URN:NBN: i: s -oa59633
DOI: 10.11143/ ennia.59633
Re lec ions: Ex eme Geog aphies
Ex eme geog aphies: a esponse om a dependen semi-
pe iphe y o he pos -neolibe al Eu ope
JAMES RIDING
Riding, James (2017). Ex eme geog aphies: a esponse om a dependen
semi-pe iphe y o he pos -neolibe al Eu ope. Fennia 195: 1, pp. 106–112.
ISSN 1798-5617.
We li e in a ime o pa anoid bo de ism, a ime o in ense pa anoia o he
O he , and a ime whe e he p i ileging o he na ion s a e as he symbolic
con aine o space, ou e i o y, seems o ha e made a lu id e u n o he
Eu opean con inen . The consequences o his socio-spa ial o de ing and
o he ing, he legacy o Euclidian hinking, and Ca esian models o knowing
he wo ld, can become an ex eme geog aphy: a o m o ca og aphic
cleansing ha se iously needs o be add essed. In his sho esponse o
he Fennia Lec u e gi en by P o esso Henk an Hou um on Ex eme
Geog aphies, I o e a epo om a egion ha has become a dependen
semi-pe iphe y o he new la gely neolibe al Eu ope ha eme ged pos -
1989: a new Eu ope ha is now en e ing a pos -neolibe al e a and is
becoming inc easingly neo ascis . I d aw om his egion as a wa ning
om his o y, and a gue ha he hope ul poli ics o he New Le in he
o me Yugosla ia p o ide an answe . The New Le , as i has been e med,
in he Pos -Yugosla space, a icula es he need o a new adically
democ a ic Eu opean p ojec : a p ojec ha is no longe neolibe al, bu
equally a p ojec ha does no u n o a nos algic na ionalism, a
neo ascism, o indeed any o he o m o au ho i a ian capi alism.
Keywo ds: ca og aphy, bo de s, e i o y, na ionalism, neo ascism,
Yugosla ia, Bosnia-He zego ina
James Riding, RELATE Cen e o Excellence, Kansle in inne 1, Uni e si y o
Tampe e, Tampe e, Finland FI-33014, E-mail: james. iding@u a. i
A he hea o ou disin eg a ing EU he e lies a guil y decei : A highly poli ical, op-down, opaque
decision-making p ocess is p esen ed as ‘apoli ical’, ‘ echnical’, ‘p ocedu al’ and ‘neu al’. I s
pu pose is o p e en Eu opeans om exe cising democ a ic con ol o e hei money, communi ies,
wo king condi ions and en i onmen . [...]
The mo e hey asphyxia e democ acy, he less legi ima e hei poli ical au ho i y becomes, he
s onge he o ces o economic ecession, and he g ea e hei need o u he au ho i a ianism. [...]
This is he unseen p ocess by which Eu ope’s c isis is u ning ou peoples inwa ds, agains each o he ,
ampli ying p e-exis ing jingoism, xenophobia. The p i a isa ion o anxie y, he ea o he ‘o he ’, he
na ionalisa ion o ambi ion, and he e-na ionalisa ion o policy h ea en a oxic disin eg a ion o
common in e es s om which Eu ope can only su e . [...]
Eu ope’s pi i ul eac ion o i s banking and deb c ises, o he e ugee c isis, o he need o a
cohe en o eign, mig a ion and an i- e o ism policy, a e all examples o wha happens when
solida i y loses i s meaning. – Democ acy in Eu ope Mo emen (2015)
© 2017 by he au ho . This open access a icle is licensed unde
a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License.
