SPAIN AND TH. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
I. INTRODUCTION
. - .
II. THE 1970 SPAIN-EEC TRADE AGREEMENT
. . . . .
1. P o isions o he ag eemen
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Adap .a ion o he ag eemen
. . . . . . . . .
III. SECTORIAL PROBLEMS
1. S ee l . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Fi she ies
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Tex i les and shoes
. . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. TOWARDS SPAIN' S ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
1. Reques o accession .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. The Commission s opinion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Posi ions o he Council o Minis e s, he
Eu opean Pa l iamen and he Economi c and
Social Commi ee
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. P og ess o he nego ia ions
. . . . . . . . .
5. Consequences o he enla gemen o hi d coun ies
. .
V. THE SECOND ENLARGEMENT OF THE COMMUNITY
Conclusions
Annex : Economic p o ile o Spain .
. . . . . . . . . . . - .
23/X/80
29/80
...~/
May 1980
F ee ep oduc ion au ho ized, wi h o wi hou indica ion o sou ce. Vouche copies would be app ecia ed.
INTROOUCTION
The aim o his no e is o e ace he his o y o ela ions
be ween he Eu opean Camnmi y and Spain since 1962 when,
a e a long pe iod o inwa d~looking, Spain made i s i s
app oach owa ds associa ion wi h he Ccmnuni y.
Spain is going o en e a Ccmauni y which, wi h G eece and
Po ugal, will ex end u he owa ds he Sou h am will ake
on a new geog aphical, econanic and poli ical dimension.
II. THE 1970 SPAIN-EEC TRADE AGREEMENT
F an 1962 onwa ds, he Spanish Go e n oen had made app oaches
wi h a iew o an "associa ion which migh one day each o al
in eg a ion
" .
Explo a o y con e sa ions ook place an
1964 o 1966 wi h a iew o nego ia ing an ag eemen which
would ha e a s ic ly ca me cial con en . The nego ia ions
las ed an 1967 o 1970. The ade ag eemen be ween Spain
am he me was signed on 29 June 1970 am en e ed in o o ce
on 1 Oc obe o he same yea ( 1) .
P o isions o he ag eemen
The con ac ing pa ies unde ook o "consolida e and
ex end he exis ing econanic am comne cial ela ions
and o lay down " he bases o a p og essi e enla ganen
o mu ual ade ; hey s essed he conce n o he EEC
o de elop i s econanic am ccmne cial ela ions wi h he
coun ies o he Medi e anean basin.
The p e e en ial ag eem:m is based on A icle 113 o he
EEC T ea y. I p o ides, du ing a i s s age which is
o las a leas six yea s, o " he p og essi e supp ession
o obs acles o he bulk o ade. The passage o a second
s age, aiming a es ablishing a ee ade zone, he
modali ies o which ha e no been de ined, is subjec o
nego ia ions be ween he pa ies.
A join comni ee, canposed o ep esen a i es an he
E e and Spain, has been ins i u ed o : ooni o he co ec
execu ion o he ag eem:m . The ag eemen maybe cancelled
by ei he o he pa ies a six oon hs ' no ice. I does
no co e he coal am s eel sec o s which a e dependen
on he ECSC T ea y.
In he indus ial ield, he Communi y applies a i
concessions o 40% o 60% (acco ding o p oduc s)
on ah os all impo s an Spain. In he ag icul u al
sec o , abou hal o he impo s bene i om a i p e e ences
o be ween 25% and 60%.
(1) O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Communi ies NO
L. 182 o 1970.
~ 2-
Spain' s a i concessions a e o 25% o 60% acco ding o p oduc s.
A la ge pa o he i opo scaning an he Ccmnuni y bene i s om
hese concessions.
The adap a ion o heag eanen
Sho ly a e he en y in o o ce o he ag eemen , he Spanish
au ho i ies and heCcmnuni y we e conce ned wi h he epe cussions
he e migh be an he accession o New Membe S a es - and in
pa icula G ea B i ain - o he Ccmnuni y. The Uni ed Kingdan,
in ac , cons i u ed he chie expo ma ke o Spanish ag i-
cul u al p oduc s, o en no co e ed by he ag eemen ; and' i s
a i was o be aised o be aligned wi h ha o i s new
pa ne s.
