack and conquest of Saguntum at the outset of the Second Punic War (218–202 BC) led to the city’s growing popularity, as recorded in Classical texts. Saguntum suffered a long siege and, despite its request for help, Rome’s protection was not offered to the city. The city’s strategic location and excellent terrestrial and maritime communications are especially relevant. The main coastal road, the Via Augusta in the imperial period, and the route from the coast to the Celtiberian interior of the Iberian Peninsula, make Saguntum a privileged enclave. Grau Vell, Saguntum’s Mediterranean trading port, was located only 2 km away. The topography of the castle and the bed of the river Palancia influenced the city’s development, determining its urban boundaries during the early Roman imperial period. Saguntum lies on several terraces along the margin of the river, which ascend to incorporate the theatre, the forum, and the western area at the top of the castle (AraneguiGascó, 1994;2002)(Figure 1). European Journal of Archaeology 2019, page 1 of 21 ©European Association of Archaeologists 2019 doi:10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Manuscript received 3 December 2018, accepted 29 May 2019, revised 04 May 2019 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at After the war against Carthage, the city was reconstructed with the help of Rome. This favoured the expansion of urbanized areas and, during the era of Augustus, Saguntum was one of the main Roman cities in Hispania; even in the later Roman Empire it held great economic and political power on the Mediterranean coast. A period of important social, cultural, and urban change took place in Saguntum. Similarly, a change in the administrative status of other Hispanic cities took place took place after the implementation of the colonizing policy of Caesar and Augustus. Saguntum’s legal system as an allied city was modified, at least by 56 BC (Cicero, Pro Balbo, 9.23), when it became a Roman colony, as deduced from the legends figuring on coinage (Ripollès & Velaza, 2002). Under the reign of Augustus, the city was a Roman city, as can be observed on coins, particularly on an inscription dated in 4–3 BC (CIL II 2 /14, 305, Alföldy, 2012)(CIL II 2 /14, 305, Alföldy, 2012) and from a quote by Pliny (‘Saguntum …a town with Roman citizenship, famous for its loyalty’; Natural History 3,20). Furthermore, urban and stylistic changes, influenced by the presence of Augustus in Tarraco between 15 and 12 BC, are also visible in some cities in Hispania. Saguntum plays a significant role in the strengthening of monumentality at this time, as attested by a building programme undertaken both inside and outside the city walls. THE NEW URBANISM IN THE EARLY IMPERIAL PERIOD The new city was organized along several roads, oriented from north to south, which crossed the town. One of them, located in front of the circus, connected the porta triumphalis with the public square that will be described below. Further archaeological investigations identified an original stretch of road to the east of the municipality, in Plaza de la Morería (Benedito-Nuez, 2015; Ferrer-Maestro et al., 2018). Another segment was found in Avenida País Valencià. These roads were parallel to the Via Augusta; they were connected to Figure 1. Map of Sagunto in Spain. Main constructions mentioned in the text: (1) Circus; (2) Solar de Quevedo (Quevedo site); (3) the bridge; (4) plaza de la Morería (Morería Square). 2European Journal of Archaeology 2019 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at the city wall so as to give access to the upper town, where the theatre and forum were located. These roads spread over an area of more than 60 hectares, their irregular layout due to their adjustment to the local topography. In the present-day city of Sagunto, some new streets still overlap with Roman streets. So far, research has focused on the northern part of the city, especially on a N-S street (the cardo) that went through Carrer del Castell and Carrer Major. This is the area where the hermitage of San Miguel can be found. At this point, the N-S street would have cut the E-W axis (the decumanus), which probably gave access to the eastern part of the city. This E-W road ran through Carrer Major, crossed Plaza Mayor, and went down Carrer de Cavallers to the Teruel gate, that is, the western access to the city (Aranegui-Gascó, 2004; HernándezHervás, 2004). The remaining streets are parallel to the cardo and the decumanus, and the space was divided into different insulae. As previously seen in Plaza de la Morería, public buildings (temples) or private buildings (domus and mausolea) occupied each insula. From the early imperial period onwards, theembellishmentoftheareaoutside the city walls would become a clear political objective intended to include the periphery into the urban fabric (Benedito-Nuez, 2015). THE CIRCUS The Roman circus was built in the suburbium of Saguntum’s traditional heart, outside the walled perimeter of the city. It extended along the southern bank of the river Palancia and was oriented East-West. It was an area with good communications but was also dangerous because of the floods of the