FENNIA 195: 1 (2017) 107James Riding
In oduc ion
In his sho esponse o he Fennia Lec u e gi en by P o esso Henk an Hou um on Ex eme
Geog aphies, a he Annual Mee ing o Finnish Geog aphe s, in Joensuu, Finland, 2016, I o e a epo
om a egion ha has become a dependen semi-pe iphe y o he new la gely neolibe al Eu ope ha
eme ged pos -1989: a new Eu ope ha is now en e ing a pos -neolibe al e a and is becoming
inc easingly neo ascis (A senije ić 2014; Ho a & Š iks 2015; Riding 2016). I d aw om his egion as
a wa ning om his o y, and a gue ha he hope ul poli ics o he New Le in he o me Yugosla ia
p o ide an answe . The New Le , as i has been e med, in he Pos -Yugosla space, a icula es he
need o a new adically democ a ic Eu opean p ojec : a p ojec ha is no longe neolibe al, bu
equally a p ojec ha does no u n o a nos algic na ionalism, a neo ascism, o indeed any o he o m
o au ho i a ian capi alism.
The pape p esen ed by an Hou um is imely. We li e in a ime o pa anoid bo de ism, a ime o
in ense pa anoia o he O he , and a ime whe e he p i ileging o he na ion s a e as he symbolic
con aine o space, ou e i o y, seems o ha e made a lu id e u n o he Eu opean con inen (Paasi
1999; B enne & Elden 2009; Elden 2009; Pain e 2010; Mu phy 2013; Elden 2013). And as an Hou um
and Rod igo Bueno Lacy w i e in his issue o Fennia, i has esul ed in a no maliza ion o ex eme
poli ics in Eu ope (see also Bueno Lacy & an Hou um 2013, 2015; Fe e -Galla do & an Hou um
2014). Fo despi e globaliza ion, despi e he inc easing mo emen o people ac oss na ional bo de s,
despi e he sup ana ional Eu opean Union, and despi e a conce ed ma ke ing o mul icul u alism in
he u ban cen e s o Eu ope, he desi e o ind com o in he ‘we’ o he na ion, he con inuing allu e
o dwelling in a nos algic e i o ial a he land, and he p e-de ined ‘pu i y’ and singula i y o a na ional
iden i y, pa adoxically emain (Nancy 2000; an Hou um e al. 2005). The consequences o his socio-
spa ial o de ing and o he ing, he legacy o Euclidian hinking, and Ca esian models o knowing he
wo ld, can become, as is epo ed he e, an ex eme geog aphy, an ‘apa heid ca og aphy’ (C amp on
1996; Campbell 1999). A o m o ca og aphic cleansing ha , as an Hou um, K amsch and Zie ho e
(2005) ha e p e iously s a ed, se iously needs o be add essed.
I ha e a gued in p e ious wo k ha “going back o a egional geog aphy can be a way o mo ing
o wa d” (Riding 2015, 2016; see also Th i 1983, 1994). Regional geog aphy conside s he iew om
below, o he iew o social g oups ma ginalized in o hodox poli ical his o y (Agnew 2013). I is
p ecisely h ough s udying egions and w i ing a a egional scale – which unlike he na ional scale
does no ep esen a p i ileging o ins i u ions associa ed wi h he in e es s and ou looks o poli ical
eli es (Agnew 2013) – ha an emancipa o y s uggle can be physically placed in he landscape and an
o e bea ing, o en o e ly na ionalis ic ca og aphic wo ld iew can be decons uc ed on- he-g ound.
Simila ly, an Hou um (2010) a gues in his wo k ha geog aphe s need o ep esen he mobili y and
dynamics o geog aphy and geopoli ics, he mo ing lines, he mo ing spaces, he mo ing minds,
a he han ocusing on and mapping he ixi y. So, a he han me ely p esen ing he do s, a ows
and lines in geog aphy and ca og aphy geog aphe s need o hink abou he cho eog aphy o
geopoli ics ( an Hou um 2010). As such, an Hou um se s geog aphe s he challenge o e-p esen he
wo ld, oge he wi h ideo-a is s, pho og aphe s, and o he imagina o s (Riding 2017).