Spain could no accep a simple echnical am legal adap a ion o
he 1970 ag eemen : on he con a y, i was looking o basic
adjus men s, aking accoun o all he implica ions o he
enla ganen , including he concessions al eady g an ed o ce ain
coun ies o he Medi e anean Basin.
Nego ia ions wi h a iew o a new ag eemen in he con ex o he
Camluni y s Medi e anean policy ook place in 1973 am 1974,
a e a p o ocol had been signed on 29 Janua y 1973 p o iding,
o 1973, he p o isional non~applica ion o he 1970 ag eemen
o he new Membe S a es. The nego ia ions eached an impasse:
he Camluni y p oposed as an obj.ec i e indus ial
ee ade acccmpanied by esh ag icul u al concessions, whe eas
Spain wished o es ablish a link be ween ee ade in he indus-
ial and ag icul u al ields. A camp anise began o eme ge
a he end o 1975, bu he nego ia ions we e in e uF ed by he
Commmi y which in ended o p o es agains he iola ions o
human igh s in Spain.
A e he en h onemen o he king Juan Ca los I on 22 No embe
1975, con ac s we e e-es ablished.
A he beginning o 1976, he Spanish go e nmen indica ed ha
i nON wished o si ua e i s ela ions wi h he Camnuni y in he
pe spec i e o an accession o he Ccmnuni y. In consequence, as
he Spanish au ho i ies saw i , he e was no use in concluding
a~ ~ ade ag eemen as en isaged in he con ex o he Can-
muni y s o e all Medi e anean app oach.
In hese condi ions, in Ap il 1977, nea he end o he ans~
i ional pe iod p o ided by he ac o accession o he Uni ed
Kingdom, Denma k and I eland, nego ia ions we e en e ed in o
o he egu1a isa ion o econanic ela ions be ween Spain and
he enla ged Ccmnuni y.
The solu ion was o conclude an exchange o le e s da ed 25
July 1977 which pe mi ed he p o isions o he ag ee oon be ween
he h ee new Manbe S a es and Spain o be applied au on(IOC)usly
on 1 July 1977.
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III. SEC oRIAL PROBLEMS
1. S eel
Spain has been a adi ional impo e o s eel p oduc s om he
Comnuni y, and has also become i s la ges supplie .
To a ain p ice discipline and a oid dis u bances on he Com~
muni y ma ke in he p esen c isis si ua ion, an in o mal
a angemen was concluded wi h Spain in Ap il 1978.
This a angemen , he alidi y o which was limi ed o 1978,
was enewed o 1979 by an exchange o le e s da ed 11 Ap il
1979. I was ex ended o 1980 by a second exchange o le e s
da ed 25 Feb ua y 1980.
The an i -dumping p ocedu es which had a ec ed di ec impo s
c:m Spain o ce ain s eel p oduc s we e all abolished by he
Commission in 1979.
Consul a ions a e held egula ly be ween Spanish and Camnission
ep esen a i es o examine ends in .expo s o Spanish s eel
p oduc s o he COlIl lUni y .
The e has also been a i s exchange o iews on he p ospec s
o accession. The echnical discussions on his subjec ha e
s a ed .
2. Fishe ies
A e he ex ension, on 1 Janua y 1977, by a conce ed ac ion,
o he limi s o he ishing zones o Membe S a es o he
Co muni y o 200 sea miles om he A lan ic and No h Sea
coas s, he Ccmnission was au ho ised o. open nego ia ions
wi h ce ain hi d coun ies on access o ishe y esou ces
and con ol measu es necessa y in pa icula o he con~
se a ion o species.
A amewo k ag eemen nego ia ed be ween he Comnuni y and
Spain was ini ialled on 23 Sep embe 1978 (1).. While wai ing
o he conclusion o his ag eemen , i is applied de ac o
in he sense ha consul a ions ake place on annual sys ems
o ecip ocal ishing concessions. These annual sys ems
aim o achie e p og essi ely a sa is ac o y balance in mu ual
ishing possibili ies.
3 . Tex iles and shoes
A he end o 1977, he Communi y concluded wi h hi d coun ies,
in he con ex o he in e na ional ag eemen on ade in
ex iles, : oo e han wen y i e-yea ag eemen s aimed a
gua aJ:i eeing and disciplining ex ile expo s o he Can~
muni y whose p oduc ion capaci ies appea ed h ea enend in he
sho e m by compe i ion an low-cos supplie s.