river. Astonishingly, the remains of the circus were never declared a historical monument. Unprotected by the authorities, they disappeared in the 1960s when the plot was classified as land suitable for building (MelchorMonserrat et al., 2017). The Roman circus has a considerable importance within the monumental urban plan of Sagunto. Its presence is attested in the writings of erudite travellers and chroniclers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and in 1888 the local historian A. Chabret identified the porta triumphalis, the spina, the euripus, and some hydraulic pipes (Chabret-Fraga, 1888). Another notable historian of Sagunto, Santiago Brú, described it in detail in the twentieth century (Brú i Vidal, 1963)(Figures 2a-b). A broad chronology that takes account of the dimensions of this building can be established, starting in the middle of the second century AD (e.g. Hernández-Hervás et al., 1996; Pascual Buyé, 2002; AraneguiGascó, 2004). It coincides with a time of intense building activity in the city, with an extraordinary impact documented by archaeological investigations (MelchorMonserrat & Benedito-Nuez, 2005a; Benedito-Nuez, 2015; Machancoses López & Jiménez Salvador, 2017; Ferrer-Maestro et al., 2018). Similarly, Corell’s study of the inscriptions of Sagunto (Corell Vicent, 2002) established a link between the circus building and a fragment of a monumental inscription found on the castle hill. This inscription, which dates to the third century AD, commemorates a donation for the celebration of theatrical or circus performances: ]C/[- - -]nses / [- - -] MCCL / [(CIL II 2 /14, 376, Alföldy, 2012). In previous research (Melchor-Monserrat et al., 2017), the proximity of the circus to one of the main communication arteries has been highlighted. It has been claimed that its location broke up the architectural project of Augustus’time, since the layout of the Via Augusta was cut at the exit of the Ferrer-Maestro et al. - Saguntum 3 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at bridge giving access to the city (Olcina Doménech, 1987; Aranegui-Gascó, 2004). This odd spatial configuration would have been an obstacle in terms of closeness to the theatreand forum. Perhaps we should consider that building the bridge and detour of the Via Augusta was necessary to avoid creating problems of access to the circus. As is known, viaducts and roads linked to entertainment buildings were built in other Hispano-Roman cities to give quick access to the city, making it possible to increase the number of visitors coming from other towns. In Saguntum, a branch went from the Via Augusta, at the location of a suburban Figure 2. a and b. Spina of the circus (Bru, 1963), wall of the opus quadratum of the circus (archive of the Saguntine Archaeological Centre). 4European Journal of Archaeology 2019 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at villa known as Muntanyeta de l’Aigua Fresca, to reach the bridge that gave access to the circus. By means of a photogrammetric restitution process, using photographs taken during the Italian bombings of 1937 and 1938 in the Spanish Civil War, and orthophotography of the Valencian Cartographic Institute in 2012, it has been possible to work out a plan of the circus during its first quarter of a century of existence. The spina, the limits of the cavea (dashed lines), and even traces of the building that surrounded the tribunal iudicum can be clearly distinguished in the images (Figure 3). The cavea would have been 11 m wide and 474 m long. Taking into account the end of the spina and the cavea, and comparing the space between the meta and the carceres in other Hispanic circuses, a working hypothesis can be suggested. It starts from the idea that the maximum length of the circus should be between 270 and 290 m. Moreover, the photograph taken in 1938 allows us to specify the length of the foundation as 237 m, while its total width would have been between 68 and 70 m (Melchor-Monserrat et al., 2017). Bearing all these issues in mind, let us note that the surroundings of the circus were urbanized. The city was growing towards the lower areas, practically reaching the river Palancia, as suggested by the significant discoveries in the Morería and Quevedo sites (Melchor-Monserrat & Benedito-Nuez, 2005a,2005b; Machancoses López & Jiménez Salvador, 2017; Ferrer-Maestro et al., 2018). These archaeological investigations revealing the remains of hydraulic infrastructure, public and domestic buildings, and place of worship with at least one excavated temple, have been crucial for our understanding of the ancient urbanism of Saguntum. THE BRIDGE It has been suggested that several viaducts were built over the course of the river Palancia. These connected the entrance gate to Sagunto as an urban space surrounded by burial areas, where some of the most popular monuments were located. However, studies remain scarce; C. Aranegui-Gascó and M. Olcina Doménech (1983) described some remains and mentioned the problems related to the access to the city, in particular whether three bridges connected with the Via Augusta. One was in front of the circus, the second might be located under the railway