The oid, he semi-pe iphe y, he Balkans
I looked up a many maps o a Eu ope on slideshows in he conc e e ooms o Joensuu du ing he
Annual Mee ing o Finnish Geog aphe s, ye all con ained a oid, a space ha was missing; i was
simply no ep esen ed in he egional s udies o Eu ope. When i was ep esen ed, and no cu o he
bo om o he side o he map, i appea ed as a di e en colo , usually whi e, meaning emp y, non-
in o ma i e space, lacking any use ul compa a i e da a. Bu his space o he wo ld is also in ensi ely
mapped (Elden 2005), i is o e ly-mapped and ca og aphically cons uc ed in ce ain places when
iewed a a na ional scale (C amp on 1996; Campbell 1999), so why is i now a oided, missed,
o go en, o ep esen ed as a co ido , a semi-pe iphe y, a di icul egion o explain in he la gescale
mul idisciplina y s udies o Eu ope? I is now, pe haps, in ac , a symbol o he inc eased o de ing o
ime-space, and a pa anoid desi e o c ea e mo e bo de s, a p ecu so o he neo ascis e hno-poli ics
108 FENNIA 195: 1 (2017)Re lec ions: Ex eme Geog aphies
we a e now wi nessing on he Eu opean con inen again, in amongs he dea h h oes o neolibe alism.
Slobodan Miloše ić may indeed be he mos in luen ial poli ician o ou ime.
Down he e, always somewhe e a li le u he o he sou heas , he Balkans a e s ill seemingly
iewed as a pho og aphic nega i e o wha was un il e y ecen ly cas as a ole an , mul icul u al,
pos -poli ical, pos -ideological Eu ope. A ‘pos mode n acism’ has exis ed o he pas wo decades o
mo e, Žižek a gues, whe e he Balkans a e seen as he in ole an o he , while he es o Eu ope has
supposedly come o e ms wi h o he ness in i s much aun ed – indeed ma ke ed – language o
cosmopoli anism and mul icul u alism (Žižek 2000, 1–2). Ye , pe haps i is now ime o e u n o he
Balkans, he o me Yugosla ia, and he ca og aphically cons uc ed land o Bosnia-He zego ina, o
emind Eu ope o i s own di icul ecen his o y, and o whe e a newly eeme ging na ionalism in
Eu ope and a ca o-poli ics leads. The wa in Bosnia, is a e all, despi e he my hic sepa a ing-ou o
Eu ope, a pa o he Eu opean s o y (Rie 1995; Riding 2015).
The egion wi h which his esponse is conce ned has been o go en, i s his o y unheeded. And
he enci cling ‘cosmopoli an’ Eu opeans (Nancy 2000), epea ing a Balkanism (Ca e 1977; Todo o a
1997; Goldswo hy 1998; Glenny 1999; Žižek 2000; Mazowe 2002), ha e igno ed he de as a ing
consequences o he endless pos -socialis ‘ ansi ion’ in Bosnia-He zego ina – a e e hnic con lic
and genocide – which has mean gene al impo e ishmen , mass unemploymen and li ing unde he
pos -democ a ic go e nance o di isi e and co up eli es (A senije ić 2011). While, in he neolibe al
new Eu ope, he e y concep ‘ ansi ion’ is unila e ally and dogma ically ollowed. ‘T ansi ion’ hough,
as Ho a and Š iks (2015) a gue, is an ideological cons uc based on he na a i e o in eg a ion o
he o me socialis Eu opean coun ies in o he Wes e n co e. Fo Ho a and Š iks (2015), his
ac ually hides a monumen al neo-colonial ans o ma ion o his egion in o a dependen semi-
pe iphe y. They con inue, a guing ha adjunc concep s, such as a ‘ ailed’ o a ‘weak’ s a e, conceal he
ac ha hese a e no anomalies, hey a e ins ead he main p oduc s o ‘ ansi ion’ (ibid.). And since
he ‘new’ libe al capi alis sys em is beyond ques ioning, widesp ead co up ion mus be ela ed o
cul u e dependen beha iou in he ‘Eas ’ – an o ien alis adi ion imposed upon his egion,
unde s ood unde he e m ‘ he Balkans’ (see Ho a & Š iks 2015).