(1) The ag eanen was signed on 15 Ap il 1980.
The o e all Ca muni y ade policy o ex iles also co e ed
impo s om coun ies ha ing p e e en ial links wi h he Ccmnuni y,
such as Spain. Nego ia ions we e held o egu1a ise impo s an
hose coun ies. Fo Spain, hey esul ed in he se ing up, cm
May 1978, o a sys em o adminis a i e coope a ion aimed a pe -
manen ly con olling pa e ns o ading and pe mi ing, in case
o di icul ies, adequa e solu ions o any p oblems. This sys em
was imp o ed in he con ex o he join ac ionJIlEm) andum concluded
on 20 Feb ua y 1979.
In he con ex o his sys Em he Camlission, by a Regula ion o
1 Feb ua y 1979, se up a sys em o Ccmauni ysupe ision o impo s
o ce ain ex ile am clo hing p oduc s cm Spain. On 11 Decembe
1979, his sys em was ex ended o 31 Decembe 1980. I makes he
admission o he ma ke o p oduc s o Spanish o igin dependen
on he p esen a ion o a documen pe mi ing impo in o he Membe
S a es o he Ccmnuni y.
The .ins i u ion o Ccmnuni y supe ision o all supplie s including
Spain was also decided on o shoe impo s, un il a : oo e lexible
sys em could be se up which did no equi e he p io g an ing o
an impo licence.
IV. 'l'QNARDS SPAIN' S ACCESSION 'IO THE ElIROPEAN C(II1MUNITY
1. The applica ion o accession
In Feb ua y 1976, sho ly a e he en h onem:m o King Juan Ca los,
he Spanish Fo eign Minis e , M. de A eilza, indica ed du ing a isi
o he Ccmnission, ha Spain migh apply o accession o he
Ccmnuni y as soon as he p ocess o p og essi e democ a isa ion o
he coun y had been canple ed.
On 28 July 1977, immedia ely a e he June elec ions, he new Spanish
Fo eign Minis e , M. O eja Aqui e, o icially p esen ed o he
P esiden in o ice o he Council, he 13elgian Minis e M. SiIIDne ,
he le e s an P esiden Sua ez con aining his coun y' s eques
o accession. This applica ion came wo yea s a e ha o G eece
(June 1975) and ou mon hs a e ha o Po ugal (Ma ch 1977) .
The Eu opean Ccmnission welcaned he wish exp essed by Spain, am on
20 Sep embe , he Council o icially acknowledged eceip . The
Council hen cha ged he Ccmnission, in con ac wi h Spain and he
Menbe S a es, wi h p epa ing an opinion p io o he opening o
nego ia ions .
Many con ac s and mee ings ook. place in B ussels and Mad id wi h he
Spanish au ho i ies o iden i y he p oblems which migh a ise
when Spain was in eg a ed in o he Ca muni y, and o d aw he
conclusions on hese p oblems which we e o be s a ed in he opinion.

- 5-
The Opinion was adop ed by he CO mission on 29 b Bnbe 1978 an:l
cx:mmmica ed o he Council o Miids e s ( 1) .
2 . The Camlission' s Opinion
The Ca mission in o med he Couooil ha i welcane d he app lie a ion
o accession am was happy abou he p ospec o seei.n1 a dsID-
c a ic Spain pa icipa ing in he uni ica ion o ~. I 1'o.1gh
ha nego ia ions on accession should be opened as soon as J;OSsible .
am ca ied h ough wi h a will o in::1 he nPs sa is ac o y
solu ions o he p oblems posed
The CO missionconside ed ha he addi ion o he Spanish ma lce ,
which had conside able de elopnen .po en iali ies, walld ha e bene-
icial e ec s on in a-camn.mi y ade, am ha hese ~d
s ill u he accen ua ed by he possibili ies opened on Ia in
Ame ican ma ke s, because o Spain' s adi ional links wi h ha
con inen .
Howe e , he accession would no be made wi b;)u di icul ies,
i was he e o e :iI p) an , in he in e es s bo h o he Ccmnuni y
and o Spain, o ake he neCessa y measu es am p ecau ions o
ensu e i s success. This success could be coon ed on only i he
inse ion o he Spanish econany in o ha o he Ccmwni y could
be ca ied ou wi hou in ole able ensions o ei he pa y an:l i ,
when his was achie ed, he Cam uni y we e s en: .hened a he
han weakened - and his made i all he m e u gen o ake ac ion
o s en:J hen he cohesion o he Cam uni y.