bridge, and the third, to the west, would be linked to the Teruel road. So far, preserved remains have been few and correspond to one of the viaducts, which links the circus with the Via Augusta. The most outstanding elements of this bridge are the abutments used to support the arches, whose ruins are scattered all over the riverbed. It is even more difficult to establish the chronology of the other bridges, set under the railway and near the road to Zaragoza, because detailed research is scarce (Benedito-Nuez, 2015; Ferrer-Maestro et al., 2018). Information from the nineteenth century can shed some light on the bridge next to the circus: its ruins were then partially visible, as Enrique Palos reported: ‘… the half circle of the eastern part [of the circus] …in the middle of which two piers are identified. They undoubtedly formed part of the bridge leading to Rome …At the end of the circus, towards its upper part, two arches of another old bridge can be seen, while three piers with two arches can be observed in the riverbed’ (Palos y Navarro, 1804; authors’own translation). In addition, photographs of the 1960s kept in the archives of the Saguntine Ferrer-Maestro et al. - Saguntum 5 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Archaeological Centre show excellent masonry work, with the core of the bridge’s piles were filled with opus caementicium (Figure 4). THE PUBLIC SQUARE As part of the embellishment and monumental planning of the Saguntine municipium in the second century AD, new public and private buildings continued to be established in the city. This included a huge monumental building or enclosure built on the southern flank of the circus. It was erected on the Quevedo site, which is located between Carrer Horts, Carrer del Remei and Carrer Ordóñez The remains were discovered in the area of the old orchards of the Trinity Convent, which were cleared in the 1980s. These remains consist of a wall built in opus quadratum and a large entrance made of squared ashlars and flanked by pillars. The oldest references to this site can be found in drawings made by Mariangelo Accursio in the sixteenth century. It is known that this outstanding Italian humanist, who was active in Spain between 1525 and 1529, drew the facades and ten inscriptions, seven of which are preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Sagunto (CIL II 2 /14, 337 to 346, Alföldy, 2012). The epigraphic evidence Figure 3. Location of the circus overlaid on a present-day aerial photograph of the area (after Melchor et al., 2017). 6European Journal of Archaeology 2019 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at indicates that the monument was dedicated to three members of the Sergii family, one of the most influential families in Saguntum, before the construction of the circus (Corell Vicent, 2002). The site housed the Roman temple of Diana, according to the seventeenth-century historian Escolano cited by the politician and writer Pascual Madoz in his well-known Diccionario (1848). The chronicler Chabret-Fraga (1888), an eyewitness, writes that the remains of a mosaic destroyed by excavation works were found in the garden of the former monastery of the Trinity. Only a fragment half a metre long could be identified. It had a white background with a black border resembling a meander design (SAV, 1873). The latest archaeological excavations carried out on the site at the end of 2014 revealed a portico, an entrance with two monumental pillars,, and a sewer. The beginning of the sewer, which may have been paved, would have been in the centre of an open space (Melchor-Monserrat & Benedito-Nuez, 2005b). The main entrance would probably coincide with a street that would reach the area of the porta triumphalis of the circus from the walls. At the same time, the road axis that today corresponds to Carrer Horts would have separated the circus from the square (Ferrer-Maestro et al., 2018). Despite the relevance of the findings, the latest archaeological investigations on the site have not yet been published (Figure 5 a-b). THE TEMPLE Classical texts refer to the existence of a temple dedicated to Venus (Polybius, Histories 3.97.6–8) and to a second temple dedicated to Diana (Pliny, Natural History 16.216). In recent studies, a building located on the forum has been identified as a temple to Heracles (Aranegui-Gascó, 1992,2004) although no inscription linking this space with the worship of a god has been found. Other scholars state that other temples existed in the area (Beltrán-Villagrasa, 1956; Etienne, 1958) but so far no evidence has come to light. Figure 4. Pier of the Roman bridge on the northern bank of the river Palancia (archive of the Saguntine Archaeological Centre). Ferrer-Maestro et al. - Saguntum 7 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at The remains found in the excavations of Morería, on the east side of the N-S road, have been related to a temple, even though no epigraphic evidence has been discovered and the building has not yet been interpreted in all its complexity (Melchor-Monserrat & Benedito-Nuez, 2005a; Ferrer-Maestro et al., 2018). Nonetheless, this building is of great archaeological value. It includes a massive masonry foundation 1.53 m wide; the walls have the same width and are made Figure 5. a and b. Opus quadratum foundations and walls of the largest public square documented in Sagunto. 