A wa ning om his o y, a e he end o his o y
The wa in Bosnia was e en ually b ough o an end in Decembe 1995, when he Day on Ag eemen
was signed (Glenny 1992; Thompson 1992; Rie 1995; Li le & Silbe 1996; Campbell 1998). ‘Peace’ has
las ed o his day, al hough he amewo k ag eemen c ea ed in Day on, Ohio, which di ided he
coun y in oughly hal along e hnic lines, has p e en ed Bosnia-He zego ina om de eloping en i ely
beyond wa ime di isions (Toal & Dahlman 2011; Je ey 2013). P eceded by an ag eemen be ween
Bosniaks and Bosnian C oa s signed in Washing on in 1994, he coun y was sepa a ed in o wo
poli ical en i ies: he p edominan ly Bosnian Se b, Republika S pska, and he mainly Bosniak and
Bosnian C oa , Fede a ion o Bosnia and He zego ina, some imes in o mally e e ed o as he
Bosniak-C oa Fede a ion. Locally, he coun y is u he sepa a ed ou , as he Fede a ion o Bosnia
and He zego ina has en au onomous can ons wi h hei own go e nmen s. Each can on is known as
majo i y Bosnian C oa , majo i y Bosniak, o ‘mixed’ (Nancy 2000). Wi hin he can ons a e municipali ies
which u he de ine he indi iduals li ing he e. While Republika S pska is lead mo e cen ally om
he de ac o capi al Banja Luka, he e a e s ill obse able geog aphical di isions be ween he no he n
po ion and sou he n po ion o he s a e wi hin a s a e.
This ca og aphic ep esen a ional idiosync asy, o mo e p ecisely ‘apa heid ca og aphy’, en o ces
a na ionalis o e haul o space upon ci izens in Bosnia-He zego ina (Campbell 1999; C amp on 1996).
Ca og aphy has aided a pos -socialis e a o ne e -ending ‘ ansi ion’ poli ics, o b u al capi alism and
diminished democ acy, and he con inua ion o a na ionalis go e nance ha i was hoped would ade
away (Ho a & Š iks 2015). Resembling Be lin a e Wo ld Wa II, Sa aje o is a mee ing poin o he
di e en lines ha we e d awn ac oss Bosnia-He zego ina and is pa ly in Republika S pska and pa ly
in he Fede a ion o Bosnia and He zego ina. The de ju e capi al o Republika S pska is Sa aje o, he
de ac o capi al o he Fede a ion o Bosnia and He zego ina is Sa aje o, and Sa aje o is he capi al o
he coun y Bosnia-He zego ina, whe e a weak cen al go e nmen also esides.
FENNIA 195: 1 (2017) 109James Riding
I is no su p ise he e o e ha mass p o es s e up ed he e in Feb ua y 2014, decons uc ing he
di isions on he map, as Sa aje o is a place ha was o Jean-Luc Nancy (2000), a mêlée, due o i s long
his o y o mul icul u alism in a eal and no p esc ibed sense. A his o ical egional ocus as b idge
be ween Eas and Wes and he old powe blocs, Sa aje o is a non-aligned space, a place whe e a
p o oundly an i-capi alis and adically democ a ic ision o socie y could o m (Ha ey 2012;
A senije ić 2014; Ho a & Š iks 2015; Riding 2016). En angled wi hin hei emancipa o y s uggle
p o es e s saw a p esen Yugosla ia, which was bi by bi disappea ing. And hey sough o e ain
wha emains he e we e o ha socialis s a e, and o eclaim a socialis space in a space o pos -
socialism. Mos o all hey sough o eclaim he commons, he ac o ies, he museums, e e y hing
ha he pos -socialis ‘ ansi ion’ had in hei eyes diminished.