A e ha ing e iewed he Cam uni y s eco onic si ua ioo am ha o
Spain, he opinion p oceeded o e alua e he inpac o he accession
on he a ious sec o s o ac i i y.
Sec o ial aspec s in gene al
In ce ain sec o s, he Spanish econcmy is a nPs e ec i e can-
pe i o o he Cam uni y. This migh lead o conside able ensions
o ce ain sec o s o he Camnmi y econany, .i adequa e measu es
we e no adop ed in good ime am wo ked in O he p ocess o in-
eg a ion which would ollow he accession i sel . This would
in pa icula apply o ce ain egions which we e np e exposed
han o he s, ei he because o hei eco onic s uc u e o
because o hei geog aphical si ua ion.
Fo he Spanish side, he weigh o he Ca muni y econany migh ,
unless simila p ecau ions we e aken, also cause ensions o
he same na u e o ce ain sec o s and ce ain egions whe e
inca e is essen ially ea ned cm p oduc ions which could
s and up o Camnmi y ca qJe i ion.
(1) upp emen '1/ n:s Eu opean Ccmnuni y Bulle in
- 6~
This is why i is impe a i e o ake he necessa y p ecau ions on
bo h sides o acili a e he inse ion o Spain in o he Camnmi y.
In pa icula , he gap be ween he espec i e de elq:men le els,
which cons i u es one o he os ob ious sou ces o ension, mus
be educed as a as possible.
Indus ial sec o
In he indus ial sec o , we would haVe o mee h ee equi anen s
elimina e he p esen imbalance in disman ling o a i s
pa a- a i ba ie s be ween he Ccmnuni y and Spain, in i ue
o he applica ion which was made o he 1970 p e e en ial ade
ag eemen ;
ha n"Pnise he basic condi ions o canpe i ion, in pa icula
o axes and subsidies:
apidly associa e Spain wi h he ac ions o indus ial ~s uc-
u ing and join disciplines o eseen o c isis sec o s bo h
in he Comnuni y and in Spain.
Ag icul u e
Spain occupies a pa icula place among he candida e coun ies,
om he ag icul u al poin o iew: i s accession would, in ac ,
in ol e o he Ca muni y a 30% inc ease in i s ag icul u al su ace,
a 31% inc ease in i s ac i e ag icul u al popula ion and a 31% inc ease
in he numbe o i s anns.
Ag icul u al expo s, which ep esen abou 23% o o al expo s,
play animppo an ole in he coun y' s ade balance. Abou
58% o hese expo s go o he p esen Camluni y, whe eas only
10% o Spanish impo s ccme om he Ca muni y .
The : oos di icul p oblems will be concen a ed a ound "Medi e -
anean p oduc ions" and, o his eason, will ha e epe cussions
which will a ec ce ain egions which a e among hose leas de~
elope. in he Ca muni y. This is why, al hough Spain should
be able o adop he Ca mon Ag icul u al Policy as soon as i accedes
o he Canmuni y, he con e gence o p ices would ha e o be made
p og essi ely while, du ing he ansi ion pe iod, mechanisms would
ha e o be se up in o de o a oid he ee ci cula ion o p oduc s
causing dis u bances in Comnuni y ma ke s du ing ha pe iod.
- 7-
In addi ion, he enla gemen would b ing abou an inc ease in he
p oblems connec ed wi h s uc u al impe ec ions o anns and
inadequacies o a me s ' incanes. The esul would be ha we
would ha e o inc e.ase ou e o s o educe di e ences in p o-
duc i i Ybe ween anns in he Ccmauni y. S uc u al ac ions would
ha e o be adap ed o egional equi emen s, and conside in pa -
icula he si ua ion o he leas a ou ed egions, since, in
addi ion, hese would be IOOs a ec ed by he accession o Spain.
The inancial pa icipa ion o he Ccmnuni y would ha e o ake
accoun o he deg ee o acu eness o he p oblems caused o
hese egions.
Regional and social policy
In he enla ged Camnuni y, he e would be a conside ably g ea e
p opo ion o unde -de eloped egions, aced wi h p oblems o e-
con e sion, and cha ac e ised by a weak economic en i onmen ..