8European Journal of Archaeology 2019 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at with large cobbles from the river and limestone ashlars. The opus quadratum technique, bedded ashlars, and traces of a spout and gutter have only survived in the north-western corner of the building. The eastern facade measures 8.47 m and stands on a podium. Unfortunately, only the eastern half could be excavated (Figure 6). Along with these architectural remains, fragments of ornamental elements that decorated the interior of the building were recovered during the excavation: smooth panels, moulded pilaster slabs, friezes with vegetal motifs, mouldings, and fragments of a opus sectile pavement. These elements were made with marble of Buixcarró, Broccatello, Rosso antico, and Luni-Carrara types (Ferrer-Maestro et al., 2018). THE HONORARY ARCH In the section above on ’The new urbanism in the Early Imperial Period’,we pointed out that between the first and second centuries AD there was a profound transformation of the main public spaces in the town. They extended beyond the walled limits of the town, which undoubtedly demonstrates the importance of the monumental landscape erected outside the walls. This image of Saguntum was completed by the construction of an honorary arch, which was discovered in the excavations carried out in Plaza de la Morería. Due to its exclusive nature, this honorary arch is of great significance in the research conducted on the Roman municipality and its surrounding territory. In the literature on Roman arches, research has tended to focus on analysing the documentation that is available from an archaeological perspective and from the epigraphic and literary evidence. These studies have generally addressed issues related to the historical context of arches, their architectural definition, and theirfunction. Studies undertaken by Rossini (1836), Graef (1888), Frothingham (1915), Kaehler (1939), Mansuelli (1954), Pallottino (1958), Arce Martínez (1987), De Maria (1988), Wallace-Hadrill (1990), Gros (1996), Beard (2007), and Kontokosta (2013), are the most frequently cited works concerning Roman arches, including analyses of the epigraphic and literary records and the archaeological evidence for these monuments. In general, research has addressed issues related to their historical context, their architectural definition, and their function as urban embellishment and propaganda. Such arches were built in the monumental centres of the cities, especially in the forums, and in areas where communication routes crossed a river or a territorial boundary. In the Iberian Peninsula, there are different types of arches with different ideological connotations. In some cases, they were the result of public initiatives, whereas in other cases, it was the will of the citizens themselves that led to their erection. The model followed was born in Rome in the Republican era, and was extended by Augustus throughout the provinces of the empire (Dupré Raventós, 1998: 159). Sadly, only a few of these arches have survived to the present day. In Hispania, architectural remains are not common: the arch of Cabanes, in Castellón (Valencian Community), erected on the Via Augusta, seems to have been a private commission (Abad Casal, 1984; Abad Casal & Arasa i Gil, 1988). The extra-urban arch of Berà (Catalonia) was also built on the Via Augusta, some 20 km from Tarraco, at the end of the first century BC (Dupré Raventós, 1994a). Similarly, the Martorell arch is located on the north-eastern boundary of the territory of Tarraco, at one end of a bridge known as Pont del Diable that crosses the Ferrer-Maestro et al. - Saguntum 9 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at together with the presence of several public infrastructures, such as sewers and fountains, define a better urban planning of the lower part of the town during the first and second centuries AD. The construction of these buildings was financed by the municipal authorities and by significant amounts of money contributed by individuals. There is a great deal of literary evidence describing the participation of rich citizens in imperial times. A magnificent example of an immense fortune in the town in the second half of the firstcentury is the 4 million sesterces that Voconius Romanus, a citizen of Sagunto, received from his mother (Pliny, Epist. 