I is now o e a decade since he Cons i u ional Cha e o he S a e Union o Se bia and Mon eneg o
was adop ed, becoming he successo o he Fede al Republic o Yugosla ia, ende ing Yugosla ia
o me . Ye a socialis Yugosla ia o b o he hood and uni y, made up o six epublics, and wo
au onomous p o inces – Bosnia-He zego ina, C oa ia, Macedonia, Mon eneg o, Se bia, and Slo enia,
and Voj odina and Koso o – was des oyed yea s be o e 2003, in he days and mon hs leading o
e hnic con lic (Glenny 1992; Thompson 1992; Rie 1995; Li le & Silbe 1996; Campbell 1998). The e
a e hough he e on his ebel peninsula (Ha ey 2012; A senije ić 2014; Ho a & Š iks 2015), ma e ial
and ins i u ional emnan s and li ed pe sonal expe iences and memo ies o ha bygone Yugosla
socialis e a (Lu ha & Puznik 2010).
The New Le in he o me Yugosla ia
O ganized au onomously, Plenum a e he mos adical expe imen in ho izon al democ acy ha can
be ound ac oss he Balkans since he collapse o Yugosla ia (A senije ić 2014; Ho a & Š iks 2015;
Riding 2016). Plenum a icula e socialism beyond he s a e and Plenum a e no aligned o a single
poli ical pa y. Plenum a e – in simply exis ing as hey do ou side o he adi ional go e nmen al and
eli e spi als and ci cles – pos -na ionalis spaces in a egion ha is hea ily in luenced by na ionalis
poli ics du ing he pos -socialis ‘ ansi ion’ e a. The poli ical po en ial o space wi hin a pos -socialis
coun y was aken up by hose i s p o es e s emembe ing Yugosla ia in he p esen . In so doing
bodies we e made poli ical and people we e gi en he oppo uni y o discuss poli ics beyond he
municipali y, he can on, he en i y; beyond ye wi hin he lines he Day on Ag eemen d ew ac oss
he coun y, and sepa a ed ci izens along.
The ollowing owns and ci ies now ha e hei own Plenum: Sa aje o, Tuzla, Zenica, Mos a , T a nik,
B čko, Go ažde, Konjic, Cazin, Donji Vaku , Fojnica, O ašje and Bugojno. The e a e co e Plenum
p inciples, which ansla e as openness, anspa ency, and non-co up ion. Plenum opened a space,
a possibili y in o which people can jump. Almos e e ybody spoke a he Plenum o Ci izens o
Sa aje o, as he space enabled a kind o collec i e he apy (A senije ić 2011). Ce ain pe o mances
we e demanded om hose who a ended: no one oice is g ea e han ano he and no indi idual
oice is pe cei ed as animal howl. I is, as such, a space o speech beyond p ohibi ion, enabling a
disjoin ed socie y o collec i ely mou n a auma ic pas and i s endu ing aces. In he dese o pos -
socialism, a Plenum, hose p esen , imagine a o go en u u e, a socialis u u e beyond he e hno-
na ionalis di isions o he ‘ ansi ion’ e a (A senije ić 2011; Helms 2013; Gilbe & Mujano ić 2015;
Go dy 2015; H omadžić 2015; Jansen 2015; K a 2015; Ku o ić 2015; Majs o o ić e al. 2015; Mujkić
2015; Touque 2015; Mu agh 2016).
As I ha e a gued elsewhe e, Plenum a e a Eulogy o he Mêlée, hey a e small eulogies o a Yugosla ia,
a Bosnia, a Sa aje o o he ce ain pas , be o e e hnic cleansing (Riding 2016; see Nancy 2000). They a e
in a phenomenological sense he spi i o wha Jean-Luc Nancy (2000) calls, being singula plu al. Plenum
claim exis ence is co-exis ence, hey a e pa o an emancipa o y s uggle, and hey a e a i al being-
wi h, which he delinea ion o a o me ly socialis space in o na ionalis seg ega ion has denied o
wen y yea s o mo e (C amp on 1996; Campbell 1999; Toal & Dahlman 2011; Je ey 2013). Documen ing
he mo phology o egions and he ac u ing o s a es, e eals he e a na ionalis o e haul o space,
which mani es s i sel locally in he s ee , he ci y, he municipali y, he can on, he en i y, and indeed in
he indi idual (see Elden 2013; see also Ande son 1983; Campbell 1998; Nancy 2000; B ubake 2002).