Besides, in Spain, he es uc u ing o eseen o indus ial sec o s
in di icul y and he e y ex ensi e cons ain s in he c a sec o s
o he coun y migh cause pa:c icula l y acu e p oblems o adap a ion
and econ e sion o ce ain p o inces.
The measu es o es uc u ing in i dus ial sec o s, bo h in Spain
and in he Camumi y, and he accele a ion o he ligh an he
land, would also ha e, in he i s s ages, conside able epe -
cussions on employmen . The ex en o he p oblems ha would
ace he enla ged Ccmnuni y in he labou ma ke would make i s ill
IOO e necessa y o gi e pa icula a en ion o employmen in
coo dina ing econanic and social policies o Membe s a es a Can-
muni y le el, in pa icula o a oid dispa i ies be ween a es o
employmen in di e en egions, and mig a ion caused by he
cons ain o unemploymen .
Ex e nal ela ions
The accession o Spain would ha e a double impac on he CamIuni y
ex e nal ela ions. On he one hand, i would inc ease he ccmne -
cial powe o he Ca ununi y, and on he o he hand i would ha e
epe cussions on ce ain aspec s o i s ex e nal policy, pa icula ly
conce ning i s ela ions wi h he Medi e anean coun ies, whose
expo s a e oo e canpe i i e han hose o Spain, which .Spain
would end o de elop a e accession. The Ccmauni y would ha e,
as soon as possible, o ca y ou a policy o ac i e conce a ion
wi h hese coun ies, and seek. o ways and ! eans o es uc u ing
ade.
The ansi ion pe iod
We should i s o all s ess ha Spain would be a canple e membe
o he Ccmnuni y cxn he nanen o i s accession.
Howe e , aking accoun o he ex en am ca:nplexi y o he p oblems
in ol ed, i is necessa y o ha e a ansi ion pe iod du ing which,
among o he hings, he cus ans e i o y be ween Spain and he
Ccmnuni y would be uni ied, he ee ci cula ion o labou would be
achie ed, and du ing which would be app l i ed he p o isions o he
Ca mon Ag icul u al Policy and o he ag eemen s wi h hi d
coun ies.
The Ccmnission, in consequence, had es ima ed ha ansi ional
measu es should be applied wi hin a pe iod o en yea s, and ha
he du a ion o each o hese ansi ional J;X '0 isions should be
ixed a he ime o nego ia ions.
3. Posi ions o he Council o Minis e s, he Eu opean Pa liamen
am he Econanic and' Social CCmni ee.
The Council o Minis e s, ha ing aken no e o he Ccmnission' s
opinion, p onounced in a ou o Spain' s eques o accession
du ing i s mee ing on 18 am 19 Decembe 1978. I was ag eed
ha he p epa a o y wo k indispensable o he es ablishmen o
a ca mon nego ia ing basis should be ca ied ou as soon as poss-
ible and in a posi i e spi i , and ha he nego ia ions o
Spain' s accession should open o mally in Feb ua y 1979.
The posi ion o he Council was made clea by i s P esiden in
O ice, M. Jean F anc;:ois-Ponce , du ing he solemn opening o
he nego ia ions (see poin 4 ollowing).
In a esolu ion adop ed on 18 Janua y 1979, he Eu opean Pa lia nen
welccm:d he e-es ablishmen o d.emx a ic egimes in G eece,
Spain am Po ugal, and con inned i s poli ical will o see
hese coun ies uni ed wi h he CoI muni y. I no ed wi h sa is-
ac ion he es ablishmen o egula ela ions wi h he Spanish
Pa liamen (+) and asked o he many links exis ing be ween
he Ins i u ions o he Ca muni y, he Mambe S a es am he
candida e coun ies o be de eloped am s eng hened.
(+) In his con ex , we should single ou he isi o a dele-
ga ion cm he Spanish Co es o he Eu opean Pa liamen on 14
o 16 Janua y 1980. Du ing his isi , he i s since he elec ion
o he Eu opean Pa liamen by di ec uni e sal su age, a se ies
o eca menda ions was adop ed, in pa icula on (a)' he necessi y
apidly o inish he accession nego ia ions am (b) o be egul-
a I yin onned on he p og ess o nego ia ions. The nex mee ing
be ween he Eu opean Pa liamen and he Co es will ake place
in Spain May/June 1980.