10.4.2). Moreover, we know that arches were erected in the monumental centres of the towns and there is documentary evidence of an arch in the Morería over the roadway near the temple. The Roman arch in Sagunto represents the interest of the local elite classes to build monuments in Roman towns and cities. These projects undoubtedly followed, in a modest way, the pattern set by the great official monuments built in the provincial capitals. Accordingly, the city was arranged in terraces on a hillside, following the urban model that architects implemented in the capital of the province, Tarraco. This happened at a time in which the relationship between the provinces and Rome reached a new political dimension. With the adoption of Roman architectural and epigraphic elements, the Sagunto arch points to the Flavian period and the reign of Trajan as the latest possible date of construction. To sum up, the Sagunto arch is a simple arch, erected in a pre-eminent position at the entrance of the Morería road. This road, oriented North-South towards the hill of the castle, would have been visible from the N-S cardo. Its construction includes a slight kink in the road near the temple. The destruction and dismantling of the monument must have taken place in the middle of the fourth century or in the fifth century AD. A deposit of silt over the foundations of the arch, made of bluishFigure 13. General plan of the Morería, excavations: (1/1’) arch; (2, 3 and 4) domus of the third century AD. 16 European Journal of Archaeology 2019 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at grey limestone fragments, has been dated to that period. These fragments may have been deposited there when the ashlars that made up the monument were extracted and reshaped. At that point, the public buildings that contributed to the popularity of the city during the High Empire were abandoned. The previous urban configuration was no longer followed, and was replaced by new models of urban architecture that transformed a large domus located in the lower part of the city. At the same time, the new constructions transformed the city’s suburbs. All these changes resulted in Saguntum presenting a different aspect. The infrastructural elements of this part of the city soon became cluttered and clogged. Clear examples include a fourth-century road and sewer filled with sedimentary deposits. 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The Cambridge Classical Journal, 36: 143–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0068673500005265 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES Juanjo Ferrer-Maestro is Professor of Ancient History at the Universitat Jaume I in Castellón and director of the research group Antiqua. His interests include the economic and financial aspects of the Roman expansion, the use of state ideology for the benefit of the ruling groups, and the landscape of power in the urban heritage. He also coordinates the study of the Roman establishment in the northern territory of Saguntum. Address: Avenida Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Spain. [email: [email protected]] Josep Benedito-Nuez is assistant professor at the Universitat Jaume I in Castellón. His main lines of research are related to the study of the history of urbanism and the funerary world in the Mediterranean during the Early and Late Roman Empire. Other interests include the production and trade of sumptuary art of the Roman era, and the cataloguing of architectural heritage and material culture. Address: Avenida Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Spain. [email: [email protected]] José Manuel Melchor-Monserrat is director of the Archaeological Museum of Burriana. His research areas focus on the study of Roman settlements in the Valencian Community in Spain, the cataloguing of archaeological materials, and the analysis of criteria for the musealization of materials and archaeological sites. Address: Plaça de la Mercè s/n, 12530 Burriana, Museo Arqueológico de Burriana, Spain. [email: [email protected]] Les vestiges d’un arc d’honneur et urbanisation hors les murs de la ville de Saguntum A la fin du premier siècle apr. J.-C. et surtout au cours du second siècle apr. J.-C, un programme de construction d’édifices publics a largement transformé le tissu urbain de Saguntum, en particulier audelà des murs de cette ville bien connue dans le monde hispano-romain. Dans cet article, nous présentons les éléments du paysage monumental en dehors des murs de la ville, y compris un arc d’honneur remarquable, qui ont fortement influencé l’architecture publique à une époque marquée par de profonds changements politiques et socio-économiques. Translation by Madeleine Hummler Mots-clés: Saguntum, arc romain, voies romaines Die Überreste eines Ehrenbogens und Stadtplanung außerhalb der Mauern von Saguntum Am Ende des ersten Jahrhunderts n. Chr. und besonders im Verlauf des zweiten Jahrhunderts n. Chr. war ein öffentliches Bauprogramm maßgeblich für die Veränderung des Stadtbilds von Saguntum 20 European Journal of Archaeology 2019 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at verantwortlich. Dies ist besonders außerhalb der Mauern von dieser bekannten hispano-römischen Stadt sichtbar. Dieser Artikel betrifft die verschiedenen Elemente der monumentalen Einrichtungen außerhalb der Mauern der Stadt, einschließlich eines bemerkenswerten Ehrenbogens, welche die öffentliche Architektur in einer Epoche von größeren politischen und sozial-wirtschaftlichen Veränderungen stark beeinflusst haben. Translation by Madeleine Hummler Stichworte: Saguntum, römische Bogen, römische Straßen Ferrer-Maestro et al. - Saguntum 21 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Universitat Jaume I, on 27 Aug 2019 at 10:08:53, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at