110 FENNIA 195: 1 (2017)Re lec ions: Ex eme Geog aphies
Conclusion
Ins ead o di ision and agmen a ion, he common language o Balkanis li e a u e, he o me ly
socialis Yugosla s a es ha e en e ed a new e a o esis ance a e a ecen ebi h o adical poli ics,
as indi iduals o ge a ajec o y owa ds a democ a ic u u e (A senije ić 2014; Ho a & Š iks 2015;
see Bou dieu 1998). The e is, as such, a egion o he Eu opean con inen , ha pa o he con inen
ha has o so long been de ined by i s adical poli ics, which is ebelling agains he co e. Emb aced,
subsumed and made dependen ly pe iphe al wi hin he ‘new’ libe al global economy, he e a e now
new easons o engende a adical poli ics in his egion o a pos -Cold Wa gene a ion. Beyond he
capi alis ana chism associa ed wi h o he socio-poli ical mo emen s o ecen imes, The Plenum
Mo emen openly ques ions he new Eu ope ha eme ged pos -1989: a new Eu ope ha is now
en e ing a pos -neolibe al e a and is becoming inc easingly neo ascis (A senije ić 2014; Ho a &
Š iks 2015; Riding 2016). In sho , his socio-poli ical mo emen s i es o a e olu ion (Smi h 2010).
Wi h a eb anded ascism on he ise ac oss Eu ope, in wha has become a su oca ing pos -
democ a ic age, he hope ul poli ics o he New Le in he o me Yugosla ia p o ide an answe o he
pa adox an Hou um ou lines (see Š iks 2015). In a ime o globaliza ion, whe e in which he Eu opean
Union is disin eg a ing, a pa anoid desi e o ci cumsc ibe he s a e and ein o ce bo de s is g owing,
and is leading o less eedom wi hin he s a es hemsel es. Eu ope is building walls as e han e e
be o e and e e ing back o he na ion s a e as a singula de ini ion o an indi idual ci izen, while
Eu ope’s pi i ul eac ion o i s banking and deb c ises, o he e ugee c isis, o he need o a cohe en
o eign, mig a ion and an i- e o ism policy, a e all examples o wha happens when solida i y loses
i s meaning (Democ acy in Eu ope Mo emen 2015). In esponse, he new adical poli ics in he old
Yugosla ia, emphasizes he need o a new adically democ a ic Eu opean p ojec , a p ojec ha is no
longe neolibe al, bu equally a p ojec ha does no u n o a nos algic na ionalism, a neo ascism, o
indeed any o he o m o au ho i a ian capi alism.
Decades a e he o go en socialis geog aphe F ed Single on (1985) spoke o a Balkan Fede a ion
o Socialis S a es, as a esponse o Yugosla ia’s ac u ing, his egion – which has exhaus ed he
adical in many guises – once again p o ides a mani es o o a adically democ a ic u u e (Š iks 2015).
We mus now, o e wen y yea s a e he collapse o Yugosla ia, a he e y leas conside he unique
posi ion o he bas a ds o u opia li ing adical poli ics a e socialism (Rasza 2015). Fo he end o
neolibe alism is nea ing, pe haps he end o he Eu opean Union as we know i , ye in i s place an
au ho i a ian, e hno-na ionalis o m o capi alism canno be allowed o o m. This egion o Eu ope,
he place om whe e his esponse eme ges ou o , knows mos o all and deeply unde s ands whe e
ca o-poli ics, bo de -making, and an e hno-na ionalism will lead.
Acknowledgemen s
I would like o hank he chie edi o o Fennia, D . Ki si Pauliina Kallio, o gi ing me he oppo uni y
o espond o he i s Fennia Lec u e a he Annual Mee ing o Finnish Geog aphe s, in Joensuu,
Finland, 2016, and P o esso Henk an Hou um o p o iding use ul commen s.
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