15
Ag icul u e
Ag icul u e, like indus y, has played a undamen al ole in Spain I S
econanic de elo ;. oen . Ag icul u al expo s ep esen one qua e
o o al expo s.
Spanish ag icul u e is abo e all cqnpe i i e in he p oduc ion o
ui and, in pa icula , o ci us ui , ege ables and oli e
oils, which cons i u e : oo e han a hi d o o al p oduc ion and
74% o Spanish ag icul u al expo s (o which mo e han hal
o he Ccmmuni y)
The clima ic condli ions o he coun y and he he e ogenei y o
p oduc ion s uc u es mean ha highlyccmpe i i e sec o s such
as ha o he "Medi e anean" p oduc s co-exis wi h o he s
whe e p oduc i i y is less sa is ac o y.
This sec o has, howe e , a eal de elopnen. po en ial, and im-
po an e o s a e being made o imp o e s uc u es, de elop
i iga ion and use he soil which so a has been inadequa ely
exploi ed.
Ene gy
The ene gy esou ces a e ela i ely uni opo an . In spi e o i s
hyd oelec i and coal p oduc ion, Spain depends on ou side sou ces
o 75. (1967) o i s ene gy supplies.
An ene gy plan, es ablished in 1978 , aims a IIPde a ing consump ion,
while ensu ing sa is ac o y and di e si ied supply which allows
gnp g ow h. The measu es p oposed aim a educing, be ween now
1987, dependence on impo s o 54. 2%, and a di e si ying sou ces
o supply.
This leads o a : oo e han p opo ional g ow h in he p oduc ion o
elec ic ene gy based on na ional esou, ces o coal and hyd o-
elec ici y , and on less one ous o eign esou ces (in he nuclea
ield). These, and he u anium depoSi s possessed by Spain
a e, on he o he hand, he basis o a as in es men p og anme
o he cons uc ion o supplemen a y nuclea powe s a ions.
In p epa ing his s a egy, accoun has been aken o en i omen al
p o ec ion and he de ence o consume s in he domes ic sec o
and in small indus ies.

16-
Spain s ade
The sec o ial dis ibu ion o Spain' s ade wi h he es o he
wo ld was as ollcMS o 1978
Food , d ink and obacco
Ene gy and lub ican s
Raw ma e ials, oils am a s
Machine y and anspo ma e ials
O he p oduc s
IJ: q?o s %
11.7
28.
14.
19.
25.
Expo s %
19.
25.
46.
Sou ce : Basic S a is ics o he Communi y, 1979
The Ccmnuni y is by a he bigges suppl ie and he
bigges cus cme o Spain. As i s cus a e g oup, he Ccmnuni y
(46.3% o o al expo s) is ahead o A ica (11.4%), No h Ame ica
(10.1%), Asia (9.8%), he o he Eu opean coun ies such as SWi ze -
land SWeden, e c. (8. 9%), AL'PJ.J::, (The La in-Ame ican F ee T ade
Associa ion) (7 . 5%) am CCMEDJN (2.7%). (1978).
As i s geog aphical supplie g oup o Spain, he Ccmnuni y (34.
o o al impo s) is ahead o Asia (25.5%), No h Ame ica (14.1%),
A ica (9%), AL'PJ.J::, (6.7%), he o he Eu opean coun ies (SWi z-
e land, Sweden, Aus ia, e c.) (5. 5%) and cx:MEXX)N (2%) (1978).
Sou ce : OECD.
Balance o paymen s
Spain' s cu en balance o paynen s, un il 1977, was g ea ly in
de ici , bu his' was ans o med' in o a su plus o 2 millia d
dolla s o 1978 and was o he sane o de o 1979. The
o igin o his posi i e esul , aIIDng o he hings, was a pa ie-
ula inc ease in expo s. IJ: q?o s , on he' o he hand, inc eased
a : oo e slowly. Besides, e enues an ou ism inc eased, al-
hough less apidly han be o e. Fo 1980, because o he gene al
slow~down in he wa ld econany, he cu en balance o paynen s
should once : oo e be in de ici .
G oss in e nal p oduc
In 1978, he g oss in e nal p oduc pe head was 3, 147 UCEwhich
was be ween ha o I aly and ha o I eland. Se ices
ep esen he la ges cClIlpOnen in GNP (50%), ollCMed by
indus y (40%) and ag icul u e. (10%) .